Thesis Writing: What to Write in Chapter 5
Table of contents, introduction.
This article tells what a budding researcher must include in Chapter 5-the Summary. It also includes the tense of the verb and the semantic markers, which are predominantly used in writing the summary, conclusions, and recommendations.
For others, writing Chapter 5 is the easiest part of thesis writing, but there are groups of students who would like to know more about it. If you are one of them, this article on how to write chapter 5 of your thesis is purposely written for you.
What to Write in Chapter 5
1. write the summary.
If you notice, all the parts mentioned above are already included in your Chapters 1- 4. So, the challenge is on how you are going to write and present it in Chapter 5 briefly.
Then, write sentences in simple past and always use passive voice construction rather than the active voice. You must also be familiar with the different semantic markers.
When I was enrolled in Academic Writing in my master’s degree, I learned that there are semantic markers which can be used in order not to repeat the same words or phrases such as additionally, also, further, in addition to, moreover, contrary to, with regard to, as regards, however, finally, during the past ___ years, from 1996 to 2006, after 10 years, as shown in, as presented in, consequently, nevertheless, in fact, on the other hand, subsequently and nonetheless.
Next, you may use the following guide questions to check that you have not missed anything in writing the summary:
Finally, organize the summary of the results of your study according to the way the questions are sequenced in the statement of the problem.
2. Write the Conclusion or Conclusions
Once you have written the summary in Chapter 5, draw out a conclusion from each finding or result. It can be done per question, or you may arrange the questions per topic or sub-topic if there is any. But if your research is quantitative, answer the research question directly and tell if the hypothesis is rejected or accepted based on the findings.
As to grammar, make sure that you use the present tense of the verb because it comprises a general statement of the theory or the principle newly derived from the present study. So, don’t be confused because, in your summary, you use past tense, while in conclusion; you use the present tense.
3. Write the Recommendations
The recommendations must contain practical suggestions that will improve the situation or solve the problem investigated in the study.
First, it must be logical, specific, attainable, and relevant. Second, it should be addressed to persons, organizations, or agencies directly concerned with the issues or to those who can immediately implement the recommended solutions. Third, present another topic which is very relevant to the present study that can be further investigated by future researchers.
But never recommend anything that is not part of your study or not being mentioned in your findings.
Recommend nothing that is not part of your research or not being mentioned in your findings.
© 2014 July 29 M. G. Alvior | Updated 2024 January 10
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I am still having problem in organizing my summary and conclusion (my topic is dress code in public schools. to be more specific, at the Voinjama Public School. Can you help me with a sample?
Hello, Daryl. Thank you so much. About your request, I will find time to write about it. I got so busy the past months.
PLEASE HELP/GUIDE ME WHAT SHOULD I WRITE in my Chapter 5 .. your help is very much crucial as i have to submit thesis this weekend KULDEEP
Sorry, Aly. This is very late. Take your statement of the problem. the results for the statement of the problem will be the basis for your recommendation.
Hello, Jolven. Your recommendation must be based on your findings. So, if that is your title, and you found that the common causes are the ——-, then write a recommendation based on the causes.
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Writing dissertation chapter 5: the biggest mistake students make, published by steve tippins on june 4, 2020 june 4, 2020.
Last Updated on: 2nd February 2024, 04:50 am
Chapter 5 of your dissertation is different from all of the previous four chapters.
If you’re beginning to write Chapter 5 of your dissertation, you know that most of the writing you’ve done up until now was fairly formulaic. You’ve probably been following templates with strict requirements about what needs to be included in each section and subsection. Even in Chapter 5, many schools will give you a template. But don’t let that fool you.
Regardless of whether you receive a rubric for it, Chapter 5 of your dissertation is unique.
Your dissertation’s Chapter 5 is where you get to be more individualistic than in any other chapter and really “sing your song.” Why? It’s where you tell the reader what your results mean. Not just what they are, but what they mean. You tell them what they should take away from your study. You describe how your results can help others in the world or in the field.
The Most Common Mistake Students Make When Writing Chapter 5 of Their Dissertation
The biggest mistake students make when writing their dissertation’s Chapter 5 is not writing enough. In fact, students often submit an “implications” section that’s only a few paragraphs.
As a committee member , it’s hard to see someone who has spent a year on a research topic and written 100+ pages about it and then get to the implications in Chapter 5 and see two paragraphs. This begs the question, “You mean this is all you have to say?”
Don’t cheat yourself in Chapter 5. Really explain and tell the story of what your results mean.
This is where you get to bring out your intellectual curiosity and help others really understand what you did and why you did it, what it means, and why it’s important. Of course, you’ll need to do this all within the guidelines of what your university will allow you to do.
Normally Chapter 5 of a dissertation is about 15-20 pages. If it’s under ten pages, you’re really underselling your research. When you get to around 30-40 pages, your committee is going to wonder, “did all this come from your study?” or “couldn’t this have been said more succinctly?”
Tips for Writing Dissertation Chapter 5
Reference the Literature. If you’re stumped for things to write, look at what you said in Chapter 2 and tell the reader what your results mean in relation to what the researchers you quoted in Chapter 2 were talking about.l How you have added knowledge to the field?
Consider Your Defense. When you do the defense of your final document, Chapter 5 is where you end up at the end of your presentation. This is the last thing you talk about before you get to questions, and it’s where you may be able to answer questions before they come up.
Address Your Problem and Purpose. Don’t forget to remind the reader what your problem statement and research questions were at the beginning of Chapter 5. Explain how your results apply to the problem and purpose.
