what can you do with phd in psychology

• Psychology Programs

What Can I Do With a PhD in Psychology? – PhD in Psychology Career Options

Professionals who earn their Ph.D. in psychology have many more career options available to them than Masters level and Bachelors prepared individuals.

Not only are incomes generally higher with a Ph.D. but jobs are more plentiful and varied after the completion of doctoral level training. Also, in order to actually be considered a psychologist, a doctoral degree in psychology is generally mandatory .

Doctoral prepared professionals generally choose between applied psychology careers and research oriented careers . Applied psychology careers consist of the professional delivering psychological services directly to clients.

Psychologists deals with the assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of mental health disorders. They also frequently provide preventative services for various entities. Some psychologists also apply psychological theories to help businesses overcome challenges and improve workplace productivity.

Other doctoral level professionals choose to dedicate their careers to conducting research. In many universities, doctoral level faculty only spend a small amount of time teaching classes as they spend the majority of their time engaged in research. They often manage laboratories, recruit research trainees, and publish their findings in academic journals.

Research psychologists also spend a lot of time giving talks about their research findings, attending conferences, and more experienced professionals are sometimes called upon to give peer reviews for well-respected academic and professional journals.

Additionally, many research psychologists also find themselves writing grant applications to get funding for their research projects.

What are the Career Options With a PhD in Psychology?

Listed below are some of the popular career options that you can pursue with a PhD in psychology:

Clinical Psychologist

Industrial organizational psychologist, forensic psychologist, rehabilitation psychologist, experimental psychologist, school psychologist.

• Sports Psychologist
• Educational Psychologist
• Social Psychologist
• Child Psychologist
• Mental Health Psychologist

Clinical psychologists often work in private practice providing evaluations and treatment for individuals who are experiencing mental health issues. However, you will also find a significant amount of these professionals working in hospitals, clinics, residential facilities, and other institutions that provide mental health services. A clinical psychologist in these settings might be a practitioner or an administrator.

According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, clinical psychologists earn an average mean wage of $102,740 annually, as of May 2023.

Companies hire industrial-organizationalpPsychologists to develop strategies to increase productivity and improve employee retention rates. These professionals focus on organizational structure, employee recruitment and selection, job satisfaction, and the development of better machines and systems for employee comfort. Industrial-organizational psychologists identify methods that work best in the workplace and make recommendations for improvement.

According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, industrial-organizational psychologists earn an average mean wage of $144,610 annually, as of May 2023.

Forensic psychologists take psychological insights and apply that to legal matters. This specialized area of psychology focuses on criminal and civil matters to include law enforcement, jury selection, probation and parole, victim advocacy, family law, mental status competency, risk assessments, civil commitments, juvenile delinquency, insurance claims, and many other areas of the justice system.

Careers for forensic psychologists are diverse and can include functioning as a court consultant, providing mental health services in correctional facilities, working with law enforcement, or providing victim advocacy.

Although a specific wage for a forensic psychologist was not noted, according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Forensic Science Technicians who also serve as Expert Witnesses, earn an average mean wage of $147,585 annually, as of January 2024.

Rehabilitation psychologists work with people who have suffered a significant loss or are struggling with adjusting to life with a disability. These professionals focus on the psychological aspects of loss, disability, and rehabilitation.

Typical clients could include someone who has recently become a paraplegic, is dealing with cancer, or is experiencing a chronic medical condition. Practitioners give their clients the support that they need as they adjust to their new life with the condition.

Researchers in the field of rehabilitation psychology explore how various factors, including biological, social, and environmental issues, affect people with disabilities and other chronic illnesses.

According to ZipRecruiter, the related field of rehabilitation counselor earns an average mean wage of $95,854 annually, as of January 2024.

Experimental psychologists are professionals who specialize in the study of human behavior and cognition. Their research generally explores thinking, learning, attention, motivation, and other cognitive functions. Although they do work with humans, they also study animals such as rats, monkeys, and pigeons.

Experimental psychologists can work in research settings, as consultants for businesses, and are even called upon to develop strategies to help lessen the psychological impact of high intensity training on military personnel.

School psychologists are employed by public school districts, private schools, and learning centers to help students overcome challenges related to disabilities, emotional issues, social adjustment, or other behavioral problems that impede learning. They evaluate the effectiveness of the educational process for students and use available resources as well new strategies to help students improve performance.

School psychologists also help students indirectly by working with teachers, parents, and school administrators to create individualized educational programs for students who are struggling to learn.

In many school districts, they also help administrators with the development of programs for Gifted learners. The goal of school psychologists in this role is to support teachers and parents in implementing individualized instructional strategies for students.

Some professionals specialize in working with specific groups of students such as children with Learning Disabilities, Gifted learners, or Adult learners.

According to ZipRecruiter, school psychologists earn an average mean wage of $92,813 annually, as of January 2024.

Sports psychologists are qualified professionals who help athletes to overcome problems, improve performance and achieve their goals. They draw their knowledge from many fields such as physiology, biomechanics, psychology, and kinesiology.

Sports psychologists explore the link between the psychological and physical factors that affect performance and try to establish what issues are preventing athletes from performing at full potential.

Their role may also involve acting as a consultant, a trainer or a therapist. Therapy may be needed for issues such as career transitions, eating disorders or off-field problems that effect on-field performance.

Working as a trainer may include assistance with rehabilitation after an injury. Athletic teams often consult with sports psychologists or employ one to help with various issues such as group dynamics and leadership issues.

Some sports psychologists become researchers who explore issues such as factors that lead to success, the effects of athletic participation on individuals or the psychological effects of a physical injury.

According to the American Psychological Association’s (APA), sports psychologists can expect to earn between $60,000 and $180,000 a year, with some annual salaries reaching $100,000.

What is the Job Outlook for Psychology Careers?

The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) indicates that although the employment growth of psychologists is expected to grow by 6 percent from 2022 to 2032, career prospects are far better for those who have a doctoral degree in psychology.

Related Reading

• How to Prepare for a Career in Psychology
• Top Psychology PhD Programs That Don’t Require GRE
• What is the Difference Between a Master’s and a PhD in Psychology
• Associate Degrees
• Bachelors Degrees
• Masters Degrees
• PhD Programs
• Addiction Counselor
• Criminal Psychologist
• Family Therapist
• General Psychologist
• Health Psychologist
• Industrial-Organizational
• See More Careers
• Applied Psychology
• Business Psychology
• Child Psychology
• Counseling Psychology
• Educational Psychology
• Industrial Psychology
• Sports Psychology
• See More Programs
• Clinical Psychology Degree
• Cognitive Psychology Degree
• Forensic Psychology Degree
• Health Psychology Degree
• Mental Counseling Degree
• Social Psychology Degree
• School Counseling Degree
• Behavioral Psychologist Career
• Clinical Psychologist Career
• Cognitive Psychologist Career
• Counseling Psychologist Career
• Forensic Psychologist Career
• School Psychologist Career
• Social Psychologist Career

10 PhD in Psychology Jobs

Created by careersinpsychology

Sponsored School(s)

Careers in psychology can last for decades, so you definitely want to pick the right path before you get started.

Psychology is a huge field, and jobs after a PhD in psychology cover a huge spectrum of interests, specialties, and industries.

You’re probably already well aware that those kind of qualifications don’t come cheap. According to 2020 data from NCES, the six or seven years you will spend in grad school getting that PhD or PsyD will run you anywhere from $73,000 to over $155,000 depending on the university.

Before you fork over that kind of cash, you probably want to know what jobs you can get with a PhD in psychology.

PhD in psychology careers are both lucrative and fulfilling. But they require specialization and focus, so you need to think about what area you want to concentrate in before you begin your PhD in psychology program.

These 10 doctorate in psychology jobs are some of the options on the table after you graduate.

1. Clinical Psychologist

Doctorate in psychology jobs don’t get any more iconic than work as a clinical psychologist. You want the office with a couch and people laying on it telling you about their childhood? This is the PhD in psychology career you pick to get it.

Clinical psychologists work directly with individuals and groups who need professional psychoanalysis to help them through mental health issues. Private practice isn’t the only option in this role, though. Plenty of clinical psychologists work in hospitals, clinics, and larger rehabilitation or long-term care facilities. You have a wide range of subspecialties you can choose from, ranging from addiction issues to couples counseling. Or you can remain a generalist, and enjoy the variety of challenges that walk in the door needing your assistance.

2. Research Psychologist

If you aren’t as much of a people-person, but are fascinated by behaviors and thought processes, then becoming a research psychologist may be the right pick for you. Research psychologists don’t engage in one-to-one therapy work, but instead investigate the causes and cures of mental illness in general. That can involve devising and executing psychological experiments, or mining huge databases of behavioral data to uncover trends.

3. Industrial/Organizational Psychologist

I/O psychologists make their mark in the psychology of work. Businesses and other organizations need to understand how group psychology effects productivity, happiness, and cohesion in the workplace. There is a science to workplace dynamics. A doctorate in psychology gives you the toolset to understand how groups interact under the hierarchy and pressure of a factory floor, a hospital ward, or a trading desk. Public and private companies can pay out big bucks for the right kind of advice to make their organizations more efficient and effective.

An online PhD degree can make it easy for you to build up the practical experience you need in this specialty even while you are still studying.

4. Forensic Psychologist

With shows like Criminal Minds and the popular CSI series making a splash in popular culture, a lot of people are pursuing a PhD in psychology with the idea of becoming a forensic psychologist. If you want to understand exactly how twisted and dark the human brain can become, a doctorate is definitely in your future.

But forensic psychologists aren’t usually chasing shadowy figures into dark allies and deducing where serial killers work and play. Forensic psychology is really a specialty that has to do with the psychology of law and legal process. That goes far beyond criminal justice, extending to jury evaluation in civil trials, public policy analysis, and even reviewing laws before they are passed to assess the impact on individuals and society.

5. Educational Psychologist

The human brain is in many ways a learning machine. How we process, absorb, and interpret the world around us is a constant consideration for all psychologists. But educational psychologists specialize in understanding how we acquire, process, and interpret knowledge.

Many educational psychologists work in schools, offering counseling to children, but it’s a broader role than that. Psychologists in this job may evaluate textbooks and curricula to make sure they are optimized for delivering information, or evaluate standardized tests to be sure they are accurately measuring knowledge. Educational policy and legislative development lean heavily on research pioneered by these doctorate in psychology jobs.

6. Developmental Psychologist

Developmental psychology is also concerned with how the brain learns and grows, but it’s a field with bigger fish to fry than just educational matters. It’s the study of mental processes across the lifespan, as the brain and sensory systems grow, mature, and eventually began to deteriorate. Developmental psychologists study and diagnose developmental mental health disorders, playing an important role in pediatric healthcare. But they are also active in researching some of the biggest issues at the other end of the lifespan, looking for ways to cure or treat Alzheimer's and other age-related psychological issues.

7. Social Psychologist

If you’ve ever wondered why a meme goes viral, the social psychology might be the PhD in psychology career for you.

Social psychologists take on some of the most fascinating challenges in the field: they specialize in how individuals both influence and are affected in their thinking by interacting with others. Group think is a thing, and how it happens is the province of the social psychologist. They examine how cultures come from shared thought patterns, and how those patterns both fulfill and constrain the thoughts of people within them.

Understanding social interactions and psychological effects is important for big companies, governments, and healthcare organizations. Social psychology researchers also have plenty of impact on marketing and sales campaigns, right down to picking out the colors for product logos.

8. Health Psychologist

In the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic, health psychology has developed into one of the most fascinating branches of the field. The world has turned into a showcase of reactions to the coronavirus, from panic to outright denial, providing data that will feed future health psychology PhD dissertations for decades.

But it’s also a moment in which more people than ever need the kind of help and advice that health psychologists can offer. From counseling patients on ventilators and in isolation to advising public health agencies on the best campaigns to increase vaccine acceptance rates, health psychologists have had their shining moment thrust upon them. With new recognition of the importance of professional PhD counseling in healthcare, that moment isn’t likely to fade anytime soon.

9. Sports Psychologist

Becoming a sports psychologist is a dream job for any sports fan. Since there are a lot of sports fans in the United States, that makes it a particularly tough field to get into. But the rewards are massive.

Sports psychologists can and do work with pro athletes in any kind of competitive event, including big names who play for major teams. They might work for the teams themselves, advising on team building and coaching processes. In other cases, they work with individual athletes to maximize performance or help with injury recovery.

But sports psychologists play important roles in rehab and assisting amateur athletes, too. Not everyone needs to work for an NBA team to get satisfaction and deliver real results in this field.

10. Neuropsychologist

We saved the toughest job for last. Neuropsychologists explore the boundaries between the mental and the physical. They study the physiological processes underlying thoughts, perceptions, and feelings for a better understanding of how people think. That gives them an edge in determining when problems are purely psychological, or have a basis in physical injury or disease.

The reverse is also true, and neuropsychologists play an important role in research by helping the field of brain science interpret findings of imaging and experiments by translating them into effects on mental processes. New understanding of traumatic brain injury and diseases like Alzheimer's come out of neuropsychology research. It’s one of the most rewarding PhD in psychology jobs you will find.

Research Careers

• Psychologists
• Social Workers

Finding a Program

• Associate's Programs
• Master's Programs
• Doctoral Programs
• Program Directory

Explore Degree Paths

• Choosing a School / Degree
• Master's Degrees
• Doctorate Degrees

Work Experience

• Psychology Internships

Doctorate in Psychology (Ph.D. and Psy.D.) – everything you need to know in 2024

What’s in this guide, ph.d. or psy.d..

• Why get a doctorate in psychology?

Entry Requirements

• PhD in psychology jobs
• How long does it take to study?

How to choose a program

How much does it cost, earning potential , find your degree.

By psychologyjobs.com Staff Writer

A doctorate in psychology is a terminal degree typically lasting 4-7 years. It prepares graduates for independent research, clinical practice, or university-level teaching careers in psychology.

There are many reasons you may want to pursue a doctorate degree in Psychology, the following guide will provide everything you need to know; from the options, costs, timeframes, career advantages and more.

First up, what are the two types of doctorate degree you can get and what are the differences?

The two doctorate degrees you can get in psychology are Ph.D. and Psy.D.

In simple terms, a Ph.D. in psychology is more research-focused, while a Psy.D. emphasizes clinical practice. The best choice between the two depends on your career goals and whether you prefer research and academia or direct clinical work.

