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What is a Computer Network? Explained in Detail

Explore the intricacies of Computer Networks in our detailed blog, "What is a Computer Network?" with insights on types, components, and crucial roles. Uncover the intricacies as we define a Computer Network—an intricate web of interconnected devices facilitating communication and resource sharing.

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What is a Computer Network? Simply put, it is a system that connects two or more computing devices for transmitting and sharing information. Computing devices can range from a mobile phone to a server. They can be connected using physical wires such as fibre optics or wireless technologies such as Wi-Fi. The rules that govern how these connections work are called communication protocols. 

Computer Networks have many benefits and applications in various fields, such as business, education, entertainment, and research. They allow users to access and share resources, communicate and collaborate, and exchange data and information. In this blog, we will explore What is a Computer Network in further detail, covering its types, components, workings and objectives. 

Table of Contents  

1) Defining Computer Networks 

2) Key Objectives of Establishing a Computer Network 

3) Types of Computer Networks 

4) Components of Computer Networks 

5) Network Topologies 

6) Security in Computer Networks 

7) The Internet as a Global Computer Network 

8) Future Trends in Computer Networks 

9) Conclusion 

Defining Computer Networks  

Let us begin by answering the basic question- What is a Computer Network? At its essence, a Computer Network is a complex system facilitating the seamless exchange of information between devices. These networks enable various electronic devices, from computers to smartphones, to communicate and share resources cohesively. 

The foundation of Computer Networks lies in their ability to transcend geographical boundaries, allowing users to connect regardless of physical proximity. These networks can be as localised as a home network, connecting devices within a confined space, or as expansive as the global internet, bridging continents and cultures. 

The pursuit of efficient communication, resource sharing, and collaborative innovation has shaped the evolution of Computer Networks. Networks empower individuals, businesses, and societies by providing a platform for real-time information exchange and collaboration. Whether through Local Area Networks (LANs) for internal office communication or Wide Area Networks (WANs) linking global entities, Computer Networks form the foundation of connectivity that defines our contemporary digital landscape.  

How does a Computer Network work?  

A Computer Network is a sophisticated web of interconnected devices, and understanding how it works involves understanding the basics of data transmission, protocols, and network devices. The process begins with data encapsulation, where information is wrapped in a standardised format for efficient transmission. Protocols, such as the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP), govern this communication, ensuring a common language across the network. 

Routing plays a pivotal role in directing data through the network. Routers, the traffic controllers of the digital highway, analyse destination addresses and determine the most efficient path for data packets to reach their intended destination. Switches and hubs further facilitate this journey by managing the flow of information within local segments. 

Essential network devices, including routers, switches, and hubs, collaborate to enable seamless connectivity. Routers connect different networks, switches facilitate communication within a network, and hubs serve as central points for data distribution. Each device contributes to efficient data flow, creating a dynamic network ecosystem. 

Ultimately, a Computer Network operates as a collaborative orchestra, with each device playing a distinct role in ensuring that data travels swiftly and accurately from source to destination. This orchestrated symphony of protocols and devices forms the backbone of our interconnected digital world, enabling the instantaneous exchange of information that defines modern communication and collaboration. 

Key Objectives of Establishing a Computer Network  

In Computer Networks, establishing connectivity goes beyond mere technological interlinking; it revolves around achieving objectives that enhance overall system efficiency and foster collaboration. Here are the key objectives: 

1) Shared resource utilisation  

One of the primary objectives of a Computer Network is the efficient utilisation of shared resources. These resources can include hardware components like printers, scanners, and storage devices. By interconnecting devices, networks enable multiple users to access and use these resources simultaneously, optimising their utilisation. 

2) Ensuring resource accessibility and reliability  

Networks are designed to ensure seamless resource accessibility, promoting data retrieval and utilisation reliability. Whether accessing files on a shared server or utilising a centrally connected printer, the objective is to guarantee that resources are readily available and dependable for all network users. 

3) Efficient performance oversight  

Computer Networks incorporate mechanisms to monitor and manage network performance. This involves tracking data transfer speeds, identifying potential bottlenecks, and ensuring consistent performance across the network. Efficient oversight contributes to a smooth and responsive network experience. 

4) Economical operations  

Networks aim to streamline operations by reducing redundancy and optimising resource usage. This objective aligns with cost-effectiveness, ensuring the network infrastructure operates efficiently without unnecessary expenditures. Consolidating resources and centralising management contribute to economical network operations. 

5) Expanded storage capability  

Networks provide expanded storage capabilities through centralised servers and cloud solutions. This objective addresses the growing need for scalable storage solutions, allowing organisations to accommodate increasing data volumes without resorting to individual device upgrades. 

6) Enhanced collaboration and communication streamlining  

A fundamental goal of Computer Networks is to enhance collaboration and streamline communication. Shared access to files, collaborative document editing, and real-time communication tools are integral. The network acts as a facilitator for efficient teamwork, breaking down geographical barriers. 

7) Error minimisation  

Networks incorporate error detection and correction mechanisms to minimise data transmission errors. Robust protocols and algorithms ensure data integrity during transmission, contributing to the reliability and accuracy of information exchange. 

8) Secure remote access  

Enabling secure remote access is a crucial objective, especially in the modern work landscape. Networks implement security protocols to safeguard data during remote access, allowing users to connect securely to the network from different locations. 

Types of Computer Networks   

 Computer Networks come in diverse forms, each tailored to specific needs and scale. The array of Types of Computer Networks can be categorised based on their geographical scope and purpose.  

1) Local Area Networks (LANs)  

LANs are confined to a limited geographical area, such as a single building or campus. They facilitate high-speed data sharing among devices like computers and printers, fostering seamless collaboration within a specific locale. 

2) Wide Area Networks (WANs)  

WANs cover larger geographical expanses, often connecting LANs across cities or countries. The internet is a global WAN, exemplifying how these networks enable communication and resource-sharing over considerable distances. 

3) Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs)  

MANs bridge the gap between LANs and WANs, covering a metropolitan area like a city. They offer connectivity for organisations with multiple locations within a city, facilitating efficient data exchange. 

4) Personal Area Networks (PANs)  

PANs are the smallest in scale, connecting devices like smartphones and laptops within an individual's personal space. Technologies like Bluetooth and Wi-Fi enable PANs, supporting seamless communication between personal devices. 

5) Campus Area Networks (CANs)  

CANs interconnect LANs within a specific academic or corporate campus. They provide a cohesive network infrastructure for institutions with multiple buildings, ensuring effective data transfer and communication. 

Components of Computer Networks   

A Computer Network comprises several critical components, each playing a distinct role in shaping the network's functionality, efficiency, and security.  

1) Network devices  

Network devices are the backbone of any Computer Network, facilitating communication and resource sharing. These devices include routers, switches, hubs, and access points. Routers direct data between different networks, while switches manage data flow within a network.  

Though less common today, Hubs serve as central points for connecting devices. Access points enable wireless connectivity. Collectively, these devices create a cohesive network infrastructure that enables seamless communication and resource utilisation. 

2) Links  

Links form the physical or logical connections between network devices. Physical links involve cables, such as Ethernet or fibre optics, directly connecting devices. Logical links, on the other hand, are established through protocols and address assignments, creating a virtual connection. The quality and speed of links significantly impact the network's overall performance. 

3) Communication protocols  

Communication protocols are rules governing data exchange between devices on a network. Protocols define how data is formatted, transmitted, received, and acknowledged. Common protocols include Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), Internet Protocol (IP), and Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). Adhering to standardised protocols ensures interoperability among diverse devices and systems, fostering efficient and secure communication. 

4) Network security  

Network security is important as it protects data and resources from unauthorised access, attacks, and breaches. This includes implementing firewalls, encryption mechanisms, and intrusion detection systems. 

Security protocols such as Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) and Virtual Private Network (VPN) are crucial in securing data during transmission. Robust network security ensures the integrity, confidentiality, and availability of information, safeguarding the network against potential threats. 

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Network Topologies  

Network Topologies define the physical or logical layout of interconnected devices in a Computer Network, influencing communication, scalability, and fault tolerance. Several common Network Topologies are employed based on specific requirements and considerations:  

1) Point-to-Point Network Topology  

Two devices are directly connected in a point-to-point network, creating a dedicated communication channel. It's a simple and efficient setup used in telecommunications, providing a direct link for data exchange. 

2) Bus Topology  

In a bus topology, devices share a single communication line or "bus." Data travels along this central cable, and each device on the network receives the data. While simple and cost-effective, bus topologies can experience performance issues as the number of connected devices increases. 

3) Star Topology  

Each device is connected directly to a central hub or switch in a star topology. The hub acts as a central point for data exchange. Star topologies offer easy scalability and efficient fault isolation since the failure of one connection doesn't affect others. However, they may require more cabling. 

4) Ring Topology  

In a ring topology, devices form a closed loop, and data travels in one direction. Each device is connected to precisely two neighbours. While this structure simplifies network management, a failure in any single connection can disrupt the entire network. 

5) Tree Topology  

Tree topology is a hierarchical network structure where devices are arranged in a tree-like format. A central hub connects multiple secondary hubs or devices, forming a branching structure. This design enhances scalability and allows for efficient data flow and network expansion. 

6) Mesh Topology  

Mesh topologies involve direct connections between every device, creating redundancy and multiple communication paths. This redundancy enhances fault tolerance, as data can take alternative routes if one path fails. However, the extensive cabling and setup complexity are considered. 