Back Everything Up. Also remember that even though it’s your chance to interpret and even express yourself, you still have to back everything up. Use quotes or data points from your results section and relate it to other research.
Use a Bird’s Eye View. This is where you can use graphics, charts, graphs, or other data that are much broader in scope than you might use elsewhere. In Chapter 4, for example, you’re going to use a graph that specifically relates to a statistical test you did. In Chapter 5, you might use one that’s broader in scope if it fits the flow of what you’re writing.
Tell a story. While other chapters might have been written in more of a compartmentalized style because of their formulaic nature, in Chapter 5 you’re really telling the story of your research. In line with that, the writing will need more of a flow.
Dissertation Chapter 5 Sample Template With Explanations
Introduction
In the introduction, tell the reader what they’re going to learn in Chapter 5. Reiterate the problem and purpose statements and your research questions and, if appropriate, reference the results from Chapter 4.
Implications
This is where you tell people here’s what the results of your study mean and why they are important. It also acts as a summary or “summing up” of the data. “These people said this,” or “this statistic was significant.” Make sure to support what you say with the research findings and avoid drawing conclusions that are beyond the scope of the study results.
Then discuss the real-world application of your findings. For example, “This is an approach that could be used by schools to help autistic children have better learning outcomes,” or “this is a technique that investors can use to predict valuable stock market returns.” Again, make sure to stay within the scope of your study.
Place your study in context. Describe how the results respond to the study problem, align with the purpose, demonstrate significance, and contribute to the existing literature described in Chapter 2.
Recommendations
The recommendations section is where you get to say, “and if you want to take this further, here are some suggestions for ways that this could be broadened or enhanced.” Here are some examples of what these suggestions could look like:
- Different samples and populations
- Ways to get at any limitations you reported in your study
- Different approaches: qualitative if your study was quantitative, or quantitative if yours was qualitative, for example. Describe approaches that would be complementary to your study.
- Related research that you’re already working on. Sometimes researchers work on multiple complementary projects simultaneously. Occasionally, they’ll include another related study that they’re working on in their recommendations section. This establishes a clear path of knowledge.
- Practical, real-world suggestions. “Here are some recommendations for how this research could be used in the real world.”
The conclusion of Chapter 5 is where you get to wrap up your story. “And so, boys and girls, this is what all this came down to.” Okay, you might not want to phrase it like that. But that’s essentially what you’re doing.
Don’t try to add new information in the conclusion. Remember, it’s like a speech: tell them what you’re going to tell them, tell them, then tell them what you told them.
Finishing Your Dissertation
Writing Chapter 5 and defending your dissertation is a big step towards getting your degree. Many students benefit from the support of a coach who is an experienced Dissertation Committee Chair at this point. A coach can conduct a mock defense with you in order to prepare you for the types of questions your committee will ask. Having answers to these questions can determine whether or not you pass your defense.
Check out my dissertation coaching services or contact me to book a free 30-minute consultation.
Steve Tippins
Steve Tippins, PhD, has thrived in academia for over thirty years. He continues to love teaching in addition to coaching recent PhD graduates as well as students writing their dissertations. Learn more about his dissertation coaching and career coaching services. Book a Free Consultation with Steve Tippins
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Writing a dissertation can be an overwhelming task. There are so many steps that it can be a bit hectic to keep track of them all!
If you're currently in the process of completing your dissertation, then you know that Chapter 5 is one of the most important parts. In this blog post, we will provide a detailed guide on whatever you need to know about Chapter 5 of your dissertation.
What is Chapter 5?
In dissertation, chapter 5 is the conclusion chapter. In chapter 5, you will summarize your research findings and draw conclusions. This chapter should also include future implications for further research related to your topic.
Overview of Chapter 5
The fifth chapter is where you report on your research findings. It means discussing both qualitative and quantitative data collected during your study. You should also include any trends or patterns in the data that may apply to your conclusions.
It’s important to discuss any unexpected results that may have arisen during your study as well as any limitations of the research methodology employed. Finally, this chapter should also provide an analysis of the implications of your work for future research.
Important Things to Consider While Writing Chapter 5
a. Length
The conclusion chapter should not be too long or too short. It should be long enough to summarize the key findings and contributions of the research adequately but not so long that it becomes repetitive or overly detailed. A good rule of thumb is to aim for a length of around 10% of the total dissertation word count.
To get detailed insight into how long your dissertation should be, you can visit this link:
How long should my dissertation be?
b. Significance
In the concluding chapter, it's important to emphasize the significance of the research. It means highlighting not just what was discovered but why it matters. What are the implications of the research for the field or society as a whole? How does it advance knowledge or solve a practical problem? By answering these questions, the writer can help the reader understand the broader impact of the research.
In chapter 5 dissertation’s tone should be sophisticated and professional. However, it's also important to strike a balance between being objective and enthusiastic. While it's important to avoid making unsupported claims or over-hyping the significance of the research, it's also okay to express some excitement about the findings and their potential implications.
d. Reflection
In addition to summarizing the research, the conclusion chapter is also a good place to reflect on the process of conducting the research.
- What were some of the challenges or surprises that arose during the study?
- What did the researcher learn about the topic, the methods, or themselves?
This kind of reflection can add depth and context to the dissertation.
e. Organization
It's important to ensure that the conclusion chapter is well-organized and easy to follow. That means using clear headings, transitional phrases, and summary statements to guide the reader through the key points. It's also important to avoid introducing new information or arguments in the conclusion chapter, as this can confuse the reader and undermine the coherence of the overall dissertation.
Very satisfied students
Effective ways to write chapter 5 in dissertation.
