A MANUAL FOR WRITERS OF RESEARCH PAPERS —also known as “Turabian”—is the gold standard for college and graduate students in virtually all academic areas. An introduction to Chicago-style formatting and citation generation, the manual aids students in clear writing, citing, and research practice. At the heart of Turabian is the idea that, no matter the format, the foundations of good research remain the same: to do it carefully, present it clearly and accurately, and follow academic standards for citation, style, and format.
THE NINTH EDITION INCLUDES:
- comprehensive guidelines for formatting papers and preparing them for submission
- authoritative guidance on all matters of style
- updated to reflect The Chicago Manual of Style , 17th edition
- thorough coverage of Chicago-style formatting and citation
- extensive guidelines on conducting research in digital environments
Writers need a strong research question, an evidence-based argument, to structure their work in a logical way, and to cite their sources. A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations , remains one of the most popular books for writers because of its timeless focus on achieving these goals. The ninth edition filters decades of expertise into modern standards. Recognizing that most students will be doing their work largely or entirely online and on screens, this new edition builds information literacy by addressing digital forms of both research and writing.
Through eight decades and millions of copies, A Manual for Writers has helped generations shape their ideas into compelling research papers. This new edition continues as the gold standard for college and graduate students in virtually all academic disciplines.
A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations, Ninth Edition
Chicago style for students and researchers.
Ninth Edition
Kate L. Turabian
- Bestselling, trusted, and time-tested advice for writing research papers
- The best interpretation of Chicago style for higher education students and researchers
- Definitive, clear, and easy to read, with plenty of examples
- Shows how to compose a strong research question, construct an evidence-based argument, cite sources, and structure work in a logical way
- Essential for anyone interested in learning about research
- Everything any student or teacher needs to know concerning paper writing
A website for the book, including our Quick Citation Guide.
464 pages | 11 halftones, 22 line drawings, 12 tables | 6 x 9 | © 2018
Chicago Guides to Writing, Editing, and Publishing
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“Without doubt, for anyone interested in learning about research—what it is, where one goes to pursue it, how to do it, what it entails and means, why it is important (now more so than ever before)— A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations: Chicago Style for Students and Researchers is the place to begin. It will likely show people new to the field a way forward and offer experienced researchers the means to test established modes of operation. This book will not fail you, today or tomorrow, at home or in the library. Look for it at a bookstore near you or online.”
Thomas R. Claire | Publishing Research Quarterly
“Turabian’s A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations continues a tradition of providing one of the best interpretations of The Chicago Manual of Style for higher education students and researchers in this ninth edition. The writing style is clear and easy to read, with examples illustrating proper formatting of items.”
Cynthia Goode | American Reference Books Annual
"A mainstay in high-school and college libraries."
Praise for a previous edition | Booklist
“This definitive handbook supplies information on about everything any student or teacher may desire to know concerning paper writing.”
Praise for a previous edition | Quill and Scroll
“Kate L. Turabian was our trusted guide and mentor, the absolute authority, the one who knew all there was to know about the strange world of proper term papers. . . . To write a term paper without a well-worn copy of Turabian handy was unthinkable. Our writing on term papers might be weak, our research haphazard, our insights sophomoric, but, thanks to Kate L. Turabian, our footnotes could always be absolutely flawless.”
Praise for a previous edition | Seattle Post-Intelligencer
"Indispensable. . . . Turabian is everything a student researcher might need save a grammar guide and training in specific research methods. . . . When you consider the sheer wealth of material contained or cited in Turabian, its US $18.00 paperback and eBook list price is an absolute steal."
Steven E. Gump | Journal of Scholarly Publishing
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A manual for writers of term papers, theses, and dissertations
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- Introduction to Turabian Style | Citations & Formatting
Introduction to Turabian Style | Citations & Formatting
Published on May 28, 2021 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on November 1, 2022.
Turabian is a version of Chicago style that’s specifically designed for students and researchers. If you’ve been told to follow Chicago style when writing your academic research paper , thesis , or dissertation , it’s usually the Turabian guidelines that will be most useful to you.
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Table of contents
What is turabian style, how do citations work in turabian style, notes and bibliography style, author-date style, turabian formatting guidelines.
Kate L. Turabian published the first edition of A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations —often called “Turabian” for short—in 1937. The ninth and latest edition was published in 2018.
