education system in britain

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UK Education System Guide

The UK education system is reputed worldwide for its high quality and standards. Britons enter the education system at the age of three, and up to 16 are obliged to attend school (compulsory education), while afterward is upon their choice.

Generally, the British higher education system has five stages of education: 

• Early Years
• Primary Years
• Secondary Education
• Further Education (FE)
• Higher Education (HE) 

Besides sharing many similarities, the UK education system at different levels at each zone of administration (England, Scotland, and Wales) differs a bit. Generally speaking, these differences could be more meaningful if we discuss UK higher education as one.

In the UK, everybody over five and under 16 is obliged to attend school. This aging time frame contains two sections of the education system in the UK: Primary and Secondary Schools.

The Compulsory Education in the UK 

Compulsory education in the UK is divided into four key stages, distinguished by a student’s age. The first stage includes 5 to 7-year-olds, and the fourth and final stage lasts from the age of 14 to age 16. 

Here are the four stages of mandatory education in the UK and the curricula for each key stage:

First Key Stage 

The first key stage in compulsory education in England includes children from 5 to 7 years old, otherwise known as a primary school, comprising the first two years. 

Here are some of the main subjects that this stage of mandatory education includes:

• English Language 
• Mathematics
• Physical Education

During the first year of this stage, the curriculum structure contains the Phonic screening, a short assessment of kids’ ability to decode and understand phonics properly. Typically, the teacher will ask the students to repeat a list of around 40 words out loud. At the end of this stage (the same in all stages), these pupils will sit for an examination to measure their English, Maths, and Science knowledge development.

Second Key Stage

Between 7 to 11 years, pupils will be in the second key stage of compulsory education. The second key stage includes years 3 to 6. At this level, the curriculum is designed to give students a more advanced understanding of the previously gained knowledge on the core subjects. 

At the end of this stage, the school will test students in the following subjects:

• English reading.
• English grammar, punctuation, and spelling.
• Mathematics.

In English and Mathematics, the testing will be done through national assessment tests, while the teacher will independently assess the level of improvement of each student in Science.

Third Key Stage

Pupils aged 11 to 14 belong to the third stage of compulsory education, or years 7 to 9. This education level is essential to a certain degree because only a few years later, they will sit for the GCSE national qualification. 

The curriculum during this stage of education will also contain new subjects at which students are supposed to get some basic knowledge before moving any further in the upcoming stages of education.

The subjects learned in Key Stage 3 are:

• Art and Design
• Physical Education 
• Modern Foreign Languages 
• Design and Technology and Computing

At the end of the third Key Stage, some students may take their GCSE or other national qualifications. 

Fourth Key Stage

The final stage of compulsory education, key stage 4, lasts from 14 to 16 and includes years 10 to 12. The fourth key stage is the most common period for students to undertake the national assessment tests that will lead them to take a GCSE or other national qualifications.

The compulsory national curriculum at this stage contains the “core” and “foundation” subjects.

Here are the “core” subjects taught at the fourth key stage:

And here are the “foundation” subjects taught at the key stage 4:

• Citizenship

Additionally, schools in the UK are obliged to offer one of the following subjects during this stage of education.

• Design and Technology
• Modern Foreign Languages

The Higher Education System in the United Kingdom 

In particular, UK higher education is valued worldwide for its renowned standards and quality. Its higher education’s prestige also emanates from its graduates’ work afterward. Many eminent people in many different areas whose work reached global recognition came from British universities. 

Some universities and other higher education providers are ranked top among universities worldwide. The UK capital city, London, not by accident, is considered to be the world’s capital city of higher education. With its four universities ranked in the world’s top ten, London has the highest number of worldwide-ranked universities per city.

By definition, UK higher education is the level of education that follows secondary school at the hierarchy of the educational system in the UK. When high school is over, Britons have to sit in a standard examination, making them eligible not to continue their education at a higher level.

What is the Difference Between Colleges and Universities?

In the UK education system, in contrast to the US higher education, there is a difference between college and university. While in the US, there is no distinction between college and university, with most people referring to a higher education provider as a college, in the UK, this is not the case. 

In the UK, a college is a further education institution that prepares students to earn a degree. At the same time, a university is a licensed HE institution that awards students with a degree at the end of their studies. 

Studying in the UK as an International Student 

If you’re an international student , you must know that not all higher education providers in the UK are referred to as a university. This issue is regulated by law. 

As this official regulation states, a higher education institution can be labeled as a university under these circumstances:

• If it gets approved by the Privy Council under the Further and Higher Education Act 1992.
• If it gets approval under the provisions of the Companies Act 2006.

International students from countries other than the European Economic Area (EEA) or Switzerland must apply for a student visa to study in the UK.

The UK Higher Education Degree Levels and Programs

Based on the actual education regulations in the UK education system, Higher Education comprises the following levels of courses. 

1. Undergraduate Courses

Undergraduate courses in the UK include a wide range of first degrees which are listed below.

• Bachelor’s Degree 
• Honors and Ordinary Degrees 
• Qualified Teacher Status 
• Enhanced First Degrees 
• Intercalated Degrees (medical schools or other specific study fields allow students to take a year off between the second and third years to study a different area which can be a BA, BSc, or master’s degree program).

Here are other undergraduate courses: 

• Foundation degrees 
• Higher National Diploma HND (or equivalent) 
• NHC (or equivalent), etc.

An undergraduate course usually takes three years; however, Scotland is an exception, where undergraduate courses take four years to complete. The higher education system in the UK has many universities that offer 4-year undergraduate courses, also known as “ sandwich courses .” This program includes a one-year work experience —usually carried out in the third year.

Keep in mind: Some British universities offer fast-track programs where you can obtain a Master’s degree at the undergraduate level. Unlike traditional undergraduate courses, fast-track programs allow students to attend an additional year of studying instead of taking a Bachelor’s degree which leads to a Master’s program. 

Besides, it costs much less than the typical 3-year undergraduate courses; however, it usually is much more intense with shortened holiday breaks and a heavy schedule.

2. Postgraduate Courses 

The postgraduate degree programs are only obtainable if you have a bachelor’s degree at an accredited university (not necessarily one in England).

The postgraduate level includes the following degrees:

• Master’s Degree (Taught or Research). Master’s degrees usually last one year or longer if they are research-based.
• Doctorate. The typical doctoral degree takes three years to complete. 
• Postgraduate Diplomas.
• Postgraduate Certificates of Education (PGCE).
• Professional Degrees.

Note: To enter this level, it is usually required to have a first degree (Bachelor’s).

The Higher Education Curriculum and Admission Process 

In the UK’s education system, most syllabi are set by the universities offering them and are not controlled by the government or certain British educational institutions. The only exception to this is teacher education programs, which the government has a lot of say over. 

The British government has established the Office for Standards in Education, Children’s Services and Skills (Ofsted) to maintain those standards. Most countries have specific regulations for their teachers, so this isn’t any different than studying teaching in your home country. Because of its strict rules and high standards for teacher education programs, the UK is considered to have some of the best teacher education programs in the world.

Even though universities set the syllabi, the Office for Fair Access (OFFA) in the British school system has a lot of say in the admission procedures of each university. This office was created so everyone who wishes to attend university in the UK can do so. They also promote fair access to higher education, even for those attending university as international students. Appropriate access also includes those of different cultures, different races, different nationalities, and those who have disabilities.

UK Tuition Fees and Costs

The reputation of British higher education goes hand in hand with its costs. Tuition fees may vary from university to university, as well as from one location to another.

So it’s always advisable to check the university’s website before making further study plans. Indeed, to attend a British university, you need a lot of money packed in —whether you’re a native or not— but since there are many scholarship schemes , you can always apply for one.

The tuition fees of UK universities also vary depending on the degree level and study program. The average tuition fees for international students range from ~£17,109 (USD 20,876) to  ~£22,200 (USD 27,000). 

• Undergraduate tuition fees: International students pay around £11,400 – £38,000 (USD 13,900 – USD 46,355).
• Postgraduate tuition fees: International students pay around £9,000 – £30,000 (USD 10,980 – USD 36,570)

International students are a substantial part of the student population in British universities. The UK is the second most popular study destination for international students, following the US at the top. If you decide to be one of more than a million international students in the US, you’re one step away from a guaranteed brighter future.

Academics and employers value the UK education system and its higher education degrees worldwide. The UK has a rich history of quality higher education, and each university has excellent options for any student.

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• The UK Education System Explained - 2024

Published 17th May 2024 by Alastair

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Comprehensive Guide to the UK Education System in 2024

Navigating the UK Education system can be challenging. Whether you are a parent, student, national or international, this article will help provide clarity when navigating the UK Education system. We'll delve into the four key stages: early years, primary, secondary, and higher education. Understanding this system is crucial for both local and international students. For locals, it clarifies educational pathways and qualifications, while international students benefit from comprehending entry requirements and the diverse range of study options available. Join us as we navigate through the layers of this renowned educational framework, unravelling its significance for learners worldwide.

Overview of the Key Stages - What Are They?

Each Key Stage corresponds to specific age ranges and year groups, with key assessments designed to evaluate students' attainment and progress. These assessments include standardized tests, teacher assessments, and other qualifications tailored to each Key Stage's educational objectives.

The table below breaks down each Key Stage and what they assess:

Key Stage 1

Key Stage 1 in the UK education system, covering Years 1 and 2 for children aged 5 to 7, focuses on foundational skills in literacy and numeracy. It teaches basic reading, writing, and mathematics, alongside introducing subjects like science, art, and physical education, all aimed at fostering a broad and balanced early education.