To write an effective conclusion chapter, the following steps should be considered:
1. Recapitulate the Research Questions or Objectives
Begin by restating the research questions or objectives addressed in the dissertation. It helps to ensure that the reader is reminded of the research's focus and the dissertation's purpose.
2. Summarize the Findings
Provide a summary of the key findings of the research. Highlight the analysis's main points, and ensure that you provide a clear and concise summary of the results. You can discuss the relevance of the findings to the research questions and objectives.
3. Discuss the Contributions of the Study
It is where you discuss the impact of your research on the field. Highlight the originality and significance of your findings, and explain how they contribute to the current knowledge in the field. You can also suggest how your research can be built upon by future studies.
4. Address the Limitations of the Study
Every study has limitations, and it is essential to acknowledge them in your conclusion chapter. Discuss any weaknesses or limitations of your study, and explain how they may have affected your findings. It helps to ensure that the reader has a complete understanding of the research and its potential shortcomings.
5. Offer Recommendations for Future Research
This is an opportunity to suggest areas that require further investigation. Highlight the gaps in the research, and suggest how future studies can address them. It can help to guide future researchers in their work and ensure that the field continues to progress.
Writing a dissertation is hectic, no doubt! But if you break it down into manageable pieces like chapters, it becomes much easier to stay on top of everything needed for completion. In this blog post, we provided a detailed guide on what you need to know about writing Chapter 5 – the conclusion section – which includes summarizing all previous sections and discussing any future implications for further research related to your topic.
Check out these resources below to get more academic assistance:
- How to Write a Reflection Paper: Guidelines with Examples
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- A Comprehensive Guide on How to Write an Introduction Paragraph. Five plus Examples
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Others find writing Chapter 5 to be the easiest portion of a research topic writing process, however other students are interested in learning more, if you fall into that category, this post was specifically intended for you. In this article, we will explain what a researcher needs to include in Chapter 5 of a research
Your Chapter 5 summary contains the study’s goals, the problem statement, the respondents, the sampling techniques, the research method(s), the statistical treatment(s), and any tested hypotheses if any; and\results, If you’ve noticed, your Chapters 1 through 4 already contain all the elements indicated above, Therefore, the issue is in how you will write and explain it briefly in Chapter 5, the essential points need to be highlighted first, before moving on and the specifics don’t need to be thoroughly explained, you must refrain from copying and pasting your writing from earlier chapters and keep it brief and basic, please!
Then, always compose sentences in the simple past and avoid using active voice wherever possible. Additionally, you need to be familiar with the various semantic indicators, and to make sure you didn’t miss anything while writing the summary of your research topic, use the following discussion questions as a guide:
- What is the study’s purpose? Who or what is its primary focus?
- When and where did the investigation take place?
- Which research technique was employed?
- How were the study’s data collected?
- the selection process for the respondents;
- What statistical techniques were used to handle the collected data? What conclusions can you draw from the presented and analyzed data?
- Finally, arrange the summary of your study’s findings by the order in which the problem statement’s questions are presented.
When writing the conclusion of your chapter 5 of your research topic
After you have completed Chapter 5’s summary, conclude from each finding or result, you can organize the questions by question or, if there are any, by project topic or subtopic. However, if your study is quantitative, immediately respond to the research question and indicate whether the hypothesis is supported or rejected in light of the results.
Make careful use of the verb’s present tense in grammar because it includes a general description of the theory or principle recently deduced from the present investigation. Don’t be confused because you utilized the past tense in your summary yet the present tense in your conclusion.
When writing the recommendation in chapter 5 of your research topic
The recommendations must include doable advice that will help the situation or resolve the issue the study looked into, it must first be sensible, precise, reachable, and pertinent. Second, it should be addressed to the people, groups, or organizations who are directly involved with the problems or to those who can quickly put the suggested solutions into practice.
Third, provide a different subject that is extremely pertinent to the current study and that future scholars may want to explore more. However, never give advice that is not supported by your research or your findings, However, certain universities, particularly in the Philippines, mandate that students follow a particular research format. As a result, as a student, you are required to follow the rules established by your institution or university.
The last and most distinctive chapter of your research paper is this one, Before this, the majority of the chapters could be created quickly by using a template with specific guidelines for each component however, this chapter is the one where you have the most freedom to express your individuality, In this final chapter, you want to explain to the reader what your findings mean and you highlight the main ideas to remember as a result of your thorough investigation, you explain how your findings can benefit people in the actual world and follow-up studies in the area and you are free to express your thoughts about your findings and come to your conclusions.
This chapter reviews your findings from other chapters, summarizes your interpretations, and shows how your study will change how people now think about the topic and use it in practical ways. This chapter is essential for concluding your points and supporting your study and everything you’ve said up to this point has been leading up to this chapter, in which you give your strongest and most significant statement highlighting the study’s findings.
Avoid these Common Errors When Writing Chapter 5 of your research topic
Not adding enough thoughts concerning the study when writing your research topic Chapter 5 is one of the worst mistakes that is frequently committed, it is simple to locate a research paper with more than 100 pages that just have three paragraphs in Chapter 5’s implications so do not make this error! Give a thorough explanation of your research’s applicability and ramifications and to help the reader comprehend your goals and why they are significant, you use all of your knowledge and be honest about your research.
Aside from leaving out too much of the end, another error is to laboriously summarize the earlier parts, even though the conclusion must summarize the earlier facts, it should be done neatly and briefly rather than in time-wasting rants because the purpose of the summary is to set the stage and establish context for the main body of the chapter.
