9780199343638.003.0002.
(Bonds 2014)
(Bonds 2014, chap. 2)
Krishnan, Armin. 2008. New York: Routledge. Kindle.
(Krishnan 2008, loc. 888)
Crabtree, John, and Ann Chaplin. 2013. ProQuest.
(Crabtree and Chaplin 2013)
(Crabtree and Chaplin 2013, chap 2)
One author
Author Last Name, Author First Name. Year. . Place of Publication: Publisher.
(Author year, page)
Pollan, Michael. 2006. New York: Penguin.
(Pollan 2006, 99–100)
Two authors with edition number
Last1, First1, and First2 Last2. Year. Edition. Place of Publication: Publisher.
(Last1 and Last2 year, page)
Strindberg, Anders, and Mats Wärn. 2011. 2nd ed. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons.
(Strindberg and Wärn 2011, 14)
Three authors
Last1, First1, First2 Last2, and First3 Last3. Year. Place of Publication: Publisher.
(Last1, Last2, and Last3 year, page)
Cordesman, Anthony H., Adam Mausner, and David Kasten. 2009. . Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies.
(Cordesman, Mausner, and Kasten 2009, 50)
Four or more authors
Last1, First1, First2 Last2, First3 Last3, and First4 Last4. Year. Place of Publication: Publisher.
(Last1 et al. year, page)Cordesman, Anthony H., Adam Mausner, Eleanor Bermudashorts, and David Kasten. 2009. . Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies.
(Cordesman et al. 2009, 50)using professor's / lecturer's name and "class notes." | ||
Source Type | Generic Example | Actual Example |
T = See also | ||
Class Notes Published
| Instructor Last Name, Instructor First Name. Year. “Title of Notes in Title Case.” Class notes for Class, Institution, Location of Institution, full date of class. URL DOI. (Instructor Last Name year) | Johnson, Justin. 2017. "Python NumPy Tutorial." Class notes for CS231n: Convolutional Neural Networks for Visual Recognition, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA. https://cs231n.github.io/python-numpy-tutorial/. (Johnson 2017) |
Lecture Published (online)
| Speaker Last Name, Speaker First Name. Year. “Title of Lecture in Title Case.” Lecture at Venue, Location of Venue. DOI URL. (Speaker Last Name year) | Horse, Belmont B. 2017. “Horseshoes and Hand Grenades: On the Joys of Approximation.” Lecture at Barnes Event Center, Derby, KY. https://horse.com/. (Horse 2017) |
Lecture Unpublished | Class notes/unpublished lectures can be referred to in running text and omitted from the List of References. See example. | Emily Potatohead, president of Happy Writers, Inc., gave a lecture titled “How to Write a Thesis” on March 29, 2013, at California State University, Monterey Bay. In her presentation, she described five steps to help streamline the writing process. |
Presentation or Workshop
| Presenter Last Name, Presenter First Name. Year of presentation. “Title of Presentation in Title Case.” Type of presentation at Venue, Location of Venue, full date of presentation. DOI URL. (Presenter Last Name year) | Randall, Lisa. 2002. “Unification in Warped Extra Dimensions and Bulk Holography.” Presentation at Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK, July 19, 2002. https://www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/ (Randall 2002) |
Source Type | Generic Example | Actual Example |
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T = See also | ||
| Company Creator Last Name, Creator First Name. Year published. Title of Software in Title Case, version number. Place of Publication. Accessed full date. DOI URL. (Company Creator Last Name year) | Borenstein, Matthew, Lion Hedges, Jonah Higgins, and Hy Rothstein. 2005. Comprehensive Meta-Analysis, version 2. Englewood, NJ. Accessed February 3, 2016. https://www.meta-analysis.com. (Borenstein et al. 2005) |
. in citations when citing material. | ||
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Source Type | Generic Example | Actual Example |
T = See also | ||
Conference Proceedings (online)
| Author Last Name, Author First Name. Year published. “Title of Article in Title Case.” In volume number (issue): starting page of article–ending page of article. DOI URL. (Author Last Name year) | Morentz, James W, Christopher Doyle, Lawrence Skelly, and Nabil Adam. 2009. “Unified Incident Command and Decision Support (UICDS) a Department of Homeland Security Initiative in Information Sharing.” In 182–87. https://doi.org/10.1109/THS.2009.5168032. (Morentz et al. 2009) |
| Last1, First1, First2 Last2, First3 Last3, and First4 Last4. Year. “Title of Chapter in Title Case.” In Edited by Editor1, Editor2, Editor3, and Editor4, starting page of chapter–ending page of chapter. Place of Publication: Publisher. (Last1 et al. year) | Katz, Itai, Kevin Gabayan, Hamid Aghajan, and Daisy Germanshepherdhighness. 2007. “A Multi-touch Surface Using Multiple Cameras.” In edited by Jacques Blanc-Talon, Wilfried Philips, Dan Popescu, and Paul Scheunders, 97–108. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag. (Katz et al. 2007, 97–100) |
Paper Presented at Conference Unpublished
| Last1, First1, First2 Last2, First3 Last3, and First4 Last4. Year of presentation. “Title of Paper in Title Case.” Paper presented at Name of Conference in Title Case, Location of Conference. (Last1 et al. year) | Teplin, Linda A., Gary M. McClelland, Karen M. Abram, and Jason J. Washburn. 2005. “Early Violent Death in Delinquent Youth: A Prospective Longitudinal Study.” Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Psychology-Law Society, La Jolla, CA. (Teplin et al. 2005) |
and therefore not cited in references. | ||
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Source Type | Generic Example | Actual Example |
T = See also | ||
Data Set Published
| Author Last Name, Author First Name. Year published. “Title of Data Set in Title Case.” Organization. DOI URL. | Suro, Roberto. 2004. “Changing Channels and Crisscrossing Culture: A Survey of Latinos on News Media.” Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/hispanic/2004/04/19/changing-channels-and-crisscrossing-cultures/. (Suro 2004) |
Data Set Unpublished | None (Author First and Last Name, unpublished data, full date data was received) | None (Rebecca Kanteen, unpublished data, May 23, 1955) |
No reference entry is needed. Zotero will not be used to cite. | ||
Database
| Database Name (record locator; accessed full date). DOI URL. (Database Name year [use n.d. if regularly updated]) | NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database (object name IRAS F00400+4059; accessed October 6, 2009). https://nedwww.ipac.caltech.edu/. (NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database, n.d.) GenBank (for RP11-322N14 BAC [accession number AC017046]; accessed October 6, 2020). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Genbank/.(GenBank, n.d.) |
Dictionary / Encyclopedia | ||
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Source Type | Generic Example | Actual Example |
T = See also | ||
Dictionary / Encyclopedia Author given
| Author Last Name, Author First Name. Year. S.v. “title of entry in lowercase unless proper noun.” Accessed or modified full date. URL. (Author Last Name year) | Bowhead, Beau. 2023. "Whale Cheese." In Curd Your Enthusiasm Co. Last modified December 20, 2023. https://www.cheesepleese.com/pleese/whalecheese. (Bowhead 2023) |
Dictionary / Encyclopedia Organization as author
| Year. S.v. “title of entry in lowercase unless proper noun.” Accessed modified full date. URL. ( year) | 2017. S.v. “metamorphosis.” Accessed July 6, 2017. https://www.merriam-webster.com/ ( 2017) |
in citations when citing material. | ||
---|---|---|
Source Type | Generic Example | Actual Example |
T = See also | ||
Fact Sheet
| Department. Year. “Title of Fact Sheet in Title Case.” DOI URL. (Department year) | Department of Labor. 2008. “The Construction Industry under the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA).” https://www.dol.gov/whd/regs/compliance/whdfs1.htm. (Department of Labor 2008) |
in citations when citing material. | ||
Directive | ||
Source Type | Generic Example | Actual Example |
T = See also | ||
Directive
| Department. Year. Document identification number. Place of Publication: Publisher = Department. DOI URL. (Department [Acronym] year) (Acronym year) | Department of Defense. 2005. DOD Directive 8570.01-M. Washington, DC: Department of Defense. https://www.esd.whs.mil/Portals/54/ (Department of Defense [DOD] 2005) (DOD 2005) |
Doctrine | ||
Source Type | Generic Example | Actual Example |
T = See also | ||
Doctrine
| Department. Year. Document identification number. Place of Publication: Publisher = Department. DOI URL. (Department year) | Joint Chiefs of Staff. 2017. JP 1. Washington, DC: Joint Chiefs of Staff. https://fas.org/irp/doddir/dod/jp1.pdf. (Joint Chiefs of Staff 2017, 33) |
Field Manual / Military Regulation | ||
Source Type | Generic Example | Actual Example |
T = See also | ||
Field Manual / Military Regulation
| Department. Year. Document identification number. Place of Publication: Publisher = Department. DOI URL. (Department [Acronym] year) (Acronym year) | Department of the Army. 1994. FM 23-10. Washington, DC: Department of the Army. https://www.bits.de/NRANEU/ (Department of the Army [DA] 1994) (DA 1994, 6) |
Government Report | ||
Source Type | Generic Example | Actual Example |
T = See also | ||
Government Report | CRS Report Author Last Name, Author First Name. Year. Document identification number. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service. DOI URL. (Author Last Name year) |
Erwin, Marshall C. 2013. CRS Report No. RL33539. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service. https://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/intel/RL33539.pdf. (Erwin 2013, 16) |
GAO Report Author Last Name, Author First Name. Year. Document identification number. Place of Publication: Publisher. (Author Last Name year) |
Berrick, Cathleen A. 2009. GAO-10-106. Washington, DC: Government Accountability Office. (Berrick 2009, 22) | |
Strategy Document / Other Government Report Author Last Name, Author First Name Department. Year. . Place of Publication: Publisher. DOI URL. (Last Name Department year) |
Biden, Joseph R., Jr. 2022. Washington, DC: White House. https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Biden-Harris-Administrations-National-Security-Strategy-10.2022.pdf. (Biden 2022, 12) | |
Instruction | ||
Source Type | Generic Example | Actual Example |
T = See also | ||
Instruction
| Department. Year. . Document identification number. Place of Publication: Publisher = Department. (Department [Acronym] year) (Acronym year) | Department of Defense. 2012. DOD Instruction 1000.01. Washington, DC: Department of Defense. (Department of Defense [DOD] 2012, 95) (DOD 2012, 8) |
Memorandum | ||
Source Type | Generic Example | Actual Example |
T = See also | ||
Memorandum
|
Author Last Name, Author First Name. Year. “Title of Memo in Title Case.” Official memorandum. Place of Publication: Department. DOI URL. (Author Last Name year) | Takai, Teresa M. 2013. “Adoption of the National Information Exchange Model within the Department of Defense.” Official memorandum. Washington, DC: Department of Defense. https://dodcio.defense.gov/Portals/0/Documents/ (Takai 2013, 18) |
in citations when citing material. | ||
---|---|---|
Source Type | Generic Example | Actual Example |
T = See also | ||
Online
| Name of Company. Year. Place of Publication. DOI URL. (Name of Company year) | Western Spud. 1972. 168th ed. Kinston-Slalom, ID. https://www.spud.org/potato/transmission/grease.html. (Western Spud 1972, 954) |
| Western Electric. 1985. 3rd ed. Winston-Salem, NC. (Western Electric 1985, 2) |
in citations when citing material. | ||
Source Type | Generic Example | Actual Example |
T = See also | ||
Online
| Author Last Name, Author First Name. Year. “Title of Article in Title Case.” volume number (xx) (Month Season): starting page of article–ending page of article. DOI URL Name of Database in Title Case. (Author Last Name year, page[s]) |
Long, Janice R., and Cat Dragon. 2024. “Happy on a Monday: This and Other Signs You're Retired.” 19 (2) (April): 2007–2024. https://doi.org/10.0000/123456789000. (Long and Dragon 2024) Giannopoulou, Zina. 2014. “Prisoners of Plot in José Saramago’s .” 38 (2) (October): 332–49. Project MUSE. (Giannopoulou 2014, 338) |
| Author Last Name, Author First Name. Year. “Title of Article in Title Case.” volume number (xx) (Month Season): starting page of article–ending page of article. (Author Last Name year, page[s]) | Liu, Jui-Ch'i. 2015. “Beholding the Feminine Sublime: Lee Miller’s War Photography.” 40 (2) (Winter): 308–19. (Liu 2015, 312) |
Legal publications use notes for documentation; few include bibliographies. Any work using the author-date style that needs to do more than mention the occasional source in the text should therefore use formatting. For a full discussion of legal and public documents, including examples, see 14.269–305. | ||
---|---|---|
Bill / Resolution | ||
Source Type | Generic Example | Actual Example |
T = See also | ||
Federal unenacted | None None (Abbreviated Bill or Resolution Chamber and Number, xxx Cong. (year)) . | None None The Managed Competition Act (H.R. 5936, 102nd Cong. (1992)) noted that potatoes are smarter than –laden cats . . . . |
No in-text citation or reference entry is needed. Zotero will not be used to cite. | ||
Code of Federal Regulations | ||
Source Type | Generic Example | Actual Example |
T = See also | ||
Code of Federal Regulations | None None Include name of act, C.F.R. title number and section number (title number C.F.R. § xxx), and year published. . | None None In 2006, the Department of Energy introduced the Renewable Energy Production Incentives (10 C.F.R. § 451), which . . .