Why study for a doctorate in psychology?

• Doctorate-level psychologists typically have higher earning potential compared to those with a master’s degree or bachelor’s degree in the field.
• Gain in-depth knowledge and expertise in your chosen area of specialization within psychology.
• Potentially make significant contributions to the field.
• Advanced career opportunities in various settings, such as academia, research institutions, government agencies, hospitals, and private practice.
• Connect with other professionals, researchers, and academics in the field of psychology, expanding your professional network

The minimum requirements to study a doctorate degree in psychology will vary from institution to institution. However, there are several common requirements:

• Bachelor’s degree:  all programs require applicants to have completed a  bachelor’s degree , in psychology or a related field. Some programs may accept candidates with a degree in another discipline if they have completed prerequisite coursework in psychology.
• Master’s degree : Some doctoral programs require applicants to have a  master’s degree in psychology  or a related field. Others may admit students directly from their bachelor’s degree and incorporate a master’s degree into the doctorate program.
• GPA : Many programs have a minimum GPA requirement, usually 3.0 or higher. Some competitive programs require a higher GPA.
• Letters of recommendation : Applicants typically need to submit letters of recommendation from professors or professionals who can speak to their academic and research abilities.
• Research experience : Prior research experience is often valued by doctoral programs in psychology. This may include experience working on research projects, completing a thesis, or participating in research internships or assistantships.
• Personal statement:  Applicants usually need to submit a personal statement or statement of purpose that outlines their academic and research interests, career goals, and why they are interested in the specific doctoral program.

Doctorate in psychology jobs

• Addiction Counselor
• ABA Therapist
• Mental Health Therapist
• Licensed Mental Health Conselor
• Licensed Professional Counselor
• Licensed Clinical Social Worker
• Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist
• School Psychologist
• Organizational Psychologist
• Forensic Psychologist
• Sports Psychologist
• Clinical Psychologist
• Counseling Psychologist
• Research Psychologist
• Professor of Psychology
• Child Psychologist

*Outside of the licensed psychologist jobs listed above many of the above roles  do not require a doctorate but it is important to note that employers for these roles are increasingly favoring candidates with a doctorate. 

How Long Does It Take To Study?

For the majority of students, a doctorate in Psychology may take anywhere from 4-7 years to finish, which will include a research dissertation and most likely residency or an internship in clinical or medical environments.

By far and away the question our career coaches get asked most frequently about doctorate degrees is how to choose a program. The choice of institutions and programs is truly overwhelming.

Here are some key factors to consider:

• Accreditation – Ensuring the program is accredited by the American Psychological Association . Accreditation affects the quality of education you will receive, your eligibility for professional licensure, and your job prospects after graduation.
• Program Focus and Curriculum –  Different programs may emphasize various aspects of psychology, such as clinical practice, counseling, research, or specific subfields like neuropsychology or health psychology. Match the program’s strengths and curriculum to your career interests and goals. Investigate whether the program offers courses and training that are critical to your desired career path.
• Faculty Expertise – Look into the backgrounds and areas of expertise of the faculty within the program. Consider how these align with your research interests or the professional skills you wish to acquire. Having mentors who are experts in your area of interest can provide invaluable guidance and opportunities for collaboration.
• Research Opportunities – For those interested in research, evaluate the resources available, such as labs, funding, and support for attending conferences or conducting fieldwork. Check if the program encourages or requires publications and what kind of support it offers to achieve these milestones.
• Clinical Training and Internships – For clinically oriented programs, look at the quality and variety of their practicum and internship placements. These are often required for licensure.
• Funding and Financial Support – Understand the types of financial support offered by the program, including teaching and research assistantships, fellowships, and grants. Funding can significantly impact your experience by allowing you to focus more fully on your studies and research without needing to seek employment externally.
• Alumni Success and Networking Opportunities –  Investigate where alumni of the program are currently working. This can give you a sense of the program’s reputation and effectiveness in placing graduates in jobs. Additionally, networking opportunities through alumni networks, professional associations, and academic conferences can be critical for career development.
• Program Size and Student Support Services – Consider the size of the program and the ratio of faculty to students, which can affect the amount of individual attention and mentoring you receive.
• Location – Certain locations might offer better practicum, internship, and employment opportunities in your field of interest due to the presence of significant healthcare facilities, research institutions, or industries.

Depending upon the institution, method of study, location and type of program then you can expect to pay $25,000-$80,000 per year to study for a doctorate in psychology.

An online program would likely fall at the lower end of this range whilst an out of state student in a private university might expect to pay the upper end of this range.

Many psychology doctoral programs, particularly in research-oriented universities, offer funding packages to their students. These can include full or partial tuition waivers, health insurance coverage, and a stipend to help with living expenses

The average salary for an individual with a doctorate in psychology is $114,768.

Earning potential varies considerably by specialty, location and industry but we see roles requiring a doctorate advertised in the $80,000-$130,000 range.

• PhD in Organizational Psychology
• PhD in Educational Psychology
• PhD in Forensic Psychology
• PhD in Counseling Psychology
• PhD in Behavioral Psychology
• PhD in Child Psychology
• PhD in Clinical Psychology
• PhD in Neuropsychology
• PhD in Sports Psychology

• Bipolar Disorder
• Therapy Center
• When To See a Therapist
• Types of Therapy
• Best Online Therapy
• Best Couples Therapy
• Managing Stress
• Sleep and Dreaming
• Understanding Emotions
• Self-Improvement
• Healthy Relationships
• Student Resources
• Personality Types
• Sweepstakes
• Guided Meditations
• Verywell Mind Insights
• 2024 Verywell Mind 25
• Mental Health in the Classroom
• Editorial Process
• Meet Our Review Board
• Crisis Support

Getting a Ph.D. in Psychology

Verywell / Evan Polenghi

Ph.D. vs. Psy.D.

Job opportunities, earning a degree, specialty areas, alternatives.

Getting a Ph.D. in psychology can open up a whole new world of career opportunities. For many careers paths in psychology-related career paths, a doctoral degree is necessary to obtain work and certification. A Ph.D. is one option, but it is not the only educational path that's available to reach some of these goals.

A Ph.D., or doctor of philosophy, is one of the highest level degrees you can earn in the field of psychology . If you're considering pursuing a graduate degree, you might be wondering how long it takes to earn a Ph.D. in psychology . Generally, a bachelor's degree takes four years of study. While a master's degree requires an additional two to three years of study beyond the bachelor's, a doctoral degree can take between four to six years of additional graduate study after earning your bachelor's degree.

Recently, a new degree option known as the Psy.D. , or doctor of psychology, has grown in popularity as an alternative to the Ph.D. The type of degree you decide to pursue depends on a variety of factors, including your own interests and your career aspirations.

Before deciding which is right for you, research your options and decide if graduate school in psychology is even the best choice for you. Depending on your career goals, you might need to earn a master's or doctoral degree in psychology in order to practice in your chosen field. In other instances, a degree in a similar subject such as counseling or social work may be more appropriate.

A doctorate in psychology is required if you want to open your own private practice.

If you want to become a licensed psychologist, you must earn either a Ph.D. or a Psy.D. in clinical or counseling psychology.

In most cases, you will also need a doctorate if you want to teach and conduct research at the college or university level. While there are some opportunities available for people with a master's degree in various specialty fields, such as industrial-organizational psychology and health psychology , those with a doctorate will generally find higher pay, greater job demand, and more opportunity for growth.

In order to earn a Ph.D. in psychology, you need to first begin by earning your bachelor's degree. While earning your undergraduate degree in psychology can be helpful, students with bachelor's degrees in other subjects can also apply their knowledge to psychology Ph.D. programs . Some students in doctorate programs may have a master's degree in psychology , but most doctorate programs do not require it.

After you’ve been admitted to a graduate program, it generally takes at least four years to earn a Ph.D. and another year to complete an internship. Once these requirements have been fulfilled, you can take state and national exams to become licensed to practice psychology in the state where you wish to work.

Once you enter the graduate level of psychology, you will need to choose an area of specialization, such as clinical psychology , counseling psychology, health psychology, or cognitive psychology . The American Psychological Association (APA) accredits graduate programs in three areas: clinical, counseling, and school psychology.   If you are interested in going into one of these specialty areas, it's important to choose a school that has received accreditation through the APA.

For many students, the choice may come down to a clinical psychology program versus a counseling psychology program. There are many similarities between these two Ph.D. options, but there are important distinctions that students should consider. Clinical programs may have more of a research focus while counseling programs tend to focus more on professional practice. The path you choose will depend largely on what you plan to do after you complete your degree.

Of course, the Ph.D. in psychology is not the only graduate degree option. The Psy.D. is a doctorate degree option that you might also want to consider. While there are many similarities between these two degrees, traditional Ph.D. programs tend to be more research-oriented while Psy.D. programs are often more practice-oriented.

The Ph.D. option may be your top choice if you want to mix professional practice with teaching and research, while the Psy.D. option may be preferred if you want to open your own private psychology practice.

In the book "An Insider's Guide to Graduate Programs in Clinical and Counseling Psychology," authors John C. Norcross and Michael A. Sayette suggest that one of the key differences between the two-degree options is that the Ph.D. programs train producers of research while Psy.D. programs train consumers of research. However, professional opportunities for practice are very similar with both degree types.

Research suggests that there are few discernible differences in terms of professional recognition, employment opportunities, or clinical skills between students trained in the Ph.D. or Psy.D. models. One of the few differences is that those with a Ph.D. degree are far more likely to be employed in academic settings and medical schools.

Social work, counseling, education, and the health sciences are other graduate options that you may want to consider if you decide that a doctorate degree is not the best fit for your interests and career goals.

A Word From Verywell

If you are considering a Ph.D. in psychology, spend some time carefully researching your options and thinking about your future goals. A doctoral degree is a major commitment of time, resources, and effort, so it is worth it to take time to consider the right option for your goals. The Ph.D. in psychology can be a great choice if you are interested in being a scientist-practitioner in the field and want to combine doing research with professional practice. It's also great training if you're interested in working at a university where you would teach classes and conduct research on psychological topics.

University of Pennsylvania; School of Arts and Sciences. Information for applicants .

American Psychological Association. Doctoral degrees in psychology: How are they different, or not so different?

U.S. Department of Labor.  Psychologists . Occupational Outlook Handbook .

Norcross JC, Sayette MA. An Insider's Guide to Graduate Programs in Clinical and Counseling Psychology (2020/2021 ed.) . New York, NY: The Guilford Press; 2020.

Davis SF, Giordano PJ, Licht CA. Your Career in Psychology: Putting Your Graduate Degree to Work . John Wiley & Sons; 2012. doi:10.1002/9781444315929

US Department of Education. Bachelor's, master's, and doctor's degrees conferred by postsecondary institutions, by sex of student and discipline division: 2016-17 .

By Kendra Cherry, MSEd Kendra Cherry, MS, is a psychosocial rehabilitation specialist, psychology educator, and author of the "Everything Psychology Book."

What Can You Do with a PhD in Psychology?

Key Takeaways

• A PhD in psychology will open career opportunities in the fields of research psychology, psychotherapy, forensic psychology, neuropsychology, and even management consultancy.
• Psychology positions have a projected job growth of 6% over the next decade.
• Those who earn a PhD in psychology work in medical settings, government agencies, educational institutions, or in private practice.

If you’re passionate about building a successful career in psychology, earning a doctorate in psychology could get you there. For those who are passionate about the subject but wonder, “What can you do with a PhD in psychology?“, we’ll help you explore your options so you can decide whether a PhD in psychology is worth the shot. 

Featured Programs

With a PhD in psychology, you can pursue various career paths, including research psychology, psychotherapy, forensic psychology, neuropsychology, and even management consultancy. Alternatively, a doctorate also helps you pursue different areas of specialization within the field of psychology.

If you are considering a PhD degree in psychology, you’ve likely already earned your bachelor’s and master’s degrees. However, to progress further into the roles of research, academia, authorship, or lectureship, you have to take the next step. If you’re already employed in a field of psychology, earning a PhD helps you level up.

While a doctoral degree gears you up to become a licensed clinical psychologist, there are plenty of other career options to explore. Here’s a list of the most popular career pathways you can pursue with a PhD in psychology, along with their salaries and growth statistics.

Psychological Researcher

Psychological researchers, or research psychologists, deeply understand the human mind. Their primary duties include conducting experiments to test procedures to explore various aspects of psychology. This includes selecting candidates for clinical trials, administering tests, and carefully observing and documenting the outcomes of their research.

By the time they are done with PhD, psychological researchers are capable enough to review existing literature and contribute to scholarly discussions. Some may serve at universities, while others may work for hospitals or government agencies. If you’re passionate about research and writing, this might be a pretty lucrative field with tons of career opportunities.

• National average salary: $99,577 per year
• Growth: Projected to grow 14% from 2018 to 2028

Clinical Director or Supervisor

The clinical director is one of the most highly paid yet growing careers in psychology . Clinical supervisors monitor psychologists and other mental health professionals to oversee the quality of clinical care provided. They establish best practices for the workplace and check whether the institution complies with regulations in the mental health field.

As a clinical director, you’ll serve in various settings, including mental health clinics, hospitals, universities, or even private practices. Also, these professionals arrange development opportunities for staff members, gather feedback from patients, and delegate cases to team members.

• National average salary: $120,761 per year
• Growth: Projected to grow 28% from 2021 to 2031

Psychotherapist

Like clinical psychologists, psychotherapists support individuals with mental health conditions and help them live a fulfilling life. Unlike clinical psychologists, psychotherapists diagnose more general mental health issues. They closely monitor their client’s behaviors, emotions, and thoughts to develop specific treatment plans for them.

Additionally, they use different tools and therapeutic techniques to develop coping strategies for their patients and improve the way they regulate emotions. A PhD in psychology potentially makes you a perfect fit to deal with the complexity involved in psychotherapy. Ultimately, you understand your clients better to know where they’re coming from.

• National average salary: $115,281 per year
• Growth: Projected to grow 6% from 2022 to 2032  

Psychometrics Specialist

A psychometric specialist looks at assessments to gather information about a patient’s personality, symptoms, and cognitive abilities. They often join hands with mental health specialists to facilitate research or diagnose and treat patients. On top of that, these professionals play a key role in collecting data for research and ensuring its accuracy.