7) Hybrid Topology  

Hybrid topologies combine elements of two or more topologies to meet specific needs. For example, a network might incorporate aspects of both star and bus topologies. This approach allows organisations to tailor their networks to balance efficiency, scalability, and fault tolerance. 

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Security in Computer Networks  

Security in Computer Networks is crucial to safeguarding data, ensuring privacy, and preventing unauthorised access or malicious activities. As networks become increasingly complex and interconnected, robust security measures are imperative to mitigate risks and protect sensitive information. 

One fundamental aspect of network security is the implementation of firewalls, which act as barriers between a trusted internal network and untrusted external networks. Firewalls monitor and control incoming and outgoing network traffic based on predetermined security rules, preventing unauthorised access and potential cyber threats. 

Encryption is another critical component, ensuring that data transmitted over the network is secure and confidential. Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) and Transport Layer Security (TLS) protocols, for instance, encrypt data during transmission, thwarting eavesdroppers and maintaining the integrity of sensitive information. 

Network Intrusion detection and prevention systems (IDS/IPS) are vigilant guardians, monitoring network traffic for suspicious activities and promptly responding to potential threats. These systems play a crucial role in identifying and neutralising cyber threats in real time, enhancing the overall security posture of the network. 

Regular software updates, patches, and security audits are essential practices to address vulnerabilities and fortify the network against emerging threats. User authentication mechanisms, such as strong passwords and multi-factor authentication, add a layer of defence by verifying the identity of individuals accessing the network. 

The Internet as a Global Computer Network   

The Internet is a monumental achievement in Computer Networks, evolving into a global phenomenon connecting millions of devices worldwide. It is a vast, interconnected network of networks facilitating seamless communication, information sharing, and collaboration on an unprecedented scale. 

At its core, the Internet operates on distributed networking principles, where no single entity controls the entire infrastructure. This decentralised approach ensures resilience, scalability, and accessibility. The Internet amalgamates diverse technologies, protocols, and standards, enabling data transfer across many interconnected devices. 

One of the fundamental components of the Internet is the World Wide Web (WWW), a system of interlinked documents and resources accessible via the Internet. The web is a user-friendly interface, allowing individuals to navigate and interact with content using web browsers. 

The Internet's impact on global communication and information dissemination is immeasurable. It has transformed how individuals access information, conduct business, and communicate across geographical boundaries. Social media platforms, online collaboration tools, e-commerce, and digital communication channels have flourished within this expansive digital ecosystem. 

The Internet has also played a pivotal role in shaping the digital economy, fostering innovation, and providing a platform for diverse online services. From email communication to cloud computing, the Internet is the backbone of the modern digital landscape. 

As the Internet continues to evolve, emerging technologies like the Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence, and 5G connectivity further extend its capabilities. The Internet's global reach and transformative influence underscore its significance as a dynamic and ever-expanding global Computer Network that transcends borders and connects individuals, businesses, and communities worldwide.    

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Future Trends in Computer Networks   

The future of Computer Networks promises transformative trends that will reshape connectivity, communication, and information exchange. The integration of 5G technology is set to revolutionise network speed and responsiveness, facilitating a more connected and efficient digital ecosystem. Edge computing, leveraging decentralised processing power closer to end-users, will enhance real-time data processing and reduce latency. 

The rise of Software-Defined Networking (SDN) and Network Function Virtualisation (NFV) heralds a shift towards more flexible, scalable, and programmable network infrastructures. Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) will be pivotal in optimising network management, automating security protocols, and predicting potential issues. 

Moreover, the Internet of Things (IoT) will continue to increase, expanding the network's scope to include many interconnected devices. Quantum computing holds the potential to revolutionise network security through advanced encryption methods. These trends collectively indicate a future where networks are faster, more intelligent, and seamlessly integrated into every facet of our digital lives. 

Conclusion  

We hope this detailed exploration of What is a Computer Network has answered your fundamental queries regarding its layers, types, and vital components. This blog has tried to demystify the essence of Computer Networks, highlighting their pivotal role in our interconnected digital world. 

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Frequently Asked Questions

Computer Networks are essential for the digital world as they facilitate seamless communication, resource sharing, and collaboration. They connect devices globally, enabling efficient data transfer and access to information. Networks underpin the modern digital infrastructure, playing a pivotal role in the interconnected nature of our digital world. 

Network components collectively contribute to functionality. Devices, like computers and routers, enable communication. Protocols establish rules for data transfer. Topologies define how devices connect. Security measures safeguard data. Their collaboration creates a robust system, ensuring efficient data flow, accessibility, and the overall functionality of Computer Networks. 

Network security is crucial to safeguard against unauthorized access, data breaches, and cyber threats. It ensures the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of information in Computer Networks. Robust security measures, such as firewalls and encryption, protect against cyberattacks, providing a secure environment for data transmission and communication. 

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What Is a Computer Network? Definition, Objectives, Components, Types, and Best Practices

A computer network is a system that connects two or more computing devices to transmit and share information.

A computer network is defined as a system that connects two or more computing devices for transmitting and sharing information. This article explains computer network in detail, along with its types, components, and best practices.

Table of Contents

What is a computer network, key components of a computer network, types of computer networks, key objectives of creating and deploying a computer network.

• Top 10 Best Practices for Computer Network Management

A computer network is a system that connects two or more computing devices for transmitting and sharing information. Computing devices include everything from a mobile phone to a server. These devices are connected using physical wires such as fiber optics, but they can also be wireless.

The first working network, called ARPANET, was created in the late 1960s and was funded by the U.S. Department of Defense. Government researchers used to share information at a time when computers were large and difficult to move. We have come a long way today from that basic kind of network. Today’s world revolves around the internet, which is a network of networks that connects billions of devices across the world. Organizations of all sizes use networks to connect their employees’ devices and shared resources such as printers.

An example of a computer network at large is the traffic monitoring systems in urban cities. These systems alert officials and emergency responders with information about traffic flow and incidents. A simpler example is using collaboration software such as Google Drive to share documents with colleagues who work remotely. Every time we connect via a video call, stream movies, share files, chat with instant messages, or just access something on the internet, a computer network is at work.

Computer networking is the branch of computer science that deals with the ideation, architecture, creation, maintenance, and security of computer networks. It is a combination of computer science, computer engineering, and telecommunication.

See More: Building a Disaster Preparedness Strategy? Here’s How Leading Service Providers Can Help

From a broader lens, a computer network is built with two basic blocks: nodes or network devices and links. The links connect two or more nodes with each other. The way these links carry the information is defined by communication protocols. The communication endpoints, i.e., the origin and destination devices, are often called ports.

Main Components of a Computer Network

1. Network Devices

Network devices or nodes are computing devices that need to be linked in the network. Some network devices include:

• Computers, mobiles, and other consumer devices : These are end devices that users directly and frequently access. For example, an email originates from the mailing application on a laptop or mobile phone.
• Servers : These are application or storage servers where the main computation and data storage occur. All requests for specific tasks or data come to the servers.
• Routers : Routing is the process of selecting the network path through which the data packets traverse. Routers are devices that forward these packets between networks to ultimately reach the destination. They add efficiency to large networks.
• Switches : Repeaters are to networks what transformers are to electricity grids—they are electronic devices that receive network signals and clean or strengthen them. Hubs are repeaters with multiple ports in them. They pass on the data to whichever ports are available. Bridges are smarter hubs that only pass the data to the destination port. A switch is a multi-port bridge. Multiple data cables can be plugged into switches to enable communication with multiple network devices.
• Gateways : Gateways are hardware devices that act as ‘gates’ between two distinct networks. They can be firewalls, routers, or servers.

Learn More: Why a Network Management Card Is Essential to Secure Enterprise Networks from Cyber Threats

Links are the transmission media which can be of two types:

• Wired : Examples of wired technologies used in networks include coaxial cables, phone lines, twisted-pair cabling, and optical fibers. Optical fibers carry pulses of light to represent data.
• Wireless : Network connections can also be established through radio or other electromagnetic signals. This kind of transmission is called ‘wireless’. The most common examples of wireless links include communication satellites, cellular networks , and radio and technology spread spectrums. Wireless LANs use spectrum technology to establish connections within a small area.

3. Communication protocols

A communication protocol is a set of rules followed by all nodes involved in the information transfer. Some common protocols include the internet protocol suite (TCP/IP), IEEE 802, Ethernet, wireless LAN, and cellular standards. TCP/IP is a conceptual model that standardizes communication in a modern network. It suggests four functional layers of these communication links:

• Network access layer : This layer defines how the data is physically transferred. It includes how hardware sends data bits through physical wires or fibers.
• Internet layer : This layer is responsible for packaging the data into understandable packets and allowing it to be sent and received.
• Transport layer : This layer enables devices to maintain a conversation by ensuring the connection is valid and stable.
• Application layer : This layer defines how high-level applications can access the network to initiate data transfer.

Most of the modern internet structure is based on the TCP/IP model, though there are still strong influences of the similar but seven-layered open systems interconnection (OSI) model.

IEEE802 is a family of IEEE standards that deals with local area networks (LAN) and metropolitan area networks (MAN). Wireless LAN is the most well-known member of the IEEE 802 family and is more widely known as WLAN or Wi-Fis.

4. Network Defense

While nodes, links, and protocols form the foundation of a network, a modern network cannot exist without its defenses. Security is critical when unprecedented amounts of data are generated, moved, and processed across networks. A few examples of network defense tools include firewall , intrusion detection systems (IDS), intrusion prevention systems (IPS), network access control (NAC), content filters, proxy servers, anti-DDoS devices, and load balancers.