Where the Chicago Manual of Style is mainly aimed at publishers, Turabian is specifically aimed at students. Turabian is not a separate style from Chicago, but rather presents Chicago guidelines in a way that prioritizes student needs.
As such, Turabian differs from Chicago only in minor ways—formatting advice tailored to student papers, greater detail regarding specific citation formats —and the Turabian guidelines are the ones you should follow in your papers.
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Chicago and Turabian style both offer a choice between two citation styles: notes and bibliography, and author-date:
- In notes and bibliography style , citations appear in footnotes or endnotes, with a bibliography or annotated bibliography at the end listing all your sources in full. This style is popular in the humanities.
- In author-date style , in-text citations appear in parentheses, with a reference list listing all your sources at the end. This style is mainly used in the sciences.
There are two parts to a notes and bibliography citation: a Chicago footnote in the text, and an entry in your bibliography . You add a citation for all sources, whether they are primary or secondary sources , or tertiary sources .
Footnotes and endnotes
Citations in your text appear in footnotes or endnotes; the first citation of each source provides full information, while subsequent citations of the same source are usually shortened to save space.
A note is signaled by a superscript number appearing at the end of the clause or sentence the citation relates to. Footnotes appear at the bottom of the page, while endnotes appear at the end of the paper. Use one or the other, not a mix of footnotes and endnotes.
Each culture “erects its own musical signposts, melodic, harmonic, and rhythmic devices to represent emotion.” 1
| (New York: Vintage, 1992), 518. |
Bibliography
The bibliography lists full information on all the sources cited in your text. It appears at the end of your text. Bibliography entries are alphabetized by authors’ last names, so names are inverted in the bibliography with a comma separating them (e.g. “Smith, John”).
Each source is listed on a new line, with a hanging indent applied when an entry for a single source extends onto additional lines. An example of a properly formatted Turabian bibliography is shown below.
In the tabs below, you can explore examples of various common source types cited in Turabian notes and bibliography style. It’s always important to make sure you use credible sources .
Notes and bibliography citation examples
- Book chapter
- Journal article
| Author last name, First name. . Place of publication: Publisher, Year. Swafford, Jan. . New York: Vintage, 1992. | |
| Author first name Last name, : Subtitle (Place of publication: Publisher, Year), Page number(s). 1. Jan Swafford, (New York: Vintage, 1992), 518. | |
| Author last name, , Page number(s). 2. Swafford, , 345. |
| Author last name, First name. “Chapter Title.” In : Subtitle, edited by Editor first name Last name, Page range. Place of publication: Publisher, Year. Grundy, Isobel. “Jane Austen and Literary Traditions.” In , 2nd ed., edited by Edward Copeland and Juliet McMaster, 192–214. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011. | |
| Author first name Last name, “Chapter Title,” in : Subtitle, ed. Editor first name Last name (Place of publication: Publisher, Year), Page number(s). 1. Isobel Grundy, “Jane Austen and Literary Traditions,” in , 2nd ed., edited by Edward Copeland and Juliet McMaster (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011), 195. | |
| Author last name, “Shortened Chapter Title,” Page number(s). 2. Grundy, “Austen and Literary Traditions,” 211. |
| Author last name, First name. “Article Title.” Volume, no. Issue (Month or Season Year): Page range. DOI or URL. Effland, Ann. “Small Farms/Family Farms: Tracing a History of Definitions and Meanings.” 95, no. 2 (Spring 2021): 313–330. https://doi.org/10.3098/ah.2021.095.2.313. | |
| Author first name Last name, “Article Title,” Volume, no. Issue (Month or Season Year): Page number(s). DOI or URL. 1. Ann Effland, “Small Farms/Family Farms: Tracing a History of Definitions and Meanings,” 95, no. 2 (Spring 2021): 315. https://doi.org/10.3098/ah.2021.095.2.313. | |
| Author last name, “Shortened Title,” Page number(s). 2. Effland, “Small Farms/Family Farms,” 325. |
| Author last name, First name. “Page Title.” Website Name. Month Day, Year. URL. Bhandari, Pritha. “How to Write a Lab Report.” Scribbr. May 20, 2021. https://www.scribbr.com/academic-writing/lab-report/. | |
| Author first name Last name, “Page Title,” Website Name, Month Day, Year, URL. 1. Pritha Bhandari, “How to Write a Lab Report,” Scribbr, May 20, 2021, https://www.scribbr.com/academic-writing/lab-report/. | |
| Author last name, “Shortened Page Title.” 2. Bhandari, “Lab Report.” |
Author-date style consists of short parenthetical in-text citations that correspond to entries in your reference list .