They use a combination of interviews, examinations, and standardized tests to gather data about a patient’s psychological state and decode it to help clinicians and researchers reach conclusions. As a psychometric specialist, you’ll work in research or educational institutions, clinics, government agencies, or independently as a consultant.

• National average salary: $62,264 per year
• Growth: Projected to grow 6% from 2018 to 2028 

Human Resource Director

If you would rather work in an organizational setting, a PhD in psychology also helps build a mindset that prepares you to work in HR. HR directors are highly paid individuals responsible for shaping the recruitment and selection process in an organization. They create and implement corporate policies in areas like talent management, employee relations, and workplace culture.

With a PhD in psychology, you bring a deep understanding of human behavior, emotions, and motivation to the role. Plus, as an HR director, you can use the knowledge from your doctorate to develop thoughtful policies, systems, and resources to support employee well-being.

• National average salary: $116,601 per year
• Growth: Projected to grow 7% from 2021 to 2031

Marketing Director

With a PhD in psychology, you can also serve as a business or marketing director and build a fruitful career. Marketing directors use the knowledge of psychology to bridge the gap between relevant products and customers. Serving at multiple profit or non-profit sectors, these graduates contribute to public relations, management, and technical services.

As a marketing director, your background in psychology equips you with the right knowledge of consumer behavior and effective ways to communicate with them. This, in turn, helps you develop successful marketing campaigns that resonate perfectly with your audience.

• National average salary: $120,014 per year
• Growth: Expected to grow 10% from 2018 to 2028

Management Consultant

Management consultancy is another productive career path you can choose after a doctorate in psychology. Management consultants improve an organization’s efficiency, productivity, and performance. With a deep understanding of psychology, you can easily identify and deal with the underlying issues and patterns within your company.

Plus, management consultants provide feedback and recommendations on addressing employee and business management problems. They might also join hands with top-level management to devise practical solutions that align with the company’s core values.

• National average salary: $108,555 per year 
• Growth: Projected to grow 10% from 2022 to 2032

Forensic Psychologist

Forensic psychology is a rapidly growing field  that requires individual practitioners to obtain a state license. Psychologists in this field work closely with law enforcement to investigate crimes. For a license, you need to complete a doctoral degree from an APA-approved program and have clinically-supervised work experience.

Licensed forensic psychologists assist legal professionals with addressing the psychological aspects of the cases they’re dealing with. For instance, they conduct evaluations, assessments, and psychological testing to understand the case. Once they have come up with logical reasons, they present their findings and opinions to judges and juries.

• National average salary: $87,877 per year
• Growth: Expected to grow 6% between 2021 and 2031

Behavioral Health Specialist

As the name suggests, behavioral health specialists counsel and support individuals with behavioral or mental health problems. They use therapeutic techniques to help patients develop new behaviors and cope with their existing condition. Most importantly, they use their psychological knowledge to identify the root causes of their patient’s behaviors.

If you have a PhD in behavioral health, you can work with patients who have severe mental illness or developmental disorders like autism. The advanced degree helps you set developmental goals for your patients and implement evidence-based treatment plans to guard their well-being.

• National average salary: $54,663 per year
• Growth: Projected to grow 9% between 2018 and 2028

Addiction Counselor

PhD in psychology also enables you to serve as an addiction counselor, where you support patients on their journey to recovery from addictive behaviors. Typically, addiction counselors guide through the rehabilitation process and help manage withdrawal symptoms. They often work together with medical professionals to effectively detoxify clients from drugs and alcohol.

In addition to one-on-one counseling sessions, addiction counselors arrange group therapy sessions. This provides clients with peer support and learning about new experiences and coping mechanisms. They monitor clients throughout the rehabilitation process till they finally achieve sobriety.

• National average salary: $65,310 per year
• Growth: Projected to grow 18% from 2022 to 2032

Prerequisites for Earning a PhD in Psychology

If you’ve made up your mind and want to earn a PhD in psychology, you’ll generally need at least a bachelor’s degree to get in. While some institutions may also require a master’s degree as a prerequisite, it largely depends on the program you’re opting for. Some universities offer combined master’s and doctoral degrees, so you get both degrees at once.

However, the most integral part of your PhD program is the area you’ve chosen. When applying, it’s recommended to thoroughly research the specialties the universities on your radar are offering. This isn’t just about coursework since the topics of your dissertation will also depend on your chosen concentration.

Plus, to make sure you quickly get through the admission process, it’s important to prepare for it beforehand. While the specific requirements depend on your university, here’s a list of some basic prerequisites when applying for a PhD in psychology:

• A bachelor’s degree in psychology or a related field
• A master’s degree (depending on the institution)
• Strong academic record
• Letters of recommendation
• Relevant research experience or coursework
• Statement of Purpose (SoP)
• Interview (as a part of the application process)

Benefits of Earning a PhD in Psychology

Even if you’re sure about earning a PhD in psychology, it’s best to take a look at the benefits to check whether they align with your future goals. While the time required to complete a PhD may be significant, the benefits you reap make it worthwhile. Here’s an overview of the pros of getting a PhD in psychology:

Obtaining a License

Earning a doctorate in psychology is the only path to practice independently as a licensed psychologist. A license allows you to diagnose and treat mental disorders and provide therapy sessions to clients.

Better Employment Opportunities

Many employers, including those in the educational sector, prefer PhD holders over candidates with a master’s in psychology . This is due to years of experience and practice acquired through a doctoral program. For instance, PhD holders are often preferred for faculty positions, research roles, and leadership positions.

Skill Development

PhD holders are seen as authorities in the field of psychology  and research. Through extensive training and coursework, PhD students develop advanced knowledge and skills in areas like research methodology, statistical analysis, and clinical assessments.

High Paying Positions

Doctoral degree holders in psychology are paid way higher than those with bachelor’s degrees. The difference in salary reflects the higher earning potential that comes with advanced degrees in psychology. For instance, candidates with a PhD may easily qualify for higher paying positions in academia, clinical practice, research, or consulting.

Related Questions

What do you learn in a doctorate program for psychology.

In a doctorate program in psychology, you dig deeper into the field of psychology. For instance, you study research theories and methods and do your own research for a dissertation. Most PhD programs also allow you to gain hands-on experience in real clinical settings through an internship program.

Where can you work with a doctorate in psychology?

Fortunately, you can choose from plenty of workplace options once you get your PhD in psychology. You may work as a psychologist in a clinic or even begin practicing privately. Some individuals with a doctorate serve at government agencies, hospitals, and even educational institutions.

How long does it take to get a PhD in psychology?

Generally, getting a PhD in psychology takes around 5-8 years , including some hands-on experience and a year-long internship. However, it’s worth noting that PhD programs are highly competitive. So, the earlier you prepare for your dream university for your psychology degree , the sooner you can secure a spot.

We hope we’ve adequately answered the question “What can you do with a PhD in psychology?” for you and you have more clarity about whether this is the right path for you. Whether you’re into clinical practice, research, or social service, a doctorate in psychology can accommodate your personal preferences if you pick the right area for yourself.

What Can I Do With My PhD in Psychology? 10 Job Options For You

Unlock your potential with a PhD in Psychology. Discover diverse career paths, from clinical practice to research, and make a meaningful impact on lives.

Jun 13, 2024

What Can I Do with My PhD in Psychology: 10 Job Options for You

Introduction to phd in psychology career options.

A PhD in psychology can open doors to a wide range of career opportunities and higher pay. With this advanced degree, students can pursue various career paths, including clinical practice, research, education, and applied psychology. Deciding which path is suited to your needs, interests, and educational background requires careful consideration and research.

A PhD in psychology is often a requirement for many high-level positions in the field. It allows individuals to specialize in areas such as clinical psychology, counseling psychology, forensic psychology, industrial-organizational psychology, and more. This guide explores ten job options available to those with a PhD in psychology, providing insights into the roles, requirements, and work environments.

Exploring Career Paths in Psychology

Before diving into specific job options, it's essential to consider your career goals and preferences. Think about how long you’re willing to continue your education , where you envision yourself working, and which areas of psychology interest you the most, such as mental health, research, or education. Common areas of employment include education, business, healthcare, and government.

Jobs in Mental Health

Clinical psychologists.

Clinical psychologists assess, diagnose, and treat individuals experiencing mental or emotional health issues. They often work in hospitals, counseling centers, schools, health clinics, or private practice. Clinical psychologists may treat people experiencing a range of mental health conditions, from anxiety and depression to severe mental illnesses. A PhD in psychology is often required for these roles, though some positions may accept a master's degree with supervised clinical hours.

Example: A clinical psychologist might work in a hospital setting, providing therapy to patients with severe mental illnesses, or in private practice, helping clients cope with anxiety and depression.

Mental Health Counselors

Mental health counselors have many of the same job duties as clinical psychologists but tend to focus more on helping individuals overcome issues affecting their daily lives. Educational requirements can vary, but mental health counselors must have a minimum of a master’s degree in psychology, counseling, or education. They may work in hospitals, counseling centers, schools, health clinics, or private practice.

Example: A mental health counselor might work in a school, helping students manage stress and anxiety, or in a community health center, providing support for individuals dealing with substance abuse issues.

Jobs in Educational Settings

School psychologists.

School psychologists assess, diagnose, and treat children experiencing behavioral, emotional, or academic problems. They may also recommend treatments or work with parents, teachers, and others to help children overcome problems and achieve goals. All states have differing requirements, but most require a minimum of a master’s degree in school psychology. School psychologists may work in schools, hospitals, counseling centers, or private practice.

Example: A school psychologist might work in an elementary school, providing assessments and interventions for students with learning disabilities, or in a high school, helping students cope with emotional and behavioral issues.

Educational Psychologists

Educational psychology is the branch of psychology concerned with schools, teaching psychology, educational issues, and student concerns. Educational psychologists often study how students learn or work directly with students, parents, teachers, and administrators to improve student outcomes. To become an educational psychologist, you will need at least a master’s degree, although many states require a doctorate to practice as a licensed psychologist. Educational psychologists may work in schools, universities, or research institutions .

Example: An educational psychologist might conduct research on effective teaching methods or work with a university to develop programs that support student learning and retention.

Jobs in Applied Psychology

Forensic psychologists.

Forensic psychology involves applying psychology to the field of criminal investigation and law. Forensic psychologists typically have a master’s in forensic psychology at the minimum, but many hold a PhD in clinical or counseling psychology. They may work in various settings, including family courts, drug courts, criminal courts, or private consulting. Forensic psychologists work with law enforcement agencies, courts, or private companies, applying psychological principles to legal issues.

Example: A forensic psychologist might work with a criminal court to assess the mental state of defendants or provide expert testimony in cases involving psychological issues.

Easily pronounces technical words in any field

Industrial-Organizational Psychologists

Industrial-organizational psychologists study workplace behavior and ergonomics, often working to increase productivity or efficiency. I-O psychologists perform a variety of functions, including hiring qualified employees, conducting tests, designing products, creating training courses, and performing research on different aspects of the workplace. I-O psychologists generally need a minimum of a master’s degree, though opportunities and pay are better with a PhD in psychology. They may work in industries such as manufacturing, healthcare, or finance.

Example: An industrial-organizational psychologist might work with a large corporation to develop employee training programs or conduct research on workplace motivation and satisfaction.

Human Factors Psychologists

Human factor is an area of psychology that focuses on a range of different topics, including ergonomics, workplace safety, human error, product design, human capability, and human-computer interaction. Human factors psychologists explore the ways that people interact with products and environments. They help design interfaces that are easy to understand to maximize productivity and safety. Human factors psychologists may work in industries such as manufacturing, healthcare, or technology.

Example: A human factors psychologist might work with a tech company to design user-friendly software interfaces or with a manufacturing firm to improve workplace safety protocols.

Jobs in Research and Academia

Research psychologists.

Research psychologists conduct studies and gather data to better understand human behavior and mental processes. They often work in universities, research institutions, or government agencies. Research psychologists may specialize in areas such as cognitive psychology, developmental psychology, or social psychology. They conduct research, publish findings, and contribute to the scientific understanding of psychological principles.

Example: A research psychologist might conduct studies on memory and cognition, working in a university lab to explore how people learn and retain information.

Academic Psychologists

Academic psychologists teach and conduct research at universities and colleges. They often specialize in areas such as counseling psychology, clinical psychology, or educational psychology. Academic psychologists may work in academia, research institutions, or government agencies. They teach undergraduate and graduate students , conduct research, and publish scholarly articles.

Example: An academic psychologist might teach courses in developmental psychology and conduct research on child development, publishing findings in academic journals and presenting at conferences.

Alternative Career Options

Consulting psychologists.

Consulting psychologists conduct individual assessments, provide group consultations, and help organizations through their knowledge of psychology. They may create psychological assessments for hiring employees, advise executives on organizational change, or consult on organizational issues. Consulting psychologists work in various settings, including private practice, hospitals, and clinics.

Example: A consulting psychologist might work with a company to develop assessment tools for employee selection or provide executive coaching to improve leadership skills.

Neuropsychologists

Neuropsychologists examine how the brain influences behavior. They study memory, perception, and behavior, along with the effects of injury on the brain. Some neuropsychologists assist patients in figuring out long-term care. Neuropsychologists work in research and development or at hospitals or universities.

Example: A neuropsychologist might work in a hospital, assessing patients with traumatic brain injury and developing rehabilitation plans, or conduct research on neurological disorders at a university.

Health Psychologists

Health psychologists work to understand how biological, psychological, and social factors affect health and wellness. They may study how people react to illness and create plans with other healthcare professionals to improve recovery times. Health psychologists work in hospitals, clinics, and private practice. They assess, diagnose, and treat patients with mental health issues related to health.

Example: A health psychologist might work in a hospital setting, helping patients manage chronic pain through psychological interventions or conduct research on the impact of stress on physical health.

A PhD in psychology offers numerous career paths, allowing individuals to specialize in areas that align with their interests and skills. Whether you are interested in clinical practice, research, education, or applied psychology, there are many opportunities to use your advanced degree to make a meaningful impact.

By understanding the various roles and requirements, you can make informed decisions about your career path and take steps to achieve your professional goals. The journey to finding the right career may be challenging, but with perseverance and a proactive approach, you can build a fulfilling career that aligns with your passions and expertise.