See More: What Is Local Area Network (LAN)? Definition, Types, Architecture and Best Practices

Computer networks can be classified based on several criteria, such as the transmission medium, the network size, the topology, and organizational intent. Based on a geographical scale, the different types of networks are:

• Nanoscale networks : These networks enable communication between minuscule sensors and actuators.
• Personal area network (PAN) : PAN refers to a network used by just one person to connect multiple devices, such as laptops to scanners, etc.
• Local area network (LAN) : The local area network connects devices within a limited geographical area, such as schools, hospitals, or office buildings.
• Storage area network (SAN) : SAN is a dedicated network that facilitates block-level data storage. This is used in storage devices such as disk arrays and tape libraries.
• Campus area network (CAN) : Campus area networks are a collection of interconnected LANs. They are used by larger entities such as universities and governments.
• Metropolitan area network (MAN) : MAN is a large computer network that spans across a city.
• Wide area network (WAN) : Wide area networks cover larger areas such as large cities, states, and even countries.
• Enterprise private network (EPN): An enterprise private network is a single network that a large organization uses to connect its multiple office locations.
• Virtual private network (VPN) : VPN is an overlay private network stretched on top of a public network.
• Cloud network : Technically, a cloud network is a WAN whose infrastructure is delivered via cloud services.

Based on organizational intent, networks can be classified as:

• Intranet : Intranet is a set of networks that is maintained and controlled by a single entity. It is generally the most secure type of network, with access to authorized users alone. An intranet usually exists behind the router in a local area network.
• Internet : The internet (or the internetwork) is a collection of multiple networks connected by routers and layered by networking software. This is a global system that connects governments, researchers, corporates, the public, and individual computer networks.
• Extranet : An extranet is similar to the intranet but with connections to particular external networks. It is generally used to share resources with partners, customers, or remote employees.
• Darknet : The darknet is an overlay network that runs on the internet and can only be accessed by specialized software. It uses unique, customized communication protocols.

See More: Wide Area Network (WAN) vs. Local Area Network (LAN): Key Differences and Similarities

There is no industry—education, retail, finance, tech, government, or healthcare—that can survive without well-designed computer networks. The bigger an organization, the more complex the network becomes. Before taking on the onerous task of creating and deploying a computer network, here are some key objectives that must be considered.

Objectives of Deploying a Computer Network

1. Resource sharing

Today’s enterprises are spread across the globe, with critical assets being shared across departments, geographies, and time zones. Clients are no more bound by location. A network allows data and hardware to be accessible to every pertinent user. This also helps with interdepartmental data processing. For example, the marketing team analyzes customer data and product development cycles to enable executive decisions at the top level.

2. Resource availability & reliability

A network ensures that resources are not present in inaccessible silos and are available from multiple points. The high reliability comes from the fact that there are usually different supply authorities. Important resources must be backed up across multiple machines to be accessible in case of incidents such as hardware outages.

3. Performance management

A company’s workload only increases as it grows. When one or more processors are added to the network, it improves the system’s overall performance and accommodates this growth. Saving data in well-architected databases can drastically improve lookup and fetch times.

4.Cost savings

Huge mainframe computers are an expensive investment, and it makes more sense to add processors at strategic points in the system. This not only improves performance but also saves money. Since it enables employees to access information in seconds, networks save operational time, and subsequently, costs. Centralized network administration also means that fewer investments need to be made for IT support.

5. Increased storage capacity

Network-attached storage devices are a boon for employees who work with high volumes of data. For example, every member in the data science team does not need individual data stores for the huge number of records they crunch. Centralized repositories get the job done in an even more efficient way. With businesses seeing record levels of customer data flowing into their systems, the ability to increase storage capacity is necessary in today’s world.

6. Streamlined collaboration & communication

Networks have a major impact on the day-to-day functioning of a company. Employees can share files, view each other’s work, sync their calendars, and exchange ideas more effectively. Every modern enterprise runs on internal messaging systems such as Slack for the uninhibited flow of information and conversations. However, emails are still the formal mode of communication with clients, partners, and vendors.

7. Reduction of errors

Networks reduce errors by ensuring that all involved parties acquire information from a single source, even if they are viewing it from different locations. Backed-up data provides consistency and continuity. Standard versions of customer and employee manuals can be made available to a large number of people without much hassle.

8. Secured remote access

Computer networks promote flexibility, which is important in uncertain times like now when natural disasters and pandemics are ravaging the world. A secure network ensures that users have a safe way of accessing and working on sensitive data, even when they’re away from the company premises. Mobile handheld devices registered to the network even enable multiple layers of authentication to ensure that no bad actors can access the system.

See More: What Is Wide Area Network (WAN)? Definition, Types, Architecture, and Best Practices

Top 10 Best Practices for Computer Network Management in 2022

Network management is the process of configuring, monitoring, and troubleshooting everything that pertains to a network, be it hardware, software, or connections. The five functional areas of network management are fault management, configuration management, performance management, security management, and (user) accounting management.

Computer networks can quickly become unruly mammoths if not designed and maintained from the beginning. Here are the top 10 practices for proper computer network management.

Network Management Best Practices

1. Pick the right topology

Network topology is the pattern or hierarchy in which nodes are connected to each other. The topology can speed up, slow down, or even break the network based on the company’s infrastructure and requirements. Before setting up a network from scratch, network architects must choose the right one. Some common topologies include:

• Bus network : Each node is linked to only one other node.
• Ring network : Each node is linked to two other nodes, thus forming a ring.
• Mesh network : Each node must strive to be connected to every other node in the system.
• Star network : A central node server is linked to multiple other nodes. This is faster since data doesn’t have to travel through each node.
• Tree network : Here, nodes are arranged in hierarchies.

2. Document & update constantly

Documentation of the network is vital since it is the backbone of operations. The documentation must include:

• Technical specifications of equipment, including wires, cables, and connectors
• The software used to enable the hardware and the smooth and secure flow of data
• A formal record of policies and procedures with respect to network operators and users

This must be audited at scheduled intervals or during rehauls. Not only does this make network management easier, but it also allows for smoother compliance audits.

3. Use the right tools

The network topology is just the first step toward building a robust network. To manage a highly available and reliant network, the appropriate tools must be placed at the right locations. Must-have tools in a network are:

• Network monitoring solutions : A network monitoring solution gives complete visibility into the network. Visual maps help gauge network performance. It can track packets, provide a granular look into network traffic, and help spot anomalies. Newer monitoring systems leverage artificial intelligence to predict scaling requirements and cyber threats using historic and real-time data.
• Configuration management tools : A network contains many components that interface with each other. This results in a lot of configuration parameters to keep track of. Configuration management tools resolve this by providing configuration tools that span across the entire network. They also allow network managers to ensure that all compliance requirements have been fulfilled.
• IP address managers : Bigger networks need to have an IP address manager (IPAM) to plan, track, and manage information associated with a network’s IP addresses.
• Security solutions : Firewalls , content filtering systems , intrusion detection and prevention systems—these are all tools that safeguard networks that are carrying increasingly sensitive loads. No network is complete without them. However, just acquiring these tools is not enough. They must also be properly placed within the network. For example, a firewall must be placed at every network junction. Anti-DDoS devices must be placed at the perimeters of the network. Load balancers need to be placed at strategic locations based on the infrastructure, such as before a cluster of database servers. This must be an explicit part of the network architecture.

4. Establish baseline network & abnormal behavior

A baseline allows admins to know how the network normally behaves in terms of traffic, user accesses, etc. With an established baseline, alerts can be set up in appropriate places to flag anomalies immediately. The normal range of behavior must be documented at both, user and organizational levels. Data required for the baseline can be acquired from routers, switches, firewalls, wireless APs, sniffers, and dedicated collectors.

5. Protect the network from insider threats

Firewalls and intrusion prevention systems ensure that bad actors remain out of the network. However, insider threats need to be addressed as well, particularly with cybercriminals targeting those with access to the network using various social engineering ploys. One way of doing this is to operate on a least-privilege model for access management and control. Another is to use stronger authentication mechanisms such as single sign-on (SSO) and two-factor authentication (2FA) . Besides this, employees also need to undergo regular training to deal with security threats. Proper escalation processes must be documented and circulated widely.

6. Use multiple vendors for added security

While it makes sense to stick to one hardware vendor, a diverse range of network security tools is a major plus for a large network. Security is a dynamic and ever-involving landscape. Hardware advancements are rapid and cyber threats also evolve with them. It is impossible for one vendor to be up to date on all threats. Additionally, different intrusion detection solutions use different detection algorithms. A good mix of these tools strengthens security; however, you must ensure that they are compatible and allow for common logging and interfacing.

7. Segregate the network

Enterprise networks can become large and clunky. Segregation allows them to be divided into logical or functional units, called zones. Segregation is usually done using switches, routers, and virtual LAN solutions. One advantage of a segregated network is that it reduces potential damage from a cyberattack and keeps critical resources out of harm’s way. Another plus is that it allows for more functional classification of networks, such as separating programmer needs from human resources needs.

8. Use centralized logging

Centralized logs are key to capturing an overall view of the network. Immediate log analysis can help the security team flag suspicious logins and IT admin teams to spot overwhelmed systems in the network.