Key Stage 2

Key Stage 2, covering Years 3 to 6 for children aged 7 to 11, builds on the foundations of literacy and numeracy established in Key Stage 1. It expands to include subjects like science, history, geography, art, music, and physical education, with a focus on developing critical thinking, problem-solving skills, and a deeper understanding of core academic concepts.

Key Stage 3

Key Stage 3, typically part of secondary school, covers Years 7 to 9 for students aged 11 to 14. It deepens knowledge and skills in core subjects like English, mathematics, and science, while also including history, geography, modern foreign languages, art, music, design and technology, physical education, and computing. This stage aims to broaden students' academic horizons and prepare them for more specialized study in Key Stage 4.

Key Stage 4

Key Stage 4, encompassing Years 10 and 11 for students aged 14 to 16, is a pivotal stage culminating in the General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) examinations. Students typically have the opportunity to choose subjects of interest alongside core subjects such as English, mathematics, and science. GCSEs offer a diverse range of subjects including humanities, languages, arts, and vocational courses. This stage allows students to tailor their education to their interests and future aspirations, providing a foundation for further study or entry into the workforce.

Key Stage 5

Key Stage 5, covering Years 12 and 13 for students aged 16 to 18, concentrates on advanced-level qualifications such as A-Levels, BTECs, and the International Baccalaureate (IB) Diploma Programme. Students typically specialize in three to four subjects of their choice, delving deeper into their academic interests and career aspirations. Assessment methods vary depending on the qualification but often include a combination of coursework and final examinations. Key Stage 5 prepares students for higher education, apprenticeships, or employment by providing advanced academic and vocational skills.

Education Levels in the UK

Education in the UK is compulsory for children between the ages of 5 and 16. This period encompasses Key Stages 1 to 4. However, the law requires children to start full-time education at the beginning of the school term following their fifth birthday, In this section of the blog, we'll delve into each education level, guiding you through the nuances of Early Years, Primary, Secondary, Sixth Form, and University education in the UK, offering insights and tips for navigating each stage successfully.

Early Years Education

Nursery, typically attended from age 3, focuses on fostering social, emotional, and cognitive skills through play-based learning activities in a nurturing environment. Here, children begin to develop essential communication and socialization skills, laying the groundwork for future learning.

Reception, the first year of formal schooling at age 4 to 5, builds upon these foundations, introducing more structured learning experiences aligned with the Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS) curriculum. Through a blend of structured activities and child-led exploration, Reception aims to further develop literacy, numeracy, and personal development skills, preparing children for their journey into primary education.

Primary Education

Throughout these foundational years, children aged 5 to 11 engage in a diverse curriculum covering core subjects such as English, mathematics, and science, alongside humanities, arts, and physical education. Alongside academic pursuits, primary schools prioritise the nurturing of social and emotional skills, fostering traits like teamwork, resilience, and creativity.

Towards the end of primary schooling, some children may pursue independent school education, where they may undergo the 7+ exam as part of the entry process. Additionally, all students undergo primary school assessments in preparation for the 11+ common entrance exams , which assess their readiness for secondary education. These assessments serve as significant milestones in students' educational journeys, facilitating their transition to the next phase of learning.

Secondary Education

During these years, students aged 11 to 16 delve deeper into a broad and balanced curriculum, building upon the foundational knowledge gained in primary school. Core subjects such as English, mathematics, and science are complemented by a range of optional subjects, including humanities, languages, arts, and vocational courses.

At the culmination of Key Stage 4, students undertake the General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) examinations, which assess their proficiency in various subjects and form the basis for future academic pursuits. Following GCSEs, students may opt to continue their education in the sixth form, where they typically pursue Advanced Levels (A Levels) or vocational qualifications.

A Levels, spanning Key Stage 5, offer in-depth study in three to four subjects of the students' choice, providing a pathway to higher education or entry into the workforce. This two-year period in sixth form serves as a crucial juncture for students to specialise in their chosen subjects and prepare for the next stage of their academic journey.

Higher Education

University education in the UK offers a transformative experience for students seeking higher academic qualifications and professional advancement. Spanning undergraduate and postgraduate levels, universities provide a diverse range of degree programmes across various disciplines, from arts and humanities to sciences and engineering.

Students engage in rigorous academic study, research, and practical applications under the guidance of expert faculty members. Beyond academic pursuits, university life fosters personal growth, critical thinking, and independence, preparing students for future leadership roles and career opportunities.

Vocational education , although distinct, is integral to higher education, providing specialised training and qualifications tailored to specific industries or professions. Whether students pursue a traditional academic degree or a vocational qualification, university education in the UK equips them with the knowledge, skills, and networks essential for success in today's competitive global landscape.

Moreover, education in the UK extends beyond formal qualifications, encompassing continuing education and lifelong learning opportunities for individuals of all ages and backgrounds. These may include adult education classes, professional development courses, online learning platforms, and community-based programs aimed at acquiring new skills or pursuing personal interests.

Studying in the UK as an International Student

Entry requirements.

• Qualifications : International students typically need to meet specific academic requirements for their chosen course of study. This may include achieving certain grades in relevant subjects or obtaining specific qualifications recognised by UK universities.
• English Language Proficiency : Most universities in the UK require international students to demonstrate proficiency in English by taking recognised English language tests such as the IELTS , TOEFL , or Cambridge English exams . Minimum score requirements vary depending on the institution and the course of study.
• Application Process : International students usually apply directly to universities through their respective admissions processes. This typically involves submitting an online application form, academic transcripts, a personal statement, letters of recommendation, and proof of English language proficiency.

Ivy Education offers a comprehensive service to assist both national and international students in their UK University admissions preparation.

Visa Process

• Student Visa (Tier 4) : International students from outside the UK and the European Economic Area (EEA) typically require a Tier 4 student visa to study in the UK. To obtain a student visa, students must have an offer from a UK university, demonstrate sufficient funds to cover tuition fees and living expenses and meet English language proficiency requirements.
• A pplication Process : The visa application process involves completing an online application form, paying the visa application fee, and attending a visa application centre (VAC) in your home country to submit biometric data (fingerprints and a photograph). You may also need to attend an interview as part of the application process.
• Visa Duration : Student visas are usually granted for the duration of the course of study, with additional time for graduation ceremonies or further study (if applicable).

Benefits of Studying in the UK:

• Quality Education : The UK is home to some of the world's top universities renowned for their academic excellence and research contributions across various disciplines.
• Diverse Cultural Experience : Studying in the UK allows immersing yourself in a multicultural environment, interacting with students from different backgrounds, and exploring British culture and heritage.
• Career Opportunities : A UK education is highly regarded by employers worldwide, enhancing your career prospects and opening up opportunities for global employment.
• Access to Resources and Facilities : UK universities offer state-of-the-art facilities, libraries, and research centres, providing access to resources and support for academic and personal development.
• Networking Opportunities : Studying in the UK allows you to build a global network of contacts, including fellow students, academics, and professionals, which can be valuable for future collaborations and career advancement.

Overall, studying in the UK as an international student offers a pathway to academic excellence, personal growth, and a truly enriching cultural experience.

Ivy Education Services

Ivy Education provides comprehensive support to students at all stages of their academic journey. From Early Years to University, we offer personalised tuition , homeschooling services , admissions preparation support , and educational consultancy services for both national and international students.

You can find a comprehensive list of our services in our Academic Journey Brochure .

Alternatively, you can contact us if you require any assistance with your family's academic journey.

How is the education system structured in the UK?

The education system is structured into different stages known as Key Stages, each corresponding to specific age groups and school levels. It begins with Early Years education, encompassing Nursery and Reception for children aged 3 to 5. This is followed by Primary education, covering Key Stages 1 and 2 for ages 5 to 11.

Secondary education then takes over, spanning Key Stages 3 and 4 for ages 11 to 16, culminating in General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) examinations.

Finally, Key Stage 5, which includes Sixth Form or college, caters to ages 16 to 18, where students typically pursue Advanced Levels (A Levels) or vocational qualifications before progressing to higher education or entering the workforce.

Is the UK education system considered the best in the world?

We certainly think so! But we are, of course, biased. While the UK education system has many strengths and is highly regarded globally, it also has areas for improvement .

Why choose the UK for education over other countries?

Choosing the UK for education over other countries can be a strategic decision for several reasons, including its world-class universities like Oxford and Cambridge, diverse course options, and internationally recognised qualifications.

International students find the UK education system appealing because it offers a rich cultural diversity, providing exposure to a multicultural environment that enhances the learning experience and promotes cross-cultural understanding. Studying in the UK also provides a language advantage, allowing non-native English speakers to improve their language skills and proficiency in English, which is widely regarded as the global language of business, science, and academia.

Additionally, the UK's extensive research opportunities, vibrant economy, and historical heritage attract students worldwide, offering a unique blend of academic excellence, career prospects, and personal growth opportunities.

Who governs the UK education system?

There are quite a few national and regional authorities that govern the UK Education system, each responsible for different aspects of education policy, regulation, and administration.

These include The Department for Education (DfE) ; Ofsted and Ofqual .

Are UK schools harder than the US?

Determining whether UK schools are harder than US schools is complicated, as it depends on factors like curriculum, teaching methods, and assessment systems. Both countries have diverse educational systems with their own strengths and challenges.