Additional Tips for Psychology Graduates

• Stay Updated with Industry Trends: Keeping up with the latest trends and developments in psychology can give you a competitive edge in the job market.
• Build an Online Presence: Creating a professional profile on platforms like LinkedIn can help you connect with potential employers and showcase your expertise.
• Consider Short-Term Projects: Freelance projects or consulting work can provide valuable experience and help you transition smoothly into a new career path.
• Seek Funding Opportunities: Applying for grants and funding can support your research projects and enhance your academic CV, making you a more attractive candidate for academic positions.
• Develop Soft Skills: Communication, teamwork, and leadership skills are crucial in any career.

In conclusion, with a PhD in psychology, the career possibilities are vast and varied. By exploring different paths, building your skills, and staying proactive in your career development, you can find a rewarding and impactful role in the field of psychology.

PhD in Psychology

Applied Psychology

Psychology Careers

Mental Health Careers

Academic Psychology

Recent articles

Noam Chomsky's Theory of Language Acquisition

Aug 5, 2024

Universal Grammar

Linguistics

Noam Chomsky

Language Acquisition

What are the Responsibilities of a Cosigner in a Student Loan?

Aug 6, 2024

Financial Aid

College Funding

Cosigner Responsibilities

Student Loans

10 Best Productivity Books

Aug 13, 2024

Productivity Books

Time Management

Efficiency Tips

Self Improvement

Goal Setting

The Grad Student's Guide to Building a Study System That Actually Works

Derek Pankaew

Sep 17, 2024

active learning

work-life balance

academic productivity

time management

study techniques

graduate studies

• What Can You Do With A PhD in Psychology?

That means you will be qualified for pretty much any kind of position you can dream up in the world of psychology.

The traditional jobs for graduates with PhD psychologists are in academia, including teaching and research, and the big kahuna: working as a licensed clinical psychologist.

But psychology has many different branches and sub-fields, with positions in every kind of industry. Basically any field you can think of that involves human interaction or decisions also involves psychology at some level. And with a PhD, you can take your career to the next level in any of those fields.

What Does it Take to Earn a Doctorate in Psychology?

First, though, you are going to have to get out there and earn that degree. As you can imagine, if you want to unlock the highest paying, most responsible, highest impact jobs in the field, you’re going to have to work your tail off to get the credentials.

That means committing to between five and seven years of study in a PhD program. It’s tough, make no mistake. You can see exactly how tough when you look at the attrition rate. More than 29,000 people earned master’s degrees in psychology in 2018-19. Care to guess how many went on to complete a doctorate in the field?

According to the National Center for Education Statistics , only around 6,000 people a year graduate with doctoral degrees in psychology.

If you want to be one of those 6,000, you will need dedication, strong study skills, and deep pockets. According to the American Psychological Association (APA), the average costs for psychology doctoral programs in a 2016 survey came out to:

• Public in-state university – $11,000 per year
• Public out-of-state university – $24,000 per year
• Private university – $34,000 per year

Of course, you can’t just start right out in doctoral studies. It’s not always necessary to start with a bachelor’s degree in psychology , but it can be a big help to your eventual doctoral studies. Either way, you will need to earn a bachelor’s degree in some related field first.

Earning a master’s, interestingly, is not a requirement. Many doctoral programs in psychology accept applicants who have only completed a bachelor’s program, although usually additional experience in the field is also preferred.

Once you’re accepted to a PhD in psychology program, you can expect to study subjects such as:

• Psychological assessment and diagnosis
• Individual and group psychotherapy techniques
• Psychopharmacology
• Cognitive and affective bases of behavior
• Human lifespan development
• Professional ethics

You will also spend plenty of time in clinical practicum and internship placements that help teach you the trade of clinical psychological therapy with real patients facing real problems.

More importantly, you’ll be expected to complete a doctoral dissertation. That’s a publication-quality research paper developing original ideas and showcasing unique research that you will undertake, write, and defend before a dissertation committee. The paper itself can take as many as two or three years of your entire program.

You’ll need to make sure you are at a school that supports your goals and offers the right resources to make that happen.

EXPLORE SCHOOLS THAT OFFER A PHD IN PSYCHOLOGY TODAY!

What is the difference between a PsyD and a PhD in psychology?

The PhD, or Doctor of Philosophy in Psychology, is the traditional degree in the field and the one that most practicing psychologists hold. It is traditionally very research focused and has excellent preparation for careers in research or academic psychology.

The PsyD, or Doctor of Psychology, is a newer degree that has a more clinical focus. It’s designed for anyone who wants to become a practicing clinical psychologist and offers more practical preparation.

Should you earn a master’s degree in psychology before studying for a PhD?

Earning a master’s degree in psychology isn’t really necessary before you enter a PhD program, but you might choose to do so for other reasons. Master’s programs can be more focused and customizable to your fields of study than doctorates in psychology. It can also cut two years off your eventual time in a PhD program.

Most PhD programs will grant you a master’s along the way to earning your doctorate—you are covering the same ground, it’s just all included in a single program. Choosing to earn a master’s program before proceeding with your doctorate allows you to fine-tune your studies in a way that the doctorate alone might not accommodate, however. For example, you might have better luck finding a master’s program with specialized training in sport’s psychology than a PhD program in that specialization. By taking the master’s separately first, you get that niche expertise on top of your clinical skills from the doctorate.

What Can You Do With a Doctorate in Psychology?

All 50 states require a doctorate as part of the qualifications of licensed psychologists. The five to seven years of study and in-depth clinical experience are exactly the training that both the public and government want to see in trusted psychological professionals.

There are many different kinds of applications for clinical therapy for psychologists. You can specialize and find work in areas such as:

• Industrial-organizational psychology – Work in businesses and large organizations to optimize interaction and productivity.
• Counseling psychology – Delivering direct psychotherapy in areas ranging from substance abuse to post-traumatic stress disorder.
• Marriage psychology – Performing couples and family counseling work to preserve and improve relationships
• Health psychology – Health psychologists work with populations in medical treatment and recovery, dealing with adjustments to long-term or traumatic health issues.

What jobs can you do with a PhD in psychology?

Clinical psychologist is the most popular job for graduates with a PhD in psychology, but you’re not limited to clinical practice. There are many jobs that require a psychology doctoral degree but don’t directly involve psychotherapy. Some of these areas straddle the boundaries between clinical and general psychology practice; a forensic psychologist, for instance, might work with police to evaluate evidence at crime scenes, but also work directly with criminals to offer therapy and treatment.

• Forensic psychologist – Works in legal environments, both analyzing the psychology of crimes and criminal behavior and also that of witnesses and juries.
• Educational psychologist – Educational psychologists may work in schools, but they are not school psychologists, who need only a master’s degree. Instead, educational psychologists study the processes of learning and the learning environment, figuring out the most effective presentation and techniques.
• Social psychologists – Social psychologists study group psychology and how culture and environment can effect individual and group behavior.
• Developmental psychologists – In developmental psychology, you study how culture, individual development, and genetic influences come together to determine how people think and grow. This includes looking at the roots of psychopathologies and helping develop treatments and prevention techniques.

You can also find psychologists with PhDs working in many other kinds of industries. There are psychologists working for NASA on the psychological challenges of space travel, for example, and working with casinos and computer gaming companies to understand how to craft compelling and absorbing play experiences. You can carve out an exciting job in psychology in almost any industry with a PhD in your pocket.

PhD in Psychology Salary and Job Prospects

Psychologists who go all the way through the pipeline to earn their PhD in the field don’t have to worry about ending up on the unemployment line. With only a few more than 6,000 individuals a year attaining that high level of education, you will find you are always in demand.

The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics forecasts a 3 percent increase in the number of psychologist positions between 2019 and 2029.

That’s about the average rate of increase for all American professions.

Of course, like any job, you can find different rates of growth and different prospects depending on where you are located. BLS ranks the five states with the highest employment level of psychologists, all other, which is the group that includes clinical psychologists, as:

• Massachusetts

According to the APA’s Center for Workforce Studies, there were about 102,000 active doctoral-level psychologists licensed in the U.S. in 2018 – which works out to about 31 psychologists per 100,000 people nationwide.

How much does a psychologist make with a PhD?

The overall median salary for all psychologists in 2020 was $82,180. But that’s probably much lower than most PhD-prepared psychologists make. The highest-paid psychologists during this time worked in the government sector, where the median was $100,360, followed by those working in hospitals ($90,640), ambulatory healthcare settings ($85,970), and elementary and secondary school settings ($77,560).

While BLS salary statistics detail what psychologists are earning in specific industries, it pays to note that psychologists who run their own private practice or provide their services in a consultancy role may earn significantly more than those working as an employee of a hospital, healthcare practice, or other healthcare employer.

While it may take some time to build a psychology business and a strong client base, the freedom that comes along with taking control of your career can have significant financial and professional benefits in the long run. Build a practice that includes employing multiple psychologists or establish yourself as a top industry consultant and your earning potential has the potential to surpass what any employer will pay you.

Practicing clinical psychologists fall into the broader category for “psychologists, all other,” which in 2020 showed a median salary of $105,780. But even that may be low for many PhD majors in psychology. The top ten percent of those in the profession earned more than $137,590 that year.

The states with the highest mean wage in 2020 were:

• Psychology Education
• Bachelors in Psychology
• Masters in Psychology
• Doctorate in Psychology
• Psychology Resources
• Psychology License
• Psychology Salary
• Psychology Career
• Psychology Major
• What is Psychology
• Up & Coming Programs
• Top 10 Up and Coming Undergraduate Psychology Programs in the South
• Top 10 Up and Coming Undergraduate Psychology Programs in the Midwest
• Top 10 Up and Coming Undergraduate Psychology Programs in the West
• Top 10 Up and Coming Undergraduate Psychology Programs in the East
• Best Psychology Degrees Scholarship Opportunity
• The Pursuit of Excellence in Psychology Scholarship is Now Closed
• Meet Gemma: Our First Psychology Scholarship Winner
• 50 Most Affordable Clinical Psychology Graduate Programs
• 50 Most Affordable Selective Small Colleges for a Psychology Degree
• The 50 Best Schools for Psychology: Undergraduate Edition
• 30 Great Small Colleges for a Counseling Degree (Bachelor’s)
• Top 10 Best Online Bachelors in Psychology Degree Programs
• Top 10 Online Child Psychology Degree Programs
• 10 Best Online Forensic Psychology Degree Programs
• Top 10 Online Master’s in Psychology Degree Programs
• Top 15 Most Affordable School Psychology Programs
• Top 20 Most Innovative Graduate Psychology Degree Programs
• Top 8 Online Sports Psychology Degree Programs
• Recent Posts
• Does Psychology Require Math? – Requirements for Psychology Majors
• 10 Classes You Will Take as a Psychology Major
• Top 15 Highest-Paying Jobs with a Master’s Degree in Psychology
• The Highest Paying Jobs with an Associate’s Degree in Psychology
• The Highest-Paying Jobs with a Bachelor’s in Psychology
• Should I Major in Psychology?
• How to Become a CBT Therapist
• What is a Social Psychologist?
• How to Become a Clinical Neuropsychologist
• MA vs. MS in Psychology: What’s the Difference?
• PsyD vs. PhD in Psychology: What’s the Difference?
• What Can You Do with a Master’s in Psychology?
• Master’s in Child Psychology Guide
• Master’s in Counseling Psychology – A Beginner’s Guide
• Master’s in Forensic Psychology – A Beginner’s Guide
• 8 Reasons to Become a Marriage and Family Therapist
• What Do Domestic Violence & Abuse Counselors Do?
• What Training is Needed to Be a Psychologist for People of the LGBTQ Community?
• 15 Inspiring TED Talks on Intelligence and Critical Thinking
• The 30 Most Inspiring Personal Growth and Development Blogs
• 30 Most Unethical Psychology Human Experiments
• 30 Most Prominent Psychologists on Twitter
• New Theory Discredits the Myth that Individuals with Asperger’s Syndrome Lack Empathy
• 10 Crazy Things Famous People Have Believed
• Psychology Infographics
• Top Infographics About Psychology
• The Birth Order Effect [Infographic]
• The Psychology of Dogs [Infographic]
• Can Going Green Improve Your Mental Health? [Infographic]
• Surprising Alternative Treatments for Mental Disorders [Infographic]
• What Can Humans Learn From Animals? [Infographic]

What Can You Do with a Doctorate in Psychology?

Written by: psych degree starter editorial team   •  jun 11, 2024.

A doctorate in psychology provides in-depth knowledge and expertise in understanding human behavior, mental processes, and emotional health, opening the door to a multitude of career paths for individuals who pursue this advanced course of study.

This pinnacle degree, which can be either a PhD (Doctor of Philosophy) or a PsyD (Doctor of Psychology), is essential for those looking to make significant contributions to the field of psychology through research, clinical practice, or academic teaching. 

With the rising awareness of mental health issues and the increasing need for qualified professionals, a doctorate in psychology offers not only personal fulfillment but also excellent career prospects and earning potential.

What Is a Doctorate in Psychology?

A doctorate in psychology represents the highest level of education in the field, encompassing extensive training in both theoretical and practical aspects of psychology. There are two primary types of doctorate degrees in psychology: the Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in Psychology and the Doctor of Psychology (PsyD).

• PhD in Psychology: The Doctor of Philosophy in Psychology focuses heavily on research and the scientific aspects of psychology. It prepares graduates for careers in academia, research institutions, and clinical practice. PhD programs emphasize the development of new knowledge through rigorous research, requiring students to complete a dissertation based on original research.
• PsyD: The Doctor of Psychology is designed for those who intend to practice psychology professionally. While it includes some research components, the PsyD program emphasizes clinical training and practical experience. Graduates typically pursue careers in clinical settings, providing psychological services directly to patients.

Key Differences Between a PhD and a PsyD

While both degrees prepare individuals for careers in psychology, significant differences in their focus and training include the following:

• Research vs. Practice: PhD programs are research-oriented, while PsyD programs focus on clinical practice.
• Duration: Both programs generally take four to seven years to complete, depending on the specific program and the student’s pace.
• Career Outcomes: PhD graduates often pursue academic and research positions, while PsyD graduates are more likely to work in clinical settings.