9. Consider using honeypots & honeynets

Honeypots are separate systems that appear to have legitimate processes and data but are actually a decoy for insider and outsider threats. Any breach of this system does not cause the loss of any real data. A honeynet is a fake network segment for the same cause. While this may come at an additional cost to the network, it allows the security team to keep an eye out for malicious players and make appropriate adjustments.

10. Automate wherever possible

New devices are added to systems regularly, and old ones are retired. Users and access controls keep changing frequently. All of these must be automated to ensure that human error does not occur and there are no vulnerable zombie systems in the network, costing money and security. Automation with respect to security is also crucial. It is a good practice to automate responses to attacks, including blocking IP addresses, terminating connections, and gathering additional information about attacks.

See More: What Is Network Security? Definition, Types, and Best Practices

A successful network enhances productivity, security, and innovation with the least overhead costs. This comes only with robust design and implementation with a clear picture of the business needs. While network creation may purely seem like a technical endeavor, it requires business input, especially in the beginning stages. Network management also involves evolving workflows and growing and morphing with evolving technologies.

MORE ON NETWORKING

• What Is Network Software? Definition, Types, Components, and Best Practices
• What Is Network Hardware? Definition, Architecture, Challenges, and Best Practices
• What Is Network Management? Definition, Key Components, and Best Practices
• Top 10 Network Management and Monitoring Tools in 2022
• Top 10 Best Practices for Network Monitoring in 2022

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Computer networks

by Chris Woodford . Last updated: April 6, 2023.

T hank goodness for computer networks! If they'd never been invented, you wouldn't be reading this now (using the Internet ) and I wouldn't be writing it either (using a wireless home network to link up my computer equipment). There's no doubt that computer networking is extremely complex when you delve into it deeply, but the basic concept of linking up computers so they can talk to one another is pretty simple. Let's take a closer look at how it works!

Photo: Linking PCs together in a network makes it possible to solve complex problems in new ways. This, for example, is an early cluster (a simple kind of supercomputer , made from networked PCs), that was used at NASA in the mid-1990s. Google's original data centers were also, famously, built from off-the-shelf clustered PCs like these. Photo courtesy of NASA Lewis Research Center and Internet Archive .

What is a computer network?

You can do lots of things with a computer but, connect it up to other computers and peripherals (the general name given to add-on bits of computer equipment such as modems , inkjet and laser printers , and scanners) and you can do an awful lot more. [1] A computer network is simply a collection of computer equipment that's connected with wires, optical fibers , or wireless links so the various separate devices (known as nodes ) can "talk" to one another and swap data (computerized information).

Artwork: The basic concept of a computer network: a collection of computers (and related equipment) hooked up with wired or wireless links so any machine can exchange information with any other.

Types of networks

Not all computer networks are the same. The network I'm using to link this laptop to my wireless router, printer, and other equipment is the smallest imaginable. It's an example of what's sometimes called a PAN (personal area network) —essentially a convenient, one-person network. If you work in an office, you probably use a LAN (local area network) , which is typically a few separate computers linked to one or two printers, a scanner, and maybe a single, shared connection to the Internet. Networks can be much bigger than this. At the opposite end of the scale, we talk about MANs (metropolitan area networks) , which cover a whole town or city, and WANs (wide area networks) , which can cover any geographical area. The Internet is a WAN that covers the entire world but, in practice, it's a network of networks as well as individual computers: many of the machines linked to the Net connect up through LANs operated by schools and businesses.

Computers are all about logic—and logic is all about following rules. Computer networks are a bit like the army: everything in a network has to be arranged with almost military precision and it has to behave according to very clearly defined rules. In a LAN, for example, you can't connect things together any old how: all the nodes (computers and other devices) in the network have to be connected in an orderly pattern known as the network topology . You can connect nodes in a simple line (also called a daisy chain or bus), with each connected to the next in line. You can connect them in a star shape with the various machines radiating out from a central controller known as the network server. Or you can link them into a loop (generally known as a ring). Other topologies include meshes (where each machine is directly connected to some of the others or all of them—which is called a full mesh) and trees (where small star networks are connected together in a line or bus). All the devices on a network also have to follow clearly defined rules (called protocols ) when they communicate to ensure they understand one another—for example, so they don't all try to send messages at exactly the same time, which causes confusion.

Artwork: The best-known computer network topologies: line (chain/bus), ring, star, mesh (where each node is connected to some of the others), full mesh (each node is connected to all the others), and tree (star networks connected in a line).

Permissions and security

Just because a machine is on a network, it doesn't automatically follow that every other machine and device has access to it (or can be accessed by it). The Internet is an obvious example. If you're online, you get access to billions of Web pages, which are simply files stored on other machines (servers) dotted all over the network. But you can't access every single file on every single computer hooked up to the Internet: you can't read my personal files and I can't read yours, unless we specifically choose for that to happen.

Artwork: Permissions: When you upload files to a web server, you have to decide what permissions to set: whether you, and other users, can read the file (read permission), change it (write permission), or run it (execute permission). That's why you can't automatically access every file on every web server and why you'll sometimes see a "Forbidden" error if you try to do so.

Permissions and security are central to the idea of networking: you can access files and share resources only if someone gives you permission to do so. Most personal computers that connect to the Internet allow outgoing connections (so you can, theoretically, link to any other computer), but block most incoming connections or prohibit them completely. Servers (the machines on the Internet that hold and serve up Web pages and other files) operate a more relaxed policy to incoming connections. You've probably heard of hacking , which, in one sense of the word, means gaining unauthorized access to a computer network by cracking passwords or defeating other security checks. To make a network more secure, you can add a firewall (either a physical device or a piece of software running on your machine, or both) at the point where your network joints onto another network or the Internet to monitor and prohibit any unauthorized, incoming access attempts.

What makes a network?

To make a network, you need nodes and connections (sometimes called links) between them. Linking up the nodes means making some sort of a temporary or permanent connection between them. In the last decade or so, wireless connections have become one of the most popular ways of doing this, especially in homes. In offices, wired connections are still more commonplace—not least because they are generally faster and more secure and because many newer offices have network cabling already in place.

Apart from computers, peripherals, and the connections between them, what else do you need? Each node on a network needs a special circuit known as a network card (or, more formally, a network interface card or NIC) to tell it how to interact with the network. Most new computers have network cards built in as standard. If you have an older computer or laptop, you may have to fit a separate plug-in circuit board (or, in a laptop, add a PCMCIA card) to make your machine talk to a network. Each network card has its own separate numeric identifier, known as a MAC (media access control) code or LAN MAC address. A MAC code is a bit like a phone number: any machine on the network can communicate with another one by sending a message quoting its MAC code. In a similar way, MAC codes can be used to control which machines on a network can access files and other shared resources. For example, I've set up my wireless link to the Internet so that only two MAC codes can ever gain access to it (restricting access to the network cards built into my two computers). That helps to stop other people in nearby buildings (or in the street) hacking into my connection or using it by mistake.

Photo: A typical wireless network card with its outer case removed so you can see what's inside. It consists of a pair of chips plus a radio transmitter/receiver antenna. The antenna sends data to (and receives data from) a wireless (Wi-Fi) network. The smaller chip manages that process and passes its data to the larger chip, which is called an Ethernet MAC/BBP (baseband processor). This converts the incoming data into a form your computer can understand—and turns outgoing data from your computer into a form the wireless antenna can ping out to nearby devices.

The bigger you make a network, the more extra parts you need to add to make it function efficiently. Signals can travel only so far down cables or over wireless links so, if you want to make a big network, you have to add in devices called repeaters —effectively signal boosters. You might also need bridges , switches , and routers —devices that help to link together networks (or the parts of networks, which are known as segments), regulate the traffic between them, and forward traffic from one part of a network to another part.

Photo: A wireless router like this one, made by Netgear, is the heart of many home PANs.

Understanding computer networks with layers

The osi model, the tcp/ip (darpa) model, networks on the fly, how ethernet works.

Not so long ago, computers were all made by different companies, worked in different ways, and couldn't communicate with one another. Often, they didn't even have the same sorts of plugs and sockets on their cases! During the 1980s and 1990s, everything became much more standardized and it's now possible to connect virtually any machine to any other and get them exchanging data without too much effort. That's largely because most networks now use the same system, called Ethernet . It was developed in May 1973 by US computer engineer Dr Robert ("Bob") Metcalfe (1946–), who went on to found 3Com and later became a well-known computer-industry pundit (perhaps, somewhat unfairly, best known for predicting, in 1995, a spectacular collapse of the Internet that never actually occurred).

Photo: A typical ethernet networking cable.

As Metcalfe originally designed it, Ethernet was based on three very simple ideas. First, computers would connect through the "ether" (a semi-serious, semi-scientific name for the void of emptiness that separates them) using standard coaxial cable (wires like the ones used in a television antenna connection, made up of concentric metal layers). In Ethernet-speak, the physical connection between the nodes (computers and other devices) on the network is also known as the medium . Things have moved on quite a bit since the early 1970s and the medium is now just as often a wireless radio link (you've probably heard of Wi-Fi , which is the wireless version of Ethernet). Second, all the computers and devices on a network would stay silent except for when they were sending or receiving messages. Finally, when they wanted to communicate, they'd do so by breaking up messages into small packets of data and sending them around the network by a highly efficient method known as packet switching (discussed in much more detail in our article on the Internet ).

What's in a frame?

Artwork: The main contents of an Ethernet frame are the preamble (initial "handshaking" information to let the sender and receiver synchronize), the receiver's and sender's MAC addresses, the type and length of data, the data itself, and a checksum (error correction data) at the end to make sure everything has been transmitted properly.