In the UK, the education system is more centralised, with a national curriculum setting standards for each key stage. There's a strong emphasis on exams, especially at the end of secondary education (GCSEs and A-levels), which can be rigorous.

In the US, however, education varies widely between states and districts. Standardised testing is common, but there's also an emphasis on continuous assessment, projects, and extracurricular activities. 

Another notable difference is that, in the UK, children tend to specialise and choose to study fewer subjects at an earlier stage of their education. Meanwhile, it is common for US students to study a wide range of subjects, even during University.

In summary, the UK education system provides a structured framework from Early Years to Higher Education, emphasising academic achievement through standardised assessments like GCSEs and A-Levels.

With personalised assistance, Ivy Education helps students navigate the complexities of the UK education system and achieve their academic goals effectively.

BY Alastair

Alastair Delafield is the Managing Director and founder of Ivy Education.

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UK Education System

The education system in the UK is divided into four main parts, primary education, secondary education, further education and higher education. Children in the UK have to legally attend primary and secondary education which runs from about 5 years old until the student is 16 years old.

The education system in the UK is also split into "key stages" which breaks down as follows:

• Key Stage 1: 5 to 7 years old
• Key Stage 2: 7 to 11 years old
• Key Stage 3: 11 to 14 years old
• Key Stage 4: 14 to 16 years old

Generally key stages 1 and 2 will be undertaken at primary school and at 11 years old a student will move onto secondary school and finish key stages 3 and 4.

Students are assessed at the end of each stage. The most important assessment occurs at age 16 when students pursue their GCSE's or General Certificate of Secondary Education. Once students complete their GCSE's they have the choice to go onto further education and then potential higher education, or finish school and go into the working world.

Our overview of the education system in the UK is divided into five main sections:

Primary Education

Primary education begins in the UK at age 5 and continues until age 11, comprising key stages one and two under the UK educational system. Please visit the British Council page for more information on primary education.

Secondary Education

From age 11 to 16, students will enter secondary school for key stages three and four and to start their move towards taking the GCSE's - learn more about secondary education in the UK and what it will involve. Primary and secondary education is mandatory in the UK; after age 16, education is optional.

Further Education

Once a student finishes secondary education they have the option to extend into further education to take their A-Levels, GNVQ's, BTEC's or other such qualifications. UK students planning to go to college or university must complete further education.

Higher Education

Probably the most important subject area on this site, this explains more about the higher education system in the UK and how it works for international students. Most international students will enter directly into the UK higher education system, after completing their home country’s equivalent to the UK’s “further education.”

Entry Requirements

Each level of education in the UK has varying requirements which must be satisfied in order to gain entry at that level - learn more about the education entry requirements for the UK.

UK Degree Online

With online programs growing in popularity, this means the availability of top-notch online programs is also on the rise. If you want to obtain a UK accredited degree without having to relocate to the United Kingdom, choosing to study online is a good option for you. Getting a UK accredited degree online allows you to fit your studies into your schedule and save money on travel costs while having access to a variety of top programs.

Please note that Scotland has a separate education system and does not conform to the above structure. Please learn more about the Scottish Education System .

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• Education and training statistics for the UK

Correction to the headings of two tables to reference latest 2021 data

Introduction

This release compiles information on education systems across the United Kingdom. Education is devolved in the UK, so each part of the United Kingdom has a separate education system, with different attainment measures.

In this release, there are sections focusing on the school system: numbers of schools, pupils and teachers and pupil teacher ratios.

This is followed by sections looking at post-compulsory education, which includes the number of further and higher education institutions and the number of students. There is also a section on young adults (aged between 16-24) who are not in education or employment.

The next sections focus on students’ qualifications, typically taken at ages 16 and 18 (although given the different qualifications systems and headline measures, it is not suitable to present a direct comparative picture of pupil performance across the UK), as well as the highest qualifications held by adults in the UK (aged 19-64).

Finally there is a section showing government education expenditure in the UK.

Headline facts and figures - 2021

• Pupil numbers in secondary and special schools increased in every part of the UK, however primary pupil numbers fell in all parts except Wales. Teacher numbers rose in every part of the UK at every level, except nursery level.
• Pupil-teacher ratios in maintained schools were lowest in Scotland ( 13.3 ) and similar in England ( 18.0 ) , Wales ( 19.2 ) and Northern Ireland ( 18.0 ).

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School numbers

In 2020/21, there were 29,644 maintained schools across the UK, an increase of 20 compared to 2019/20, driven by an increase at nursery level in Scotland and in special schools in England. There were 32,163 schools overall (excluding independent schools in Scotland).

Data on the number of schools in each part of the UK (and each region of England) is available in the underlying data.

Pupil numbers

The number of pupils in maintained schools continued to rise in 2020/21 across the UK, with an increase of 0.3% in England, 1.2% in Wales and 1.0% in Northern Ireland. There was a fall of 0.3% in Scotland, but this is driven mainly by a decrease in the number of pupils in nurseries; when nurseries were removed, the number of pupils increased by 0.6%.

The number of pupils in state-funded nurseries decreased by 10.1% in England and 6.5% in Scotland. This may be due to a reduction in enrolments in nursery as a result of the coronavirus pandemic, although there is also likely to be some effect from demographic changes. The number of pupils aged between 5 and 11 fell by 0.7% across all maintained schools in the UK, whereas the number of pupils aged 12 and above rose by 3.3%.

Similarly, the number of pupils in maintained secondary and special schools across the UK  increased by 2.5% and 2.4% respectively, whereas the number of pupils in primary schools fell by 1.1% overall. Wales was the only area of the UK where the number of pupils in primary schools rose between 2019/20 and 2020/21. In Wales, there was also an increase of 7.5% in the number of pupils in middle schools.

Data on the number of pupils by gender and school type in each part of the UK (and each region of England) is available in the underlying data along with data by age and school type at a UK level.

Teacher numbers

The number of full-time equivalent teachers across maintained schools increased by 1.7% between 2019/20 and 2020/21 across the UK, with increases in each part of the UK at every level, except nursery schools.

Northern Ireland saw the largest increase (2.7%), followed by Scotland (2.2%), England (1.6%) and Wales (1.5%).

The impact of changes in both teacher and pupil numbers can be seen in the section on pupil teacher ratios. 

Data on the number of teachers by gender and in each part of the UK (and each region of England) is available in the underlying data.

Pupil teacher ratios (PTR)

Pupil teacher ratios (PTR) show the number of pupils for every teacher. Across the UK the PTRs follow a similar pattern across all phases, with Scotland having the lowest PTRs and England, Wales and Northern Ireland all having very similar PTRs.

PTRs for all maintained schools fell slightly in each part of the UK, driven by PTRs in primary schools. This means there were slightly fewer pupils per teacher in primary schools in each part of the UK.

PTRs in secondary and special schools remained stable, suggesting teacher numbers have roughly reacted to changes in pupil numbers.

Attendance in education settings during the coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak

Every part of the UK is publishing regular data on attendance in school during the coronavirus pandemic. As there are differences in data collection methods, presentation and definitions between each part of the UK, we do not advise making comparisons.

The relevant published data can be found at:

England - Attendance in education and early years settings during the coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak

Scotland - Coronavirus (COVID-19): trends in daily data (opens in a new tab)

Wales - Attendance of pupils in maintained schools (opens in a new tab)

Northern Ireland - Management information on attendance of pupils in school | Department of Education (education-ni.gov.uk) (opens in a new tab)

Higher and further education

In 2019/20 there were 2.7 million students doing higher education at UK higher education providers and further education colleges. About two thirds of these were studying first degrees (also known as bachelor's degrees), 1 in 5 studying a masters or other postgraduate aims, 1 in 25 doing a PhD and 1 in 10 on other undergraduate courses.

Females made up 57% of the overall student population and made up a greater share at every level except PhDs (49.5%). This has remained stable between 2018/19 and 2019/20.

The most popular subject group studied in higher education in the UK is business and management with 447,000 students (17% of all students), followed by subjects allied to medicine (12%) and social sciences (10%).

There are clear differences in the subject group figures by gender: 

• Females were more likely to enrol in both subjects allied to medicine and social sciences than males. 16% of all female students enrolled in subjects allied to medicine and 12% in social sciences whereas for males the figures were 6% and 8% respectively.
• For males the most popular subjects were business and management (20% of all male students) followed by engineering and technology (13%) and computing (10%). Only 2% of female students enrolled in each of these subjects.

These figures are available in the underlying data by level of education and mode of study. 

The number of overseas students studying higher education in the UK continued to increase in 2019/20, rising by 12% to 559,000 overall. Although this follows a rising trend, this was a larger increase than in recent years.

The total number of students in further education in the UK continued to decrease in 2019/20, falling in every part of the UK and by 11.4% overall compared to 2018/19. The number of students fell by 11.9% in England, by 8.4% in Scotland, by 8.1% in Wales and by 7.2% in Northern Ireland. The decrease in the number of students in further education in Scotland in 2019/20 follows year-on-year increases between 2015/16 and 2018/19. The 2019/20 data covers the early months of the global COVID-19 crisis and the nationwide lockdown. This may have affected enrolment figures and therefore extra care should be taken in comparing and interpreting trends over time.

Further information on the demographics of further education students (gender, age and mode of study), as well as the number of colleges, can be found in the underlying data.