Program Structure

Both PhD and PsyD programs require a combination of coursework, practical training, and a culminating project:

• Coursework: Both programs include advanced courses in psychological theories, research methods, ethics, and specialized topics.
• Practicum and Internship: Both programs include hands-on training in real-world settings under the supervision of licensed professionals.
• Dissertation (PhD) or Clinical Project (PsyD): Both programs require a significant research project or clinical intervention study that demonstrates the student’s expertise.

Accreditation

Accreditation is crucial when selecting a doctoral program in psychology. The American Psychological Association (APA) and the Psychological Clinical Science Accreditation System (PCSAS) are the primary accrediting bodies in the United States. Accredited programs meet rigorous standards of quality and are recognized by employers and licensing boards, ensuring that graduates are well-prepared for their careers.

Why Earn a Doctorate in Psychology?

Earning a doctorate in psychology provides a range of benefits, making it a highly valuable degree for those interested in understanding and improving mental health. Whether pursuing a PhD or a PsyD, graduates are equipped with advanced skills and knowledge that open up diverse career opportunities.

• Advanced Expertise: Graduates gain in-depth knowledge of psychological theories and practices, enabling them to contribute significantly to the field.
• Research Opportunities: A PhD offers extensive training in research methodologies, allowing graduates to conduct groundbreaking studies and contribute to the scientific community.
• Clinical Skills: A PsyD focuses on developing practical clinical skills, preparing graduates for hands-on roles in various therapeutic settings.
• Career Flexibility: With a doctorate, individuals can work in academia, research institutions, healthcare settings, private practice, and more.
• Professional Recognition: Holding a doctorate in psychology often leads to higher professional status and recognition within the field.

Online Degree Benefits

• Flexibility: Online psychology programs offer the flexibility to balance studies with personal and professional responsibilities, making it easier for working professionals to pursue advanced education.
• Accessibility: Students can access programs from top universities regardless of their geographic location, broadening their options for high-quality education.
• Cost-Effectiveness: Affordable online psychology programs often have lower tuition rates and eliminate the need for commuting or relocation, reducing overall educational expenses.
• Diverse Resources: Online students can access a wide range of digital resources, including libraries, databases, and virtual labs, enhancing their learning experience.

What Can You Do With a PhD in Psychology?

A PhD in Psychology provides extensive training in research, theory, and advanced practice, opening up various career paths in both academic and professional settings.

Academic Careers

• University Professors: PhD holders can teach undergraduate and graduate courses, mentor students, and conduct research.
• Research Scientists: They can work in academic or private research institutions, leading studies that advance psychological knowledge.

Clinical and Counseling Careers

• Clinical Psychologists: They diagnose and treat mental health disorders, working in hospitals, private practices, and clinics.
• Counseling Psychologists: They help clients manage emotional, social, and mental health issues through therapeutic techniques.

Industrial-Organizational Psychology Roles

• Corporate Consultants: These professionals apply psychological principles to improve workplace productivity and employee satisfaction.
• Human Resources Managers: They design and implement employee training programs and performance assessments.

Government and Public Policy Positions

• Policy Advisors: PhD graduates work with government agencies to develop and evaluate policies related to mental health, education, and public safety.
• Program Evaluators: They assess the effectiveness of public health programs and initiatives to ensure they meet community needs.

Private Practice and Consultancy

• Private Practitioners: PhD holders can establish independent practices to provide specialized psychological services directly to clients.
• Consultants: They offer expert advice to organizations on issues such as mental health, organizational behavior, and employee well-being.

A PhD in Psychology equips individuals with the skills and knowledge necessary for advanced roles in research, clinical practice, and academia, making meaningful contributions to the field and society.

What Can You Do With a PsyD?

A Doctor of Psychology focuses on clinical practice and preparing graduates to apply psychological principles in therapeutic and professional settings.

Clinical Careers

• Clinical Psychologists: PsyD holders diagnose and treat mental health disorders in hospitals, clinics, and private practices.
• Counseling Psychologists: They provide therapeutic services to individuals, couples, and groups to help manage emotional and mental health issues.

School and Educational Psychology

• School Psychologists: They work in educational settings to support the mental health and learning needs of students.
• Educational Consultants: PsyD graduates can consult with schools to develop programs that enhance student well-being and academic performance.

Health and Rehabilitation Psychology

• Health Psychologists: They work in medical settings to address the psychological aspects of physical health and illness.
• Rehabilitation Psychologists: These professionals assist individuals with disabilities or chronic illnesses to improve their quality of life.

Industrial-Organizational Psychology

• Workplace Psychologists: Applying psychological principles to improve employee well-being and organizational performance in corporate settings.
• Training and Development Specialists: Designing and implementing programs to enhance employee skills and productivity.
• Private Practitioners: PsyD holders can establish their own practices to offer specialized psychological services to clients.
• Consultants: Providing expert advice to businesses, schools, and healthcare organizations on mental health and organizational behavior.

A PsyD prepares graduates for hands-on roles in clinical and professional settings, emphasizing the application of psychological knowledge to improve mental health and well-being.

How Much Does a Doctorate in Psychology Cost?

The cost of earning a doctorate in psychology can vary significantly depending on several factors, including the type of institution, program format, and geographic location. Understanding these costs is crucial for prospective students to plan their finances effectively.

Average Cost Range

• Public Institutions: Tuition for doctoral programs at public universities can range from $10,000 to $20,000 per year for in-state students and $20,000 to $35,000 per year for out-of-state students.
• Private Institutions: Private universities generally may charge higher tuition rates, ranging from $30,000 to $50,000 per year.
• Online Programs: Online programs can vary widely in cost, with some being more affordable due to lower overhead costs, ranging from $10,000 to $30,000 per year.

Factors Influencing Cost

• Type of Institution: Public universities are generally less expensive than private universities.
• Residency Status: In-state students often pay significantly less than out-of-state students at public institutions.
• Program Format: Online programs can offer cost savings on commuting, housing, and other campus-related expenses.
• Duration: The total cost will also depend on the length of the program, which can range from four to seven years.

Additional Costs

• Books and Supplies: Students should budget for textbooks, software, and other academic materials, typically costing $1,000 to $2,000 per year.
• Fees: Additional fees for student services, technology, and lab use can range from $500 to $2,000 per year.
• Living Expenses: Costs for housing, food, transportation, and personal expenses vary by location but can add $15,000 to $25,000 annually to the total cost.

Financial Aid Options

• Scholarships and Grants: Many universities offer scholarships and grants based on merit or financial need, which do not need to be repaid.
• Assistantships: Teaching and research assistantships provide stipends and tuition remission in exchange for work.
• Loans: Federal and private student loans are available to cover educational expenses, though they must be repaid with interest.
• Employer Sponsorship: Some employers offer tuition reimbursement programs for employees pursuing advanced degrees relevant to their job.

Doctorate in Psychology Curriculum

The curriculum for a doctorate in psychology is designed to provide a comprehensive education in both theoretical and practical aspects of psychology. It includes a combination of coursework, practicum experiences, and a culminating research project or dissertation.

Core Courses

• Advanced Psychological Theories: In-depth study of major psychological theories and their applications
• Research Methods: Training in quantitative and qualitative research methods, including statistical analysis and experimental design
• Ethics in Psychology: Examination of ethical issues and standards in psychological practice and research
• Psychopathology: Study of mental disorders, their diagnosis, and treatment

Specializations and Electives

Students can choose from a variety of specializations to tailor their education to their career goals. Common specializations include:

• Clinical Psychology: Focus on assessment and treatment of mental health disorders
• Counseling Psychology: Emphasis on therapeutic techniques and interventions for individuals and groups
• Forensic Psychology : Application of psychological assessments, treatments, and research methods to legal contexts
• Industrial-Organizational Psychology: Application of psychological principles to workplace issues
• Neuropsychology: Study of brain-behavior relationships and cognitive function

Practicum and Internship Requirements

Practical training is a critical component of doctoral programs in psychology, providing hands-on experience under supervision.

• Practicum: Early-stage practical experience in real-world settings, typically completed during the first few years of the program
• Internship: A more intensive, full-time experience usually completed in the final year of the program, often required for licensure

Dissertation and Research Project

The culmination of a PhD program is the dissertation, an original research project that contributes new knowledge to the field of psychology. For PsyD programs, the capstone may be a clinical project or intervention study.

• Dissertation: Requires extensive research, data collection, and analysis, resulting in a substantial written document
• Clinical Project: Involves designing and implementing a clinical intervention, followed by an evaluation of its effectiveness

The curriculum of a doctorate in psychology is rigorous and comprehensive, preparing graduates for advanced roles in research, clinical practice, and academia.

What Are the Admission Requirements for Doctorate in Psychology Programs?

Admission to a doctorate program in psychology is highly competitive and requires meeting several academic and professional criteria. Prospective students should be prepared to demonstrate their qualifications and commitment to the field.

Academic Prerequisites

• Bachelor’s or Master’s Degree: Applicants typically need a bachelor’s degree in psychology or a related field. Some programs may require a master’s degree for admission.
• GPA Requirements: Most programs have a minimum GPA requirement, often around 3.0 to 3.5 on a 4.0 scale, to ensure academic readiness.

Standardized Tests

• GRE Scores: Many programs require Graduate Record Examination (GRE) scores, particularly the general test. Some may also require the psychology subject test.
• TOEFL/IELTS: International students may need to provide scores from the Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL) or the International English Language Testing System (IELTS) to demonstrate English proficiency.

Supporting Documents

• Letters of Recommendation: Applicants must submit letters of recommendation from professors, employers, or professionals who can attest to their qualifications and potential for success in a doctoral program.
• Statement of Purpose: A detailed statement outlining the applicant’s academic interests, career goals, and reasons for pursuing a doctorate in psychology.
• Resume or CV: A comprehensive resume or curriculum vitae highlighting relevant academic, professional, and research experiences.

Relevant Experience

• Research Experience: Programs often prefer candidates with substantial research experience, which may include working in a lab, conducting independent studies, or publishing research.
• Clinical Experience: For PsyD programs, clinical experience, such as internships, volunteer work, or professional practice, is highly valued.

Accreditation for Doctorate in Psychology Programs

Accreditation is a crucial factor to consider when selecting a doctorate program in psychology. It ensures that the program meets established standards of quality and is recognized by employers and licensing boards.

Importance of Accreditation

• Quality Assurance: Accreditation guarantees that the program adheres to high academic and professional standards, providing a rigorous education.
• Licensure Eligibility: Graduating from an accredited program is often a requirement for obtaining licensure to practice psychology.
• Transferability of Credits: Accredited programs facilitate the transfer of credits between institutions and recognition of degrees by employers and other educational institutions.

Key Accrediting Bodies

• American Psychological Association (APA): The APA is the primary accrediting body for doctoral programs in clinical, counseling, and school psychology in the United States.
• Psychological Clinical Science Accreditation System (PCSAS): PCSAS accredits programs that emphasize scientific training and research in clinical psychology.
• Regional Accreditation: In addition to specialized accreditation, it is important that the institution offering the program is regionally accredited by a recognized accrediting agency.

How to Verify Program Accreditation

• Institution’s Website: Most universities provide accreditation information on their official websites, including details about both institutional and program-specific accreditation.
• Contacting Accrediting Agencies: For additional assurance, students can view directories on accrediting agency websites or directly contact accrediting bodies to confirm the accreditation status of a program.

Career Options for People With Doctorates in Psychology

A doctorate in psychology opens the door to a variety of rewarding career paths, each offering unique opportunities to apply psychological principles and improve mental health outcomes.

• University Professors: Graduates can pursue careers as professors, teaching undergraduate and graduate courses, mentoring students, and conducting research.
• Research Scientists: PhD holders can work in academic or private research institutions, leading studies that advance knowledge in various areas of psychology.
• Clinical Psychologists: Clinical psychologists diagnose and treat mental health disorders, working in hospitals, private practices, and mental health clinics.
• Counseling Psychologists: Counseling psychologists help clients manage emotional, social, and mental health issues through therapeutic techniques and interventions.
• Corporate Consultants: Industrial-organizational psychologists apply psychological principles to improve workplace productivity, employee satisfaction, and organizational effectiveness.
• Human Resources Managers: They design and implement employee training programs, performance assessments, and recruitment strategies.
• Policy Advisors: Graduates can work with government agencies to develop and evaluate policies related to mental health, education, and public safety.
• Private Practitioners: Psychologists with doctorates can establish independent practices to provide specialized psychological services directly to clients.

Earning a doctorate in psychology provides a wealth of career opportunities, allowing graduates to make meaningful contributions across various sectors, from academia and clinical practice to corporate and government settings.

Doctorate in Psychology Salary and Job Outlook

Earning a doctorate in psychology significantly enhances earning potential and job prospects across various fields. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, psychologists earn competitive salaries with promising job growth.

Salary Overview

• Median Annual Wage: As of May 2023, the median annual wage for psychologists was $92,740.
• Top Earners: The highest 10% earned more than $151,880 annually.
• Industrial-Organizational Psychologists: These professionals had a median annual wage of $147,420.
• Clinical and Counseling Psychologists: These roles had a median annual wage of $96,100.
• School Psychologists: The median annual wage was $84,940.

Job Outlook

• Employment Growth: Overall employment for psychologists is projected to grow by 6% from 2022 to 2032, which is faster than the average for all occupations.
• Annual Openings: Approximately 12,800 job openings for psychologists are projected each year over the decade, primarily due to the need to replace workers who transfer to different occupations or retire.
• Demand Drivers: Increased awareness of mental health issues, the need for psychological services in schools and hospitals, and the demand for organizational psychologists in corporate settings contribute to this growth.

Scholarships and Financial Aid Information for Doctorate in Psychology

Financing a doctorate in psychology can be challenging, but various scholarships and financial aid options are available to help students manage the costs.

Types of Scholarships

• Merit-Based Scholarships: Awarded based on academic achievement and potential in the field of psychology
• Need-Based Scholarships: Granted to students who demonstrate financial need, often through a FAFSA application
• Field-Specific Scholarships: Provided by professional organizations such as the American Psychological Association (APA) for students pursuing specific areas of psychology

Grants and Fellowships

• Federal and State Grants: Available to students who qualify based on financial need and other criteria
• Research Fellowships: Offered by universities and research institutions to support students conducting significant research projects
• Professional Associations: Organizations like the APA and the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) provide fellowships for advanced study and research

Assistantships and Work-Study Opportunities

• Teaching Assistantships (TAs): Assisting with teaching duties in exchange for a stipend and tuition remission
• Research Assistantships (RAs): Faculty-led research projects where students gain valuable experience while receiving financial support
• Work-Study Programs: Part-time employment opportunities on campus that help students finance their education

Tips for Applying for Financial Aid

• Start Early: Begin researching and applying for scholarships and financial aid well before deadlines.
• Complete the FAFSA: Submit the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA) to determine eligibility for federal and state financial aid.
• Seek Institutional Aid: Contact the financial aid office at your chosen university for information on available scholarships, grants, and assistantships.
• Explore Professional Organizations: Many psychology-related organizations offer scholarships, grants, and fellowships to support graduate students.