Find out more

• An interview with Bob Metcalfe : Manek Dubash offers this fascinating interview with the Ethernet pioneer to mark 40 years of his world-changing invention.
• Oral history of Bob Metcalfe : A much longer (almost three-hour) oral history interview with Len Shustek of The Computer History Museum.

How do computer networks detect errors?

Artwork: Checking the integrity of a large download with an MD5 code: If you've ever downloaded a Linux distribution (anything from a few hundred megabytes to several gigabytes of data), you've probably done this—or you certainly should have done! On the original download page, you'll be given an MD5 checksum code matching the file you want to download. Once your download is complete, you simply run the file through an MD5 calculator (easy in Linux, and here I'm doing it on Windows using winMd5sum) to calculate the MD5 code from the data you've downloaded. If the two MD5 codes match, you can be reasonably confident your file downloaded without any mistakes.

If you liked this article...

Don't want to read our articles try listening instead, on this website.

• History of communication
• History of computers
• Wireless Internet and Wi-Fi

For older readers

• Networking All-in-One For Dummies (7th Edition) by Doug Lowe. For Dummies, 2018. Covers topics such as how to build and secure a network, wireless and mobile devices, and everyday administration.
• Computer Networking: A Top-Down Approach by James F. Kurose and Keith W. Ross. Pearson Education, 2017. A comprehensive guide to networking written in a clear, engaging way with plenty of meaningful examples.
• Computer Networks by Andrew S. Tanenbaum and David J. Wetherall. Pearson, 2013. One of the best-known and most popular textbooks on networking, now in its fifth edition.

For younger readers

• Computer Networks by Clive Gifford. Wayland, 2015. An illustrated 32-page introduction for ages 8–10, focusing mainly on the Internet and the Web.
• Understanding Computer Networks by Matthew Anniss. Raintree/Capstone, 2015. A 48-page introduction for ages 9–12. Again, the focus is mainly on the Internet.
• Personal Virtual Networks Could Give Everyone More Control Over Their Data by Fahmida Y Rashid. IEEE Spectrum, February 14, 2020. Can network users be completely mobile and completely secure? Personal virtual networks (PVN) aim to give us the best of both worlds.
• How Internet Giants Upended the Networking-Hardware Business by Cade Metz. Wired, February 19, 2015. Facebook, Google, and Amazon have radically reinvented the hardware that connects the Internet together.
• OSI: The Internet That Wasn't by Andrew L. Russell. IEEE Spectrum, July 30, 2013. How eminently practical TCP/IP eclipsed the more conceptual, committee-driven OSI approach to networking.
• Metcalfe's Law is Wrong by Bob Briscoe, Andrew Odlyzko and Benjamin Tilly. IEEE Spectrum, July 1, 2006. Does "more users = better" always apply?
• Building Networks on the Fly by Robert Pascoe. IEEE Spectrum, March 1, 2001. How networking technologies like Bluetooth create improvised networks.

References ↑    This is a simple statement of what's sometimes called Metcalfe's Law , named for Ethernet-inventor Bob Metcalfe. ↑    This was originally published as ISO 7498:1984 , which has now been replaced by ISO/IEC 7498-1:1994 . ↑    The story is described in A Thread Across the Ocean The Heroic Story of the Transatlantic Cable by John Steele Gordon, HarperCollins, 2003 and The Cable The Wire That Changed the World by Gillian Cookson, The History Press, 2012. Please do NOT copy our articles onto blogs and other websites Articles from this website are registered at the US Copyright Office. Copying or otherwise using registered works without permission, removing this or other copyright notices, and/or infringing related rights could make you liable to severe civil or criminal penalties. Text copyright © Chris Woodford 2008, 2023. All rights reserved. Full copyright notice and terms of use . Follow us

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Computers and the Internet

Course: computers and the internet   >   unit 3, computer networks.

• Wires, cables, and WiFi
• Physical network connections
• Bit rate, bandwidth, and latency
• Bit rate and bandwidth

Building a network

Types of networks.

• (Choice A)   DCN A DCN
• (Choice B)   WAN B WAN
• (Choice C)   LAN C LAN

Networking protocols

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Essay on Computer Network

Students are often asked to write an essay on Computer Network in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on Computer Network

Introduction to computer network.

A computer network is a group of computers linked together. It enables sharing of information and resources. They can be connected through cables, infrared, satellite, or wireless links.

Types of Computer Networks

Benefits of computer networks.

Networks make communication faster and easier. They allow sharing files, software, and hardware. They also improve data security by allowing backups and recovery.

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250 Words Essay on Computer Network

Introduction, types of networks.

Based on their scale and scope, computer networks can be categorized into Local Area Networks (LANs), Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs), and Wide Area Networks (WANs). LANs are often used in small geographical areas, while MANs cover larger city-wide areas, and WANs can span countries or even the globe.

Network Architecture

The architecture of a computer network includes the design principles, physical configuration, functional organization, operational procedures, and data formats used. The two primary types are client-server, where one or more computers act as servers, and peer-to-peer, where each computer has equal responsibilities.

Protocols and Standards

Networks operate based on protocols, which are agreed-upon rules determining how computers communicate. These protocols exist for various levels of network communication, forming a protocol stack. The most common stack, TCP/IP, forms the basis of the internet.

Significance of Computer Networks

Computer networks have revolutionized computing by enabling distributed systems, where multiple computers collaborate on a task. They also facilitate resource sharing, increase reliability via redundancy, and allow for scalable computing power.

500 Words Essay on Computer Network

Introduction to computer networks.

There are several types of computer networks, each designed to serve specific purposes. Local Area Networks (LAN) connect devices within a geographically limited area, such as a home or office. Wide Area Networks (WAN) span larger geographical areas, often encompassing multiple LANs. Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN) typically cover a city or town. Personal Area Networks (PAN) are designed for individual use, usually within a range of ten meters.

Components of a Computer Network

A computer network comprises several components. The primary ones are the servers, which store and provide data; clients, which request and receive data; network interface cards (NICs), which connect each computer to the network; switches, which direct data traffic; and routers, which connect different networks together.

Network Topologies

Network topology refers to the arrangement of elements in a network. Common topologies include the bus, star, ring, mesh, and tree. Each has its advantages and disadvantages in terms of cost, complexity, reliability, and performance.

Security in Computer Networks

Future of computer networks.

Computer networks have profoundly impacted our lives, transforming how we communicate and access information. As technology continues to evolve, so too will computer networks, promising even greater connectivity, speed, and functionality. Understanding the intricacies of computer networks is essential for anyone venturing into the field of Information Technology or related disciplines.

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What is Computer Networking?

Computer networking is like having a group of friends who all have phones and can call or text each other. In computer networking, instead of phones, we have computers and instead of phone lines, we use cables, Wi-Fi, or other methods to connect them. When computers are connected to a network, they can share information and resources, like files, printers, and internet connections. This allows them to communicate with each other quickly and easily, just like friends talking on their phones.

A computer network consists of various kinds of nodes. Servers, networking hardware, personal computers, and other specialized or general-purpose hosts can all be nodes in a computer network. Hostnames and network addresses are used to identify them. In this article, we are going to discuss computer networking in detail.

Computer Networking

What is a Computer Network?

A computer network is a system that connects many independent computers to share information (data) and resources. The integration of computers and other different devices allows users to communicate more easily. A computer network is a collection of two or more computer systems that are linked together. A network connection can be established using either cable or wireless media. Hardware and software are used to connect computers and tools in any network.

What Do Computer Networks Do?

Computer Networks are one of the important aspects of Computer Science. In the early days, it is used for data transmission on telephone lines and had a very limited use, but nowadays, it is used in a variety of places.

Computer Networks help in providing better connectivity that helps nowadays. Modern computer networks have the following functionality:

• Computer Networks help in operating virtually
• Computer Networks integrate on a large scale
• Computer Networks respond very quickly in case of conditions change
• Computer Networks help in providing data security

Key Components of a Computer Network

In simple terms, a computer network is made up of two main parts: devices (called nodes) and connections (called links). The links connect the devices to each other. The rules for how these connections send information are called communication protocols. The starting and ending points of these communications are often called ports .