Including fresh material in this section is another error that is frequently made, your reader can get confused because of this, any data required to support the conclusion need to have been presented sooner. Instead, offer any additional justifications for your research in the comments area.
Another error that novices and even some professionals frequently commit is failing to analyze the research constraints, it demonstrates your understanding of the research topic and your thorough consideration of the big picture to make a mention of the research’s limits so Include explicit comments of what the research does and does not do without going overboard with the flaws of your work.
Another typical error is overstating or understating the magnitude of your claims.
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How To Write Chapter Five Of Your Final Year Project | ResearchWap Blog
- Posted: Wednesday, 14 October 2020
- By: ResearchWap Admin
How To Write Chapter Five Of Your Final Year Project (Summary, Conclusion, and Recommendation).
This chapter summarises the research findings, discusses the limitations, and reflect the recommendations of the study.
The easier way of getting your research project work done is to understand how to SAY what you are going to say, SAY IT, and SAY what you have already said
In writing chapter five of your final year research project. You are meant to say what you’ve already said. Here, you are reminding the reader where he or she is coming from.
It is always ideal to start your research project chapter five by reminding your readers of the purpose of the study (Say what you’ve said already), this will refresh their memory of what the research study is all about.
In my previous writing on How To Write Chapter Four Of Your Final Year Project (Data Analysis and Presentation) , I took my time to thoroughly explain how to report your research project analysis. And at this very point of your research project documentation, it is assumed that you have already done with your study and now into reporting
First of all, you will have to tell your readers what you are able to understand your analysis of the variables used. Then relate that to what other researchers had found out from their research (as related to your own studies). Then you make your recommendations based on your own findings and finally your conclusions.
In writing chapter five (5) of your research project, it is recommended that you check with your institution on their preferred title for research project chapter five(5). Chapter five has been titled in different ways. Here in this writing, it is suggested that the chapter is titled as Summary, Conclusion, and Recommendations since institutions vary in their chapter five (5) of the final year research project.
Also, Read - How To Write Your Final Year Project Chapter One (Introduction)
The following are sub-sections or headings for final year project chapter five (5)
- Introduction or Preamble
Research Project Chapter Five – Introduction:
This is where you have to introduce the chapter, stating what the readers should expect and how you are going to arrive at it.
Research Project Chapter Five - Summary
The objective of this section is to refresh the reader’s understanding of the ‘findings’ or ‘results’. Highlight the main or major findings that you had stated in your data analysis and presentation (Chapter four). There is no need to explain in detail the findings or results, some researchers or students make this mistake of copying chapter four and pasting it in this chapter five, please try as much as you can to avoid this temptation.
Try and make your summary very simple and brief so that anyone who is not in your field can easily understand it. Remember to write in the past tense. For example, “Job satisfaction as expressed by staff did not vary according to their personality types”. The reason for this is because you are reporting what you have already done.
For quantitative research and to ensure the flow, it is suggested that you use the research questions or hypotheses as a guide. For qualitative research, you could use the research questions, themes, or categories. Study your findings and tell your reader how they have answered the research questions.
Summarizing your findings which you have stated earlier is not enough here, you just need to do more than that, you need to share your belief on what you got and did not get
The keyword is ‘summary and discussion’. At this very point, you should be able to sell your research (Let people see reason with your decision).
Here you can use the present tense because you are making statements that are derived from the study.
State the possible reasons, causes, and factors for the findings or results stated in the ‘Summary’ section. For example, a significant finding from your study was that drug abuse actually influences academic performance’. What do you think produced such a finding?
You need to know that even if you did not get the exact results you expected, you should explain why – For example, the experiment to test the reliability and usefulness of given psychotherapy did not show significant differences – try to explain why the method did not produce the results you were expecting.
You also show how the findings of your study have/will contributed/contribute to the existing understanding of concepts identified in the works of other people – important to acknowledge the views of others who share similar positions as those identified by your research. Compare and contrast your findings or results with those of other researchers: How are your findings/results similar or different from other studies? What do the results mean for them?
Also, Read - How To Develop Your Research Project Chapter Two Effectively (Literature Review)
If you want to show how your study contributed to your theoretical framework then show how your work could influence the theoretical debate.
If someone only reads the ‘Discussion’ section, they should get a good understanding of what you found and why it matters. You should explain to the reader clearly, in a narrative, without restarting your results.
Research Project Chapter Five - Recommendations
Here, you must be logical, specific, attainable, and relevant. Your recommendations should be addressed to persons, organizations, or agencies directly concerned with the issues or to those who can immediately implement the recommended solutions. You should be able to present another topic that is very relevant to the present study that can be further investigated by future researchers. But never recommend anything that is not part of your study or not being mentioned in your findings.
After organizing your thoughts as to what would be the contents of your recommendations, you should write it in the simple present tense.
In the Recommendation section, tell your readers what should have been done which you did not do because of factors you weren’t able to control, tell your readers the area of interest you would have liked to explore but which was outside the scope of your study, the follow-up studies that should be done given your result and finally, how the study could be extended.
Also, Read - How To Write Chapter Three Of Your Research Project (Research Methodology)
Do not forget that there are professionals in your field. Tell your readers how these professionals in your field can be impacted by the findings of this study. Tell your readers what you recommend for these professionals, policymakers, stakeholders, government leaders, etc.
Research Project Chapter Five - Conclusions
For the first time in the project (outside the interpretation of analysis), you can state your personal opinion with the collected data supporting it. The conclusions of your project report relate directly to the research questions or objectives. They represent the contribution to knowledge. They also relate directly to the significance of the study, which is always, in some way, to improve the human condition. These are the major generalizations, the answer to the problem(s) revealed in Chapters one and two.