Doctorate in Psychology FAQ

How much can you earn with a doctorate in psychology.

Earning a doctorate in psychology can lead to a substantial increase in earning potential:

• Clinical and Counseling Psychologists: Median annual salary of $96,100.
• Industrial-Organizational Psychologists: Median annual salary of $147,420.
• School Psychologists: Median annual salary of $84,940.

How Long Does It Take to Earn a Doctorate in Psychology?

The time required to earn a doctorate in psychology varies:

• PhD Programs: Typically take five to seven years to complete, including coursework, research, and dissertation.
• PsyD Programs: Usually take four to six years, focusing more on clinical practice and less on research.

Is Getting a Doctorate in Psychology Worth It?

The decision to pursue a doctorate in psychology should consider both the costs and the benefits:

• Professional Opportunities: A doctorate opens doors to advanced career paths in academia, clinical practice, research, and industry.
• Financial Benefits: Doctorates can lead to higher earning potential compared to a master’s degree.
• Personal Fulfillment: Many find the opportunity to contribute to the field and help others to be deeply rewarding.

Can I Earn a Doctorate in Psychology Entirely Online?

While fully online doctoral programs in psychology are rare, some hybrid and low-residency options are available:

• Hybrid Programs: These programs combine online coursework with occasional on-campus residencies.
• Low-Residency Programs: These programs require minimal on-campus attendance, making it easier for working professionals to complete their degrees.

What Careers Can an Individual With a Doctorate in Psychology Get?

Graduates with a doctorate in psychology can pursue various careers:

• Academia: Professors and researchers at universities and colleges
• Clinical Practice: Clinical psychologists, counseling psychologists, and school psychologists
• Corporate Sector: Industrial-organizational psychologists and corporate consultants
• Government and Public Policy: Policy advisors and program evaluators
• Private Practice: Independent practitioners and consultants providing specialized psychological services

Related Articles

Jun 11, 2024 June 11, 2024

How Long Does it Take to Become a Psychologist?

Jun 7, 2024 June 7, 2024

LCSW vs. Psychologist: Differences and Similarities

Psyd vs. phd in psychology: which is right for me.

• -Associates
• -Doctorates
• -Accreditation

• Internships
• Accreditation

Psychology Careers That Require a Doctorate Degree (PhD, PsyD, EdD)

• Choose a Subject Addiction Studies Child and Family Studies Child Development Counseling Psychology Social Science Social Work
• Choose a Degree Level Diploma Certificate Associate's Bachelor's Continuing Education Graduate Certificate Master's Doctoral Post-doctoral Certificate
• Campus & Online Online Campus

What Psychology Careers Require a PhD, PsyD, or EdD?

Social service and mental health career psychologists, government and public service psychologists, education and academic psychologists.

In some industries, your ability to be successful is not affected by whether or not you have earned a doctorate degree. Unfortunately, psychology is not one of those industries. While a bachelor’s and master’s degree in psychology can qualify you for many psychology and counseling jobs, earning a doctorate in psychology ( PhD, PsyD, or EdD degree ) can be very valuable and may even be required for your success as a professional psychologist.

What Can You Do With a PhD or Doctorate in Psychology?

There are many specialty areas within doctorate psychology programs and each will lead you into a specific career path. Before you sign up for 7 more years of school you’ll want to be confident that you know what you want to do in your doctorate career and once you graduate. Consider talking with your academic advisor, mentors, other PsyD, EdD, or PhD professionals, and anyone else who may give you valuable input and advice as you create and execute your plan to earn your doctorate.

Careers That Require a Doctorate Degree

Below you’ll find additional information on common careers and employment areas that are pursued by students with a doctorate in psychology. Some of the most common industries where these doctorate-level psychologists work include mental health, government, business, and education. You’ll want to explore each area to get a better idea of which one might be a fit for you.

Mental health and social services are two of the most popular career fields for psychology graduates. Not only is there strong demand for professionals in these fields, psychologists can expect to earn a decent income and have the opportunity to work directly with patients struggling with mental illness and other ailments. While a master’s degree in psychology is the minimum requirement for some entry-level social service and mental health career psychologist positions, most of the best jobs are reserved for psychologists with a doctorate in psychology. Some of the most popular positions within this area of psychology include:

• Clinical Psychologists – Clinical psychology is one of the most stable sectors of the psychology industry. Clinical psychologists are always in demand and can work in a variety capacities within several industries. They diagnose and treat individuals suffering from mental illnesses and typically work in direct patient care settings. Most clinical psychologists hold a PhD in psychology or a PsyD.
• Counselors – Like clinical psychologists, counselors work in direct patient care settings and strive to help individuals improve the quality of their lives. However, where clinical psychologists treat mental illness and disorders, counselors address emotional issues that negatively affect an individual’s personal life. Counselors typically have a master’s or doctorate degree in counseling or psychology.
• Social Workers – Surprisingly, a large number of psychology majors end up working as social workers for public, government and non-profit social welfare agencies. Like clinical psychologists and counselors, social workers are frequently involved with the care of individuals suffering from mental or emotional illness. Entry-level positions in social work require a bachelor’s degree, but more and more social workers are obtaining a master’s degree in social work, psychology or a related area. A few will go on to earn a doctorate degree.

A growing number of graduate degree holding psychologists are finding careers with public service and government agencies. Federal, local and state agencies employ psychologists to work in research and social welfare, at public hospitals and clinics, and as mental health counselors and evaluators at correctional facilities. A few of the most common careers in these sectors include:

• Social worker
• Social service manager
• Parole officer
• Mental health counselor
• Rehabilitation counselor
• Vocational counselor
• Mental health specialist
• Behavior analysis specialist
• Psychosocial specialist
• Administrators and managers

Psychologists work within elementary educational systems to develop more effective educational, child development and special needs programs, and to counsel emotionally and mentally challenged children. At the college and university level, they’re employed as researchers, teachers, and professors. Psychologists working within secondary education are usually required to obtain at minimum a masters degree. To work at the university level, a doctorate degree in psychology is required. Common psychology careers within education include:

• School Psychologists – School psychologists work directly with individual students who are dealing with emotional and behavioral problems that affect their academic performance and ability to interact with other children. School psychologists typically have a master’s degree in psychology, education or a closely related field.
• Educational Psychologists – Educational psychologists are often confused with school psychologists, but they are very different fields of psychology. Where school psychologists assess, diagnose and treat emotional and behavioral issues of individual students, educational psychologists are concerned with the overall quality of education, curriculum, and programs for all students. Educational psychologists study how students learn and work with parents, teachers and school administration to improve academic outcomes for an entire student population. Educational psychologists are typically required to obtain a doctorate degree in psychology or education.
• School Counselors – School counselors are responsible for helping children who are struggling emotionally or behaviorally to improve their academic performance, emotional health, and social interactions. They may also provide vocational and career counseling in high school and college settings. A bachelor’s degree in a relevant field is often the minimum requirement to become a school counselor, although a master’s degree may be required depending on where you work.

Psychology and Business Careers

While a large percentage of psychologists opt for a more traditional career in education, public service, or mental health care, a growing number of psychology professionals, known as applied psychologists, are putting their skills and knowledge to work in the private sector. Applied psychologists use their expertise in psychology to improve vital business processes, enhance product design and develop effective workplace policies and procedures. A master’s degree in psychology is often sufficient to get started in applied psychology but the best positions and career opportunities require a doctorate degree. A few of the most popular career paths for applied psychologists include the following:

• Industrial-organizational Psychologists – Not only are Industrial-organizational Psychologists (aka, I-O Psychologists) in high demand they are also some of the best-paid professionals in the field of applied psychology. It is not uncommon for seasoned I-O Psychologists to make over $120,000 a year. I-O Psychologists use their unique knowledge of psychology to improve workplace productivity and efficiency for public companies, private companies, and organizations of every type. They perform a variety of functions, such as conducting performance tests, improving product design, developing corporate training programs, and hiring qualified employees and managers. A master’s degree in psychology will qualify individuals for entry-level positions in industrial-organizational psychology but a doctorate degree is the degree of choice if you want to advance in this field.
• Forensic Psychologists – Recognition and popularity of forensic psychology has skyrocketed over the last decade, as has the demand for forensic psychologists. In short, forensic psychologists apply psychology in all aspects of criminal investigation and law. Forensic psychologists perform a number of functions including psychological analysis, expert witness, mental evaluation and private consulting. Forensic psychologists must have a master’s degree in forensic psychology but many hold a PhD in forensic or clinical psychology.

For those willing to put in the time and effort to earn a master’s or doctorate degree in psychology the career options and opportunities are endless. However, if you want to get the most from your graduate degree we highly recommend that you determine your future career path before you get started.

Featured Psychology Schools that Offer Doctorate Degrees

Enjoy this post? Don't forget to share.

Find your classes. prepare for your career..

Looking to go back to school? Let us help you find Psychology programs and schools that match your interests.

PsychologyCareerCenter.org provides higher-education, college and university, degree, program, career, salary, and other helpful information to students, faculty, institutions, and other internet audiences. Presented information and data are subject to change. Inclusion on this website does not imply or represent a direct relationship with the company, school, or brand. Information, though believed correct at time of publication, may not be correct, and no warranty is provided. Contact the schools to verify any information before relying on it. Financial aid may be available for those who qualify. The displayed options may include sponsored or recommended results, not necessarily based on your preferences.

© Copyright 2002 - 2024 Psychology Career Center All Rights Reserved.

• Privacy Policy
• California Privacy
• Do Not Sell My Personal Information
• Terms of Use

• Best Online Programs
• Best Campus Programs
• Behavior Psychology
• Clinical Psychology
• Counseling & Mental Health
• Developmental Psychology
• Educational Psychology
• Forensic Psychology
• General Psychology
• Health Psychology
• Industrial/Organizational
• Marriage Family Therapy
• Social Psychology
• Social Work
• Educational Psychologist
• Forensic Psychologist
• Clinical Psychologist
• Family Psychologists
• Marriage Family Therapist
• School Psychologist
• Social Psychologist
• School Counselors
• Neuropsychologist
• I/O Psychologist
• Sports Psychologist
• Addiction Counselor
• Mental Health Psychologist
• Counseling Psychologist
• Occupational Psychologist
• Child Psychiatrist
• Connecticut
• Massachusetts
• Mississippi
• New Hampshire
• North Carolina
• North Dakota
• Pennsylvania
• Rhode Island
• South Carolina
• South Dakota
• West Virginia
• PsyD vs PhD

50 Awesome Things to Do with a PhD in Psychology

So you want to help people, and you want to take your psychology career to the next level. If that sounds like you, a Ph.D. in psychology is an excellent way to go. Not only does this terminal degree mark you as an expert in your field, but it will also allow you to experience a wider variety of challenges and successes.

Even so, when weighing their options about getting a Ph.D., many people wonder if the degree – which is costly and time-consuming – will pay itself back. This is worth considering. After all, if you can’t find a satisfying career path after earning a PhD in psychology , there’s little point in getting one.

We’re here to give you an inside look at those sample career paths.

What’s Inside

Therapy and counseling.

• Justice & Corrections
• Research & Academia

Policy and Politics

Here are 50 amazing choices, so take a look!

One of the most common career pathways for those who earn a Ph.D. in psychology is to work one-on-one with individuals who need treatment. Note that in order to do this, most states require that you have at least a master’s degree, as well as significant experience working with individuals in a monitored setting. The amount of time you need to spend under a mentor varies, but expect to do some if you have not already before getting your Ph.D.

• Family therapist : Want to help families? A family therapist works with nuclear families, extended families, and parents.
• Marriage counselor : Such counselors devote themselves to improving and saving marriages .
• Childhood counselor : Children who have been through trauma or abuse, have trouble in school or at home, need somewhere safe to go and talk through their problems.
• Abuse and trauma counselor : Because trauma and abuse have such potentially severe problems, there is a need for psychologists who deal exclusively in that.
• Specialty counselor : Some psychology majors specialize in certain types of therapy , such as biofeedback or hypnosis.

Many people come into medical settings needing counseling. Hospitals and clinics are, in addition to places of healing, places of much sadness and hard truths. There is a strong need for qualified and compassionate counselors who can help patients and their families through tough times. If you want to help people turn their lives around, find new beginnings and cope with the deep sorrow that can accompany death, you might be well suited for a role in a medical setting.

• Trauma counselor : Many people come in hospitals having experienced severe trauma , and need help working it through.
• Addictions counselor : For those who have addictions issues and land in the hospital due to overdose or mental break, psychology is a literal lifesaver.
• Family counselor : Family counselors help relatives of patients deal with the realities of coordination, decision-making, and suffering.
• Grief counselor : Once people pass away, their families are left to mourn them – and that requires help.
• Mental health counselor : Healthcare workers need counseling as well, and sometimes hospitals or clinics keep mental health counselors on retainer for staff use.
• Policy counselor : Hospitals have to make big decisions, which can be better when guided by a psychologist.

Teaching and molding the young is a calling for many. If it forms the root of your desire to engage in one of many careers in psychology , then you might consider a role in an educational setting. Positions differ not only by age group but also by the type of counseling you can offer. You can also use your PhD to take on roles outside a counseling setting, harnessing the power of your psychology knowledge for administrative or educational purposes.

• Elementary school counselor : Children as young as kindergarten need good mental health!
• Middle school counselor : The trend only continues in middle school.
• High school counselor : In high school, students are facing real interpersonal challenges and making life-changing decisions.
• Career counselor : Career counselors focus on the latter, making sure that kids get the help they need thinking through next steps.
• Institution of higher education counselor : These counselors deal with college and graduate students.
• Curriculum developer : Psychologists can help to develop appropriate curriculum at any grade level.
• Principal : Some principals do a short tour of duty as teachers, but really wanted to be principal all along. A PhD in psychology can expedite the process.