Not in Education, Employment or Training (NEET)

The percentage of 16-24 year-olds not in education, employment or training (NEET) in the UK was 9.3% in April-June 2021, down from 10.8% in the previous quarter and 11.3% in the same quarter last year.

The trend was similar for males and females : 

• The percentage of males who were NEET was 9.8% in April-June 2021, a decrease of 1.8 percentage points compared to April-June 2020
• The percentage of females who were NEET was 8.7% in April-June 2021, a decrease of 2.2 percentage points compared to April-June 2020

However, there has been a difference in the magnitude of the decrease in the NEET when looking at age groups. 

• The percentage of 16-17 year-olds who were NEET was 3.7% in April-June 2021, a decrease of 0.5 percentage points compared to April-June 2020
• The percentage of 18-24 year olds who were NEET was 10.8% in April-June 2021, a decrease of 2.4 percentage points compared to April-June 2020

More information on these statistics is available from the Office of National Statistics (opens in a new tab) . Statistics for each part of the UK are available at:

England - Statistics: NEET and participation (opens in a new tab)

Scotland's Labour Market: People, Places and Regions (opens in a new tab)

Wales - Young people not in education, employment or training (NEET) (opens in a new tab)

Northern Ireland - Quarterly Labour Force Survey Tables (opens in a new tab)

Qualification headline measures

Given the different qualifications systems and headline measures, it is not suitable to present a direct comparative picture of pupil performance across the UK.

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the summer exam series was cancelled in all parts of the UK in 2020. As a result most of the headline measures across the UK have either been significantly affected or not calculated and published for 2019/20. The data that has been published should not be directly compared to attainment data from previous years for the purposes of measuring change in student performance.

• In England pupils were awarded either a centre assessment grade (based on what the school or college believed the student would most likely have achieved had exams gone ahead) or their calculated grade using a model developed by Ofqual - whichever was the higher of the two.
• In Scotland the Scottish Qualifications Authority (SQA) did not collect coursework or mark coursework that had already been collected. As a result, grades awarded in 2020 were instead based on teacher estimates.
• In Wales all qualifications that would have been sat as examinations in the 2019/20 summer term were replaced with the best of either the centre assessed grade or the standardised grade calculated by the Welsh Joint Education Committee.
• In Northern Ireland results awarded by the Council for the Curriculum, Examinations and Assessment (CCEA) for GCSEs were based solely on the Centre Assessed Grades (CAGs) provided by schools and colleges. Results awarded for A-Levels were the higher of the CAG or the grade initially awarded by CCEA on 13 August 2020.

More detail on how each part of the UK awarded and presented its performance measures can be found at the relevant sources for each part of the UK and each level of education:

England - Key stage 4 performance

England  - A level and other 16 to 18 results

Scotland - Summary Statistics for Attainment and Initial Leaver Destinations (opens in a new tab)

Wales - Examination results (opens in a new tab)

Northern Ireland - School performance (opens in a new tab)

Highest qualification for adults aged 19-64

Across the UK, 83% of adults aged 19-64 have a National Qualifications Framework (NQF) level of 2 or above. This decreases to 66% with NQF level 3 or above and 47% at level 4 or above.

A higher percentage of females are qualified to each of these levels than males. 

The percentage of those aged 25 to 29 who hold NQF level 2 or above, or NQF level 3 or above, is the highest of any age group; this then decreases with each older age group. For NQF level 4 or above the percentages of those aged 25 to 29 and 30 to 39 are the highest, this percentage also decreases with each older age group.

Education expenditure

The amount of government expenditure on education rose by 6% from 2019-20 to 2020-21, with an increase of 2% on primary education and a 7% increase in spend on secondary education.

Expenditure in real terms fell by 0.4% over the same period, but as a percentage of GDP it rose from 4.0% to 4.5%, the highest it has been since 2013/14.

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Introducing The British Education System: A Comprehensive Guide

Education is the cornerstone of society, shaping the minds and futures of generations to come. Yet, understanding the intricacies of the British education system can be akin to navigating a labyrinth, with its multitude of stages, qualifications, and terminology. Whether you’re a parent, student, educator, or simply curious about how education functions in the UK, this guide aims to demystify the complexities and provide a clear roadmap through the landscape of British schooling. Join us as we embark on a journey to explore the structure, key stages, and unique features of the British education system, empowering you to navigate confidently through this vital aspect of British life.

Table of Contents

Overview of the british education system.

The British education system is structured into several key stages, each designed to provide a comprehensive and progressive learning experience for students.

Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS) : This stage caters to children aged 3 to 5 and focuses on play-based learning, social development, and building foundational skills.

Primary Education : Primary education begins at age 5 and typically lasts until age 11. During this stage, students follow the National Curriculum. This includes core subjects such as English, mathematics, science, and foundation subjects like history and geography.

Secondary Education : Secondary education spans from age 11 to 16 and is divided into Key Stage 3 (ages 11-14) and Key Stage 4 (ages 14-16). Students study a broad range of subjects, including English, mathematics, science, humanities, and languages. Ultimately, this will lead to qualifications such as GCSEs .

Post-16 Education : After completing compulsory education, students can choose to pursue further education or vocational training. Options include A-levels, vocational qualifications like BTECs, or apprenticeships.

Higher Education : Higher education encompasses universities and colleges offering undergraduate and postgraduate degrees.

British Education System Key Stages

Key Stage 1 (Ages 3 to 5):  This stage focuses on play-based learning and social development for children aged 3 to 5.

Key Stage 2 (Ages 5 to 11):  During Key Stage 2, covering ages 5 to 11, students build foundational skills in core subjects like English, mathematics, and science.

Stage 3 (Ages 11 to 14):  In Key Stage 3, spanning ages 11 to 14, students explore a broad curriculum including humanities, languages, and the arts.

Key Stage 4 (Ages 14 to 16):  Key Stage 4 comprises ages 14 to 16, where students prepare for their GCSE exams (General Certificate of Secondary Education) in core and elective subjects.

Key Stage 5 (Ages 16 to 19):  Key Stage 5, also known as post-16 education, encompasses ages 16 to 19. Here, students pursue A-levels , vocational qualifications like BTECs , or apprenticeships, preparing for higher education or employment.

UK Education System Ages

To understand the UK education system, it’s crucial to grasp the ages associated with each stage of learning. Here’s a breakdown by year:

• Year 1 to Year 2 (Ages 3 to 5).  Children start formal education at ages 3 to 5, focusing on play-based learning and social development.
• Year 3 to Year 6 (Ages 5 to 11).  Students progress through Years 1 to 6, consolidating foundational skills in subjects like English, mathematics, and science.
• Year 7 to Year 9 (Ages 11 to 14).  This phase covers ages 11 to 14, where students explore a diverse curriculum including humanities, languages, and creative subjects.
• Year 10 to Year 11 (Ages 14 to 16).  Ages 14 to 16 mark the preparation for GCSE exams, covering a broad range of subjects and paving the way for future academic or vocational pursuits.
• Year 12 to Year 13 (Ages 16 to 19).  The transition to post-16 education occurs from ages 16 to 19, where students pursue advanced qualifications such as A-levels, vocational qualifications, or apprenticeships.

British Education System Curriculum

In the UK, the National Curriculum serves as the backbone of teaching and learning in state schools for pupils aged 5 to 16. It encompasses a wide range of subjects and is guided by two primary objectives:

Opportunities for All Pupils: The National Curriculum aims to provide equal opportunities for all pupils to learn. As such, it ensures that every child receives a comprehensive education regardless of background or ability.

Spiritual, Moral, Social, and Cultural Development: Another key objective is to achieve and promote pupils’ spiritual, moral, social, and cultural development. This holistic approach prepares students for the opportunities, responsibilities, and experiences they will encounter throughout life.

While state schools need to adhere to the National Curriculum, independent schools have more flexibility. While many independent schools choose to follow the National Curriculum, they do not have to do so. Instead, they may opt for alternative curricula such as the Common Entrance curriculum.

Common Entrance Curriculum: Independent preparatory schools often adopt the Common Entrance curriculum. It builds upon the National Curriculum but explore deeper into subjects and broadens the scope of topics covered. This approach not only ensures a rigorous academic experience but also fosters intellectual curiosity and critical thinking skills among students.

Overall, the British education system curriculum aims to provide a well-rounded education. It should be able to equip students with the knowledge, skills, and values necessary for success in both academic and personal spheres of life.

British Education Grading System

The British education grading system is structured to assess students’ academic performance across various stages of their education journey. Here’s an overview of the grading system commonly used in the UK:

Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS):

• In the Early Years Foundation Stage, assessment is based on observations of children’s progress against developmental milestones rather than formal grades.

Key Stages 1 to 3:

• At Key Stages 1 to 3, students’ progress is assessed using a combination of teacher assessments and standardised tests. However, formal grades are not typically assigned during these stages.

Stage 4 (GCSEs):

• This stage culminates in the General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) examinations, usually taken at age 16. GCSEs are graded on a scale from 9 to 1, with 9 being the highest grade and 1 being the lowest. Grades 4 and above are generally considered a pass, with grade 5 being a standard pass and grade 7 or above being considered a strong pass.

Stage 5 (A-levels):

• This stage comprises post-16 education, typically involving Advanced Level qualifications (A-levels) taken at ages 16 to 18. A-levels are graded on a scale from A* to E, with A* being the highest grade and E being the lowest passing grade.