In-text citations
Author-date in-text citations consist of the author’s last name, the year of publication, and a page number (or other locator) if relevant. They appear at the end of the relevant clause or sentence, before any closing punctuation .
Each culture “erects its own musical signposts, melodic, harmonic, and rhythmic devices to represent emotion” (Swafford 1992, 518).
Reference list
The reference list provides full information on all the sources cited. It is presented in a similar format to the bibliography, except that the year comes immediately after the author’s name, to allow for easy cross-referencing with the in-text citations.
Explore the tabs below to see examples of author-date citations for various common source types.
Author-date citation examples
| Turabian author-date format | Author last name, First name. Year. : Subtitle. Place of publication: Publisher. |
|---|---|
| Swafford, Jan. 1992. . New York: Vintage. | |
| (Swafford 1992, 518) |
| Turabian author-date format | Author last name, First name. Year. “Chapter Title.” In : Subtitle, edited by Editor first name last name, Page range. Place of publication: Publisher. |
|---|---|
| Grundy, Isobel. 2011. “Jane Austen and Literary Traditions.” In The Cambridge Companion to Jane Austen, 2nd ed., edited by Edward Copeland and Juliet McMaster, 192–214. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. | |
| (Grundy 2011, 195) |
| Turabian author-date format | Author last name, First name. Year. “Article Title.” Volume, no. Issue (Month or Season): Page range. DOI or URL. |
|---|---|
| Effland, Ann. 2021. “Small Farms/Family Farms: Tracing a History of Definitions and Meanings.” 95, no. 2 (Spring): 313–330. https://doi.org/10.3098/ah.2021.095.2.313. | |
| (Effland 2021, 315) |
| Turabian author-date format | Author last name, First name. Year. “Page Title.” Website Name. Month Day, Year. URL. |
|---|---|
| Bhandari, Pritha. 2021. “How to Write a Lab Report.” Scribbr. May 20, 2021. https://www.scribbr.com/academic-writing/lab-report/. | |
| (Bhandari 2021) |
Prevent plagiarism. Run a free check.
Unlike the Chicago Manual itself, Turabian presents guidelines for formatting an academic paper, thesis, or dissertation. The following general format guidelines should be followed unless your university provides different ones:
- Use a standard font like 12 pt. Times New Roman.
- Double-space the text.
- Use 1 inch margins or larger.
- Indent new paragraphs by ½ inch.
- Place page numbers in the top right or bottom center.
The image below shows an example of a page formatted according to Turabian guidelines.
You can also download one of our template documents for Turabian style. Just select the citation style you need to follow; the appropriate formatting is already set up in the document.
Author-date Notes and bibliography
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Caulfield, J. (2022, November 01). Introduction to Turabian Style | Citations & Formatting. Scribbr. Retrieved June 10, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/chicago-style/turabian/
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Reference Examples
More than 100 reference examples and their corresponding in-text citations are presented in the seventh edition Publication Manual . Examples of the most common works that writers cite are provided on this page; additional examples are available in the Publication Manual .
To find the reference example you need, first select a category (e.g., periodicals) and then choose the appropriate type of work (e.g., journal article ) and follow the relevant example.
When selecting a category, use the webpages and websites category only when a work does not fit better within another category. For example, a report from a government website would use the reports category, whereas a page on a government website that is not a report or other work would use the webpages and websites category.
Also note that print and electronic references are largely the same. For example, to cite both print books and ebooks, use the books and reference works category and then choose the appropriate type of work (i.e., book ) and follow the relevant example (e.g., whole authored book ).
Examples on these pages illustrate the details of reference formats. We make every attempt to show examples that are in keeping with APA Style’s guiding principles of inclusivity and bias-free language. These examples are presented out of context only to demonstrate formatting issues (e.g., which elements to italicize, where punctuation is needed, placement of parentheses). References, including these examples, are not inherently endorsements for the ideas or content of the works themselves. An author may cite a work to support a statement or an idea, to critique that work, or for many other reasons. For more examples, see our sample papers .