Justice and Corrections

Law, jurisprudence and correctional fields all have a desperate need for counselors as well. Many of the people who come through the justice system are actually suffering from mental health issues – according to some statistics, most of them are. For that reason, turning your counseling abilities to helping such people (as well as helping the justice system in general) is huge. Here are a few ways you can do just that.

• Correctional counselor : These counselors work with inmates behind walls to prepare them for better lives after jail.
• Probation counselor : Getting back on track is hard, but probation officers can help with the right training.
• Expert witness : Sometimes a psychologist’s opinion is needed on the stand.
• Case manager : Psychologists who work in corrections may have multiple cases going at once, or may manage the files of everyone in the institution.

Many people get into psychology because they want to help those who are suffering from severe mental health and addictions issues. Because the root of most addictions is the mental health of some kind, counselors are desperately needed across the country and the world. With a Ph.D. in psychology, you can help to make a change in this niche.

• Substance abuse counselor : Mental health counseling can make a huge difference in the success of sobriety.
• Youth substance abuse counselor : When children or teens are addicted, a counselor needs special tools.
• Alcohol counselor : Alcohol, believe it or not, is one of the harder addictions to break, creating a need for specially focused psychologists.
• Group therapy leader : Group therapy is a cornerstone of healing from addiction.
• 12 step program leader : 12 step programs are one of the most popular and well-renowned forms of addiction therapy.
• Treatment center director : Some psychologists wish to run the psychology staff of a treatment center, which ha Ph.D. can prepare you for.
• Dual diagnosis counselor : Mental health and substance abuse make a nasty combination, and those trained to work with both are sorely needed.

Research and Academia

While much of psychology is applied, there is a strong need for the research and teaching that forms the foundation of the field. If you’re more interested in discovering new psychological truths, then getting a Ph.D. can definitely help. With a Ph.D., you can join on with studies, design and lead them yourself, or teach the younger generation about the subject – from high schoolers to bachelor’s and master’s students.

• Applied researcher : Research is the bedrock of understanding, and psychology starts there.
• Research lead : Want to lead a team? You can do that with a Ph.D. in psychology.
• Study designer : Prefer to design studies and watch others carry them out? This is the role for you.
• Professor : Some psychologists thrive on teaching others, which is where professors shine.
• High school teacher : Others want to start younger on the teaching ladder, helping to mold minds before they choose their direction in life.
• Funding specialist : Getting funding is no small feat, and it takes a marketing-savvy mind to do it. Some PhDs find this a rewarding career.
• Policymaker : Guiding policy at the institutional level can also prove rewarding.

Just as academia forms the underpinning of what we know about psychology, policy and politics form the basis of how we apply it in our world. Ph.D. candidates have the opportunity to go into jobs where they can help form public policy, can lobby for better services for underserved populations, can work on committees and panels dedicated to the cause, and more. If you’re interested in change at the population level, this might be the approach for you.

• Political psychologist : Understanding the psychology of politics is a big job.
• Social psychologist : So is making sense of the complex social world in which we live.
• Policy advisor : informing policy is a dream job of many psychologists .
• Lobbyist : Drumming up support for initiatives is a lobbyist’s main purview.
• Government aide : Understanding social and political issues are paramount in government, and psychologists can make good money offering those insights.
• NGO worker : If you want to make a difference in people’s lives, you can help through an NGO.

In the business world, big decisions are at the forefront of any given meeting, event or day. Because of this, business can be a stressful sphere, and its workers are vulnerable to distress and mental disturbances. Increasingly, businesses are hiring psychologists either on retainer or right on staff to help workers process their feelings and respond to the stresses of the workplace in healthy ways. There are a number of ways you could use a Ph.D. in Business Psychology  arena.

• Occupational psychologist : The workforce comes with many interpersonal challenges, and occupational psychologists help to tease them apart and find solutions.
• Marketing advisor : Marketing is embedded deeply in the human psyche, and a Ph.D. in psychology has a strong window into it.
• Human resources director : Making the right hiring and firing calls is a tough job that requires deep human understanding.
• Private practice : If you don’t want to work for a company or go into offices, consider opening a private practice and seeing people in your office.

Like business, sport is a field that requires top-level performance and induces top-level stress right along with it. Keeping players feeling their best is a lifetime job for coaches, assistant coaches, medical practitioners and more – but they need help. A psychologist can “get inside the heads” of players and help them to approach the game with the right attitude, defeat issues such as “the yips” and play their best.

• Director of sports psychology : Want to make decisions and move pieces on the board? The director gets to do just that.
• Sports psychologist : If you want a very active role, you might become a  top-paid sports psychologist who visits players on the field.
• Clinical psychologist : Clinical psychologists may see players in their office between games.
• Athletic director : Sometimes athletic directors are psychologists since all the skills for managing players and the stress of the game are already in place.

Now that you have a better idea of how a PhD in psychology can serve you, we invite you to check out your options. There is a wide range of programs available for those who want to take their careers to the ultimate level, with financial assistance available to most.

• Top 7 No GRE Online PhD in Psychology Degree Programs

If you’re looking for a new experience and a greater challenge, it might be time to get that Ph.D.… so start looking today!

• 10 Best Ph.D. in Psychology Degree Jobs. (2018). Retrieved from  https://psydprograms.org/10-best-jobs-after-a-phd-in-psychology-degree/

Psychology • November 12, 2022

PhD in Psychology: What Can You Do with This Doctorate Degree?

You’ve earned your bachelor’s degree in psychology; now what.

Depending on your career goals and academic interests, you may choose to pursue a master’s in Psychology, a PsyD, or a PhD in Psychology.

A PhD, which is a Doctor of Philosophy degree, may be earned in any number of fields wherein the doctorate program is research focused. A PhD in Psychology , therefore, is a doctorate degree for those interested in psychology research, academia, professorship, and authorship.  This degree is the highest level graduate degree in the field of psychology, and as a result trains students for a wide range of professional opportunities that represent a broad spectrum of research and practice areas.

Alternatively, a PsyD program is a good fit for individuals who are interested in research but are more practice-driven.  A PsyD in Psychology , like a PhD, is a doctorate degree, but was introduced within higher education much more recently and is not offered as widely as the PhD.  Students who desire to work with patients directly, are curious about techniques, and enjoy putting educational theory into practice may benefit from a PsyD in Psychology.

If a doctorate is not of interest, a master’s in psychology will prepare matriculants for a career in behavioral health and counseling, with a lower degree of training in analytical skills and a higher emphasis on career skills.

Of the three graduate degrees we’ve outlined, the PhD in Psychology is considered the most prestigious degree in the field due to its long history and the broad, rigorous training required for completion.

Will a PhD in Psychology help me achieve my career goals?

If a PhD candidate is primarily interested in a career as a professional counselor, therapist, or educator , it is theoretically not necessary to pursue a degree higher than a master's in counseling, therapy, social work, etc. to achieve this objective. A master's degree can be used to enter a variety of professions without a PhD. However, several professions in the field of psychology require a PhD or will be made more easily attainable with the higher level of education awarded by a PhD. This is why it is important to carefully consider all options and get clarity around your goals as a psychologist or otherwise.

Psychologists make a positive impact in the lives of those struggling with mental health

How do I earn a PhD in Psychology?

All universities require a bachelor's degree to be accepted into a PhD program in Psychology, and will occasionally require a master's degree as well, but the criteria vary depending on the structure of the institution’s programs. As an alternative, some universities offer a combined degree that merges the master's and doctoral psychology programs. In this case, the matriculant begins the program with a bachelor's degree and earns both a master's and a doctorate degree by the time they complete it.

The most important part of PhD program enrollment is the chosen concentration or area of research.  When applying, you will want to be sure your selected university offers programs in alignment with this area of interest.  Not only will your coursework focus on this topic, but this will likely be the subject of your dissertation.

The learning methods used by universities for their PhD programs are unique and depend on the institution. The majority of PhD programs in Psychology require the equivalent of 72 semester units for completion, and many of them can be finished in five years. Even within a single university, the design of the individual program largely affects how long it takes to get a PhD.

To determine the length of time you can expect to spend pursuing your PhD in Psychology, you may wish to do some independent research on the following topics:

• What type of academic calendar does the college use, and how many units are needed to earn a PhD in Psychology?
• Is there a set minimum number of units that must be completed each quarter or semester to complete the program?
• Is there a part-time option available or is the program only full-time?
• Is there a deadline for program completion?
• What kinds of classes will you take in a PhD program?

At the culmination of a PhD program, a dissertation is submitted for review and defended in front of a committee of experts.  If needed, dissertation research grants and award programs are available for those studying the field of psychology from sources such as the American Psychological Association (APA) . Once approved, your manuscript may be published and you will have earned your doctoral status.

How much time will it take to earn a PhD in Psychology?

Do I need to obtain practical experience while working toward my degrees?

Meridian University recommends that graduate students majoring in psychology actively seek out and make the most of opportunities to participate in research and/or placements in various service settings during their time at university. Through this experience, students have the opportunity to determine whether this is a pursuit that they want to devote a significant portion of their lives to.

Additionally, if research is conducted with a faculty member or practical experience is obtained with a supervisor (or both), a powerful letter of recommendation may be provided by this research mentor, which is another significant benefit of practical experience.  PhD program applications will benefit from a recommendation letter written by someone who can speak to the student's work ethic, punctuality, and ability to effectively contribute to the ongoing research projects or other work being performed.

Experiences like these provided many opportunities for students majoring in psychology to gain valuable, hands-on experience outside of the classroom. These experiences can assist them in determining the kinds of things that interest them. This is essential information for students who will be looking for work immediately after graduation as well as students who will be applying to graduate schools after they have completed their undergraduate degrees. A student can write a compelling cover letter by describing what they did during their undergraduate career, what they learned about themself, and how these experiences influenced their career path.

Working in settings related to mental health can also help students who are interested in applying to graduate programs in psychology to figure out which populations (children and adolescents, adults, individuals with substance use disorders, individuals with post-traumatic stress disorder, and so on) or which settings (hospitals, clinics, schools, agencies, and so on) they might be interested in working with. For example, students may find that they are more interested in working with children and adolescents than adults. Examples of such experiences include working as a counselor at a camp, volunteering with a women's shelter, and a wide variety of other possibilities.

People Also Ask

Are people with a phd called dr.

An individual with a doctorate could refer to themselves as “doctor.” However, it is important to note that having a PhD does not make the holder a medical doctor, and is not licensed to prescribe medication or medical treatments in most states within the US.

What does PhD stand for?

PhD stands for Doctor of Philosophy.

What areas of Psychology can I specialize in?

The field of Psychology is a growing professional space, with room for innovation in countless directions.  Here, we have provided some of the more common areas of specialization.

• Abnormal Psychology
• Behavioral Psychology
• Biopsychology
• Clinical Psychology
• Cognitive Psychology
• Comparative Psychology
• Counseling Psychology
• Cross-Cultural Psychology
• Developmental Psychology
• Educational Psychology
• Experimental Psychology
• Forensic Psychology
• Health Psychology
• Industrial-Organizational Psychology
• Personality Psychology
• School Psychology
• Social Psychology
• Sports Psychology

Is psychology the same thing as clinical psychology?

No. Psychology, containing the suffix “-logy,” which means “to study,” focuses on the study of mental behaviors and psychological functions.  Clinical psychology, wherein “clinical” is defined as “ based on or characterized by observable and diagnosable symptoms ,” focuses on diagnosing and treating specific mental health conditions. Clinical psychology is not simply a practice in scientific theory; rather, it goes beyond that and includes work toward concrete developments within behavioral health, human behavior, and studies on the mind.  Earning a master’s degree or doctorate degree in psychology awards the title of psychologist and allows the holder to practice clinical psychology.

What exactly is meant by the term "human behavior"?

Human behavior, in the context of psychology, refers to the fact that the ways in which humans interact run the gamut from physical to mental to emotional behavior. This concept encompasses all aspects of human interaction. In addition, different aspects of a person's life, such as their environment and their genes, can have an impact on their behavior.

Interested in learning more about the programs at Meridian?

Public Programs

Consumer Information

System Status

Privacy Policy

San Francisco Bay Area Center

47 Sixth Street Petaluma, California 94952 +1 (707) 765-1836

Los Angeles Campus

2450 Colorado Avenue Santa Monica, California 90404 +1 (310) 876-2001

Athens Center

Ermou 56 Athens 10563, Greece +30 21 1199 0060

Berlin Center

Greifswalder Strasse 226 10405 Berlin, Germany +49 30 16637734

Johannesburg Center

Atrium on 5th 9th Floor 5th St, Johannesburg, 2196, South Africa +27 31 822 9032

Istanbul Center

Mecidiyeköy Mahallesi | Lati Lokum Sokak Çınar Apt. No: 12, Kat: 4, D: 14 Şişli/İstanbul 34387 +1 (833) 256-2295

Copyright © 1993- 2024 , Meridian University

11 Careers for I-O Ph.D. Grads

Top careers in i/o psychology.

Industrial organizational psychology programs are available to undergraduate and graduate students.  Perhaps you took an introductory course in I O psychology while earning your bachelor’s degree.  Advanced education and training are essential for career advancement.  A master’s degree may be sufficient for many roles in I O psychology, but a doctorate degree can improve job prospects and income potential.  Organizational psychology degrees are offered by many top universities. 

I O psychology has been around since the 1920’s.  The first person to earn a PhD in industrial/organizational psychology was Bruce V. Moore.  He went on to make significant contributions to the field.  Dr. Moore created a strong I O psychology program at Penn State.

Featured Schools

Related resource:  Top 25 Campus-Based Industrial-Organizational Psychology Master’s Degree Programs

But as with so many careers, the more education you have, the more variety you are likely to have in terms of:

• places of employment
• compensation

Getting your Ph.D. in I O psychology certainly opens up your career prospects on all three of these measures.

What can you do with a PhD in psychology ? If you’ve taken the time to get a doctoral degree in industrial organizational psychology, then you know that there are a wealth of career options for you. Doctoral programs in I O psychology prepare graduates to work in areas like:

• business and marketing
• market research
• human resources
• organizational development
• government agencies

What Does an Industrial Organizational Psychologist Do?

While the specific duties of your job will depend on your job title and place of employment, there are some basic responsibilities you can expect to have in any organizational psychology related career.