In 10 C.F.R. § 451 (2006), the Department of Energy establishes guidelines on Renewable Energy Production Incentives, which . . . . |
No in-text citation or reference entry is needed. Zotero will not be used to cite. | ||
Congressional Hearing / Testimony within a Hearing | ||
Source Type | Generic Example | Actual Example |
T = See also | ||
Congressional Hearing Full hearing | None None Include title of hearing, date, and any other useful identifying information. . | None None In 2009, the House Committee on the Budget held a hearing on the to ascertain . |
No in-text citation or reference entry is needed. Zotero will not be used to cite. | ||
Testimony within a Hearing | None None Include name of testifier, title of hearing, date, and any other useful identifying information. . | None None In his 2015 testimony during the hearing, NASA lead scientist Paul K. Martin remarked that . . . . |
No in-text citation or reference entry is needed. Zotero will not be used to cite. | ||
Court Case Decision | ||
Source Type | Generic Example | Actual Example |
T = See also | ||
Lower court | None None Party Names (Case ID [includes volume number, abbreviated name of the reporter, first page of decision, abbreviated name of the court (if not indicated by the reporter) and the date together in parentheses]) . | None None In the case Lessard v. Schmidt (349 F. Supp. 1078 (E.D. Wis. 1972)), the court ruled that . . . . |
No in-text citation or reference entry is needed. Zotero will not be used to cite. | ||
Supreme Court | None None Party Names (Case ID [includes volume number, abbreviated name of the reporter(s), first page of the decision, and the date in parentheses) . | None None In the case Winter v. NRDC, Inc. (129 S. Ct. 365 (2008)), the court ruled that . . . . |
No in-text citation or reference entry is needed. Zotero will not be used to cite. | ||
Executive Order | ||
Source Type | Generic Example | Actual Example |
T = See also | ||
Executive Order | None None Include "Title of Executive Order in Title Case," executive order number, and year. . | None None In 2013, Executive Order 13655, "Adjustments of Certain Rates of Pay," established that . . . . |
No in-text citation or reference entry is needed. Zotero will not be used to cite. | ||
Public Law | ||
Source Type | Generic Example | Actual Example |
T = See also | ||
Public Law | None None Include the title and year of the act. Note: if the year is included in the title of the act, there is no need to repeat it. . | None None The 1990 Americans with Disabilities Act established . . . . |
No in-text citation or reference entry is needed. Zotero will not be used to cite. |
in citations when citing material. | ||
---|---|---|
Source Type | Generic Example | Actual Example |
T = See also | ||
| Author Last Name, Author First Name. Year. “Title of Article in Title Case.” full date of publication. DOI URL Name of Database in Title Case. (Last Name year) | DOI or URL Preposterous, Geronimo. 2017. "Mai Tais and Milkshakes: A Fast Ride to the ER." , February 1, 2017. https://pollock.trashcan.com/2017/02/22/mtmer. (Preposterous 2017, 456) Preposterous, Geronimo. 2020. "Mojitos and Mussels: New Frontiers in Smoothie Formulation." , January 1, 2020. EBSCO. (Preposterous 2020, 201) |
| Author Last Name, Author First Name. Year. “Title of Article in Title Case,” full date of publication. (Last Name year) | Preposterous, Geronimo. 2017. "Martinis and Mackerel: From Seafood to See Food." , March 1, 2017. (Preposterous 2017) |
Source Type | Generic Example | Actual Example |
---|---|---|
T = See also | ||
Google Map
| Google Maps. Year accessed. “Title of Map in Title Case.” Accessed full date. URL. (Google Maps year) | Google Maps. 2017. “Monterey Bay.” Accessed January 4, 2017. (Google Maps 2017) |
Cartographer given | Map Source or Maker in Title Case. Year. “Title of Map in Title Case.” Accessed full date. DOI URL. (Map Source or Maker in Title Case year) | Lewis County Geographic Information Services. 2014. “Population Density, 2000 U.S. Census.” Accessed January 4, 2017. https://maps.lewiscountywa.gov/maps/Demographics/census-popdens_2000.pdf. (Lewis County Geographic Information Services 2014) |
Source Type | Generic Example | Actual Example |
---|---|---|
T = See also | ||
Film
| R: Director Last Name, Director First Name, dir. Year originally released. Place of Publication: Publisher, year published of the copy you are using. Medium DOI URL. (Director Last Name, year originally released) | Hitchcock, Alfred, dir. 1959. . Burbank, CA: Warner Home Video, 2000. DVD. (Hitchcock 1959) |
Podcast or Video News, YouTube, or any kind of streaming video
| Author Last Name, Author First Name Organization Screen Name. Year. “Title of Video in Title Case.” Media type, length of podcast or video. Full date of posting. URL. (Author Organization Screen Name year) | R: CNN. 2017. “US Military Sends Warships, Aircraft to Texas.” Video, August 31, 2017. 1:31. https://www.cnn.com/2017/08/30/politics/texas-harvey-flooding-military-response/. (CNN 2017) BellaFolletti. 2009. “Possible Ghost Caught on Surveillance Camera.” YouTube video, April 8, 2009, 1:19. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dq1ms2JhYBI.(BellaFolletti 2009) |
Do not use the leading word “the” when referencing newspaper names in list of references ( , not ). in citations when citing material. | ||
---|---|---|
Source Type | Generic Example | Actual Example |
T = See also | ||
Online | Author Last Name, Author First Name. Year. “Title of Article in Title Case.” , full date of publication. DOI URL Name of Database in Title Case. (Author Last Name year) |
Brody, Jane E. 2007. “Mental Reserves Keep Brains Agile.” , December 11, 2007. https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/11/health/11brod.html. (Brody 2007, 5) Brady, Joan. 2020. “Mental Reserves Keep Brains Delicious.” , January 24, 2020. Lexis Advance. (Brady 2020, 65) |
No author given
| . Year. “Title of Article in Title Case,” full date of publication. DOI URL. ( year) | . 2014. “Local Otters Find Tourists 'Incredibly Cute,'” April 5, 2014. ( 2014, 8) |
Source Type | Generic Example | Actual Example |
---|---|---|
T = See also | ||
Patent
| Rightsholder Last Name, Rightsholder First Name. Year issued. Title of patent in sentence case. U.S. Patent xxxxxxx, filed full date, and issued full date. DOI URL. (Rightsholder Last Name year issued) | Bell, Alexander Graham. 1876. Improvement in telegraphy. U.S. Patent 174465A, filed February 14, 1876, and issued March 7, 1876. https://www.google.com/patents/US174465. (Bell 1876) |
Source Type | Generic Example | Actual Example |
---|---|---|
T = See also | ||
(including attachments such as presentation slides, data sets, internal documents, etc.) | None (Sender, email message to author, full date of email)
(email message to author, full date of email) | None (Q. Grumbupple, email to author, October 22, 1994) According to Quentin Grumbupple (email to author, October 22, 1994) |
No reference entry is needed. Zotero will not be used to cite. | ||
Interview | None Interviewee Name (interviewee title), in discussion with the author, full date of interview. | None . . . as claimed by Osiris Jones (professor of octopus kinesiology, University of Headfoot), in discussion with the author, June 1, 2012. |
No in-text citation or reference entry is needed. Zotero will not be used to cite. | ||
Personal Communication | None (Interlocutor Name, type of communication, full date) | None (Sandi Lopez, personal communication, September 8, 2009) |
No reference entry is needed. Zotero will not be used to cite. |
. in citations when citing material. | ||
---|---|---|
Research Report / Think Tank Report / White Paper | ||
Source Type | Generic Example | Actual Example |
T = See also | ||
(online)
| Author 1 Last Name, Author 1 First Name, Author 2 First and Last Name, . . . Author 7 First and Last Name et al. Year. Document identification number. Place of Publication: Publisher. DOI URL Name of Database. (Author 1 Last Name et al. Year) | Dixon, Lloyd, Noreen Clancy, Benjamin M. Miller, Sue Hoegberg, Michael M. Lewis, Bruce Bender, Samara Ebinger et al. 2017. RR-1776-NYCEDC. Santa Monica, CA: RAND. https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR1776.html. (Dixon et al. 2017, 5) |
Technical Report | ||
Source Type | Generic Example | Actual Example |
T = See also | ||
Agency as author (online)
| Agency Name. Year. . Document identification number. DOI URL. (Agency year) | National Toxicology Program. 2012. . Report No. TR-576. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23385646/. (National Toxicology Program 2012, 18) |
Author given (online)
| Author Last Name, Author First Name. Year. Document identification number. DOI URL Name of Database in Title Case. (Author year) | Tang, K. Linda, and Daniel R. Eignor. 2001. Report Numbers RR-01-11, TOEFL-TR-17. Princeton, NJ: Educational Testing Service, https://www.ets.org/research/policy_ (Tang and Eignor 2001, 22) |
Author given (print)
| Author Last Name, Author First Name. Year. Document identification number. Place of Publication: Publisher. (Author year) | Jones, Larry, and Florence Johnson. 2015. E. coli Report No. 17-59. Madison, WI: Veterinary Studies. (Jones and Johnson 2015, 6) |
Source Type | Generic Example | Actual Example |
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T = See also | ||
Secondary / Indirect Source
| List the indirect source that quotes or discusses the material you are referring to (cite using the appropriate format for the source type—book, journal article, etc.) Mention the primary source, then cite the indirect source using the appropriate in-text format for the source type—book, journal article, etc. | Nicholson, Ian A. M. 2003. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. We can see this principle at work in the following passage from Allport’s diary, quoted in Nicholson: “ . . . ” (2003, 59). |
Source Type | Generic Example | Actual Example | |
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T = See also | |||
Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, etc.