Reference examples are covered in the seventh edition APA Style manuals in the Publication Manual Chapter 10 and the Concise Guide Chapter 10
Related handouts
- Common Reference Examples Guide (PDF, 147KB)
- Reference Quick Guide (PDF, 225KB)
Textual Works
Textual works are covered in Sections 10.1–10.8 of the Publication Manual . The most common categories and examples are presented here. For the reviews of other works category, see Section 10.7.
- Journal Article References
- Magazine Article References
- Newspaper Article References
- Blog Post and Blog Comment References
- UpToDate Article References
- Book/Ebook References
- Diagnostic Manual References
- Children’s Book or Other Illustrated Book References
- Classroom Course Pack Material References
- Religious Work References
- Chapter in an Edited Book/Ebook References
- Dictionary Entry References
- Wikipedia Entry References
- Report by a Government Agency References
- Report with Individual Authors References
- Brochure References
- Ethics Code References
- Fact Sheet References
- ISO Standard References
- Press Release References
- White Paper References
- Conference Presentation References
- Conference Proceeding References
- Published Dissertation or Thesis References
- Unpublished Dissertation or Thesis References
- ERIC Database References
- Preprint Article References
Data and Assessments
Data sets are covered in Section 10.9 of the Publication Manual . For the software and tests categories, see Sections 10.10 and 10.11.
- Data Set References
- Toolbox References
Audiovisual Media
Audiovisual media are covered in Sections 10.12–10.14 of the Publication Manual . The most common examples are presented together here. In the manual, these examples and more are separated into categories for audiovisual, audio, and visual media.
- Artwork References
- Clip Art or Stock Image References
- Film and Television References
- Musical Score References
- Online Course or MOOC References
- Podcast References
- PowerPoint Slide or Lecture Note References
- Radio Broadcast References
- TED Talk References
- Transcript of an Audiovisual Work References
- YouTube Video References
Online Media
Online media are covered in Sections 10.15 and 10.16 of the Publication Manual . Please note that blog posts are part of the periodicals category.
- Facebook References
- Instagram References
- LinkedIn References
- Online Forum (e.g., Reddit) References
- TikTok References
- X References
- Webpage on a Website References
- Clinical Practice References
- Open Educational Resource References
- Whole Website References
- Writing, Research & Publishing Guides
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A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations, Seventh Edition: Chicago Style for Students and Researchers (Chicago Guides to Writing, Editing, and Publishing) 7th Edition
- ISBN-10 0226823369
- ISBN-13 978-0226823362
- Edition 7th
- Publisher University of Chicago Press
- Publication date April 15, 2007
- Part of series Chicago Guides to Writing, Editing, and Publishing
- Language English
- Dimensions 6.25 x 1.5 x 9.5 inches
- Print length 482 pages
- See all details
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About the author, product details.
- Publisher : University of Chicago Press; 7th edition (April 15, 2007)
- Language : English
- Hardcover : 482 pages
- ISBN-10 : 0226823369
- ISBN-13 : 978-0226823362
- Item Weight : 1.76 pounds
- Dimensions : 6.25 x 1.5 x 9.5 inches
- #667 in Medical Research (Books)
- #1,210 in Research Reference Books
- #3,653 in Writing Skill Reference (Books)
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Kate l. turabian.
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For close to sixty years Kate L. Turabian's Manual for Writers has offered comprehensive and detailed guidance to authors of research papers—term papers, theses, and dissertations. Now the editors of The Chicago Manual of Style have revised Turabian's Manual to bring the details of style into conformity with the fourteenth edition of The Chicago Manual.
Writers need a strong research question, an evidence-based argument, to structure their work in a logical way, and to cite their sources. A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations, remains one of the most popular books for writers because of its timeless focus on achieving these goals. The ninth edition filters decades ...
e. A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations is a style guide for writing and formatting research papers, theses, and dissertations and is published by the University of Chicago Press . The work is often referred to as "Turabian" (after the work's original author, Kate L. Turabian) or by the shortened title, A Manual ...
When Kate L. Turabian first put her famous guidelines to paper, she could hardly have imagined the world in which today's students would be conducting research. Yet while the ways in which we research and compose papers may have changed, the fundamentals remain the same: writers need to have a strong research question, construct an evidence-based argument, cite their sources, and structure ...
For nearly sixty years Kate L. Turabian's Manual for Writers has offered comprehensive and detailed guidance to writers of research papers - term papers, theses, and dissertations. Now the editors of The Chicago Manual of Style have revised Turabian's Manual to bring the details of style into conformity with the fourteenth edition of the ...