Also, Read - How To Write Chapter Four Of Your Final Year Project (Data Analysis And Presentation)
Tags: chapter five, summary, conclusion, recommendation,
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How To Write The Discussion Chapter
A Simple Explainer With Examples + Free Template
By: Jenna Crossley (PhD) | Reviewed By: Dr. Eunice Rautenbach | August 2021
If you’re reading this, chances are you’ve reached the discussion chapter of your thesis or dissertation and are looking for a bit of guidance. Well, you’ve come to the right place ! In this post, we’ll unpack and demystify the typical discussion chapter in straightforward, easy to understand language, with loads of examples .
Overview: The Discussion Chapter
- What the discussion chapter is
- What to include in your discussion
- How to write up your discussion
- A few tips and tricks to help you along the way
- Free discussion template
What (exactly) is the discussion chapter?
The discussion chapter is where you interpret and explain your results within your thesis or dissertation. This contrasts with the results chapter, where you merely present and describe the analysis findings (whether qualitative or quantitative ). In the discussion chapter, you elaborate on and evaluate your research findings, and discuss the significance and implications of your results .
In this chapter, you’ll situate your research findings in terms of your research questions or hypotheses and tie them back to previous studies and literature (which you would have covered in your literature review chapter). You’ll also have a look at how relevant and/or significant your findings are to your field of research, and you’ll argue for the conclusions that you draw from your analysis. Simply put, the discussion chapter is there for you to interact with and explain your research findings in a thorough and coherent manner.
What should I include in the discussion chapter?
First things first: in some studies, the results and discussion chapter are combined into one chapter . This depends on the type of study you conducted (i.e., the nature of the study and methodology adopted), as well as the standards set by the university. So, check in with your university regarding their norms and expectations before getting started. In this post, we’ll treat the two chapters as separate, as this is most common.
Basically, your discussion chapter should analyse , explore the meaning and identify the importance of the data you presented in your results chapter. In the discussion chapter, you’ll give your results some form of meaning by evaluating and interpreting them. This will help answer your research questions, achieve your research aims and support your overall conclusion (s). Therefore, you discussion chapter should focus on findings that are directly connected to your research aims and questions. Don’t waste precious time and word count on findings that are not central to the purpose of your research project.
As this chapter is a reflection of your results chapter, it’s vital that you don’t report any new findings . In other words, you can’t present claims here if you didn’t present the relevant data in the results chapter first. So, make sure that for every discussion point you raise in this chapter, you’ve covered the respective data analysis in the results chapter. If you haven’t, you’ll need to go back and adjust your results chapter accordingly.
If you’re struggling to get started, try writing down a bullet point list everything you found in your results chapter. From this, you can make a list of everything you need to cover in your discussion chapter. Also, make sure you revisit your research questions or hypotheses and incorporate the relevant discussion to address these. This will also help you to see how you can structure your chapter logically.
Need a helping hand?
How to write the discussion chapter
Now that you’ve got a clear idea of what the discussion chapter is and what it needs to include, let’s look at how you can go about structuring this critically important chapter. Broadly speaking, there are six core components that need to be included, and these can be treated as steps in the chapter writing process.
Step 1: Restate your research problem and research questions
The first step in writing up your discussion chapter is to remind your reader of your research problem , as well as your research aim(s) and research questions . If you have hypotheses, you can also briefly mention these. This “reminder” is very important because, after reading dozens of pages, the reader may have forgotten the original point of your research or been swayed in another direction. It’s also likely that some readers skip straight to your discussion chapter from the introduction chapter , so make sure that your research aims and research questions are clear.
Step 2: Summarise your key findings
Next, you’ll want to summarise your key findings from your results chapter. This may look different for qualitative and quantitative research , where qualitative research may report on themes and relationships, whereas quantitative research may touch on correlations and causal relationships. Regardless of the methodology, in this section you need to highlight the overall key findings in relation to your research questions.
Typically, this section only requires one or two paragraphs , depending on how many research questions you have. Aim to be concise here, as you will unpack these findings in more detail later in the chapter. For now, a few lines that directly address your research questions are all that you need.
Some examples of the kind of language you’d use here include:
- The data suggest that…
- The data support/oppose the theory that…
- The analysis identifies…
These are purely examples. What you present here will be completely dependent on your original research questions, so make sure that you are led by them .
Step 3: Interpret your results
Once you’ve restated your research problem and research question(s) and briefly presented your key findings, you can unpack your findings by interpreting your results. Remember: only include what you reported in your results section – don’t introduce new information.
From a structural perspective, it can be a wise approach to follow a similar structure in this chapter as you did in your results chapter. This would help improve readability and make it easier for your reader to follow your arguments. For example, if you structured you results discussion by qualitative themes, it may make sense to do the same here.
Alternatively, you may structure this chapter by research questions, or based on an overarching theoretical framework that your study revolved around. Every study is different, so you’ll need to assess what structure works best for you.
When interpreting your results, you’ll want to assess how your findings compare to those of the existing research (from your literature review chapter). Even if your findings contrast with the existing research, you need to include these in your discussion. In fact, those contrasts are often the most interesting findings . In this case, you’d want to think about why you didn’t find what you were expecting in your data and what the significance of this contrast is.
Here are a few questions to help guide your discussion:
- How do your results relate with those of previous studies ?
- If you get results that differ from those of previous studies, why may this be the case?
- What do your results contribute to your field of research?
- What other explanations could there be for your findings?