On a primary level, all I O psychologists apply their knowledge and understanding of psychology to the workplace.  You will lean on your years of education and experience in psychology to:

• improve employer-employee relations
• design an intake assessment for new employees
• increase productivity among employees

This application of psychology to the workplace setting can take many different forms. You might:

• Train new hires
• Improve the organizational structure of a business
• Oversee hiring practices
• Consult with human resources
• Conduct psychological research
• Improve the workplace environment
• Research consumer behavior
• Assess employee job performance
• Assist with company transitions, like mergers and takeovers

Again, some of these tasks are more common than others, and depending on your specific place of work, you may or may not be involved in all of them.

What Can I Do With a PhD in Psychology? 

Let’s explore some of the most popular career paths for I O psychology graduates.  Below we explain some popular industrial organizational psychology job titles .  

Individual Assessment and Psychometrics Specialist

In some companies, industrial organizational psychologists are tasked primarily with conducting assessments. Though the type of assessments will vary from position to position, the role of a psychometrist is to evaluate employees.  They want to place them in a job that best fits their skills.

For example, if you work for a manufacturing company, one of the assessments you give to prospective employees might be a hand-eye coordination test. This test could be highly informative as to whether or not a potential employee has the basic physical skills to keep up with a fast-paced assembly line.

As another example, you might be in charge of evaluating current employees. You might use interest inventories to see if there is a different job that fits their interests better. Likewise, you might conduct employee evaluations to see what their attitudes are like regarding management and the work environment.

Yet another aspect of this type of organizational psychology job is to develop bespoke assessments for your employer. You might create an employee screening test that looks for desirable skills that would benefit the company’s bottom-line.

Not only would you develop the measure but you might also be in charge of:

• analyzing test items
• calculating norms
• conducting statistical analyses
• writing assessment instructions

Engineering Psychologist

Unlike industrial organizational psychologist jobs like human resources that focus on the human side of the workplace, engineering psychologists focus on the physical aspects of the work environment.  They study how people interact with technology.

As an engineering psychologist, you might be asked to evaluate the safety of the workplace and identify potential areas where employee safety might be at risk. After this evaluation, you would make recommendations regarding how to reorganize the workplace to make it a safer environment for employees.

As another example, you might be hired by a company to analyze how consumers interact with a new product. You might oversee various trials in which volunteers use a product and report on their user experience. Your job would be to:

• collect that data
• interpret it
• use it to make recommendations on how the product can be improved for a better consumer experience

Research Psychologist

A number of industrial-organizational psychologist jobs are in research.  I O psychology professionals conduct research in a number of different settings including:

• colleges and universities
• nonprofit organizations
• governmental agencies (including the military
• and large business enterprises or corporations

For example, you might develop a longitudinal study that examines the relationship between paid leave and job satisfaction at a private company. This kind of research would seek to answer the question, “Does more paid leave result in higher job satisfaction?” In conducting this kind of research, you could help business leaders determine the right amount of paid leave to offer employees that enhance their satisfaction with the job, but that doesn’t negatively impact production or the company’s bottom line.

Think of industrial psychology jobs in research as looking at the big picture. You might study individual workers’ behaviors. You might examine small groups within a business or organization. Or you might evaluate the entire ecosystem of an organization. But at the end of the day, the research you do is intended to identify problems in the workplace and mitigate those problems through research-based methods.

College Professor

Some of these individuals teach. Others do research as referenced a moment ago more broadly. Still other people who earn a doctorate degree in this I O psychology focus on both teaching and writing.

Typically, career opportunities in academics come only after working in the “real world” in I O psychology. This is to say that college professors usually have experience in the field, and can draw on that experience to further their capabilities as a professor, researcher, or both.

In fact, the vast majority of psychology professors at colleges and universities have held positions outside of academics first. So, as a hopeful college professor, you will need to gain some on-the-job experience in I O psychology first, and then begin your career in academia later on. This doesn’t mean you need to work for 30 years in the field, but certainly having 5-10 years of job experience in I O psychology will help.

Behavior Analyst

Industrial organizational psychologists can use their knowledge and training in human behavior to become a behavior analyst.

As a behavior analyst, you might be asked to analyze the behavior of a company’s employees as they work on the floor of a manufacturing plant. Your goal would be to examine how environmental factors in the workplace affect employee behavior and on-the-job performance.

Furthermore, you might be tasked with considering how to change the workday to improve productivity. For example, if a company has noticed a downturn in employee productivity, you might be asked to explore what the cause of that lack of productivity might be. 

As you dive into the problem, you might find that a recent change in the work schedule is the culprit, and make recommendations to create a new schedule that better adheres to the times of greatest employee productivity.

As a behavior analyst, you aren’t just looking to identify problem behaviors and correct them. Instead, you want to be able to:

• describe a person’s behavior
• develop an understanding of it
• identify the circumstances in which certain behaviors occur
• devise ways to change behaviors for the benefit of the person (and the company, too, of course)

Human Resources

A significant cohort of women and men who earn a doctorate in industrial and organizational psychology work in the field of human resources. They do so in a number of different ways. 

For example, these professionals might work in human resources departments of larger business and governmental agencies. They may work as human resources specialists or as a human resources manager.  In this capacity, you might expect to have responsibilities that include:

• Interviewing and hiring new employees
• Developing effective training programs
• Training employees
• Improving workplace productivity
• Mediating workplace conflicts
• Assessing and evaluating employees
• Creating professional development opportunities

In some cases, you might be asked to represent individual workers in the company. For example, if an employee is facing termination, you might be asked to advocate on their behalf.

You might have a more specialized role.  Some I O psychology professionals work as training and development specialists or in ergonomics.  They might work in management consulting to provide outside perspectives and strategies to improve the organization.

Ultimately, the goal of a human resources position is to ensure that the overall culture within the business or organization is one of teamwork and respect for all employees.

Staffing and Recruiting Manager

A related career path to human resources is to become a staffing and recruiting manager.

As the job title indicates, this position focuses solely on recruiting new talent and helping fill vacant positions within a company. You would oversee all hiring processes. You would likely also be responsible for developing employee training programs.

Being able to identify a person’s potential requires you to lean heavily on your knowledge of psychology. You’ll need to utilize skills related to:

• interviewing
• predicting behavior
• analyzing behavior as well

What’s more, understanding what motivates people is hugely important. This position often requires you to direct efforts to retain employees. Leveraging your understanding of what employees find motivating can help you keep the best employees around for the long-term.

Executive Coach

Even the organizational leaders of Fortune 500 companies don’t have all the answers when it comes to the ideal direction for their company. That’s where executive coaches come in.

As an executive coach, you will consult with senior leadership executives to develop organizational and managerial skills that will help the company move forward in a positive direction.

In some cases, you might work directly with a single company executive. In others, you might be responsible for coaching the entire executive staff. Additionally, some executive coaches work with mid-management and lower-tier employees, usually in the capacity of encouraging ownership of the company vision and getting buy-in for company-wide changes.

Regardless of who you’re working with, your job as a coach involves a heavy dose of:

• assessing people
• developing professional development plans for them
• creating strategies for achieving goals
• effectively improving their job performance

Organizational Culture Specialist

Another area in which a person with a doctorate in industrial organizational psychology works is as an organizational culture specialist.

Industrial and organizational psychology jobs in this field involves researching and analyzing different aspects of the organization including:

• understandings

This research has the objective of translating these intangibles into a shared, cohesive sense of organization among employees of a business, members of an organization, and so forth.

For example, you might help develop an organizational mission statement that rallies employees behind a common cause. As another example, you might make recommendations about a corporate structure such that a culture of inclusivity is fostered between employers and employees, and within the different departments within a business as well.

Organizational Effectiveness Consultant

Another possible career for a Ph.D. graduate in industrial organizational psychology is an organizational effectiveness consultant.

A consultant in this capacity usually works hand-in-hand with executives and upper management to establish a clear set of goals for the organization. You might:

• define management processes
• help establish long-term goals for the company
• assist company leadership in developing a roadmap for achieving the company’s goals

In some cases, companies might have their own in-house organizational effectiveness consultant. More commonly, though, you would be an independent consultant that’s brought in to get the company headed in the right direction. PhD psychology jobs may also be available through consulting firms. You would then repeat the process with another client, and then another, and so on.

Public Relations

As a public relations specialist, your focus is on understanding what customers want, reaching target markets, and helping companies foster and maintain a positive public image.

This position isn’t just about branding and building consumer trust, though. Public relations is also about:

• identifying consumer needs
• evaluating public opinions
• helping craft marketing messages that resonate with consumers

Of course, another dimension of public relations is helping mitigate negative press. Understanding how to create a narrative – and control that narrative – is paramount in order to focus the public’s attention on what you want them to hear.

Which Career Path is Right for You?

As noted in the introduction, a doctoral degree in this field opens up many different career paths for you.  The most difficult part is likely deciding which of these paths best aligns with your interests and skill set.  Jobs for PhD in psychology graduates are available throughout the country.  If you’ve completed your bachelor’s degree or master’s degree and are ready to take your career to the next level, a PhD might be the right choice for you!

Fortunately, this is a rapidly growing field with a lot of potential for job growth. Though there aren’t many industrial organizational psychologists in the United States ( only about 610 , according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics), demand for I O psychology services is expected to grow in the coming years.

This field of psychology also pays quite well. The Bureau of Labor Statistics reports a mean annual wage of nearly $113,000.  I O psychology graduates like yourself will likely have high demand and high wages awaiting you upon graduation.

Sean Jackson

B.A. Social Studies Education | University of Wyoming

M.S. Counseling | University of Wyoming

B.S. Information Technology | University of Massachusetts

Related Resources:

• What Can I Expect from an Industrial-Organizational Psychology Ph.D. Program?
• What are the Most Important Elements of an Industrial-Organizational Psychologists Job?
• Top 15 Industrial/Organizational Certificate Programs
• What Are Psychomotor Skills?

• People Directory
• Safety at UD

Cognitive Psychology Concentration

• PSYC100 Research Requirement
• Neuroscience 4+1 (B.S./M.S.)
• Behavioral Neuroscience Requirements
• Clinical Science Requirements
• Cognitive Psychology Requirements
• Social Psychology Requirements
• Delaware Bridge Program
• Psychological & Brain Sciences Labs
• Make a Gift
• Institute for Community Mental Health Clinic

Welcome to Cognitive Psychology

Welcome to the cognitive psychology graduate program, offered by the Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences at the University of Delaware. Our primary goal is to train a new generation of theoretically focused scientists to understand the mind and brain.

Our apprenticeship program is designed to rapidly engage new students. During their first semesters, students begin conducting research and consulting with their advisors to select courses that complement their research interests. Throughout the year students choose among a number of colloquia offered by the Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences. Readings are drawn from a variety of areas (courses, cognitive area seminar, independent reading) that help them​ to prepare for the qualifying exam. ​

We provide exciting opportunities for training in research with a number of different populations (including brain-damaged adults, infants, and children) and a range of state-of-the-art techniques. The  Center for Biomedical and Brain Imaging  houses a 3T Siemens Prisma scanner, and we provide extensive training in neuroimaging, including fMRI, DTI, MVPA, and other analysis techniques. We also provide training in EEG, brain stimulation (TMS), eye tracking, computational modeling, and behavioral experiments.

UD's  Early Learning Center  provides on-campus opportunities for research on cognitive development. We encourage collaborative, interdisciplinary research, so our students can obtain the kind of broad training that is required in today’s research environment.

Along with methodological expertise, students develop a strong theoretical foundation in understanding cognitive processes. Students develop these skills via formal coursework in statistics, methods, and special topics in cognition.

Our students will also receive training in teaching, provided in the form of teaching assistantships and courses on best practices in teaching. 

Nature and goals of the program

This apprenticeship program in cognitive psychology for University of Delaware graduate students is designed to rapidly engage new students in research. Students begin conducting research their first semester. The number of  required  courses/seminars is minimal allowing the student in consultation with his/her advisor to select whatever additional courses would be most valuable to that student’s research interests. For breadth in the field, our students attend a weekly cognitive area seminar at which faculty and graduate students present their research and discuss current topics in the field. Throughout the year students can choose among a number of colloquia offered by the Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences. In addition, during their first two years, students’ readings are drawn from a variety of areas (courses, cognitive area seminar, independent reading) that will help them​ to prepare for the qualifying exam. ​

Collaborations

Our labs tackle core aspects of information-processing, such as scene representation, body representation, language, attention, emotion, learning, and categorization. Many of our faculty have expertise in spatial cognition: how we think about, navigate and perceive the world around us. Given that our faculty have complementary strengths, we strongly encourage bridge-building between labs.

Cognitive students collaborate freely with researchers not only from the Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, but also from Linguistics, Education, and Philosophy. Developmental research is enhanced by strong ties to the Early Learning Center and the Cognitive Science Program in Linguistics. Neuropsychological and brain stimulation research is enhanced by collaborations with the Delaware Rehabilitation Institute and faculty in the College of Health Sciences.

Our faculty also have active collaborations with labs at Johns Hopkins University, the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, the University of Nevada-Reno, and the University of Pennsylvania.

Research with faculty mentors

Psychological and Brain Sciences faculty have been awarded APA and APS Fellowships and have been appointed as editors or editorial board members of journals such as Attention, Perception & Psychophysics, Child Development, Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, Psychological Science, Psychology and Aging, and Psychonomic Bulletin & Review. Faculty research has been featured in The New York Times, The Economist, The Guardian, Parents Magazine, CNN, and Discovery Channel.

Our faculty are currently funded by the National Science Foundation and the National Institutes of Health. ​This includes grants using functional neuroimaging to understand dyslexia, robotics to assess visuoproprioceptive integration in brain-damaged individuals, and a new NSF grant to create a post-baccalaureate BRIDGE program in data science and psychology for underrepresented students.​​​

Program Requirements >

Work with our faculty.

Visit each researcher's bio page, linked below, for information on research interests and current funding.

Faculty accepting graduate students for 2025–2026:

• Adrian Gilmore
• Alon Hafri​​
• ​​ Keith Schneider
• Tim Vickery
• ​Maryam Vaziri-Pashkam​

View more research labs

College of Arts & Sciences

• Prospective Students
• Current Students
• News & Events
• Research & Innovation
• Alumni & Friends
• College Operations