| Author Organization (handle if not Facebook). Year. "Title of post or shortened tweet text in sentence case." Platform, full date, timestamp for tweets only. URL. (Author Organization year) | Babygiraffe (@babygiraffehaslastlaugh). 2016. "I'm cuter than any stupid potato. They don't even have necks." Twitter, April 3, 2016, 5:02 a.m. https://twitter.com/babygiraffehaslastlaugh/status/53645653465436354. (Babygiraffe 2016) |
in citations when citing material. | ||
---|---|---|
Source Type | Generic Example | Actual Example |
T = See also | ||
Speech | List the source that quotes or reprints the speech you are referring to (cite using the appropriate reference-list format for the source type—book, journal article, etc.).
| Smith, Jacob, ed. 2009. Washington, DC: E & K Publishing. Martin Luther King, Jr. declared, “I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed” (Smith 2009, 18). |
in citations when citing material. | ||
T = See also | ||
From a commercial database
| Author Last Name, Author First Name. Year. “Title of Thesis/Dissertation in Title Case.” Type of document, Institution. Name of Database in Title Case (document identification number). (Author Last Name year) | Choi, Mihwa. 2008. “Contesting in Death Rituals during the Northern Song Dynasty.” PhD diss., University of Chicago. ProQuest (AAT 3300426). (Choi 2008, 22) |
From an institutional archive such as the NPS Archive: Calhoun | Author Last Name, Author First Name. Year. “Title of Thesis/Dissertation in Title Case.” Type of document, Institution. DOI URL. (Author Last Name year) |
Rivera, Joey. 2010. “Software System Architecture Modeling Methodology for Naval Gun Weapon Systems.” PhD diss., Naval Postgraduate School. https://hdl.handle.net/10945/10504. (Rivera 2010, 15) Moon, Thomas D. 2009. “Rising Dragon: Infrastructure Development and Chinese Influence in Vietnam.” Master’s thesis, Naval Postgraduate School. https://calhoun.nps.edu/handle/10945/4694. (Moon 2009) |
in citations when citing material. | ||
---|---|---|
Source Type | Generic Example | Actual Example |
T = See also | ||
Unpublished Work (print)
| Author Last Name, Author First Name. Year viewed. “Title of Work in Title Case.” Unpublished [type of work], Full date viewed. (Author Last Name year) | Horse, Belmont B. 1995. “Back in the Saddle.” Unpublished manuscript, May 3, 1995. (Horse 1995) |
Unpublished Work Accepted for publication (online)
| Author Last Name, Author First Name. Forthcoming. “Title of Article in Title Case.” DOI URL. (Author Last Name, forthcoming) | Briscoe, Robert. Forthcoming. “Egocentric Spatial Representation in Action and Perception.” http://cogprints.org/5780/1/ECSRAP.F07.pdf. (Briscoe, forthcoming) |
Unpublished Work Submitted for publication (online)
| Author Last Name, Author First Name. Year modified. “Title of Work in Title Case.” Unpublished, last modified full date. DOI URL. (Author Last Name year) | Horse, Belmont B. 1996. “Back in the Saddle 2: Back in the Saddle.” Unpublished, last modified December 24, 1996. https://horse.com/bits2bits. (Horse 1996) |
but not Reuters, Bloomberg, CNN, etc. These news organizations only have an online presence, whereas the also has a print counterpart. . | ||
Source Type | Generic Example | Actual Example |
T = See also | ||
Author and publication date given
| Author Last Name, Author First Name. Year. “Title, Section, or Page Name in Title Case.” Organization. Full date of publication modification. URL. (Author Last Name year) | Roth, Richard. 2017. “75 Years Ago, the Doolittle Raid Changed History.” CNN. Last modified April 18, 2017. https://www.cnn.com/2017/04/18/us/75th-anniversary-doolittle-raid/index.html. (Roth 2017) |
No author given Organization as author
| Organization. Year. “Title, Section, or Page Name in Title Case.” Full date of publication last modification. URL. (Organization year) | Federal Bureau of Investigation. 2017. “Forging Papers to Sell Fake Art.” April 6, 2017. https://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/forging-papers-to-sell-fake-art. (Federal Bureau of Investigation [FBI] 2017) (FBI 2017) |
No date given
| Organization. n.d. “Title, Section, or Page Name in Title Case.” Accessed full date. URL. (Organization, n.d.) | Department of Defense. n.d. “About the Department of Defense (DOD).” Accessed April 18, 2017. https://www.defense.gov/About/. (Department of Defense [DOD], n.d.) (DOD, n.d.) |
Janes example
| Janes. Year. “Title, Section, or Page Name in Title Case.” Full date of publication last modification. (Janes 2017) | Janes. 2024. “Mali: Country Overview.” Last modified March 19, 2024. https://customer.janes.com/CountryIntelligence/Countries/Country_986. (Janes 2024) |
Source Type | Generic Example | Actual Example |
---|---|---|
T = See also | ||
Wikipedia
| Wikipedia Year. S.v. “title of entry in lowercase unless proper noun.” Full date of access last modification. URL. (Wikipedia year) | Wikipedia. 2017. S.v. “Kurt Vonnegut.” Last modified July 8, 2017. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Vonnegut. (Wikipedia 2017) |
in citations when citing material. | ||
---|---|---|
Source Type | Generic Example | Actual Example |
T = See also | ||
Working Paper /
| Author Last Name, Author First Name. Year. “Title of Working Paper in Title Case.” Working paper, Institution Company. DOI URL. (Author Last Name year) | Linguine, Lila. 2014. “Anteaters and Aardvarks: Power Critters.” Working paper, Animal Rights Institute. www.aanda.power/careers.html. (Linguine 2014, 8) |
Accessed dates.
Only include date accessed if the source material has no date.
Do not include honorifics (Dr., Col., Professor, etc.) when citing author names. Including these titles in the body of your document is acceptable.
For the National Security Strategy , cite the president as the author.
For other official documents , the author is the organization immediately responsible for creating the document. In the example below, the author is the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations and the publisher is the Department of the Navy.
In the example above, the author is NOT an umbrella organization, signatory, or any of the following:
Do not include acronyms for organizations listed as authors in the List of References or footnotes:
What is the difference between them.
The NPS Thesis Processing Office prefers a List of References for the following:
For papers, check with your professors for their preference.
Capitalize everything | Capitalize |
Note: Always format the information in your citations (titles, author names, etc.) according to the requirements of the citation style you are using, regardless of how it appears in the original source.
When naming government organizations, be consistent: for example, either Department of Defense or U.S. Department of Defense. If citing organizations from multiple countries, ensure that it is clear which organization is associated with which country—for example, Australian Department of Defence, South African Department of Defence, Sri Lanka Ministry of Defence, Singapore Ministry of Defence.
A citation is required if you did not wholly create the figure—i.e., if you used someone else's image or data. A citation is not needed when all elements of the figure are your own creation.
See Figure 1 for placement of the title and the in-text citation.
Figure 1. A Figure with a Citation in APA, Chicago Author-Date, or INFORMS Style. Source: Author (2017).
Figure 1. A Figure with a Citation in APA, Chicago Author-Date, or INFORMS Style. Adapted from Author (2017).
For more details, see the Thesis Template .
Where in the sentence does my in-text citation go.
In the paragraph below, the parenthetical in-text citations are highlighted in yellow , and the s ignal phrases are in blue . Note that the second sentence is common knowledge, whereas the final sentence is clearly the opinion of the author.
If any information is missing from a source (a journal with no volume number, for example), simply omit that information. For sources consulted in hardcopy, omit the URL and any additional verbiage that introduces it. Anything retrieved online, however, MUST have a link. The only exception is journals retrieved from a subscription database such as ProQuest.
Examples given are for books; follow the appropriate style for the source type you are citing.
Source | Generic Example | Actual Example |
---|---|---|
| ||
Author Last Name, Author First Name. Year published + a. Place of Publication: Publisher. (Author Last Name year + a) | Hawthorne, Pat. 2006a New York: Penguin. (Hawthorne 2006a) | |
Author Last Name, Author First Name. Year published + b. Place of Publication: Publisher. (Author Last Name year + b) | Hawthorne, Pat. 2006b. New York: Penguin. (Hawthorne 2006b) | |
(Author Last Name year + a, year + b) | (Hawthorne 2006a, 2006b) | |
| ||
Author Last Name, Author First Name. Year published. Place of Publication: Publisher. (Author Last Name year, page) | Hawthorne, Pat. 2006. New York: Penguin. (Hawthorne 2006, 99–100) | |
Author Last Name, Author First Name. Year published. Place of Publication: Publisher. (Author Last Name year) | Hawthorne, Pat. 2008. New York: Penguin. (Hawthorne 2008) | |
(Author Last Name year 1, year 2) | (Hawthorne 2006, 2008) | |
order and separate them with a semicolon. Ensure authors appear in the list of references. 15.22 | ||
(Author 1 Last Name year; Author 2 Last Name year) | (Fiddleywink and Snort 2005; Munglesnee, Grumpernickel, and Smith 1995; Otatop 2007). (Q. Fiddleywink 1975; Z. Fiddleywink 1982) |
To cite an undated document, use n.d. (no date). Ensure a comma separates the author or organization name and the year in parenthetical citations. For example: (Househill, n.d.).
When listing an online document (for example, a thesis, report, or journal article) in the references, if possible, provide a DOI. If the source does not have a DOI, link to the document itself (PDF, etc.) or to the landing page that directs the reader to the full text.
In-text Citations
If the source does not contain page numbers, often with electronic formats , include as much information as needed for the reader to locate the material. In citations especially of shorter electronic works presented as a single, searchable document, such locators may be unnecessary.
Locator Options | Example |
---|---|
heading or section name (okay to abbreviate a long heading or section name) | Methods section |
paragraph or section number | para. 2 sec. 24 |
chap, heading, or section in combination with a paragraph number | chap. 3, para. 1 |
descriptive phrase | under "The Battleground" |
location numbers | loc. 444 of 3023, Kindle |
table, figure, or slide number | table 1.4 |
video or podcast time stamp | 2:12 |
appendix number or letter | Appendix C |
See CMOS 15.23: Page and volume numbers or other specific locators in text citations .
In the list of references/bibliography For portions of larger documents, such as journal articles and book chapters , include the page range.
R: Cordesman, Anthony H., Adam Mausner, and David Kasten. 2009. Introduction. In Winning in Afghanistan: Creating Effective Afghan Security Forces, edited by John Smith, 1–12. Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies.
When citing a source retrieved online, use the "online" format even when you or someone else printed out the material. For example, if you print out a thesis or your advisor provides you with a printed thesis, it is still categorized as an online document.
Only cite as a print source when the material has been produced by a publisher in hard copy. For example, if you obtain a print journal or book from the library stacks, it is categorized as a printed source.
An indirect source is a source that cites some other work that you discuss in your text.
Whenever possible, consult primary sources and your sources’ sources yourself. Upon investigation of the primary source, you may find you disagree with the indirect source author’s analysis or methods.
The following passage incorporates a properly credited indirect source. The indirect source information is highlighted in yellow; the primary source information is highlighted in blue.
Walker (200 8) describes Miguel Roig's 1999 experiment , which correlates inadequate paraphrasing in student writing with poor reading comprehension. Citing Roig’s data , Walker explains that "students do in fact possess skills necessary for paraphrasing but … may be impeded from applying those skills when dealing with rigorous text" (387) .
Note: Include only the indirect source (the source you consulted) in your reference list.
See the TPO's " Citing Your Sources’ Sources " handout.
A citation is required if you did not wholly create the table—i.e., if you used someone else's data. A citation is not needed when all elements of the table are your own creation.
See Table 1 for placement of the title and the in-text citation.
Table 1. A Table with a Citation in APA, Chicago Author-Date, or INFORMS Style. Source: Author (2017).
Table 1. A Table with a Citation in APA, Chicago Author-Date, or INFORMS Style. Adapted from Author (2017).