Key Components of Computer Network

1. Network Devices

Basic hardware interconnecting network nodes, such as Network Interface Cards (NICs), Bridges, Hubs, Switches, and Routers, are used in all networks. In addition, a mechanism for connecting these building parts is necessary, which is usually galvanic cable and optical cable are less popular (“optical fiber”)The following are the network devices :

• NIC (Network Interface Card): A network card, often known as a network adapter or NIC (network interface card), is computer hardware that enables computers to communicate via a network. It offers physical access to networking media and, in many cases, MAC addresses serve as a low-level addressing scheme. Each network interface card has a distinct identifier. This is stored on a chip that is attached to the card.
• Repeater: A repeater is an electrical device that receives a signal, cleans it of unwanted noise, regenerates it, and retransmits it at a higher power level or to the opposite side of an obstruction, allowing the signal to travel greater distances without degradation. In the majority of twisted pair Ethernet networks, Repeaters are necessary for cable lengths longer than 100 meters in some systems. Repeaters are based on physics.
• Hub: A hub is a device that joins together many twisted pairs or fiber optic Ethernet devices to give the illusion of a formation of a single network segment. The device can be visualized as a multiport repeater. A network hub is a relatively simple broadcast device. Any packet entering any port is regenerated and broadcast out on all other ports, and hubs do not control any of the traffic that passes through them. Packet collisions occur as a result of every packet being sent out through all other ports, substantially impeding the smooth flow of communication.
• Bridges: Bridges broadcast data to all the ports but not to the one that received the transmission. Bridges, on the other hand, learn which MAC addresses are reachable through specific ports rather than copying messages to all ports as hubs do. Once a port and an address are associated, the bridge will only transport traffic from that address to that port.
• Switches: A switch differs from a hub in that it only forwards frames to the ports that are participating in the communication, rather than all of the ports that are connected. The collision domain is broken by a switch, yet the switch depicts itself as a broadcast domain. Frame-forwarding decisions are made by switches based on MAC addresses.
• Routers: Routers are networking devices that use headers and forwarding tables to find the optimal way to forward data packets between networks. A router is a computer networking device that links two or more computer networks and selectively exchanges data packets between them. A router can use address information in each data packet to determine if the source and destination are on the same network or if the data packet has to be transported between networks. When numerous routers are deployed in a wide collection of interconnected networks, the routers share target system addresses so that each router can develop a table displaying the preferred pathways between any two systems on the associated networks.
• Gateways: To provide system compatibility, a gateway may contain devices such as protocol translators, impedance-matching devices, rate converters, fault isolators, or signal translators. It also necessitates the development of administrative procedures that are acceptable to both networks. By completing the necessary protocol conversions, a protocol translation/mapping gateway joins networks that use distinct network protocol technologies.

Links are the ways information travels between devices, and they can be of two types:

• Wired: Communication done in a wired medium . Copper wire, twisted pair, or fiber optic cables are all options. A wired network employs wires to link devices to the Internet or another network, such as laptops or desktop PCs.
• Wireless: Wireless means without wire, media that is made up of electromagnetic waves (EM Waves) or infrared waves. Antennas or sensors will be present on all wireless devices. For data or voice communication, a wireless network uses radio frequency waves rather than wires.

3. Communication Protocols

A communication protocol is a set of rules that all devices follow when they share information. Some common protocols are TCP/IP, IEEE 802, Ethernet, wireless LAN, and cellular standards. TCP/IP is a model that organizes how communication works in modern networks. It has four functional layers for these communication links:

• Network Access Layer : This layer controls how data is physically transferred, including how hardware sends data through wires or fibers.
• Internet Layer : This layer packages data into understandable packets and ensures it can be sent and received.
• Transport Layer : This layer keeps the communication between devices steady and reliable.
• Application Layer : This layer allows high-level applications to access the network to start data transfer.

Most of the modern internet structure is based on the TCP/IP model, although the similar seven-layer OSI model still has a strong influence.

IEEE 802 is a group of standards for local area networks (LAN) and metropolitan area networks (MAN). The most well-known member of the IEEE 802 family is wireless LAN, commonly known as WLAN or Wi-Fi.

4. Network Defense

While nodes, links, and protocols are the building blocks of a network, a modern network also needs strong defenses. Security is crucial because huge amounts of data are constantly being created, moved, and processed. Some examples of network defense tools are firewalls, intrusion detection systems ( IDS ), intrusion prevention systems ( IPS ), network access control ( NAC ), content filters, proxy servers, anti-DDoS devices, and load balancers.

How Does a Computer Network Work?

Computer Networks simply work using nodes and links. Data communication equipment is simply termed as Nodes. For example, Modems , Hubs, Switches, etc. whereas links in Computer networks can be referred to as a connection between two nodes. We have several types of links like cable wires, optical fibers , etc. 

Whenever a Computer Network is working, nodes have the work of sending and receiving data via the links. Computer Network provides some set of protocols that help in following the rules and protocols.

Criteria of a Good Network

• Performance: It can be measured in many ways, including transmit time and response time. Transit time is the amount of time required for a message to travel from one device to another. Response time is the elapsed time between an inquiry and a response. The performance of the network depends on a number of factors, including the number of users, the type of medium & Hardware.
• Reliability: In addition to accuracy is measured by frequency of failure, the time it takes a link to recover from failure, and the network’s robustness in catastrophe. 
• Security: Network security issues include protecting data from unauthorized access, protecting data from damage and development, and implementing policies and procedures for recovery from breaches and data loss.  

Goals of Computer Networking

• Programs do not have to execute on a single system because of resource and load sharing
• Reduced costs – Multiple machines can share printers, tape drives, and other peripherals
• Reliability – If one machine fails, another can take its place
• Scalability (it’s simple to add more processors or computers)
• Communication and mail (people living apart can work together)
• Information Access (remote information access, access to the internet, e-mail, video conferencing, and online shopping)
• Entertainment that is interactive (online games, videos, etc.)
• Social Networking

Types of Computer Networks

Division based on area covered.

• Local Area Network (LAN): A LAN is a network that covers an area of around 10 kilometers. For example, a college network or an office network. Depending upon the needs of the organization, a LAN can be a single office, building, or Campus. We can have two PCs and one printer in-home office or it can extend throughout the company and include audio and video devices. Each host in LAN has an identifier, an address that defines hosts in LAN. A packet sent by the host to another host carries both the source host’s and the destination host’s address.
• Metropolitan Area Network (MAN): MAN refers to a network that covers an entire city. For example: consider the cable television network.
• Point To Point : Connects two connecting devices through transmission media. 
• Switched: A switched WAN is a network with more than two ends.

Based on Types of Communication 

• Point To Point networks: Point-to-Point networking is a type of data networking that establishes a direct link between two networking nodes. A direct link between two devices, such as a computer and a printer, is known as a point-to-point connection.
• Multipoint : is the one in which more than two specific devices share links. In the multipoint environment, the capacity of the channel is shared, either spatially or temporally. If several devices can use the link simultaneously, it is a spatially shared connection. 
• Broadcast networks: In broadcast networks , a signal method in which numerous parties can hear a single sender. Radio stations are an excellent illustration of the “Broadcast Network” in everyday life. The radio station is a sender of data/signal in this scenario, and data is only intended to travel in one direction. Away from the radio transmission tower, to be precise.

Based on the Type of Architecture 

• P2P Networks: Computers with similar capabilities and configurations are referred to as peers. The “peers” in a peer-to-peer network are computer systems that are connected to each other over the Internet. Without the use of a central server, files can be shared directly between systems on the network.
• Client-Server Networks: Each computer or process on the network is either a client or a server in a client-server architecture (client/server). The client asks for services from the server, which the server provides. Servers are high-performance computers or processes that manage disc drives (file servers), printers (print servers), or network traffic (network servers)
• Hybrid Networks: The hybrid model uses a combination of client-server and peer-to-peer architecture. Eg: Torrent.

Types of Computer Network Architecture

Computer Network Architecture is of two types. These types are mentioned below.

• Client-Server Architecture: Client-Server Architecture is basically the architecture where the clients and the server are connected as two clients can communicate with each other and the devices present work as servers in the network.
• Peer-to-Peer Architecture: Peer-to-Peer Architecture , computers are connected to each other and each computer is equally capable of working as there is no central server here. Each device present here can be used as a client or server.

Types of Enterprise Computer Networks

There are three main types of Enterprise Computer Networks which are mentioned below.

• Local Area Network (LAN): Local Area Networks are small-scale networks used in small companies or as test networks. It has a limited size.
• Wide Area Networks (WAN): Wide Area Networks are networks that are used for a larger area than local area networks and are used for long-distance communication.
• Service Provider Networks: Service Provider Networks are the networks that help in wireless communication, high-speed internet access, etc.

Key Objectives of Creating and Deploying a Computer Network

No industry—whether it’s education, retail, finance, tech, government, or healthcare—can function without well-designed computer networks. The larger the organization, the more complex the network becomes. Before starting the challenging job of creating and setting up a computer network, here are some key objectives to consider.

1. Resource Sharing

Today’s enterprises are spread across the globe, with critical assets being shared across departments, geographies, and time zones. Clients are no more bound by location. A network allows data and hardware to be accessible to every pertinent user. This also helps with interdepartmental data processing. For example, the marketing team analyzes customer data and product development cycles to enable executive decisions at the top level.

2. Resource Availability & Reliability

A network ensures that resources are not stuck in isolated areas and can be accessed from multiple locations. High reliability comes from having various sources of supply. Important resources are backed up across multiple machines, so they remain accessible even if there are hardware problems.

3. Performance Management

As a company grows, its workload increases. Adding one or more processors to the network boosts the overall performance of the system and allows it to handle this growth. Storing data in well-designed databases can significantly speed up searching and retrieving information.

4.Cost Savings

Big mainframe computers are costly, so it’s smarter to add processors strategically throughout the system. This boosts performance and saves money. Networks let employees access information quickly, saving operational time and costs. Centralized network administration means fewer investments are needed for IT support .

5. Increased Storage Capacity

Network-attached storage devices are great for employees who handle lots of data. For instance, the data science team doesn’t each need their own data storage for the large number of records they process. Centralized repositories are more efficient. As businesses deal with record amounts of customer data, the ability to expand storage capacity is crucial .

6. Streamlined Collaboration & Communication

Networks greatly influence how companies operate daily. Employees can share files, see each other’s work, sync calendars, and exchange ideas more efficiently. Internal messaging systems like Slack facilitate easy flow of information and conversations within modern enterprises. However, emails remain the formal mode of communication with clients, partners, and vendors.