When interpreting your findings, be careful not to draw conclusions that aren’t substantiated . Every claim you make needs to be backed up with evidence or findings from the data (and that data needs to be presented in the previous chapter – results). This can look different for different studies; qualitative data may require quotes as evidence, whereas quantitative data would use statistical methods and tests. Whatever the case, every claim you make needs to be strongly backed up.
Step 4: Acknowledge the limitations of your study
The fourth step in writing up your discussion chapter is to acknowledge the limitations of the study. These limitations can cover any part of your study , from the scope or theoretical basis to the analysis method(s) or sample. For example, you may find that you collected data from a very small sample with unique characteristics, which would mean that you are unable to generalise your results to the broader population.
For some students, discussing the limitations of their work can feel a little bit self-defeating . This is a misconception, as a core indicator of high-quality research is its ability to accurately identify its weaknesses. In other words, accurately stating the limitations of your work is a strength, not a weakness . All that said, be careful not to undermine your own research. Tell the reader what limitations exist and what improvements could be made, but also remind them of the value of your study despite its limitations.
Step 5: Make recommendations for implementation and future research
Now that you’ve unpacked your findings and acknowledge the limitations thereof, the next thing you’ll need to do is reflect on your study in terms of two factors:
- The practical application of your findings
- Suggestions for future research
The first thing to discuss is how your findings can be used in the real world – in other words, what contribution can they make to the field or industry? Where are these contributions applicable, how and why? For example, if your research is on communication in health settings, in what ways can your findings be applied to the context of a hospital or medical clinic? Make sure that you spell this out for your reader in practical terms, but also be realistic and make sure that any applications are feasible.
The next discussion point is the opportunity for future research . In other words, how can other studies build on what you’ve found and also improve the findings by overcoming some of the limitations in your study (which you discussed a little earlier). In doing this, you’ll want to investigate whether your results fit in with findings of previous research, and if not, why this may be the case. For example, are there any factors that you didn’t consider in your study? What future research can be done to remedy this? When you write up your suggestions, make sure that you don’t just say that more research is needed on the topic, also comment on how the research can build on your study.
Step 6: Provide a concluding summary
Finally, you’ve reached your final stretch. In this section, you’ll want to provide a brief recap of the key findings – in other words, the findings that directly address your research questions . Basically, your conclusion should tell the reader what your study has found, and what they need to take away from reading your report.
When writing up your concluding summary, bear in mind that some readers may skip straight to this section from the beginning of the chapter. So, make sure that this section flows well from and has a strong connection to the opening section of the chapter.
Tips and tricks for an A-grade discussion chapter
Now that you know what the discussion chapter is , what to include and exclude , and how to structure it , here are some tips and suggestions to help you craft a quality discussion chapter.
- When you write up your discussion chapter, make sure that you keep it consistent with your introduction chapter , as some readers will skip from the introduction chapter directly to the discussion chapter. Your discussion should use the same tense as your introduction, and it should also make use of the same key terms.
- Don’t make assumptions about your readers. As a writer, you have hands-on experience with the data and so it can be easy to present it in an over-simplified manner. Make sure that you spell out your findings and interpretations for the intelligent layman.
- Have a look at other theses and dissertations from your institution, especially the discussion sections. This will help you to understand the standards and conventions of your university, and you’ll also get a good idea of how others have structured their discussion chapters. You can also check out our chapter template .
- Avoid using absolute terms such as “These results prove that…”, rather make use of terms such as “suggest” or “indicate”, where you could say, “These results suggest that…” or “These results indicate…”. It is highly unlikely that a dissertation or thesis will scientifically prove something (due to a variety of resource constraints), so be humble in your language.
- Use well-structured and consistently formatted headings to ensure that your reader can easily navigate between sections, and so that your chapter flows logically and coherently.
If you have any questions or thoughts regarding this post, feel free to leave a comment below. Also, if you’re looking for one-on-one help with your discussion chapter (or thesis in general), consider booking a free consultation with one of our highly experienced Grad Coaches to discuss how we can help you.
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38 Comments
Thank you this is helpful!
This is very helpful to me… Thanks a lot for sharing this with us 😊
This has been very helpful indeed. Thank you.
This is actually really helpful, I just stumbled upon it. Very happy that I found it, thank you.
Me too! I was kinda lost on how to approach my discussion chapter. How helpful! Thanks a lot!
This is really good and explicit. Thanks
Thank you, this blog has been such a help.
Thank you. This is very helpful.
Dear sir/madame
Thanks a lot for this helpful blog. Really, it supported me in writing my discussion chapter while I was totally unaware about its structure and method of writing.
With regards
Syed Firoz Ahmad PhD, Research Scholar
I agree so much. This blog was god sent. It assisted me so much while I was totally clueless about the context and the know-how. Now I am fully aware of what I am to do and how I am to do it.
Thanks! This is helpful!
thanks alot for this informative website
Dear Sir/Madam,
Truly, your article was much benefited when i structured my discussion chapter.
Thank you very much!!!
This is helpful for me in writing my research discussion component. I have to copy this text on Microsoft word cause of my weakness that I cannot be able to read the text on screen a long time. So many thanks for this articles.
This was helpful
Thanks Jenna, well explained.
Thank you! This is super helpful.
Thanks very much. I have appreciated the six steps on writing the Discussion chapter which are (i) Restating the research problem and questions (ii) Summarising the key findings (iii) Interpreting the results linked to relating to previous results in positive and negative ways; explaining whay different or same and contribution to field of research and expalnation of findings (iv) Acknowledgeing limitations (v) Recommendations for implementation and future resaerch and finally (vi) Providing a conscluding summary
My two questions are: 1. On step 1 and 2 can it be the overall or you restate and sumamrise on each findings based on the reaerch question? 2. On 4 and 5 do you do the acknowlledgement , recommendations on each research finding or overall. This is not clear from your expalanattion.