A manual for writers of term papers, theses, and dissertations ... theses, and dissertations by Turabian, Kate L. Publication date 1963 Topics Dissertations, Academic Publisher Chicago, University of Chicago Press Collection internetarchivebooks; inlibrary; printdisabled Contributor
A little more than seventy-five years ago, Kate L. Turabian drafted a set of guidelines to help students understand how to write, cite, and formally submit research writing. Seven editions and more than nine million copies later, the name Turabian has become synonymous with best practices in research writing and style. Her Manual for Writers continues to be the gold standard for generations of ...
For close to sixty years Kate L. Turabian's Manual for Writers has offered comprehensive and detailed guidance to authors of research papers--term papers, theses, and dissertations. Now the editors of The Chicago Manual of Style have revised Turabian's Manual to bring the details of style into conformity with the fourteenth edition of The Chicago Manual.
The dissertation secretary at Chicago for decades, Kate Turabian literally wrote the book on the successful completion and submission of the student paper. Her Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations, created from her years of experience with research projects across all fields, has sold more than seven million copies ...
A manual for writers of term papers, theses, and dissertations Bookreader Item Preview ... theses, and dissertations by Turabian, Kate L; Honigsblum, Bonnie Birtwistle. Publication date 1987 Topics Dissertations, Academic, Report writing Publisher Chicago : University of Chicago Press
A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations Chicago Style for Students and Researchers 9th Edition Kate L. Turabian Revised by Wayne C. Booth, Gregory G. Colomb, Joseph M. Williams, Joseph Bizup, William T. FitzGerald, and the University of Chicago Press Editorial Staff The University of Chicago Press Chicago and London
Publisher's summary. For close to 60 years, Kate L. Turabian's "Manual for Writers" has offered detailed guidance to authors of research papers - term papers, theses and dissertations. Now the editors of "The Chicago Manual of Style" have revised Turabian's work to bring the details of style into conformity with the 14th edition of "The Chicago ...
What is Turabian style? Kate L. Turabian published the first edition of A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations—often called "Turabian" for short—in 1937.The ninth and latest edition was published in 2018. Where the Chicago Manual of Style is mainly aimed at publishers, Turabian is specifically aimed at students.. Turabian is not a separate style from Chicago ...
Edition) by Kate L. Turabian . This guide reviews the basic rules of style for organizing research papers recommended in A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations by Kate L. Turabian, which is derived from the Chicago Manual of Style. The examples of citations in this guide are based on the Notes" -Bibliography Style ...
"A mainstay in high-school and college libraries." Booklist - Praise for a previous edition Turabian's A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations continues a tradition of providing one of the best interpretations of The Chicago Manual of Style for higher education students and researchers in this ninth edition. The writing style is clear and easy to read, with ...
The dissertation secretary at Chicago for decades, Kate L. Turabian literally wrote the book on the successful completion and submission of the student paper. Her Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations, created from her years of experience with research projects across all fields, has sold more than seven million ...
Theses and dissertations (but not research papers) should include a complete list of the abbreviations used. Follow the example on Turabian Figure A.7 (p. 399). Format of the Thesis All of the formatting conventions adopted by DTS have been saved as settings in the thesis and term paper templates, which the student is encouraged to use.
Quick Guide for Students: Citation Styles, Basic Academic Writing Skills, and Common Historical abbreviations Arie M Dubnov This quick guide was composed to help students at all levels in various writing assignments, whether these are mid-term papers, reports and final essays.
A little more than seventy-five years ago, Kate L. Turabian drafted a set of guidelines to help students understand how to write, cite, and formally submit research writing. Seven editions and more than nine million copies later, the name Turabian has become synonymous with best practices in research writing and style. Her Manual for Writers continues to be the gold standard for generations of ...
More than 100 reference examples and their corresponding in-text citations are presented in the seventh edition Publication Manual.Examples of the most common works that writers cite are provided on this page; additional examples are available in the Publication Manual.. To find the reference example you need, first select a category (e.g., periodicals) and then choose the appropriate type of ...
The dissertation secretary at Chicago for decades, Kate Turabian literally wrote the book on the successful completion and submission of the student paper. Her Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations, created from her years of experience with research projects across all fields, has sold more than seven million copies ...