Additional Grading Systems:

• In addition to GCSEs and A-levels, other qualifications may use different grading systems. For example, vocational qualifications like BTECs (Business and Technology Education Council) often use a pass, merit, distinction, and distinction* grading system.

UK Education System vs US Education System

British Education System Explained

Navigating the British education system can seem daunting, with its array of terms and institutions. Here’s a breakdown categorised for clarity:

Type of Schools in the UK Education System

Public Schools: In the UK, public schools are fee-paying institutions that cater to students of all ages, from primary to secondary education. Despite their name, the government does not fund public schools and these institutions operate independently. The term “public” originated from their historical roots, where they were initially established to provide education for the general public. However, access was often limited to those who could afford the fees. Over time, these institutions gained a reputation for academic excellence, prestigious facilities, and a tradition of producing prominent alumni. 

State Schools: State schools are funded and overseen by the government. They follow the National Curriculum and are free for students to attend. They include both primary and secondary institutions.

Independent Schools: Independent schools are privately funded institutions that operate outside of government control. They have the autonomy to set their own curriculum, admissions criteria, and fees.

Type of Schools by Structure

Boarding Schools: Boarding schools provide accommodation for students, who live on campus during term time. They offer a full educational experience alongside extracurricular activities and pastoral care.

Day Schools: Day schools are institutions where students attend classes during the day and return home in the evenings. They can be either state-funded or independent.

Types of Schools by Age Range

Prep Schools: Prep schools, short for preparatory schools, provide education for children aged 7 to 13. They prepare students for entry into senior schools and often follow the Common Entrance curriculum.

Junior School: Junior schools cater to primary-aged children, typically from ages 7 to 11, covering Key Stage 2 of the National Curriculum.

Senior School: Senior schools provide education for secondary-aged students, typically from ages 11 to 16, covering Key Stages 3 and 4 of the National Curriculum.

Additional Terms You Might Find Useful

Grammar Schools : Grammar schools are state-funded secondary schools that select students based on academic ability, usually through entrance exams known as the 11+. They typically offer a traditional academic curriculum with a focus on core subjects.

Common Entrance: Common Entrance is an exam taken by students at the end of their time in prep school, usually around age 13 (Year 8). It assesses their readiness for entry into senior schools.

Comprehensive Schools : Comprehensive schools are state-funded secondary schools that do not select students based on academic ability. They aim to provide a comprehensive education to students of all backgrounds and abilities.

Selective Schools : Selective schools are state-funded or independent schools that admit students based on academic ability or other criteria, such as religious affiliation or special talents.

Faith Schools: Faith schools are state-funded or independent schools with a religious ethos, often affiliated with a particular faith or denomination. They may prioritise religious education and have admissions criteria based on faith.

Specialist Schools: Specialist schools are state-funded secondary schools in England with a focus on a particular subject area, such as performing arts, science, or languages. They receive additional funding to develop expertise in their chosen specialism.

Frequently Asked Questions about the British Education System

The key stages include Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS), Primary Education, Secondary Education (Key Stage 3 and Key Stage 4), Post-16 Education, and Higher Education.

State-funded schools are funded and overseen by the government and follow the National Curriculum, while independent schools are privately funded and have more autonomy over their curriculum and admissions processes.

The main types of schools in the UK include state schools, which are government-funded and free to attend, independent schools, which are privately funded, and special schools, which cater to students with special educational needs.

Yes, alternative options include vocational qualifications like BTECs, apprenticeships, and adult education courses, providing diverse pathways for students of all ages and backgrounds.

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Home / Publications & Research / Benchmarking English Education / Education: the fundamentals – Eleven facts about the education system in England

Education: the fundamentals – Eleven facts about the education system in England

A major new report on education in England is published today by UK 2040 Options, led by Nesta, and The Education Policy Institute.

The report combines data, analysis and insights from over 75 education experts on the education challenges facing the next government and possible solutions to improve outcomes.

The report shows that:

• All sectors of the education system are facing a workforce crisis. In schools, only 69% of those who qualified 5 years ago are still teaching, and 15% of that cohort left in their first year. 
• The pupil population in England is set to decline significantly due to low birth rates. The state school population currently stands at 7.93 million children, and this will fall by around 800,000 by 2032. 
• The number of pupils with  an education, health and care plan for more complex  special educational needs and disabilities has increased by around 50% in just five years – but funding has not caught up with the level of need and is based (in part) on historic data.
• Only 5% of primary schools reached the Government’s target of 90% of pupils reaching the expected standard in key stage 2 reading, writing and mathematics in 2019.
• Pupils from disadvantaged backgrounds experience an attainment gap (relative to their more affluent peers) equivalent to 19 months of learning by the time they sit their GCSEs. Two fifths of this gap has appeared by the age of 5. 
• Absence from education is now one of the most pressing issues facing England’s education system – persistent absence (missing more than 10% of sessions) has increased from 13% to 24%.
• Closing the gap between skill supply and employer demand could increase national productivity by 5% – 42% of vacancies in manufacturing and 52% in construction are due to skill shortages.

The report, which follows UK 2040 Options publications on  inequality and wealth ,  economic growth ,  health  and  tax , also includes evidence of progress. England recently came fourth in the world for primary school reading proficiency and well above average in maths and science in Years 5 and 9.

But the report also reveals a system that is struggling. Thousands of children start school each year without basic skills, the disadvantage gap is growing, and education at every level is experiencing a chronic recruitment and retention challenge.

Over 75 subject experts from across a range of sectors took part in the project. There was wide agreement about the need to grapple seriously with the workforce crisis across all parts of the system, and the group put forward suggestions for how this could be achieved while continuing to improve the quality of education provision. 

More broadly the group proposed policies to:

• Support the growing number of children  with special education needs and disabilities and rebuild parents’ trust in the system;
• Address challenges inside and outside the school gates to improve educational outcomes, including lifting families out of poverty and increasing targeted funding for disadvantaged pupils;
• Make the skills system more equitable, higher quality and tailored to the needs of the economy. 

Alex Burns, Director of UK 2040 Options, said:   “Education has been less prominent than other areas in recent policy debate – we feel a long way away from “education, education, education”. But if we are to be serious about improving people’s lives and boosting the economy we will need to make sure that the education system is thriving. Whilst there are clear areas of progress, this report demonstrates the scale of the challenge for the future in areas like workforce, the disadvantage gap and support for children with special educational needs.” 

Jon Andrews, Head of Analysis at the Education Policy Institute, said:  “ Whatever the outcome of the next election, it is clear there is much to do to get education back on track following a hugely disruptive pandemic and a decade dominated by funding cuts. A focus on the early years, greater funding that is targeted at the areas in need of it the most, and a plan to ease the recruitment and retention challenges facing schools must form cornerstones of any new government’s education strategy.”

You can read the report in full here.

About UK 2040 Options

UK 2040 Options is a policy project led by Nesta that seeks to address the defining issues facing the country, from tax and economic growth to health and education. It draws on a range of experts to assess the policy landscape, explore some of the most fertile areas in more depth, test and interrogate ideas and bring fresh angles and insights to the choices that policymakers will need to confront, make and implement.

About Nesta

We are Nesta . The UK’s innovation agency for social good. We design, test and scale new solutions to society’s biggest problems, changing millions of lives for the better.  This report was produced in partnership with Nesta, as part of UK 2040 Options.

Jon Andrews

Education System in the UK: A Comprehensive Guide

The education system in the UK is a complex and comprehensive structure that plays a crucial role in shaping the future of its students. Understanding this system is of utmost importance for both parents and students, as it allows them to make informed decisions about their educational journey. From primary education to higher education, each stage has its own unique characteristics and requirements.

Key Takeaways of education system in the UK

• The UK education system is divided into primary, secondary, vocational, and higher education.
• Funding for education in the UK comes from both public and private sources.
• Special education needs and disabilities (SEND) provision is an important aspect of the UK education system.
• Teachers and educators play a crucial role in shaping the education system in the UK.
• The impact of technology on education in the UK is significant and continues to evolve.

Education system in the UK: All stages

Primary Education: Key Stages and Curriculum

Primary education in the UK is divided into key stages, which provide a framework for learning and development. Key Stage 1 covers ages 5-7, while Key Stage 2 covers ages 7-11. The primary curriculum focuses on core subjects such as English, mathematics, science, and also includes foundation subjects like history, geography, art, music, physical education (PE), and design technology.

Early education plays a vital role in laying the foundation for future learning. It helps children develop essential skills such as communication, problem-solving abilities, creativity, and social interaction. By providing a solid grounding in these areas during primary school years through engaging activities and interactive learning experiences tailored to their age group’s needs.

Secondary Education: GCSEs and A-Levels

Secondary education follows primary school and typically starts at age 11 or 12 until age 16 or 18 depending on whether students choose to pursue further studies after completing their General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) exams or Advanced Level (A-Level) qualifications.

GCSEs are taken by most students at around age 16 before progressing onto A-Levels or other further study options such as vocational courses or apprenticeships if they choose not to continue with academic qualifications.

The secondary curriculum builds upon the foundations laid during primary school years but introduces more specialized subjects like sciences (biology chemistry physics), humanities (history geography religious studies), languages (French Spanish German), arts (art drama music), and physical education (PE). It is during this stage that students start to explore their interests and develop a deeper understanding of the subjects they enjoy.