7. Reduction of Errors

Networks decrease errors by ensuring everyone gets information from one source, even if they’re in different places. Backed-up data ensures consistency and continuity. Standard versions of customer and employee manuals can be easily accessed by many people without much trouble .

8. Secured Remote Access

Computer networks offer flexibility, which is crucial during uncertain times like now when natural disasters and pandemics are affecting the world. A secure network guarantees that users can access and work on sensitive data safely, even when they’re not at the company’s location. Mobile devices registered to the network can also provide multiple layers of authentication, ensuring that unauthorized users can’t access the system.

What is Network Topology?

The structure of the network and how each component is connected to the others are defined by the network topology. Different types of network topology are mentioned below:

Bus Topology

Ring Topology

Star Topology

Mesh Topology

Tree Topology

Every computer and network device is connected to a single cable in a bus topology network. Linear Bus topology is defined as having exactly two terminals.

• Installation is simple
• Compared to mesh, star, and tree topologies, the bus utilizes less cabling

Disadvantages

• Difficulty in reconfiguring and isolating faults
• A bus cable malfunction or break interrupts all communication

For more, you can refer to the Advantages and Disadvantages of Bus Topology.

The topology is named ring topology because one computer is connected to another, with the final one being connected to the first. Exactly two neighbors for each device. A signal is passed along the ring in one direction. Each ring incorporates a repeater. 

• Data transmission is relatively straightforward because packets only move in one direction
• There is no requirement for a central controller to manage communication between nodes
• Easy installation & Reconfiguration
• Simplified Faulty connections
• In a Unidirectional Ring, a data packet must traverse through all nodes
• All computers must be turned on in order for them to connect with one another

For more, you can refer to the Advantages and Disadvantages of Ring Topology.

Each device in a star topology has a dedicated point-to-point link to a central controller, which is commonly referred to as the HUB. There is no direct connection between the devices. Traffic between the devices is not allowed in this topology. As an exchange, the controller is used.

• When attaching or disconnecting devices, there are no network interruptions
• It’s simple to set up and configure
• Identifying and isolating faults is simple
• Less Expensive than mesh 
• Easy to install & configure
• Nodes attached to the hub, switch, or concentrator is failed if they fail
• Because of the expense of the hubs, it is more expensive than linear bus topologies
• More cable is required compared to a bus or ring 
• Too much dependency on Hub

For more, you can refer to the Advantages and Disadvantages of Star Topology .

Example: Used in high-speed LANs

Every device in a mesh topology has dedicated point-to-point connectivity to every other device. The term “dedicated” refers to the fact that the link exclusively transports data between the two devices it links. To connect n devices, a fully connected mesh network contains n *(n-1)/2 physical channels.

• Data can be sent from multiple devices at the same time. This topology can handle a lot of traffic.
• Even if one of the connections fails, a backup is always available. As a result, data transit is unaffected.
• Physical boundaries prevent other users from gaining access to messages.
• Point to Point links make fault transmission & fault isolation easy.
• The amount of cabling and the number of I/O ports that are necessary.
• The sheer bulk of wiring can be greater than the available space can accommodate.
• It is difficult to install and reconfigure.

For more, you can refer to the Advantages and Disadvantages of Mesh Topology .

Example:  connection of telephone regional office in which each regional office needs to be connected to every other regional office. 

The topology of a tree is similar to that of a star. Nodes in a tree, like those in a star, are connected to a central hub that manages network traffic. It has a root node, which is connected to all other nodes, producing a hierarchy. Hierarchical topology is another name for it. The number of Star networks is connected via Bus in Tree Topology.

• Network expansion is both possible and simple.
• We partition the entire network into pieces (star networks) that are easier to manage and maintain.
• Other segments are unaffected if one segment is damaged.
• Tree topology relies largely on the main bus cable because of its basic structure, and if it fails, the entire network is handicapped.
• Maintenance becomes more challenging when more nodes and segments are added.

For more, you can refer to the Advantages and Disadvantages of Tree Topology .

Tree-Topology

What is Internet?

The Internet is a larger network that allows computer networks controlled by enterprises, governments, colleges, and other organizations all over the world to communicate with one another. As a result, there is a tangle of cables, computers, data centers, routers , servers, repeaters, satellites , and Wi-Fi towers that allow digital data to go around the world.

The Internet is a vast network of networks that functions as a networking infrastructure. It links millions of computers throughout the world, creating a network in which any computer can talk with any other computer as long as they are both linked to the Internet. The Internet is a global network of interconnected computers that communicate and share information using a standardized Internet Protocol Suite.

How to Connect to the Internet?

We can connect to the internet in the following ways:

• Dial-Up: In order to access the Internet, in this type of connection, users must connect their phone line to a computer. This link prevents the user from using tier home phone service to make or receive calls.
• Broadband: Broadband is a high-speed internet connection that is frequently utilized nowadays and is provided by cable or phone companies.
• Wireless Connections: Internet access is accomplished by radio waves , thus it is possible to connect to the Internet from any location. Wi-Fi and mobile service providers are examples of wireless connections.

Advantages of the Internet

• Source of Entertainment: Online gaming, talking, browsing, music, movies, dramas, and TV series are quickly becoming the most popular ways to pass the time.
• Source of Information: There is no better place to conduct research than the internet. We can learn about the latest trends, communicate with experts without having to physically visit them, and seek professional advice over the Internet.
• E-Commerce: With the advancement of internet technology, large online E-commerce enterprises such as Amazon, Ali Baba, myntra, etc. have emerged.
• Working from home, collaborating with others, and having access to a global workforce are all advantages.
• Keeps Updated: Because there are hundreds of thousands of newsgroups and services that keep you updated with every tick of the clock, the Internet is a source of the most recent news.

Disadvantages of the Internet

• Time Wastage: Most people believe that spending too much time on the internet is unhealthy for young people and leads to obesity. 
• Money Laundering: Aside from reputable sites, there are some Social Media Advertising sites that try to steal your personal information, credit card information, and even your pin code. You can easily become a victim of money scams if they get this information.
• Exposure to Private Data: It is now quite easy to decipher someone’s chat or email communication thanks to the hacking community. As we all know, data is transmitted in packets, which hackers can simply detect and reconstruct.
• Harassment & Threatening: Bullies exist online, just as they do in real life, and they can lower your self-esteem by harassing and threatening you. Some of these individuals may be persons who are aware of some of your personal details and dislike you and may use this information to harass you.

In conclusion, computer networking is essential because it allows computers to connect and communicate with each other. This connectivity enables them to share information and resources, making tasks easier and faster. Whether it’s a small network within a home or office ( LAN ) or a large network spreading across cities and countries ( WAN ), networking helps us stay connected, work together, and access the internet. It’s like having a team where everyone can instantly share ideas and tools, making collaboration smooth and efficient. So, computer networking is all about making connections that help us stay informed, productive, and connected to the world.

Frequently Asked Questions on Computer Networking – FAQs

What is a computer networking job.

Network specialists and administrators take care of the daily tasks to keep networks running smoothly. Network architects and engineers plan and create networks like LANs (Local Area Networks), WANs (Wide Area Networks), and Intranets.

What is the full form of www?

The full form of www is World Wide Web. It is the world’s most dominant software and is commonly known as the web.

The structure of the network and how each component is connected to the others are defined by the network topology.

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The Role of Computer Networks in Modern World

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What Is Computer Networking?

Published: Aug 14, 2024, 8:04am

Table of Contents

Computer networking defined, how does computer networking work, types of computer networks, computer networking best practices, bottom line, frequently asked questions (faqs).

Ever wondered how your emails find their way to the right inboxes? Or how your employees are able to access the same document from different devices? Welcome to the world of computer networking, the glue that holds together the digital parts of your business.

Computer networks form the backbone of modern business. In many ways, they’re like the unsung heroes of our digital age. Let’s dive in and discover what computer networking is, how it works and best practices you can implement to get the most out of your business’s computer network.

Computer networking is an invisible web made up of nodes and links that connects all the digital devices in your business. From computers to printers to servers, a computer network lets connected devices talk to each other and share information. For example, it’s how your computer can send a document to your printer or access a file stored on a server.

Think of computer networking as the digital equivalent of a city’s road system: Just as roads connect homes, businesses and public spaces, a computer network connects an assortment of digital devices (called nodes), enabling them to communicate, share resources and collaborate—similar to how a city’s infrastructure enables residents to visit each other, share goods and take part in community events.

So how does a computer network actually work? Turns out, it’s not as complex as you might think. Here’s the breakdown:

• Node basics. The devices in a network are called nodes. Nodes can be anything from computers, printers and servers to networking hardware such as switches and routers. Nodes are like the buildings in a city, each with its own role or function. And just as buildings house a city’s residents, nodes house the processes that send, receive and process data, enabling the dynamic interactions taking place within the network.
• Linked devices. The first step in setting up a computer network is to link your devices or nodes. This can be done using either physical cables or wireless signals. It’s much like laying out the road system in a city, only with computer networking you’re setting out the routes that data will use to travel from one device to another.
• Common language. Once you’ve connected your devices, network protocols establish a common language so the devices can communicate using a language they all understand. Protocols work much like the rules of grammar—they are sets of rules that standardize the packaging and transmission of data, ensuring clear communication between your devices.

Just as cities come in different sizes and layouts to meet their residents’ needs, so do computer networks: One size doesn’t fit all. There are several types of networks, each with its own strengths and optimal applications. Understanding some of the common types of networks can help you choose the one that best fits your business’s unique needs.