For more details, see the Thesis Template .
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Overview | Harvard | IEEE | APA | Chicago | MLA | Vancouver | Citation Tools
The Chicago referencing style is commonly used in the field of humanities. The guidelines for Chicago referencing style are published and updated by the University of Chicago press. The Chicago referencing style uses a foot note system. The sources are cited by adding a superscript 1 after the information and the reference details are given in the footnote at the bottom of the page.
✔ Reference number is given at the end of the information in superscript. The reference details are given as a footnote at the bottom of the page. A recent research showed that students use generative AI in more than 90% of their assignments 1 . These findings are broadly in line with previous large scale studies in this arena 2 . ________________________________________ Sam Smith, “Use of AI in academia,” Education Journal 29, no. 3 (2011): 109. Jeoff Lawday, “A multicentre trial on use of AI in education”, Higher Education 12, no.1 (2000): 45.
The first citation of each source should be a full note (full details of the source should be given). For subsequent citation of the same source a short note (shortened version of the source) is enough.
✔ We have cited the same source twice. In the footnote, we have provided the full details of the source for the first citation and shorted version for the second citation. A recent research showed that students use generative AI in more than 90% of their assignments 1 . The data also showed that most students were hesitant to admit that they used AI in their assignments 2 . ________________________________________ Sam Smith, “Use of AI in academia,” Education Journal 29, no. 3 (2011): 109. Smith, “Use of AI in Academia”, 109.
Sometimes you may have to support your statement with multiple sources. If this is the case, please don’t add multiple citation numbers (e.g. 1, 2, 3 ) and add multiple sources to the footnote. You must combine all the citations into one footnote and give a single reference number and add this number as superscript in your text.
✖ This is incorrect. You shouldn’t add multiple reference numbers in superscript if you want to cite multiple sources A recent research showed that students use generative AI in more than 90% of their assignments 1,2 . ________________________________________ Sam Smith, “Use of AI in academia,” Education Journal 29, no. 3 (2011): 109. Jeoff Lawday, “A multicentre trial on use of AI in education”, Higher Education 12, no.1 (2000): 45.
✔ Multiple sources should be cited by combining them into one footnote. The sources should be separated by a semicolon. A recent research showed that students use generative AI in more than 90% of their assignments 1 . ________________________________________ Sam Smith, “Use of AI in academia,” Education Journal 29, no. 3 (2011): 109; Jeoff Lawday, “A multicentre trial on use of AI in education”, Higher Education 12, no.1 (2000): 45.
If you are making a direct quote from a paper word-for-word, you must enclose it within double quotation marks. You must also include the page number in the reference detail within the footnote.
✔ Direct quote from a paper enclosed in double quotes and page number mentioned in the footnote As Wilson et al. states, “More than 70% of papers rejected by scientific journals are written by non-native English speakers”. 5 ________________________________________ Peter Wilson et al. , “The AI problem,” Education Journal 56, no. 1 (2020): 10.
You must include a bibliography or reference list at the end of your text. You must list all sources in the reference list, and it should be arranged alphabetically by the author’s last name. The first line of your reference should be aligned with the left margin and each line after that should have a hanging indent applied as shown in the example below.
Example below shows a list of references formatted in Chicago style. The following reference list includes a journal, a book, a website, and a conference proceeding. If you use a good citation tool , the reference list will be automatically generated for you. If you choose to format the references manually, please read this blog , you will find formatting rules for various sources.
If you have any questions, please drop a comment below, and we will answer as soon as possible. We also recommend you to refer to our other blogs on academic writing tools , academic writing resources , academic writing phrases , research paper examples and research paper writing tips which are relevant to the topic discussed in this blog.
The MLA style uses an author-page number system. The MLA style is predominantly used in the field of humanities.
In this blog, we have reviewed some of the popular referencing tools used by the scientific community from an academic writing perspective.
The APA referencing style uses author-date system. The APA style is predominantly used in the fields of psychology, health, and social sciences.
The Vancouver style uses a numeric citation system where sources are cited as numbers within brackets or using superscript in the order in which they appear.
The Harvard referencing system is widely used in UK universities. The Harvard referencing style uses author-date system.
In this blog, we will discuss six popular referencing styles that are widely used in research publications, along with detailed examples.
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When you’re writing a research paper, you’ll use a variety of sources to find information. You might find that you end up using other people’s research papers as sources of information for your own work. You need to know how to cite a research paper properly.
Using text citations tells readers where you got your information, and help build a sense of trust, allowing the reader to feel confident that you haven’t falsified the information. You have to prove that you’ve done the research and found data to back up the claims you’re making.
Writing a paper without giving credit to people whose work you’re using is plagiarism. Unless you’re citing a direct quote you want to change the language enough, by putting the quote in your own words, so it sounds like original content. Quetext’s plagiarism checker helps you search for similar content across the web so you can turn in a completely original paper.
Whether you’re submitting a research paper to school or for publication in a peer-reviewed journal, you’re required to cite your sources. Editors often reread the work of writers and researchers to ensure the information is factual. A teacher or professor will definitely check that your sources are accurate, so using tools like Quetext will help avoid unintentional plagiarism errors or wrongfully cited information.
If you don’t have sources to back up your research, others might accuse you of spreading false information or plagiarism. Any journal publishing papers should verify what they’re printing, but ultimately, as the author, the buck stops with you.
In general, it’s a kindness to cite your sources. The people who created them did a lot of work, so it’s wrong to claim ownership of their ideas and information. But it’s also an ethical issue that can have major repercussions.
There have been cases where researchers make up information or falsify their sources and must face the consequences. People depend on factual information and don’t react well when they realize you lied to them or falsely paraphrase information.
That’s why it’s common knowledge to write a well-researched paper with text citations. If anyone claims your information is incorrect, you can point them to the source where you found the data. This doesn’t guarantee that the information you cited is correct, but you’ll be able to provide readers with a source of where you gathered your information.
When you’re citing other people’s research papers, make sure the source is legitimate. You should only use peer-reviewed journals so you know the article has gone through edits and fact-checking. Something identified as a research paper that is only on a blog or message board isn’t always a reliable source.
Many students like to use Wikipedia because there’s so much information available from one source. However, Wikipedia allows users to edit the information. What you read in a specific entry might not be true. It’s best to scroll down to the works cited and go to the original source yourself. If you can’t find a reliable, original source for the information, you shouldn’t use it.
The information used in any citation is basically the same across each style guide. The formatting and order of some elements may vary, so it’s important to know the difference between Modern Language Association (MLA), American Psychological Association (APA), and Chicago Styles.
The style you use depends on what type of writing you’re doing. All will use these basic elements in some form or another:
Source name
Volume and edition
Publication date
Page numbers
Publisher name
City and country of the publisher
URL and DOI for web pages and digital sources
The date you accessed the material
In addition to a reference list at the end of your work, you’ll also use in-text citations. Whenever you reference an idea or data that isn’t yours, you cite it. Each style has different types of in-text citations as well. Read on to find out about each citation format.
You’ll likely use the MLA citation guide if you’re writing papers in the humanities, such as for language arts, literary criticism, cultural studies, and more. The current edition of the MLA Handbook is the ninth because the style constantly evolves. As new technology creates new potential sources, MLA adds information to help students and researchers cite everything correctly.
The MLA Handbook has instructions on how to cite song lyrics, social media posts, and digital images, along with all of the standard research outlets. The book also gives detailed information on how to cite a research paper.
The MLA Handbook includes information about how to format your reference page. Use a 12-pt standard font like Times New Roman, so the text in italics is clearly different from the regular font. Center the title, Works Cited, at the top of the page. Your last name and page number are in the top right corner, and the reference page always comes at the end of your document.
Alphabetize citations according to the last name of the author. Left-align the citations and double-space them with no extra lines between each entry. When a citation goes beyond a single line, use a hanging indent to format it correctly. This lets the reader know it’s still the same citation continuing on.
Now that you know the basic format for the Works Cited page read on to find out how to cite a research paper for inclusion on this list.
When you’re citing a research paper in MLA style, you start with the author’s full name, putting the last name of the author first, followed by the title of the research paper in quotation marks. Next comes the the title of the journal that published the paper in italics, followed by the volume number, issue number, and date of publication.
You’ll also include the page number since the paper is in a journal with many pages. If you found the source online, include the digital object identifier or DOI. The DOI is a way to give a document a permanent web address so people reading your work can easily find the source.
MLA format also asks you to include the date you accessed online materials. Doing so gives your reader more information about when you read the research if it changed since that date. Here is an example of a research paper citation in MLA style:
Writer, Maria. “My Research Paper.” Research Journal, vol 3, no. 4, 2020, pp. 7-9. doi:12.34/mfs.12.34. Accessed 13 March 2021.
If the work wasn’t published online, you could stop your citation after the page numbers.
Sometimes you might find research papers that aren’t published in a scholarly journal. You can still use those in your work, but the MLA citation will look different. You’ll still put the last name of the author first, but instead of putting the title of the research paper in quotation marks, you’ll put it in italics.
Here is an example of an unpublished research paper citation in MLA style:
Writer, Maria. My Research Paper. 2020, http://websiteused.com . Accessed 13 March 2021.
These two examples show you how to document the source on your Works Cited page. In-text citations look different.
When you’re working with the MLA format, an in-text reference requires a parenthetical citation.
If you refer to someone else’s research in a sentence, either with a direct quote or by paraphrasing, you need to give that author credit. At the end of the sentence where you use the information, you’ll put the author’s information in parenthesis and then put the sentence’s ending punctuation.
You use the author’s last name and the page number where you found the information for in-text citations. Then anyone reading your work can go to your Works Cited page, find the entry by the author’s last name, and access the document themselves. The page number directs them to where you got the specific information, so they don’t have to read the whole paper to find it. Here is an example of an in-text citation in MLA style:
Over 80% of the city’s garbage ended up in the ocean (Writer, 8).
You might mention the author’s name in your sentence. In that case, the parenthetical citation only needs to have the page numbers for reference. Here is an example:
According to Maria Writer, over 80% of the city’s garbage went into the ocean (8).
Researchers in the social science field, like sociology, anthropology, and psychology, use the APA style in their work. Like the MLA Handbook, the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association has gone through changes over the years. It’s currently on the 7th edition.
In addition to helping you understand how to cite research, the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association has information about how to format your paper to include tables, figures, and headings that often accompany scientific journal articles.
The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association also tells you how to format your reference page. In MLA style, this is the Works Cited page. For APA style, it’s either the Reference List or Reference Page.
This page uses the same font style as the rest of the paper but starts on its own page with a number in the top right corner. The title of the page is bold and centered at the top and should simply read “References.”
List citations in alphabetical order by author’s last name regardless of the type of source. Each citation is double-spaced and has a hanging indent if it goes beyond one line.
Now that you understand how to properly format your APA reference page, learn how to cite a research paper to include on the list.
When you use a research paper in your work, you need to include it on your APA references page at the end of your document.
An APA citation includes the same information as the MLA format but in a different order. The citation starts with the author’s last name but only uses their first initial. Then comes the year of publication in parenthesis.
The paper’s title follows, then the title of the journal in italics. You also include the journal volume, issue number, and page numbers. As with MLA citations, include a DOI if you found the research paper online. Here is an example of a published research paper cited in APA format:
Writer, M. (2020). My Research Paper. Research Journal, 3(4), 7-9. doi:12.34/mfs.12.34
If the paper isn’t published in a journal, you can still use it in your work with a proper citation. Here is an example:
Writer, M. (2020). My Research Paper [PDF]. Retrieved from http://websiteused.com
In-text citations in the APA format differ from MLA style. You still put it in parenthesis, but you include different information. For APA parentheticals, include the author’s last name and the paper’s year of publication. This method applies when you’re summarizing or paraphrasing the author’s idea. Here is an example of an in-text citation for a research paper in APA style:
Over 80% of the city’s garbage went into the ocean (Writer, 2020).