Vocational Education: Apprenticeships and Technical Qualifications

Vocational education provides an alternative pathway for students who prefer a more hands-on approach to learning or wish to pursue specific career paths. Apprenticeships are a popular choice, allowing individuals to gain practical experience while earning qualifications in their chosen field.

Technical qualifications, such as BTECs (Business and Technology Education Council), offer specialized training in areas like engineering, health and social care, IT, construction, and many others. These qualifications provide valuable skills that can lead directly into employment or further study at higher levels.

Vocational education is essential as it equips students with practical skills that are highly valued by employers. It offers an alternative route for those who may not thrive in traditional academic settings but excel in hands-on learning environments.

Higher Education: Universities and Degrees

Higher education refers to post-secondary education offered by universities and colleges across the UK. Students typically pursue undergraduate degrees after completing their A-Levels or equivalent qualifications.

Universities offer a wide range of degree programs across various disciplines such as arts, sciences, business, engineering, medicine, law, etc. Students have the opportunity to specialize in their chosen field of interest while gaining valuable knowledge through lectures, seminars, practical work placements (if applicable), research projects (if applicable), etc.

Higher education plays a crucial role in preparing individuals for professional careers by providing them with advanced knowledge and skills required for specific industries or sectors. It also fosters critical thinking abilities necessary for problem-solving on complex issues faced by society today.

Funding and Financing Education in the UK

Funding and financing education can be a significant concern for both parents/students considering pursuing higher studies due to rising tuition fees associated with university courses across the UK. The government provides funding for schools and colleges through various channels, including local authorities and central government grants. However, it is important to note that not all costs associated with education are covered by public funds.

Students can also access financial support in the form of student loans to cover tuition fees and living expenses while studying at university. These loans are repayable once graduates start earning above a certain income threshold.

Understanding the funding options available is crucial for students and parents as it allows them to plan their finances effectively and make informed decisions about pursuing higher education without being burdened by excessive debt.

Special Education Needs and Disabilities (SEND) Provision

Special Education Needs and Disabilities (SEND) provision ensures that students with disabilities or additional learning needs receive appropriate support throughout their educational journey. This provision aims to create an inclusive environment where all students can thrive academically, socially, emotionally, and physically.

Support for SEND students may include specialized teaching methods, assistive technology, individualized learning plans, access to therapy services (such as speech therapy or occupational therapy), additional resources or equipment tailored to their specific needs.

Inclusive education is essential as it promotes equal opportunities for all students regardless of their abilities or disabilities. It fosters a sense of belonging among students with SEND while encouraging understanding, empathy, and acceptance among their peers.

Examining the Role of Teachers and Educators

Teachers play a vital role in shaping the educational experience of students in the UK. They are responsible for delivering high-quality instruction across various subjects while fostering a positive learning environment that encourages curiosity, critical thinking skills development creativity problem-solving abilities social interaction emotional well-being etc. To become qualified teachers in the UK teachers must complete initial teacher training programs which may include obtaining a bachelor’s degree in education completing postgraduate certificate/diploma courses attending teacher training institutions etc. Quality teaching is crucial as it directly impacts student outcomes academic achievement personal growth social development future success etc. Teachers are not only responsible for imparting knowledge but also act as mentors role models and guides for students. They provide support encouragement and guidance to help students reach their full potential.

The Importance of Parental Involvement in Education

Parental involvement is a key factor in a child’s educational success. Research has consistently shown that when parents are actively engaged in their child’s education, it leads to improved academic performance, increased motivation, better attendance rates, and enhanced overall well-being.

Parents can support their child’s education by creating a positive learning environment at home, establishing routines for homework and study time, attending parent-teacher meetings or conferences, volunteering at school events or activities, communicating regularly with teachers to stay informed about their child’s progress.

A partnership between parents and educators is crucial as it allows for open communication sharing of information collaboration on strategies to support the child’s learning needs etc. When parents are involved in their child’s education they become advocates for them ensuring that they receive the necessary resources opportunities support etc. needed to succeed academically socially emotionally etc.

The Impact of Technology on Education in the UK

Technology has revolutionized the way education is delivered in the UK. From interactive whiteboards and online learning platforms to virtual reality simulations and artificial intelligence-powered tools technology has transformed classrooms into dynamic learning environments.

The integration of technology into teaching practices enhances student engagement promotes active participation facilitates personalized learning experiences fosters creativity critical thinking skills development problem-solving abilities collaboration communication skills enhancement etc.

Educators must adapt to technological advancements by incorporating digital tools into lesson plans designing online courses leveraging data analytics for personalized instruction using social media platforms as educational resources etc. It is important that students develop digital literacy skills early on so they can navigate an increasingly digital world effectively while being aware of ethical considerations cybersecurity issues privacy concerns etc.

Educational Inequalities and Social Mobility

Educational inequalities refer to disparities in access opportunities outcomes quality resources etc. across different socio-economic groups or communities. Socio-economic status has a significant impact on educational outcomes in the UK. Students from disadvantaged backgrounds often face barriers such as limited access to quality schools, lack of resources at home, lower expectations from teachers, and reduced opportunities for extracurricular activities or enrichment programs.

Addressing educational inequalities is crucial for promoting social mobility and ensuring equal opportunities for all students regardless of their background. This requires targeted interventions such as increased funding for schools in disadvantaged areas, providing additional support services to students who need it most, implementing policies that promote diversity and inclusion within the education system.

The Future of Education in the UK: Trends and Predictions

The future of education in the UK is likely to be shaped by various trends and predictions. One key trend is the increasing use of technology in classrooms, which will continue to transform teaching practices and learning experiences.

Another trend is a shift towards personalized learning approaches that cater to individual student needs and interests. This may involve adaptive learning platforms that provide tailored instruction based on student performance data or project-based learning models that encourage hands-on exploration and problem-solving skills development.

Furthermore, there is growing recognition of the importance of developing transferable skills such as critical thinking creativity collaboration communication digital literacy etc., which are essential for success in an ever-changing job market.

Preparing for the future of education requires ongoing professional development opportunities for educators, investment in infrastructure and resources needed to support innovative teaching practices adoption implementation evaluation etc., collaboration between stakeholders (educators policymakers parents students industry professionals) research into emerging trends best practices effective strategies etc.

Comparing the UK Education System to Other Countries

Comparing the UK education system with those found around other countries provides valuable insights into strengths weaknesses challenges innovations best practices etc. International education rankings like PISA (Programme for International Student Assessment) provide comparative data on student performance across different countries allowing policymakers educators researchers parents students to identify areas for improvement and learn from successful education systems.

Learning from other education systems can help inform policy decisions improve teaching practices enhance curriculum design promote innovation etc. It is important to recognize that no education system is perfect and that there are always lessons to be learned from others.

Conclusion: Recap of the Education System in the UK

In conclusion, understanding the education system in the UK is crucial for parents and students alike. From primary education to higher education, each stage has its own unique characteristics and requirements. Primary education lays the foundation for future learning, while secondary education prepares students for further study or employment. Vocational education offers alternative pathways, and higher education provides specialized knowledge in various fields.

Funding options must be considered, as well as support for students with special educational needs or disabilities. The role of teachers and parental involvement are vital components of a successful educational journey. Technology has transformed classrooms, addressing educational inequalities is essential for social mobility, and preparing for the future requires adapting to emerging trends.

By comparing the UK’s system with others around the world, valuable insights can be gained to improve practices and outcomes. Ultimately, understanding this complex system allows individuals to make informed decisions about their educational journey leading them towards success in both academia and beyond . For example, examining the education systems in countries such as Finland and Singapore, which consistently rank highly in international assessments, can provide valuable lessons for the UK. These countries prioritize teacher training and development, have a strong emphasis on critical thinking and problem-solving skills, and provide comprehensive support systems for students. By adopting some of these practices, the UK could potentially improve educational outcomes and better prepare students for the challenges they will face in the future. Additionally, studying education systems in countries with different cultural and socioeconomic contexts can offer insights into how to address inequality and promote inclusivity within the UK’s education system. By understanding the strengths and weaknesses of various systems, individuals can make more informed decisions about their educational journey, choosing the path that aligns with their goals and aspirations. This knowledge empowers individuals to navigate the complexities of the education system and increases their chances of achieving success both academically and in their future careers.

Frequent Asked Questions (FAQs) on Education System in the UK:

What is the education system in the uk.

The education system in the UK is divided into four main stages: primary education, secondary education, further education, and higher education.

What is primary education in the UK?

Primary education in the UK is for children aged 5 to 11 years old and is compulsory. It covers key subjects such as English, mathematics, science, and social studies.

What is secondary education in the UK?

Secondary education in the UK is for children aged 11 to 16 years old and is also compulsory. It covers a wider range of subjects, including languages, arts, and technology.

What is further education in the UK?

Further education in the UK is for students aged 16 to 18 years old and is optional. It includes vocational courses, apprenticeships, and A-levels.

What is higher education in the UK?

Higher education in the UK is for students aged 18 and above and includes universities and colleges. It offers undergraduate and postgraduate degrees in various fields of study.

What are the types of schools in the UK?

The types of schools in the UK include state schools, independent schools, and academies. State schools are funded by the government, while independent schools are privately funded. Academies are state-funded but operate independently.

What is the grading system in the UK?

The grading system in the UK uses letters to represent grades. A* is the highest grade, followed by A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. U stands for “ungraded” and means that the student did not achieve a pass.

What are the qualifications needed to become a teacher in the UK?