Personal Area Network (PAN)

A personal area network (PAN) connects devices within a small space (usually within 10 meters or 33 feet) such as a house or apartment. PANs are the smallest, most basic type of network, and are typically used by individuals for personal use, connecting devices such as smartphones, tablets and personal computers.

Example/Use Case. Someone using Bluetooth to connect their smartwatch, wireless headphones, smartphone and laptop would be using a PAN. For example, a small business owner attending a trade show might use a PAN to connect their laptop to a portable printer, or sync their smartwatch with their phone so they can easily see notifications as soon as they’re received.

Local Area Network (LAN)

Local area networks, or LANs, are probably the most well-known type of computer network. Think of a LAN as a small neighborhood within a city: Like the roads connecting the buildings in the neighborhood, a LAN connects devices over relatively short distances (for example, within one building or a group of adjacent buildings).

Example/Use Case. LANs are often used in small offices where employees need to share tech resources such as printers or access the same files on a server. For example, a design firm might use a LAN so team members can collaborate on project files or send their designs to a shared high-quality printer, ensuring efficient resource sharing and seamless collaboration.

Wide Area Network (WAN)

A wide area network, or WAN, is like a system of highways connecting different cities. WANs span large geographical areas and can even connect devices across continents. They’re typically used to connect smaller networks, such as multiple LANs. Their key feature is the ability to connect devices or nodes that are physically far apart.

Example/Use Case. A business with several branch offices across the country or around the world could use a WAN to enable each of its separate locations to share data and resources. For example, a multinational real estate investment firm might use a WAN so employees in its New York and Tokyo offices can access the same databases and collaborate on deals despite the distance between the two locations.

Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

Similar to a transportation system operating within a single city, a metropolitan area network, or MAN, connects devices within an area that’s larger than a LAN can cover but smaller than the coverage you get with a WAN. They are often used to connect several LANs in a geographic area (for example, different departments on a university campus).

Example/Use Case. A municipal government sharing data and resources among different departments and locations within the city could use a MAN to share data and resources. For example, a MAN could connect the city’s fire department, police department and city hall so they can quickly and efficiently share critical information to better coordinate during emergency situations.

Virtual Private Network (VPN)

A virtual private network , or VPN, functions like a private tunnel within a city’s road system. VPNs provide secure networks to connect devices to the internet in a way that encrypts the data being sent and received and maintains privacy and security. Data traveling over a VPN is more difficult for third parties to intercept or tamper with, making it ideal for businesses that handle sensitive data.

Example/Use Case. VPNs are a good choice for businesses with remote employees who need secure access to the company’s internal network from their home devices. For example, a financial services company might use a VPN to ensure employees working remotely can access any necessary client data securely, so the information stays protected.

Peer-to-Peer Network (P2P)

Similar to a group of neighbors on a city block directly sharing resources with each other instead of using a marketplace, in a peer-to-peer (P2P) network, all computers in the network have equal status and can directly share files with each other without going through a central server. P2P networks are often used to more easily share large files directly between individual users.

Example/Use Case. P2P networks are useful for businesses needing to distribute large files directly between departments or employees without uploading (and possibly overloading) a central server. For example, a film production company could use a P2P network to distribute video files, which are typically very large in size, among its video editors without the need for a central server.

Service Provider Network (SPN)

A service provider network, or SPN, is like a city’s public transportation system. Owned and operated by a service provider, such as an internet service provider (ISP) or a telecommunications company, an SPN is a large-scale network that can span entire countries or even continents. SPNs often offer services such as internet access and cloud-based storage.

Example/Use Case. If a business uses an ISP for internet access or a telecommunications company for phone services, it’s making use of an SPN. For example, a small tech startup might rely on an SPN to connect to the internet, so it can focus on its core operations without needing to divert valuable resources to manage its own network infrastructure.

Cloud Network

A cloud network functions much like shared public spaces within a city, such as parks and community centers. Within a cloud network, data storage and processing is handled by shared servers accessible over the internet, instead of through local servers or individual computers. Examples of cloud network resources include virtual routers and network management software.

Example/Use Case. A business could use cloud-based software for different tasks such as email or document storage. For example, a consulting firm with employees spread across multiple locations might use a cloud network to provide all team members with access to the same communication and project management tools, no matter where they’re located.

Within the digital landscape, having a reliable and efficient computer network is as essential as a city’s infrastructure. Here are some key practices to consider for optimizing your network :

• Prioritize security. Safeguarding your network is a top priority. Implement firewalls, use strong passwords and keep your systems and software updated to protect against potential threats. Conduct regular security audits to help identify new vulnerabilities.
• Plan for growth. You want your network to grow with your business, so keep scalability in mind when designing and installing your network to ensure it can handle increases in devices, traffic and data as needed.
• Back up your data. Backups are an essential form of business insurance. Conduct regular backups of all important data so you can quickly recover from system failures, cyberattacks and other unexpected events.
• Monitor network performance. Keep a pulse on how your network is performing by regularly monitoring it to help you spot issues early on and maintain your network’s reliability and efficiency.
• Train your staff. Give your team the knowledge and skills they need to use your network effectively. Maintain a safe and efficient network by providing regular network usage and security training sessions for all your network users.

Computer networking is the digital infrastructure that keeps your business humming. By understanding the mechanics, types and best practices of computer networks, you can help ensure your business thrives in our increasingly interconnected world.

Is computer networking easy?

Computer networking requires an understanding of different types of networks, protocols and devices. While it can be complex, it can also be learned and managed, especially with the help of networking tools, software and experts.

What do computer networks do?

Computer networks connect multiple devices, such as computers, printers and servers. Once connected, these devices can communicate with each other and share resources, enabling data exchange and collaboration regardless of where the devices are located.

What is an example of a computer network?

The internet, which connects millions of devices around the world, is one example of a computer network. A home Wi-Fi network is another example, on a much smaller scale.

What are the main types of computer networks?

The main types of computer networks include private area networks (PANs), local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WAN), metropolitan area networks (MANs), virtual private networks (VPNs), peer-to-peer (P2P) networks, service provider networks (SPNs) and cloud networks.

• Best Help Desk Software
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• What Is PCAP? Packet Capture Explained
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• What Is AMS? Application Management Services Explained
• What Is A Managed Service Provider (MSP)?
• What Is Cloud Computing?

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Belle Wong is a freelance writer specializing in small business, personal finance, banking, and tech/SAAS. She spends her spare moments testing out the latest productivity apps and plotting her latest novel. Connect with Belle on LinkedIn or Twitter.

Essay on Computer and its Uses for School Students and Children

500+ words essay on computer.

In this essay on computer, we are going to discuss some useful things about computers. The modern-day computer has become an important part of our daily life. Also, their usage has increased much fold during the last decade. Nowadays, they use the computer in every office whether private or government. Mankind is using computers for over many decades now. Also, they are used in many fields like agriculture, designing, machinery making, defense and many more. Above all, they have revolutionized the whole world.

History of Computers

It is very difficult to find the exact origin of computers. But according to some experts computer exists at the time of world war-II. Also, at that time they were used for keeping data. But, it was for only government use and not for public use. Above all, in the beginning, the computer was a very large and heavy machine.

Working of a Computer 

The computer runs on a three-step cycle namely input, process, and output. Also, the computer follows this cycle in every process it was asked to do. In simple words, the process can be explained in this way. The data which we feed into the computer is input, the work CPU do is process and the result which the computer give is output.

Components and Types of Computer

The simple computer basically consists of CPU, monitor, mouse, and keyboard . Also, there are hundreds of other computer parts that can be attached to it. These other parts include a printer, laser pen, scanner , etc.

The computer is categorized into many different types like supercomputers, mainframes, personal computers (desktop), PDAs, laptop, etc. The mobile phone is also a type of computer because it fulfills all the criteria of being a computer.

Get the huge list of more than 500 Essay Topics and Ideas

Uses of Computer in Various Fields

As the usage of computer increased it became a necessity for almost every field to use computers for their operations. Also, they have made working and sorting things easier. Below we are mentioning some of the important fields that use a computer in their daily operation.

Medical Field

They use computers to diagnose diseases, run tests and for finding the cure for deadly diseases . Also, they are able to find a cure for many diseases because of computers.

Whether it’s scientific research, space research or any social research computers help in all of them. Also, due to them, we are able to keep a check on the environment , space, and society. Space research helped us to explore the galaxies. While scientific research has helped us to locate resources and various other useful resources from the earth.

For any country, his defence is most important for the safety and security of its people. Also, computer in this field helps the country’s security agencies to detect a threat which can be harmful in the future. Above all the defense industry use them to keep surveillance on our enemy.

Threats from a Computer

Computers have become a necessity also, they have become a threat too. This is due to hackers who steal your private data and leak them on internet. Also, anyone can access this data. Apart from that, there are other threats like viruses, spams, bug and many other problems.

The computer is a very important machine that has become a useful part of our life. Also, the computers have twin-faces on one side it’s a boon and on the other side, it’s a bane. Its uses completely depend upon you. Apart from that, a day in the future will come when human civilization won’t be able to survive without computers as we depend on them too much. Till now it is a great discovery of mankind that has helped in saving thousands and millions of lives.

Frequently Asked Questions on Computer

Q.1  What is a computer?

A.1 A computer is an electronic device or machine that makes our work easier. Also, they help us in many ways.

Q.2 Mention various fields where computers are used?

A.2  Computers are majorly used in defense, medicine, and for research purposes.

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