If you’re using a direct quote from the work you need to include the page number so the reader can find the quotation. Here is an example:
Maria Writer said, “Over 80% of the city’s garbage is going into the ocean” (2020, p. 8).
Chicago Style got its name from the University of Chicago, where the style originated. Writers use this format for works in the field of history, but you can also use it for the sciences, social sciences, and humanities.
MLA style has a Works Cited page, APA has References, and Chicago Style differs because it includes a Bibliography. The page comes at the end of your work with a page number in the top right corner. The title, “Bibliography,” is bold and centered at the top.
You will single-space your citations, but you’ll add an extra line between each entry. As with the other reference pages, you’ll left-align the work and use a hanging indent when a citation continues onto a second line.
Having an overview of how to format the bibliography will help you understand the citation styles for a research paper.
Citations in Chicago Style are a mix of MLA and APA formats. It’s easiest to follow this template:
Writer, Maria. 2020. “My Research Paper.” Research Journal 3 (4): 7-9. doi:12.34/mfs.12.34.
As with other styles, you can reference an unpublished research paper as a document. Here is an example:
Writer, Maria. 2020. My Research Paper. PDF. http://websiteused.com .
In both instances, if there are multiple authors for a paper, list the rest of the authors in normal format. For example:
Author, Alan, Stanley Sample, and Maria Writer. 2020. “My Research Paper.” Research Journal 3 (4): 7-9. doi:12.34/mfs.12.34.
An in-text citation in Chicago Style is much simpler than both MLA and APA formats. You only need to include the last name of the author and year of publication in parenthesis with no comma in between them. For example:
Almost 80% of the city’s garbage goes into the ocean (Writer 2020).
You’ll include the page number for specificity if you’re quoting the author. Here’s an example:
Maria Writer said, “Over 80% of the city’s garbage is going into the ocean” (2020, 8).
You can also use endnotes in Chicago Style. A citation refers the reader to your source, but an endnote includes a bit of an explanation of why you used it. The information included in an endnote would disrupt the flow of your paper, but it’s still something you want the reader to know.
Knowing when you need to cite a source helps you manage your research. Anytime you find information that you’re going to paraphrase, summarize, or quote in your work, you need to cite the source. The full citation will go on your reference page, but you’ll need an in-text citation where you use the information in your paper.
When you’re stating something that is common knowledge , there’s no need to make a citation. Common knowledge is something that your reader would believe without needing proof. You can check if something is common knowledge by searching for it and finding it mentioned, without a citation, in at least five sources.
Once you learn the basics about citing a research paper in MLA, APA, and Chicago Styles, you’ll feel more confident in your work. The important thing is to pay attention to small details, like capitalization, italics and the use of abbreviations. But there’s no need to do it all on your own—Quetext has a citation assistant waiting to help. Give Quetext citation generator a try on your next project.
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What is chicago style, chicago style resources, citing your sources in chicago style, microsoft word templates, chicago style manuals in the library.
Notes-Bibliography System (Humanities)
Use a footnote or endnote to acknowledge that you are quoting or paraphrasing another author's words or ideas in the text of your research paper.
Place a super-text number at the end of a quote or paraphrased section.* Citation numbers should appear in sequential order.
Create a footnote at the bottom of the page. ( See the Microsoft Word Template section below for directions on how to do this in your paper.)
The first footnote for a source contains the author, title, publication information, and page number(s). The remaining footnotes (shortened notes) for the same source contain only the author, title, and page number(s).
Author-Date System (Sciences)
Use an in-text citation to acknowledge that you are quoting or paraphrasing another author's words or ideas in the text of your research paper.
The in-text citation appears in parentheses and includes (Author's Last Name(s) Year of Publication, Page Numbers)
Bibliography (Required for both systems above!)
Microsoft Word Tips for Chicago Style
Gould library, how to cite your sources.
Video examples of chicago manual of style, citing other publication types.
Your bibliography should be alphabetized by author last name. For works that do not have an author, alphabetize by item title (omitting articles like "a" or "the"). Your bibliography should also be formatted using Hanging Indents .
(N) "Shipping News," New York Herald , December 4, 1868, Readex America's Historical Newspapers.
(B) The New York Herald, 1868-1878.
(B) The Ohio State Journal (Columbus, Ohio) April 1-20, 1900.
(N) 1. “Balkan Romani,” Endangered Languages, Alliance for Linguistic Diversity, accessed September 2, 2022, https://web.archive.org/web/20220822122125/https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/5342.
(N) 1. Michelangelo Buonarroti, The Slave , 1513-15, marble, 2.09 m., Paris, The Louvre.
(B) Buonarroti, Michelangelo. The Slave , 1513-15. Marble, 2.09 m. Paris, The Louvre.
If citing images found in published works or online collections, cite them similarly to book chapters, articles, or web pages within website, with the artist in the author position and the image title in the chapter title, article title, or webpage title position.
(N) 1. Creator, Title (Place: Publisher, Year), link.
(B) Creator. Title. Place: Publisher, Year. link.
(N) 1. The World Bank. Washington Development Indicators . (Washington, D.C.: The World Bank, 2012). http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/world-development-indicators.
(B) The World Bank. World Development Indicators . Washington, D.C.: The World Bank, 2012. http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/world-development-indicators.
When possible, always find and cite the original. If this is absolutely impossible, you may need to cite a primary source that is republished in a secondary source.
Follow whatever citation rules apply to your specific item type; for instance, because this example is a newspaper article, there's only a short bibliography entry. If this were a different item type, the bibliography entry might look different.
(N) 1. [Complete citation for the older/original item; see Archival Citations or above for help], quoted in [Complete citation for newer/secondary source; see above for help], page #, URL/doi.
(B) [Complete citation for the older/original item; see Archival Citations or above for help]. Quoted in [Complete citation for newer/secondary source; see above for help]. URL/doi.
(N) 1. Itthi, "Love Problems of the Third Sex -- Solved by Go Pakhnam" [in Thai], Plaek , July 7, 1976, quoted in Peter A. Jackson, First Queer Voices from Thailand: Uncle Go’s Advice Columns for Gays, Lesbians and Kathoeys (Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2016), 196-197, https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1bj4sqf .
(B) Plaek . July 7, 1976. Quoted in Peter A. Jackson. First Queer Voices from Thailand: Uncle Go’s Advice Columns for Gays, Lesbians and Kathoeys. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2016. https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1bj4sqf .
If citing images or art that stand alone:
Buonarroti, Michelangelo. 1513-15. The Slav e. Marble, 2.09 m. Paris, The Louvre.
Creator. Year. Title . Place: Publisher. link
The World Bank. 2012. World Development Indicators . Washington, D.C.: The World Bank. http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/world-development-indicators.
Lastname, Firstname. Year. Title . Performed by Firstname Lastname. Place: Studio. Format.
Wong, John. 1999. Cool People at the Libe. Directed by Cat Toff. Northfield: Gould Libe. DVD.
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Please note: Chicago Manual of Style has two different citation options:
If you are unsure which one to use, please contact your instructor.
Formatting Citations and the Works Cited/Reference List
Other Resources
Citation Examples
Research Paper Examples
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The class of 2024 is facing many challenges going into the workforce this year. Entry-level jobs are increasingly more competitive and hiring has decreased around the U.S .
Recent graduates will also have to choose where to start their post-collegiate journey. A new study from Zumper analyzed the top 100 U.S. cities using seven key metrics to determine the best place for new college grads:
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Each city received a ranking and a weighted score for each metric from A to F or 1-100.
The Zumper study found that San Francisco , offered the highest earning potential for new grads, while Laredo, Texas, ranked as the worst overall city for recent college grads.
Laredo, Texas, ranked in the bottom spot despite scoring well in median rent prices and unemployment rate because the overall median income, volume of restaurants, and young people with a bachelor's degree weren't enough.
One major city that didn't make Zumper's top 10 is New York City. It landed in the No. 26 spot thanks to low scores in the median 1-bedroom rent. It did score well, though, in the metric of the population for 18-34 years and the population of 25-year-olds with Bachelor's degrees.
New York City also had the No. 1 highest concentration of young people, with Los Angeles ranking at No. 2.
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Minneapolis is the best city for new college graduates, according to Zumper's report.
"The Twin Cities is a desirable location for emerging leaders to enter the workforce while maintaining a lower cost of living," the report states.
The city received "B's" for affordable rent and median income and an "A" for low unemployment rate. Minneapolis also received an "A" for restaurants per capita.
The Minneapolis-St. Paul metro area is richer by median household income than New York, Chicago, and Los Angeles, according to The Atlantic .
Among residents under 35, Minneapolis and the Twin Cities area placed in the top 10 for highest college-graduation rate, highest median earnings, and lowest poverty rate, according to a 2023 Neighbor.com report .
The Minneapolis-St. Paul area is also home to the headquarters of over a dozen Fortune 500 companies, including Target and General Mills.
Denver is the second-best city for the class of 2024.
The Western city received "A" grades for low unemployment and high median earnings of 25-year-olds and younger.
Denver also received high marks for restaurants per capita. It scored lowest for the median rent price for 1-bedroom apartments, with an average rent of $1,740.
The Denver-Boulder metro region in Colorado has seen a rise in its technology industry since companies started leaving Silicon Valley after the covid-19 pandemic.
The city is home to startups, and tech giants like Google, Salesforce, and Amazon have major presences there now.
CNBC's Cities of Success reports that over the last five years, about $17 billion in VC funding has poured into the area, according to research firm CB Insights.
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Published on September 18, 2019 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on April 9, 2024.
The notes and bibliography style is one of two citation options provided by the Chicago Manual of Style . Each time a source is quoted or paraphrased , a superscript number is placed in the text, which corresponds to a footnote or endnote containing details of the source .
Footnotes appear at the bottom of the page, while endnotes appear on a separate page at the end of the text.
Pay attention to the punctuation (e.g., commas , quotation marks ) in your footnotes.
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Full notes and short notes, placement of footnotes, content of chicago footnotes, footnote examples for different source types, footnotes vs endnotes, frequently asked questions about chicago style footnotes.
There are two types of footnote in Chicago style: full notes and short notes.
Full notes contain the full publication details of the source. The first citation of each source should be a full note.
1. Virginia Woolf, “Modern Fiction,” in Selected Essays , ed. David Bradshaw (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008), 11.
Short notes contain only the author’s last name, the title (shortened if longer than four words), and the page number (if relevant). They are used for all subsequent citations of the same source. It’s also acceptable to use “ ibid. ” instead to refer to the immediately preceding source.
2. Woolf, “Modern Fiction,” 11.
The guidelines for use of short and full notes can vary across different fields and institutions. Sometimes you might be required to use a full note for every citation, or to use a short note every time as long as all sources appear in the Chicago style bibliography . Check with your instructor if you’re unsure.
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Footnotes should be used whenever a source is quoted or paraphrased in the text. They appear at the bottom of the relevant page, corresponding to reference numbers in the text. You can easily insert footnotes in Microsoft Word .
The reference number appears in superscript at the end of the clause or sentence it refers to. It is placed after any punctuation except a dash :
Johnson argues that “the data is unconvincing.” 1
Johnson argues that “the data is unconvincing” 1 —but Smith contends that …
Notes should be numbered consecutively, starting from 1, across the whole text. Your first citation is marked with a 1, your second with a 2, and so on. The numbering does not restart with a new page or section (although in a book-length text it may restart with each new chapter).