Please respond.
This post is very useful. I’m wondering whether practical implications must be introduced in the Discussion section or in the Conclusion section?
This is very instructive and educative
Sigh, I never knew a 20 min video could have literally save my life like this. I found this at the right time!!!! Everything I need to know in one video thanks a mil ! OMGG and that 6 step!!!!!! was the cherry on top the cake!!!!!!!!!
Thanks alot.., I have gained much
This piece is very helpful on how to go about my discussion section. I can always recommend GradCoach research guides for colleagues.
Many thanks for this resource. It has been very helpful to me. I was finding it hard to even write the first sentence. Much appreciated.
Thanks so much. Very helpful to know what is included in the discussion section
this was a very helpful and useful information
This is very helpful. Very very helpful. Thanks for sharing this online!
it is very helpfull article, and i will recommend it to my fellow students. Thank you.
Superlative! More grease to your elbows.
Powerful, thank you for sharing.
Wow! Just wow! God bless the day I stumbled upon you guys’ YouTube videos! It’s been truly life changing and anxiety about my report that is due in less than a month has subsided significantly!
Simplified explanation. Well done.
The presentation is enlightening. Thank you very much.
Thanks for the support and guidance
This has been a great help to me and thank you do much
I second that “it is highly unlikely that a dissertation or thesis will scientifically prove something”; although, could you enlighten us on that comment and elaborate more please?
Sure, no problem.
Scientific proof is generally considered a very strong assertion that something is definitively and universally true. In most scientific disciplines, especially within the realms of natural and social sciences, absolute proof is very rare. Instead, researchers aim to provide evidence that supports or rejects hypotheses. This evidence increases or decreases the likelihood that a particular theory is correct, but it rarely proves something in the absolute sense.
Dissertations and theses, as substantial as they are, typically focus on exploring a specific question or problem within a larger field of study. They contribute to a broader conversation and body of knowledge. The aim is often to provide detailed insight, extend understanding, and suggest directions for further research rather than to offer definitive proof. These academic works are part of a cumulative process of knowledge building where each piece of research connects with others to gradually enhance our understanding of complex phenomena.
Furthermore, the rigorous nature of scientific inquiry involves continuous testing, validation, and potential refutation of ideas. What might be considered a “proof” at one point can later be challenged by new evidence or alternative interpretations. Therefore, the language of “proof” is cautiously used in academic circles to maintain scientific integrity and humility.
This was very helpful, thank you!
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- How to Write Recommendations in Research | Examples & Tips
How to Write Recommendations in Research | Examples & Tips
Published on September 15, 2022 by Tegan George . Revised on July 18, 2023.
Recommendations in research are a crucial component of your discussion section and the conclusion of your thesis , dissertation , or research paper .
As you conduct your research and analyze the data you collected , perhaps there are ideas or results that don’t quite fit the scope of your research topic. Or, maybe your results suggest that there are further implications of your results or the causal relationships between previously-studied variables than covered in extant research.
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Table of contents
What should recommendations look like, building your research recommendation, how should your recommendations be written, recommendation in research example, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about recommendations.
Recommendations for future research should be:
- Concrete and specific
- Supported with a clear rationale
- Directly connected to your research
Overall, strive to highlight ways other researchers can reproduce or replicate your results to draw further conclusions, and suggest different directions that future research can take, if applicable.
Relatedly, when making these recommendations, avoid:
- Undermining your own work, but rather offer suggestions on how future studies can build upon it
- Suggesting recommendations actually needed to complete your argument, but rather ensure that your research stands alone on its own merits
- Using recommendations as a place for self-criticism, but rather as a natural extension point for your work
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There are many different ways to frame recommendations, but the easiest is perhaps to follow the formula of research question conclusion recommendation. Here’s an example.
Conclusion An important condition for controlling many social skills is mastering language. If children have a better command of language, they can express themselves better and are better able to understand their peers. Opportunities to practice social skills are thus dependent on the development of language skills.
As a rule of thumb, try to limit yourself to only the most relevant future recommendations: ones that stem directly from your work. While you can have multiple recommendations for each research conclusion, it is also acceptable to have one recommendation that is connected to more than one conclusion.
These recommendations should be targeted at your audience, specifically toward peers or colleagues in your field that work on similar subjects to your paper or dissertation topic . They can flow directly from any limitations you found while conducting your work, offering concrete and actionable possibilities for how future research can build on anything that your own work was unable to address at the time of your writing.
See below for a full research recommendation example that you can use as a template to write your own.
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While it may be tempting to present new arguments or evidence in your thesis or disseration conclusion , especially if you have a particularly striking argument you’d like to finish your analysis with, you shouldn’t. Theses and dissertations follow a more formal structure than this.
All your findings and arguments should be presented in the body of the text (more specifically in the discussion section and results section .) The conclusion is meant to summarize and reflect on the evidence and arguments you have already presented, not introduce new ones.
The conclusion of your thesis or dissertation should include the following:
- A restatement of your research question
- A summary of your key arguments and/or results
- A short discussion of the implications of your research
For a stronger dissertation conclusion , avoid including:
- Important evidence or analysis that wasn’t mentioned in the discussion section and results section
- Generic concluding phrases (e.g. “In conclusion …”)
- Weak statements that undermine your argument (e.g., “There are good points on both sides of this issue.”)