To become a teacher in the UK, you need a degree in education or a related subject, as well as a teaching qualification such as a PGCE. You also need to pass a criminal record check and have good communication and interpersonal skills.

Do Education System in the UK effective for international students?

The education system in the UK is considered to be one of the most prestigious and sought-after systems in the world. However, the effectiveness of the education system in the UK can vary depending on language barriers and cultural differences can also play a role in how effective the system is for international students.

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The UK Education System | A Guide to British Schools

Welcome to the ultimate guide on the UK education system.

Enough trudging multiple sites for all the information you need. Whether you are creating a piece of coursework, researching the steps through the system, or simply intrigued. You will find what you need in this post.

So let's get cracking... there is a lot to cover...

How does the UK education system work?

Across the uk and british schools around the world, there are 5 stages of education..

• Early Years
• Further Education (FE)
• Higher Education (HE)

It is a legal requirement for children to attend both primary and secondary education which runs from the age of 5 through to 16 years old.

Each of these stages represents a different phase in a child's education, relating to both their age and qualifications achieved through assessments.

The National Curriculum

In the UK, schools are required to teach a curriculum that is created by the government. This is called the National Curriculum and it sets out what should be taught in each year group. The core subjects of the National Curriculum are English, Maths , and Science. In addition to this, schools must offer a broad and balanced curriculum that includes technology, humanities, languages, arts, and physical education.

Schools are also required to provide Religious Education (RE) but parents have the right to request that their child is exempt from this if they wish.

How are UK students assessed at school?

Throughout primary and secondary education, students will be continuously assessed on their progress. This will be done through a combination of exams and coursework, with each stage becoming increasingly exam-based.

In the early years and primary school, assessments are usually informal and based on observations made by teachers with the exception coming in SATs exams in years 2 and 6. From around the age of 11, students will start to sit formal exams as they move into secondary education. These exams are called GCSEs (General Certificate of Secondary Education) and will be taken in a variety of subjects chosen by the student but bound by what the school offers.

GCSEs are generally considered the stage at which students start to consider what career path they're interested in. As such, they're generally the first level at which students start to look for GCSE tutors .

Key Stages, Ages, Year Groups, and Key Assessments

Primary, secondary, and further education is split into "key stages" to better track student achievements and provide a linear pathway for all students:

Key Stage 1:

• 5 to 7 years old
• Years 1 & 2
• Phonics test in Year 1
• KS1 SATs in Year 2

Key Stage 2:

• 7 to 11 years old
• Years 3 to 6
• KS2 Multiplication Tables Check
• (MTC) in Year 4
• 11+ (select UK areas*) in Year 5
• KS2 SATs in Year 6

Key Stage 3:

• 11 to 14 years old
• Years 7 to 9
• No notable assessments

Key Stage 4:

• Years 10 & 11
• GCSEs in Year 11

Key Stage 5:

• 14 to 16 years old
• Years 12 & 13
• AS Levels in Year 12
• A-Levels / NVQs/ BTECs/ Apprenticeships/ IB in Year 13

Types of UK School

As it is required by law that all children between the ages of 5 and 16 must be within the education system, in England all children are entitled to a free place at a state school.

State schools receive funding through their local authority or directly from the government. The most common types of state schools are:

• Community schools
• Foundation schools
• Grammar schools
• Special schools

There are also private schools and boarding schools that require payment of fees before a child is enrolled.

Early Years Education

The early years of a child's life are the most crucial in terms of their development. This is why the UK government has made it a priority to improve standards in the early years of education. All children in England between the ages of 3 and 4 are entitled to 15 hours per week of free early education or childcare. This can either be at a nursery, preschool or with a childminder.

The early years of education are important for laying the foundations for a child's future success in life. Studies have shown that children who attend high-quality early years provisions make better progress in their later schooling. They are also more likely to achieve good GCSE results and go on to further and higher education.

Primary School Education

Primary school education begins in the UK at the age of 5 and continues to the end of year 6 at the age of 11. It consists of key stages 1 and 2.

Primary schools have the option to split into infant and junior sections. These are usually separate schools that operate from the same site.

What are the goals of primary education?

The major goals for primary education are to achieve basic literacy and numeracy skills across all pupils, as well as to establish basic foundations in science, mathematics, and other core subjects.

What years are covered in primary school?

The year groups covered in primary education are:

• Reception (Ages 4 to 5)
• Year 1 (Ages 5 to 6)
• Year 2 (Ages 6 to 7) - This year marks SATs testing for Key Stage 1
• Year 3 (Ages 7 to 8)
• Year 4 (Ages 8 to 9)
• Year 5 (Ages 9 to 10)
• Year 6 (Ages 10 to 11) - This year marks SATs testing for Key Stage 2

Secondary School Education

Secondary education focuses on the preparation of students for their GCSE (General Certificate of Secondary Education) exams.

Through years 7 to 9, students participate in multiple subjects chosen for them through the UK curriculum, giving them plenty of options to find their interests.

What is the goal of secondary education?

The goal of secondary education is to get students ready for their GCSE exams. These exams are necessary for furthering one's education or entering the workforce.

What years are covered in secondary school?

Sherpa offers support to students and parents for finding GCSE Maths tutors and GCSE English tutors , as well as GCSE tuition for all other subjects.

The majority of students move on to A-Levels after their GCSEs. Whilst the difficulty of the content steps up, students generally narrow down their subject choices based on desired career path. Most students choose to study 3-4 A-Levels, focusing on the areas they're looking to work in or based on the degree they'd like to study at university.

Generally, A-Levels cover subjects in a greater level of depth and test in-depth and comprehensive understanding of the subject matter which is in contrast to GCSEs, which are often criticized as being 'fact-memorisation' exams.

Students may need the support of a 1:1 tutor to help them get a strong grip on the subject matter of A-Levels

Students often find it useful to enlist the help of peers or a dedicated 1:1 tutor to help them grasp the subject matter in their A-Level exams. A-Level Maths and Physics are considered to be particularly difficult compared to GCSEs and have the highest rate of failure among all A-Level subjects.

Sherpa offers A-Level Maths tutors and A-Level Physics tutors to support students in the transition and step-up from GCSEs to A-Levels.

Further Education

Further education (FE) is a post-16 educational option in the UK. It can be either academic or vocational and is often taken after GCSEs or A-Levels.

There are many different types of FE courses available, ranging from short evening classes to two-year diploma programmes.

The main goals of FE are to provide students with the skills and knowledge needed to enter the workforce, as well as to prepare them for further study at a higher level.

There are many different types of FE courses available, ranging from short evening classes to two-year diploma programmes. The main goals of FE are to provide students with the skills and knowledge needed to enter the workforce.

Higher Education

There are 3 types of higher education courses that students can participate in:.

• Foundation Diplomas

A Foundation Diploma is a one-year course that is designed to prepare students for university-level study. It covers the same core subjects as an A-Level, but it is less intensive.

• Undergraduate courses

Undergraduate courses are the most common type of university-level course in the UK. These courses typically last for 3 to 4 years and lead to a Bachelor's degree.

• Postgraduate courses

Postgraduate courses are designed for students who have already completed an undergraduate degree. These courses can range from 1 year (for a Master's degree) to 3 years (for a PhD). They can also often be taken full-time or part-time to allow students to work for a living in between their studies. Part-time courses usually last at least 1 year longer than full-time courses to cover the same work.

What is a certificate of higher education?

A certificate of higher education is a university-level qualification that can be obtained after completing part of an undergraduate course or by completing a foundation degree. It is awarded after a year of full-time study at university or 2 years of part-time study.

Is a certificate of higher education worth it?

They are only recognised if you are unable to complete your undergraduate course in full and are superseded by a bachelor's qualification but can demonstrate an individual's ability to study at the university level, raise confidence, support a change of career, or enable progression in a current career.

What is the goal of higher education?

The main goals of higher education are to develop critical thinking and research skills, as well as to gain subject-specific knowledge and prepare individuals for the workforce. Many students have the opportunity to contribute academically to the development and progress of their field on an international level.

Factors affecting Education

How does politics influence the UK education system?

The UK education system is heavily influenced by politics. Education policy is set by the government and implemented by local authorities. This means that the type of education a child receives can vary depending on where they live in the UK.

For example, the introduction of grammar schools was a political decision that led to different education systems developing in different parts of the country. This has had a lasting impact on the education system, and some believe it has led to a divide between "academic" and "vocational" schools.

Another example is the recent decision to raise the age at which children are required to stay in education or training. This policy was introduced by the government in an attempt to improve the skills of the workforce and reduce youth unemployment.

However, this policy has been criticised by some, who argue that it will put pressure on an already overstretched education system.

What impact does the economy have on education?

The economy has a big impact on education. When the economy is doing well, there is more money available for education. This means that schools and universities can afford to employ more staff and provide better resources for students.

However, when the economy is struggling, budgets for education are often cut. This can lead to larger class sizes, fewer staff, and fewer resources for students.

Does geographical location affect education?

Geographical location can affect education in two ways. First, it can influence the type of education a child receives. For example, children who live in rural areas are less likely to have access to the same schools and resources as those who live in urban areas.

Second, geographical location can also affect a child's ability to access education. This is because some areas of the country are more difficult to get to than others. For example, children who live in remote areas may have to travel long distances to get to school.

Is individual funding available for education in the UK?

There is a range of individual funding available for education in the UK. This includes government loans and grants, as well as funding from charities and other organisations.