The footnote contains the number of the citation followed by a period and then the citation itself. The citation always includes the author’s name and the title of the text, and it always ends with a period. Full notes also include all the relevant publication information in parentheses (which varies by source type ).
If you quote a source or refer to a specific passage, include a page number or range. However, if the source doesn’t have page numbers, or if you’re referring to the text as a whole, you can omit the page number.
In short notes, titles of more than four words are shortened. Shorten them in a way that retains the keyword(s) so that the text is still easily recognizable for the reader:
1. Mary Shelley, Frankenstein; or, the Modern Prometheus , ed. M.K. Joseph (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), 91. 2. Shelley, Frankenstein , 91.
Do not place multiple footnotes at the same point in your text (e.g. 1, 2, 3 ). If you need to cite multiple sources in one sentence, you can combine the citations into one footnote, separated by semicolons :
1. Hulme, “Romanticism and Classicism”; Eliot, The Waste Land ; Woolf, “Modern Fiction,” 11.
Footnotes for sources with two or three authors should include all the authors’ names. When there are four or more authors, add “ et al. ” (Latin for “and others”) after the first author’s name.
Full note | Short note | |
---|---|---|
1 author | Virginia Woolf | Woolf |
2 authors | Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari | Deleuze and Guattari |
3 authors | Anne Armstrong, Marianne Krasny, and Jonathon Schuldt | Armstrong, Krasny, and Schuldt |
4+ authors | Anna Tsing et al. | Tsing et al. |
You sometimes won’t have all the information required for your citation. You might be missing page numbers, the author’s name, or the publication date.
If one of your sources (e.g., a website ) has no page numbers, but you still think it’s important to cite a specific part of the text, other locators like headings , chapters or paragraphs can be used. Abbreviate words like “paragraph” to “par.” and “chapter” to “chap.”, and put headings in quotation marks :
1. Johnson, “Literature Review,” chap. 2.1 . 2. Smith, “Thematic Analysis,” under “Methodology.”
If the source lacks a stated publication date, the abbreviation “n.d.” (no date) should replace the year in a full note:
1. Smith, Data Analysis (New York: Norton, n.d. ), 293.
If a text doesn’t list its author’s name, the organization that published it can be treated as the author in your citation:
1. Scribbr , “Chicago Style Citation.”
If you use a website name as an author, you may end up repeating the same information twice in one citation. Omit the website name from its usual place if you’ve already listed it in place of the author.
Short notes usually look similar regardless of source type—author, title, page number. However, the information included in full notes varies according to the source you’re citing. Below are examples for several common source types, showing how the footnote should look in Chicago format .
Italicize the book title. If the book states an edition (other than the first), include this and abbreviate it (e.g., 2nd ed., rev. ed.). Add the URL if you consulted the book online instead of in a physical copy.
Sometimes you’ll cite from one chapter in a book containing texts by multiple authors—for example, a compilation of essays. In this case, you’ll want to cite the relevant chapter rather than the whole book.
The chapter title should be enclosed in quotation marks , while the book title should be italicized. The short note only contains the chapter title.
The author is the one who wrote the specific chapter you’re citing. The editor of the whole book is listed toward the end of the footnote (with the abbreviation “ed.”), and left out of the short note.
The article title should be enclosed in quotation marks, while the journal name should be italicized. Volume and issue numbers identify which edition of the journal the source appears in.
A DOI is a digital object identifier. This is generally more reliable than the URL when linking to online journal content.
The page title should be enclosed in quotation marks. Italicization is not used for website names.
If the publication date is unknown, you can instead list the date when you accessed the page at the end of the citation (e.g., accessed on September 10, 2019).
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All of the above information also applies to endnotes. Endnotes are less commonly used than footnotes, but they’re a perfectly valid option.
Footnotes appear at the bottom of the page they refer to.
Endnotes appear in their own section at the end of the text, before the bibliography.
Endnote citations look exactly the same as those in footnotes. Unless you’ve been told which one to use, choose whichever you prefer. Just use one or the other consistently.
Footnotes appear at the bottom of the relevant page. Endnotes appear in a list at the end of the text, just before the reference list or bibliography. Don’t mix footnotes and endnotes in the same document: choose one or the other and use them consistently.
In Chicago notes and bibliography style , you can use either footnotes or endnotes, and citations follow the same format in either case.
In APA and MLA style , footnotes or endnotes are not used for citations, but they can be used to provide additional information.
In Chicago notes and bibliography style , the usual standard is to use a full note for the first citation of each source, and short notes for any subsequent citations of the same source.
However, your institution’s guidelines may differ from the standard rule. In some fields, you’re required to use a full note every time, whereas in some other fields you can use short notes every time, as long as all sources are listed in your bibliography . If you’re not sure, check with your instructor.
In Chicago author-date style , your text must include a reference list . It appears at the end of your paper and gives full details of every source you cited.
In notes and bibliography style, you use Chicago style footnotes to cite sources; a bibliography is optional but recommended. If you don’t include one, be sure to use a full note for the first citation of each source.
Page numbers should be included in your Chicago in-text citations when:
When you’re referring to the overall argument or general content of a source, it’s unnecessary to include page numbers.
In a Chicago style footnote , list up to three authors. If there are more than three, name only the first author, followed by “ et al. “
In the bibliography , list up to 10 authors. If there are more than 10, list the first seven followed by “et al.”
Full note | Short note | Bibliography | |
---|---|---|---|
2 authors | Anna Burns and Robert Smith | Burns and Smith | Burns, Anna, and Robert Smith. |
3 authors | Anna Burns, Robert Smith, and Judith Green | Burns, Smith, and Green | Burns, Anna, Robert Smith, and Judith Green. |
4+ authors | Anna Burns et al. | Burns et al. | Burns, Anna, Robert Smith, Judith Green, and Maggie White. |
The same rules apply in Chicago author-date style .
To automatically generate accurate Chicago references, you can use Scribbr’s free Chicago reference generator .
If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.
Caulfield, J. (2024, April 09). Chicago Style Footnotes | Citation Format & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved June 19, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/chicago-style/footnotes/
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From the Chicago Manual of Style Quick Guide :
Chicago style source citations come in two varieties: (1) notes and bibliography and (2) author-date.
If you know you need to use Chicago style but are unsure what variation to use, ask your professor, or talk with a librarian .
Note that Chicago Style and Turabian style are nearly identical. The Turabian style manual was created to be a pared down version of the Chicago style manual for students.
This resource, updated to reflect the Chicago Manual of Style (17th ed.), offers examples of common citations in both style variations. Check here for help citing more resources or make an appointment with an Oxford librarian!
Icons are from the Noun Project and under Creative Commons licence (CCBY): books by sandra , article by Arfan Khan Kamol , website by Julynn B, link by Nathan Diesel, Video by Aybige, Audio by Manasa, Image by Mohammad Iqbal, hashtag by Gregor Cresnar.
Some example citations are below, from the Chicago Manual of Style Online . As it is the more commonly used format, we have given examples here in the Notes and Bibliography variation. Please visit the Chicago Manual of Style's page on Author-Date for examples in that format!
#. Author First Name, Author Last Name. (City of publication: Publisher, Year of Publication), page number.
Author Last Name, Author First Name. City of publication: Publisher, Year of publication. |
1. Zadie Smith, Swing Time (New York: Penguin Press, 2016), 315–16.
Bibliography
Smith, Zadie. Swing Time . New York: Penguin Press, 2016.
2. Brian Grazer and Charles Fishman, A Curious Mind: The Secret to a Bigger Life (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2015), 12.
Grazer, Brian, and Charles Fishman. A Curious Mind: The Secret to a Bigger Life . New York: Simon & Schuster, 2015.
3. Henry David Thoreau, “Walking,” in The Making of the American Essay , ed. John D’Agata (Minneapolis: Graywolf Press, 2016), 177–78.
Thoreau, Henry David. “Walking.” In The Making of the American Essay , edited by John D’Agata, 167–95. Minneapolis: Graywolf Press, 2016.
#. Author First Name Author Last Name. "Title of the Article in Quotation Marks," Volume #, no. issue # (Publication date): page number, DOI/URL/Name of Database (only if no link available)
Author Last Name, Author First Name. "Title of the Article in Quotation Marks." Volume #, no. issue # (Publication date): page number. DOI/URL |
From the Chicago Manual of Style Online :
If there are four or more authors, list up to ten in the bibliography; in a note, list only the first, followed by et al . (“and others”).
1. Rebecca Mead, “The Prophet of Dystopia,” New Yorker , April 17, 2017, 43.
2. Farhad Manjoo, “Snap Makes a Bet on the Cultural Supremacy of the Camera,” New York Times , March 8, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/08/technology/snap-makes-a-bet-on-the-cultural-supremacy-of-the-camera.html.
Manjoo, Farhad. “Snap Makes a Bet on the Cultural Supremacy of the Camera.” New York Times , March 8, 2017. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/08/technology/snap-makes-a-bet-on-the-cultural-supremacy-of-the-camera.html.
Mead, Rebecca. “The Prophet of Dystopia.” New Yorker , April 17, 2017.
1. Susan Satterfield, “Livy and the Pax Deum ,” Classical Philology 111, no. 2 (April 2016): 170.
Satterfield, Susan. “Livy and the Pax Deum .” Classical Philology 111, no. 2 (April 2016): 165–76.
From an Online Database
2. Shao-Hsun Keng, Chun-Hung Lin, and Peter F. Orazem, “Expanding College Access in Taiwan, 1978–2014: Effects on Graduate Quality and Income Inequality,” Journal of Human Capital 11, no. 1 (Spring 2017): 9–10, https://doi.org/10.1086/690235.
Keng, Shao-Hsun, Chun-Hung Lin, and Peter F. Orazem. “Expanding College Access in Taiwan, 1978–2014: Effects on Graduate Quality and Income Inequality.” Journal of Human Capital 11, no. 1 (Spring 2017): 1–34. https://doi.org/10.1086/690235.
1. Michiko Kakutani, “Friendship Takes a Path That Diverges,” review of Swing Time , by Zadie Smith, New York Times , November 7, 2016.
Kakutani, Michiko. “Friendship Takes a Path That Diverges.” Review of Swing Time , by Zadie Smith. New York Times , November 7, 2016.
Some example citations are below, from the Chicago Manual of Style Online . As it is the more commonly used format, we have given examples here in the Notes and Bibliography variation. Please visit the Chicago Manual of Style's page on Author-Date for examples in that format!
#. "Title of the Webpage," Name of Website, Publication or revision date if available. Access date if no other date is available. URL.
Author Last Name, Author First Name. "Title of the webpage." Name of Website. Publication or revision date if available. Access date if no other date is available. URL. |
Please note that in Chicago Style, the URL of an online resource is always included.
1. “Privacy Policy,” Privacy & Terms, Google, last modified April 17, 2017, https://www.google.com/policies/privacy/.
2. “About Yale: Yale Facts,” Yale University, accessed May 1, 2017, https://www.yale.edu/about-yale/yale-facts.
Google. “Privacy Policy.” Privacy & Terms. Last modified April 17, 2017. https://www.google.com/policies/privacy/.
Yale University. “About Yale: Yale Facts.” Accessed May 1, 2017. https://www.yale.edu/about-yale/yale-facts.
1. “Libraries = Strong Communities: Celebrating National Library Week,” Oxford College Library, accessed July 25, 2019, https://scholarblogs.emory.edu/oxford/events/libraries-strong-communities-celebrating-national-library-week/.
Oxford College Library. “ Libraries = Strong Communities: Celebrating National Library Week .” Accessed July 25, 2019. https:// scholarblogs.emory.edu/oxford/events/libraries-strong-communities-celebrating-national-library-week/ .