Your conclusion should leave the reader with a strong, decisive impression of your work.
In a thesis or dissertation, the discussion is an in-depth exploration of the results, going into detail about the meaning of your findings and citing relevant sources to put them in context.
The conclusion is more shorter and more general: it concisely answers your main research question and makes recommendations based on your overall findings.
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PDF | On Mar 12, 2019, Shantini S Karalasingam published CHAPTER 5 SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER STUDIES | Find, read and cite ...
For others, writing Chapter 5 is the easiest part of thesis writing, but there are groups of students who would like to know more about it. ... Hello maam my PhD research purely a qualitative study on community based organization of slum ..i used 3 tool case study , participant observation and FGDs to analyse role, impact, challenge and ...
4. A second section in the discussion chapter addresses and explores implications for practice. For the sake of clarity, create separate sections for implications that involve research, professional practice, or policy. 5. When preparing the conclusion section, imagine giving a brief talk to your colleagues. Based
Learn how to write your thesis chapter 5 with this video that provides samples and tips on summary, conclusions and recommendations. #...
The biggest mistake students make when writing their dissertation's Chapter 5 is not writing enough. In fact, students often submit an "implications" section that's only a few paragraphs. As a committee member, it's hard to see someone who has spent a year on a research topic and written 100+ pages about it and then get to the ...
The Purpose of Chapter 5. Topic 2: Chapter 5. Learning Goals: Understand the components of Chapter 5. Write the introduction to include the problem, purpose, research questions and brief description of the methodology. Review and verify findings for the study. Write the Summary of Findings. Compose Implications for Practice.
The introduction to Chapter 5 should succinctly recapitulate the research problem and objectives, providing a crisp segue into a discussion of how the findings have resolved the issues addressed ...
Effective Ways to Write Chapter 5 in Dissertation. To write an effective conclusion chapter, the following steps should be considered: 1. Recapitulate the Research Questions or Objectives. Begin by restating the research questions or objectives addressed in the dissertation. It helps to ensure that the reader is reminded of the research's focus ...
The following steps will guide in write a good chapter five: 5.1 Introduction In introducing the chapter the researcher must restate the pu rpose of the study and then describe
When writing the recommendation in chapter 5 of your research topic. The recommendations must include doable advice that will help the situation or resolve the issue the study looked into, it must first be sensible, precise, reachable, and pertinent. Second, it should be addressed to the people, groups, or organizations who are directly ...
Step 1: Restate the problem. The first task of your conclusion is to remind the reader of your research problem. You will have discussed this problem in depth throughout the body, but now the point is to zoom back out from the details to the bigger picture. While you are restating a problem you've already introduced, you should avoid phrasing ...
In writing chapter five (5) of your research project, it is recommended that you check with your institution on their preferred title for research project chapter five(5). Chapter five has been titled in different ways. Here in this writing, it is suggested that the chapter is titled as Summary, Conclusion, and Recommendations since ...
The results chapter in a dissertation or thesis (or any formal academic research piece) is where you objectively and neutrally present the findings of your qualitative analysis (or analyses if you used multiple qualitative analysis methods). This chapter can sometimes be combined with the discussion chapter (where you interpret the data and ...
This document provides guidelines for writing Chapter 5 (Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendations) of a thesis or dissertation. It discusses summarizing the key elements of the research study, stating the findings based on data analysis, drawing conclusions, and providing recommendations for future work. The summary should concisely outline ...
This session presents the contents that should be included in Chapter 5 of a PhD/DBA Dissertation.
Dissertation OverviewThe traditional dissertation is organized into 5 chapters and includes the following elements and pages:Title page (aka cover page) Signature ...
Step 1: Restate your research problem and research questions. The first step in writing up your discussion chapter is to remind your reader of your research problem, as well as your research aim (s) and research questions. If you have hypotheses, you can also briefly mention these.
Recommendations for future research should be: Concrete and specific. Supported with a clear rationale. Directly connected to your research. Overall, strive to highlight ways other researchers can reproduce or replicate your results to draw further conclusions, and suggest different directions that future research can take, if applicable.
Chapter 4. Discuss the results/ findings by confirming it with previous. studies. Draw conclusion. List recommendation for future study based on the. limitation (s) of your study. Chapter 5 ...
1. This document provides guidelines for writing Chapter 5 of a thesis, which typically includes a Summary, Summary of Findings, Conclusions, and Recommendations. 2. It outlines what should be included in each section, such as briefly restating the purpose, population, research methods, and findings in the Summary section. 3. The Summary of ...
This document provides guidelines for writing Chapter 5 (Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendations) of a thesis or dissertation. Chapter 5 should summarize the overall study objectives, methodology, findings, and present conclusions drawn from the findings. Recommendations for future action and research are also to be included based on the significance of the findings. The conclusions must ...
This page examines chapter 5 of the thesis and dissertation writing process. This is the conclusion of the document. ... One of the biggest mistakes often made when writing Chapter 5 is not including enough thoughts about the research. It is easy to find a research work with more than a hundred pages with only three paragraphs in the ...
This document discusses writing Chapter 5 of a qualitative dissertation. Chapter 5 typically focuses on summarizing findings, drawing conclusions, and discussing implications. Many students find presenting qualitative research findings in a clear manner to be overwhelming. However, help is available from professional dissertation writing services that can assist with crafting a high-quality ...
The first step in writing your A-Level History NEA, after choosing your title, is researching for it. This is because this extended essay is so dependent on the research that without it, you won't actually have anything to write. In your research, you're looking for 3 things: primary sources, historian interpretations and context.