Citing personal photos, digital files, or other electronic resources can be confusing. The important thing to remember is that everything you use for academic or professional work, even if you made it yourself , does need to be cited - every time! Click on the tabs above to see some commonly cited items in each style. Remember to follow the indentation guidelines of your chosen style.
If you have a question or need to cite something not listed here, schedule a consultation with a librarian!
Some of the examples used here are from the Purdue OWL guide to Chicago Style. As it is the more commonly used format, we have given examples here in the Notes and Bibliography variation. Please visit the Chicago Manual of Style's page on Author-Date for examples in that format!
1. Alejandra Ortega, “Grammar: Active and Passive Voice,” Purdue OWL, February 1, 2019, video, 4:22, http://youtu.be/GEP-8lFTKKg.
Ortega, Alejandra. “Grammar: Active and Passive Voice.” Purdue OWL. February 1, 2019. Video, 4:22. http://youtu.be/GEP-8lFTKKg.
1. Jeremy Zuckerman, "To Heal," 2015, Soundcloud, https://soundcloud.com/jeremy-zuckerman/to-heal?utm_source=clipboard&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=social_sharing.
2. Ray Charles, vocalist, “Georgia on My Mind,” by Hoagy Carmichael and Stuart Gorrell, recorded March 1960, track 2 on The Genius Hits the Road , ABC-Paramount, vinyl LP.
Charles, Ray. “Georgia on My Mind.” By Hoagy Carmichael and Stuart Gorrell. Recorded March 1960. Track 2 on The Genius Hits the Road . ABC-Paramount, vinyl LP.
Zuckerman, Jeremy. To Heal . Soundcloud. Audio file.
Podcast - Note/Bibliography
1. Sean Cole and Ira Glass, “622: Who You Gonna Call?,” August 4, 2017, in This American Life , produced by WBEZ, podcast, MP3 audio, 1:00:27, https://www.thisamericanlife.org/radio-archives/episode/622/who-you-gonna-call.
Cole, Sean and Ira Glass. “622: Who You Gonna Call?.” Produced by WBEZ. This American Life. August 4, 2017. Podcast, MP3 audio, 1:00:27. https://www.thisamericanlife.org/radio-archives/episode/622/who-you-gonna-call.
In Chicago style, information about art pieces is usually given in the text, not the bibliography. If an entry is needed, use these guidelines.
Remember to get the permission of all the people in the photo (or their guardians, if minors) before you use it in your work! For your own photographs, it is sufficient to give just a credit line/ caption below the image. Example caption:
Figure 1. Christopher Garofalo, CSCE contributor gift table , April 12, 2019, SmugMug . www.christophervisuals.com/OxfordCollege/CSCE/i-wP8vMbB/A.
Online Photo or Image - Note /Bibliography
If the work is posted via a username, use that username for the author.
1. Maynard Owen Williams, "An Ouled Nail woman in Algeria wears a tattoo that is customary for dancers, 1949 ," NatGeoFound , March 10, 2016. https://natgeofound.tumblr.com/post/140802561912/an-ouled-nail-woman-in-algeria-wears-a-tattoo-that.
Williams, Maynard Owen. "An Ouled Nail woman in Algeria wears a tattoo that is customary for dancers, 1949 ." NatGeoFound. March 10, 2016. https://natgeofound.tumblr.com/post/140802561912/an-ouled-nail-woman-in-algeria-wears-a-tattoo-that.
Posts on social media will often be cited only as notes, though if you intend to discuss the content in depth, you should also put a citation in the bibliography. The Chicago Manual of Style recommends taking a screenshot of social media posts as they may be edited or deleted in the future.
Conan O’Brien’s tweet was characteristically deadpan: “In honor of Earth Day, I’m recycling my tweets” (@ConanOBrien, April 22, 2015).
Example - Note/Bibliography
2. Bill Nye (@BillNye), “While I’m not much for skipping school, I sure am in favor of calling attention to the seriousness of climate change. Our students can see the problem…,” Twitter, March 14, 2019, https://twitter.com/BillNye/status/1106242216123486209.
Nye, Bill (@BillNye). “While I’m not much for skipping school, I sure am in favor of calling attention to the seriousness of climate change. Our students can see the problem….” Twitter, March 14, 2019. https://twitter.com/BillNye/status/1106242216123486209.
*Figures cited in-text must be both captioned and cited in the bibliography.
In-text citation:
Photographs and Online Images Caption:
* Captions can be short incomplete sentences or more formal description of the work providing explanatory information about the image. This then must be followed by a credit line for the image. A caption can just be the credit line. Credit line will vary based on the copyright of the item. Below are examples for how to cite items used without restrictions.
Fig. X. Description of work, (type of item) courtesy of Creator Name, source of item.
Fig. 5. Atlanta Streetcar. (Photograph courtesy by Lauren Holley. Flickr. 2014. flickr.com/photos/atlantadowntown/16106577510/. CC BY 2.0)
Artwork Captions:
Fig. X. Artist’s name (last name, first name), Title , Date, Medium and support. Source. (Copyright Information).
Fig. 3. Cézanne, Paul, Still Life with Apples and a Pot of Primroses, 1890, Oil on canvas, 28 3/4 x 36 3/8 in. New York, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/435882. (Public Domain).
Note:
#. Author Name Title , Date, Medium and support, Source, URL.
1. Paul Cézanne, Still Life with Apples and a Pot of Primroses, 1890, Oil on canvas, 28 3/4 x 36 3/8 in., New York, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/435882.
Bibliography:
Artist’s name (last name, first name). Title. Date. Medium and support. Source. the location of the work. URL.
Cézanne, Paul. Still Life with Apples and a Pot of Primroses. 1890, Oil on canvas, 28 3/4 x 36 3/8 in. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/435882.
Chicago style source citations come in two varieties: (1) notes and bibliography and (2) author-date. Always check with your professor or a librarian about which style to use.
In note-bibliography style you are using footnotes for in-text citation. This means in your text, you have a note number superscripted at the end of the clause or sentence you are citing. Then you have a corresponding full-sized number followed by a period in your footer that lists the full note for the source.
According to one source “Superman is the least impressive member of the Justice League.” (Gotham: Wayne Industry Press, 1939), 12. |
The full note needs to correspond to a source listed in your bibliography. Full notes, while providing the same information as a citation in your bibliography, have different formatting. Be aware of these differences when creating your notes and bibliography.
After you cite the source for the first time in the subsequent citations of the source you can use a shortened version of the citation. That is just the author’s last name, a shortened title, and page number. Make sure to include enough of the title that readers can recognize the source.
1. Wayne, , 6. |
Most word processors will insert footnotes into your work for you and keep track of the order. You will just need to supply the citation. Zotero also can insert footnotes - make sure to select Chicago full note when setting up your document preferences.
Chicago’s parenthetical citations include the author's last name, the date, and a page number. Note that you do not put a comma between the author's last name and the date in Chicago style parenthetical citations.
(author's last name date, page number) In contrast, some scholars argue that Superman and Batman are destructive in their crime fighting actions (Prince 1941, 3). |
To cite more than one source put a semicolon between the two sources' citations.
(author date, page number; author date, page number) Of all the Justice League members, Aquaman is the least well liked and is often only praised for his ability to speak with fish in the literature (Wayne 1939, 63; Clark 1938, 108). |
For more information about Chicago, see the Purdue OWL page about in-text citation .
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Visit the following link for services and hours available at Howe: Library Support and Services During Summer Closure .
Chicago 16: how to cite a source -- notes-bibliography, chicago 16: how to cite a source -- author-date.
Notes and bibliography , which is more common in the humanities, author-date , more often used in the sciences.
Enclose in quotes and footnote/endnote the full citation if the first mention; for later mentions, use author's last name, a short form of the title, and the page(s) cited |
Paraphrase with attribution to the original author and footnote/endnote the full citation if the first mention; for later mentions, use author's last name, a short form of the title, and the page(s) cited |
Use in your text or indent the full quotation and footnote the full citation if the first mention; for later mentions, use author's last name, a short form of the title, and the page(s) cited. No quotation marks needed. |
Include everything you quoted or were influenced by in the Bibliography Bibliography citations are slightly different than footnote/endnote citations. | |
“My cat’s fur is brown.”
According to Smith, "cats can scratch if antagonized."
1. Max Smith, “My Cat,” Journal of Feline Felicities 43, no. 2 (1999): 23. 2. Smith, "My Cat," 23. | Smith observed that the fur on their cat was brown.
Furthermore, cats could be nasty if provoked.
1. Max Smith, “My Cat,” Journal of Feline Felicities 43, no. 2 (1999): 23. 2. Smith, "My Cat," 23. | My cat's fur is brown, and she is lovely, but as with other felines, cats can scratch if antagonized, so I caution you against doing so.
1. Max Smith, “My Cat,” Journal of Feline Felicities 43, no. 2 (1999): 23. | Smith, Max. “My Cat.” Journal of Feline Felicities 43, no. 2 (1999): 19-34. |
Enclose in quotes, with the author, year, and page number in parentheses |
Attribute the original author with the date and page number after the author's name; no quotation marks |
Indent full quotation with (Author year, page number) after period, no quotation marks (unless part of quote) |
Include everything you cited in the list of References | |
“My cat’s fur is brown” (Smith 1999, 23). | Smith (1999, 23) observed that the fur on their cat was brown. | My cat's fur is brown, and she is lovely, but as with other felines, cats can scratch if antagonized, so I caution you against doing so. (Smith 1999, 23) | Smith, Max. 1999. “My Cat.” Journal of Feline Felicities 43 (2): 19-34. |
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Adds Emerging Sources Citation Index™ for a simplified and unified category view
LONDON , June 20, 2024 /PRNewswire/ -- Clarivate Plc (NYSE:CLVT), a leading global provider of transformative intelligence, today released the 2024 update to the Journal Citation Reports™ (JCR™). The reports provide an essential and comprehensive resource of high-quality journals, ranked by field to enable academic institutions, researchers and publishers to gauge the significance of journals in the global research landscape. Changes to journal rankings include the addition of the Emerging Sources Citation Index.
Only journals that have met the rigorous quality standards for inclusion in the Web of Science Core Collection™ are featured within the Journal Citation Reports, to ensure that users can confidently rely on the information and descriptive data provided. The annual reports provide a rich array of publisher–independent data, metrics and analysis to enhance user understanding of journal performance, including the widely recognized Journal Impact Factor™ (JIF™) and the Journal Citation Indicator™.
This year, for the first time, the JCR includes unified rankings across subject categories. There will no longer be separate JIF rankings for the nine subject categories that are indexed in multiple editions. Now those journals will receive a single ranking in their subject category, and the separate rankings will be eliminated. For example, a psychiatry journal listed in Science Citation Index Expanded (SCIE)™ and Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI)™ will now be ranked in one unified Psychiatry ranking rather than two.
Key highlights for the 2024 release:
Dr. Nandita Quaderi , Senior Vice President & Editor-in-Chief, Web of Science, Clarivate, said: "The creation of unified rankings is part of a series of policy changes we have made to support research integrity and help level the global playing field by making the JIF a marker of trust as well as scholarly impact."
"Last year we extended the JIF to include ESCI journals. This year by ranking ESCI journals alongside all other journals in the same subject category we are sending another strong signal that all trustworthy journals – including newer journals and those with a niche or regional focus – should be valued and given consideration, regardless of how highly cited they are."
Emmanuel Thiveaud, Senior Vice President, Research and Analytics, Academia & Government at Clarivate said: "For nearly half a century, the global research community has relied on the annual Journal Citation Reports to confidently identify leading and trusted journals in their fields. This year's enhancements are designed to address the evolving needs of our customers and the unified rankings across subject categories will enhance their ability to evaluate the performance of journals."
To explore all available data, metrics and analysis visit the Journal Citation Reports.
For more detailed information on this years' changes, please see our blog.
About Clarivate Clarivate™ is a leading global provider of transformative intelligence. We offer enriched data, insights & analytics, workflow solutions and expert services in the areas of Academia & Government, Intellectual Property and Life Sciences & Healthcare. For more information, please visit www.clarivate.com
Media Contact: Rachel Scheer , Director, External Communications, Academia & Government [email protected]
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Clarivate Plc has released the 2024 update to the Journal Citation Reports (JCR). The reports provide a comprehensive resource of high-quality journals, ranked by field to enable academic institutions, researchers and publishers to gauge the significance of journals in the global research landscape. Changes to journal rankings include the addition of the Emerging Sources Citation Index.
Only journals that have met the rigorous quality standards for inclusion in the Web of Science Core Collection are featured within the Journal Citation Reports, to ensure that users can confidently rely on the information and descriptive data provided. The annual reports provide a rich array of publisher–independent data, metrics and analysis to enhance user understanding of journal performance, including the widely recognised Journal Impact Factor (JIF) and the Journal Citation Indicator.
This year, for the first time, the JCR includes unified rankings across subject categories. There will no longer be separate JIF rankings for the nine subject categories that are indexed in multiple editions. Now those journals will receive a single ranking in their subject category, and the separate rankings will be eliminated. For example, a psychiatry journal listed in SCIE and SSCI will now be ranked in one unified Psychiatry ranking rather than two.
Clarivate's Journal Citation Reports continue to evolve, writes Nandita Quaderi
Key highlights for the 2024 release:
The JCR has been enhanced to provide an easier and more complete user experience. It includes the integration of journals from the Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI) in the new unified category rankings.
Coverage of more than 21,800 journals – including ~5,800 journals which publish all their content via open access.
Scholarly journals from 113 countries, across 254 categories are recognized and receive a JIF. This includes 14,090 science journals, 7,321 social science journals and 3,304 arts & humanities journals.
544 journals receive a Journal Impact Factor for the first time.
Dr. Nandita Quaderi, Senior Vice President & Editor-in-Chief, Web of Science, Clarivate, said: “The creation of unified rankings is part of a series of policy changes we have made to support research integrity and help level the global playing field by making the JIF a marker of trust as well as scholarly impact. Last year we extended the JIF to include ESCI journals. This year by ranking ESCI journals alongside all other journals in the same subject category we are sending another strong signal that all trustworthy journals – including newer journals and those with a niche or regional focus – should be valued and given consideration, regardless of how highly cited they are.”
Emmanuel Thiveaud, Senior Vice President, Research and Analytics, Academia & Government at Clarivate, added: “For nearly half a century, the global research community has relied on the annual Journal Citation Reports to confidently identify leading and trusted journals in their fields. This year’s enhancements are designed to address the evolving needs of our customers and the unified rankings across subject categories will enhance their ability to evaluate the performance of journals.”
To explore all available data, metrics and analysis visit the Journal Citation Reports.
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Title: the prompt report: a systematic survey of prompting techniques.
Abstract: Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) systems are being increasingly deployed across all parts of industry and research settings. Developers and end users interact with these systems through the use of prompting or prompt engineering. While prompting is a widespread and highly researched concept, there exists conflicting terminology and a poor ontological understanding of what constitutes a prompt due to the area's nascency. This paper establishes a structured understanding of prompts, by assembling a taxonomy of prompting techniques and analyzing their use. We present a comprehensive vocabulary of 33 vocabulary terms, a taxonomy of 58 text-only prompting techniques, and 40 techniques for other modalities. We further present a meta-analysis of the entire literature on natural language prefix-prompting.
Subjects: | Computation and Language (cs.CL); Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI) |
Cite as: | [cs.CL] |
(or [cs.CL] for this version) | |
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In Chicago style, citations for reports are similar to citations for books, although their formatting may change slightly depending on the type of information available for a report. This guide will show you how to create notes-bibliography style citations for print and online reports using the 17th edition of The Chicago Manual of Style.
This guide is based on the citation elements in the Notes and Bibliography system of the 15th edition of The Chicago Manual of Style (henceforth CMOS15).1 However, in this guide, that style is updated to reflect the "look and feel" and the recommendations for URLs and access dates of the current 17th edition of the The Chicago Manual of ...
Full Note - use the first time that you cite a source. Concise Note - use after the first time you cite a source. Bibliography - use when you are compiling the Bibliography that appears at the end of your paper. Information on citing and several of the examples were drawn from The Chicago Manual of Style (17th ed.).
The Chicago Manual of Style (17th edition) contains guidelines for two styles of citation: notes and bibliography and author-date.. Notes and bibliography is the most common type of Chicago style citation, and the main focus of this article. It is widely used in the humanities. Citations are placed in footnotes or endnotes, with a Chicago style bibliography listing your sources in full at the end.
How to cite a report in Chicago. To cite a report in a reference entry in Chicago style 17th edition include the following elements: Author (s) of the report: Give first the last name, then the name as presented in the source (e. g. Watson, John). For two authors, reverse only the first name, followed by 'and' and the second name in normal ...
Find it. Write it. Cite it. The Chicago Manual of Style Online is the venerable, time-tested guide to style, usage, and grammar in an accessible online format. ¶ It is the indispensable reference for writers, editors, proofreaders, indexers, copywriters, designers, and publishers, informing the editorial canon with sound, definitive advice. ¶ Over 1.5 million copies sold!
Your research paper ends with a list of all the sources cited in the text of the paper. This is called a bibliography. See an example in the "Sample Paper with Bibliography" box on this page. Here are nine quick rules for this list: Start a new page for your bibliography (e.g. If your paper is 4 pages long, start your bibliography on page 5).
When writing a paper in Chicago style, these are the guidelines to follow; for the sake of simplicity, the term "Chicago" is used here. To automatically generate accurate Chicago references, you can use Scribbr's free Chicago Citation Generator: Chicago Citation Generator. To apply Chicago format: Use a standard font like 12 pt. Times New ...
To cite an online report in a reference entry in Chicago style 17th edition include the following elements:. Author(s) of the report: Give first the last name, then the name as presented in the source (e. g. Watson, John). For two authors, reverse only the first name, followed by 'and' and the second name in normal order (e. g. Watson, John, and John Watson).
To cite an online journal article in Chicago notes and bibliography style, list the author's name, the title of the article, the journal name, volume, issue, and publication date, the page range on which the article appears, and a DOI or URL. For an article accessed in print, follow the same format and simply omit the DOI or URL.
Footnotes: All citations should use first line indent, where the first line of the footnote should be indented by 0.5 inches; all subsequent lines are not indented. Footnotes should be the same font size and style as the rest of your paper. See instructions for how to insert footnotes in Microsoft Word.
Author-Date Sample Paper. NB Sample Paper. In addition to consulting The Chicago Manual of Style (17th edition) for more information, students may also find it useful to consult Kate L. Turabian's Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations (8th edition). This manual, which presents what is commonly known as the "Turabian ...
Follow guidance in the Essential Rules for including page numbers.; Print Book; Source Type Generic Example Actual Example; N = Footnote S = Shortened Citation B = Bibliography / List of References entry See also Capitalization (Title Case / Sentence case) One author. Zotero . N: Author First and Last Name, Title of Book in Title Case and Italics (Place of Publication: Publisher, year), page[s].
Search. Use the following template or our Chicago Manual of Style (16th edition) Citation Generator to cite a report. For help with other source types, like books, PDFs, or websites, check out our other guides. To have your reference list or bibliography automatically made for you, try our free citation generator.
Reports. Cite corporate or governmental reports like books. See Corporation or organisation as author for guidance on citing corporate authors. In most cases, you can cite reports only in notes. Include them in your bibliography if they are critical to your argument or frequently cited. If you found the report online, include a URL. Note: 58 ...
From a library database Zotero . R: Crabtree, John, and Ann Chaplin. 2013. Bolivia: Processes of Change. ProQuest. T: (Crabtree and Chaplin 2013) or. T: (Crabtree and Chaplin 2013, chap 2) Include page numbers in in-text citations when citing quoted material.; Print Book; Source Type Generic Example Actual Example; R = Bibliography / List of References entry T = In-text Citation See also ...
1. Chicago in-text citation examples. Reference number is given at the end of the information in superscript. The reference details are given as a footnote at the bottom of the page. A recent research showed that students use generative AI in more than 90% of their assignments 1.These findings are broadly in line with previous large scale studies in this arena 2.
The paper's title follows, then the title of the journal in italics. You also include the journal volume, issue number, and page numbers. As with MLA citations, include a DOI if you found the research paper online. Here is an example of a published research paper cited in APA format: Writer, M. (2020).
It is a documentation style for writing and formatting research papers, including citing sources. There are two different formats in the Chicago Style: The Notes-Bibliography (NB) system which uses a bibliography and either footnotes or endnotes. Commonly used for humanities, including history, literature, and art.
Chicago-Style Citation Quick Guide: Author-Date (ch 15) Compiled and published by the Chicago Manual of Style (science & social science). Contains examples for how to cite: Book; Chapter or other part of an edited book; Translated book; E-book; Journal article; News or magazine article; Book review; Interview; Personal communication; Thesis or ...
Chicago Manual of Style Basics. Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL) provides extensive explanation and examples of Chicago style. A brief overview of the most common examples of citation formats from Kate Turabian's Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations: Chicago Style for Students and Researchers.
CNBC's Cities of Success reports that over the last five years, about $17 billion in VC funding has poured into the area, according to research firm CB Insights. Want to be a successful, confident ...
Short note example. 2. Woolf, "Modern Fiction," 11. The guidelines for use of short and full notes can vary across different fields and institutions. Sometimes you might be required to use a full note for every citation, or to use a short note every time as long as all sources appear in the Chicago style bibliography.
Chicago Style. From the Chicago Manual of Style Quick Guide: Chicago style source citations come in two varieties: (1) notes and bibliography and (2) author-date. The notes and bibliography system is preferred by many working in the humanities—including literature, history, and the arts. In this system, sources are cited in numbered footnotes ...
Chicago 16: How to Cite A Source -- Author-Date. "My cat's fur is brown" (Smith 1999, 23). Smith (1999, 23) observed that the fur on their cat was brown. My cat's fur is brown, and she is lovely, but as with other felines, cats can scratch if antagonized, so I caution you against doing so.
LONDON, June 20, 2024 /PRNewswire/ -- Clarivate Plc (NYSE:CLVT), a leading global provider of transformative intelligence, today released the 2024 update to the Journal Citation Reports™ (JCR ...
Clarivate Plc has released the 2024 update to the Journal Citation Reports (JCR). The reports provide a comprehensive resource of high-quality journals, ranked by field to enable academic institutions, researchers and publishers to gauge the significance of journals in the global research landscape.
Introduction. Hearing loss is a worldwide problem, with a huge impact on people ́s health and quality of life. In pediatric patients, even mild to moderate hearing loss, may disrupts speech and language acquisition, school performance and social integration, presenting itself as a barrier to development and education [Citation 1].Specifically, conductive hearing loss, either congenital or ...
The JCR Report 2024 will indeed consider the citation/impact factor data of (a calendar year in this case) 2023. ... (2019-2023) of research articles. The List will be updated from time to time ...
Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) systems are being increasingly deployed across all parts of industry and research settings. Developers and end users interact with these systems through the use of prompting or prompt engineering. While prompting is a widespread and highly researched concept, there exists conflicting terminology and a poor ontological understanding of what constitutes ...