One of the most popular forms of funding for higher education is the Student Loans Company. This is a government-backed organisation that provides loans to students who are studying in the UK. The Student Loans Company also offers a grants programme, which provides funding to students from low-income households to help them pay for the next stage in their academic journey.

How can Sherpa help?

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Education system

Children's Education

The UK education system

Explore the UK education system and learn about the levels of schooling, parental involvement, graduating, and educational support.

By Magdalena Laas

Updated 16-9-2024

The United Kingdom is formed of four constituent countries : England, Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. In practice, this means some aspects of everyday life differ depending on which of these countries you live in. This includes the education system, which is governed by each of the devolved nations .

Despite some similarities between these systems, a  report  by the Education Policy Institute (2021) found that the approaches to education differ significantly after years of decentralization. Understandably, a new arrival to the UK may find the whole system confusing. But don’t worry. This article will help clarify things, looking at:

Education in the UK

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TASIS England is an American international school in the UK. The school follows an American curriculum for students from Pre-K to 12th grade, including the IB Diploma for older students. For a rigorous education for your children in the beautiful Surrey countryside, consider TASIS England.

Go to website

Any child residing in the UK may attend their local state school as long as they have the right of abode . In other words, they have the right to live in the country. The UK education system covers preschool, primary, and secondary schools. It also includes higher education . The UK has a strong state-funded school system that provides free education for all. Still, parents typically pay for stationery, uniforms, PE kits, meals, school trips, and extracurricular activities.

There are also many independent schools across the UK. These include private (public schools), international , and boarding schools . For example, Eton , Harrow , and Winchester are some of the UK’s best-known public schools. The government does not fund, nor partially subsidize these private schools. Parents therefore must pay tuition (and boarding, if applicable) fees, which can be expensive .

School uniforms in the UK

Schools in the UK love uniforms. Children typically wear these in both state and independent schools with the possible exception of Montessori, Steiner Waldorf, and some international schools.

School timetables in the UK

The school week runs from Monday to Friday. Typically, a school day starts at 08:30 or 09:00 and ends at 15:30 or 16:00. Students typically have morning and lunch breaks. Primary schools may also have afternoon breaks. Some schools have a shorter day on Fridays.

The school year in the UK runs from August or September to June or July, depending on the region. Normally, school holidays include half-term, Easter, Christmas , and summer breaks . Schools also close on bank (public) holidays .

The publically-financed education system in the UK is typically called state education. Incidentally, the term “public schools” is largely used in reference to private schools in the UK. This can be confusing for new arrivals to the UK, so be aware of which type of school you talking about.

Generally, the quality of the UK education system is good. For instance, the UK performed above the OECD average on the 2018 PISA tests for reading, mathematics, and science. PISA is the Programme for International Student Assessment for 15-year-olds.

According to the 2021 national statistics, 10.5 million students attended state schools across the UK.

At the end of their compulsory education, secondary school students write exams in nine subjects to attain the General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) . This is in Year 11 in England and Wales and Year 12 in Northern Ireland. Maths, English, and science are core subjects, which every student must take. The equivalent in Scotland is the National 5 exams. In 2021, 51.9% of pupils across the UK achieved a grade 5 (strong pass) or above in their GCSE exam for mathematics.

Education in the UK beyond these years is called further education and typically runs until the student is 18 years old. At the end of this, they typically complete the Advanced (A-Level) exams at the end of Year 13 (England and Wales) or Year 14 (Northern Ireland) to graduate. In Scotland, it is the Highers and Advanced Highers. Average  A-Level results increased from C+ to B in 2021. However, one must account for the  impact  COVID-19 had on schooling and assessments.  

School inspection and reports

As a parent, you’ll probably want to know how good your child’s prospective school is. One way to find out is to access the public inspection reports. Each nation has its own educational review body, which publishes these reports. Listed below, are the ones for England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland.

• England – Office for Standards in Education, Children’s Services, and Skills ( Ofsted )
• Wales – Estyn
• Scotland – Education Scotland
• Northern Ireland – The Education and Training Inspectorate (ETI)

School structure in the UK

Across the UK, attending preschool or nursery is voluntary. Still, children above three can access some free childcare hours per week. Read on how each region funds these hours.

Primary schools

Usually, the primary stage in the UK education system starts from four or five and covers about seven years of schooling. After primary school , students attend secondary school. Even though compulsory education includes about 12 years until the age of 16, most students complete two more years to apply to universities.

The devolved education system makes it tricky to figure out the school years. To simplify this, the table below compares primary schools across the UK. Be aware that in Scotland, children attend primary school a year longer than the rest of the UK. The table also notes the different standardized assessments and exams.

Primary schools in the United Kingdom

Secondary schools

Scotland’s school years do not exactly match the rest of the UK education system as children enter secondary schools between 12 and 13. So, roughly, it is equivalent to Year 8 in England. Therefore, it is easier to look at when students write important exams and attain specific qualifications. Again, the table below compares the four regions.

Secondary schools in the UK

Assessment acronyms

The assessment acronyms stand for the following:

• SATs – End of Key Stage Tests and Assessments
• SNSA – Scottish National Standardised Assessments
• InCAS – Interactive Computerised Assessment System
• GCSE – General Certificate of Secondary education
• AS-Level – Advanced Subsidiary
• A-Level – Advanced

Recent education reforms in the UK

There have been two recent reforms to the UK education system. First, in 2014 England changed its GCSE grading system from the A to G system to a 1 to 9 numerical scale, 9 being the highest. Second, Wales introduced a new curriculum in 2022. Learn more about the curriculum under the Welsh section.

The Department for Education (DfE) regulates pre-primary to post-secondary learning in England. Seventeen agencies and public bodies support the DfE. Most state schools are maintained, which means the local authority (LA) funds and manages these. There are also several state boarding schools that only charge for boarding, not tuition.

Many state-funded schools, called faith schools , have a Christian religious character . For example, out of the 378 denominational schools in Scotland, only 11 are independent. Still, you can search for independent faith schools with the Catholic Independent Schools Conference’s (CISC) search tool or New Christian Schools . However, Jewish and Islamic schools tend to be independent.

Confusingly, state schools can also be non-maintained, like free schools and academies . While maintained schools must follow the national curriculum, non-maintained schools do not. Both types of state schools are free to attend. You can compare specific schools in England on the DfE website.

Parents cannot choose a state school. Instead, they have to apply through their local council. Still, they can list preferred schools in the catchment area near their home. The council then places children based on specific admission criteria .

Preschool education in England

From birth to five falls under the  Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS) , which includes preschool education. There are many childcare options available for children up to three years: childminders, daycares, crèches, and au pairs. However, as the government does not subsidize childcare before three, it is  expensive . Fortunately, parents can access financial support .

Childcare in the UK

Once a child turns three, they receive 30 hours of free childcare . Toddlers can go to public or private preschools or the nursery attached to their local primary school. Preschools use play-based education to develop a child’s early skills, across the following learning areas:

• Communication and language
• Personal, social, emotional, and physical development
• Literacy and mathematics
• Understanding the world
• Expressive arts and design

Primary school education in England

State schools in England follow the  National Curriculum , which divides into Key Stages 1 and 2 from Reception to Year 6. Learning areas are broad and include literacy, numeracy, arts, technology, and humanities.

Parents need to be aware of four key assessments. First, when pupils start Reception, teachers do a baseline assessment . After that, at the end of Year 1, they will take a phonics screening test . Children will also sit End of Key Stage Tests and Assessments ( SATs ) in Years 2 and 6 to measure their learning progress.

Traditionally, schools in the UK provide lunch . In England, these meals are free for students in Reception, Year 1 and 2. From Year 3 onwards, parents must apply for the income-assessed free school meals through their local council otherwise they pay extra.

Secondary school education in England

Typically, children start their secondary education around 11 or 12. Most state secondary schools across the UK are comprehensive, meaning they accept students of all abilities.

Additionally, certain local authority areas in England also have grammar schools. Grammar schools are selective state secondary schools that select their students based on ability. Prospective students must complete entrance exams, known as the Eleven Plus (11-plus). There are 163 grammar schools across the UK.

Except for Scotland, Year 11 students across the UK education system write the General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) exams. The difference between England, Wales, and Northern Ireland is that English GCSEs are graded from 1 to 9 (9 being the highest). Also, qualifications are linear, with exams at the end of the course. For this reason, if students repeat the qualifications, they must re-take all the exams for all subjects. Still, they can re-use their non-exam grades.

Further education in England

After the GCSEs, students sit the Advanced Subsidiary (AS-Level) exam in Year 12 and graduate with the Advanced qualification ( A-Level ) in Year 13.

Have you heard the terms Sixth Form and college and wondered what they mean? Firstly, not all secondary schools have a Sixth Form. It is largely a hangover from the old education system when the school years were called Forms. For comparison, Year 12 is equivalent to Lower Sixth (L6) and Year 13 to Upper Sixth (U6).

Secondly, there are two types of colleges, Sixth Form colleges and Further Education (FE) colleges. Sixth Form colleges offer A-Level qualifications and are attached to secondary schools. Alternatively, FE colleges are stand-alone institutions where students aged 16 to 19 can study A-Levels or BTECS . This stands for Business and Technology Education Council and is a vocational qualification. There are 381 colleges across the UK: 287 FE and 94 Sixth Form.

Support for children with special educational needs (SEN)

SEN is also called special educational needs and disability (SEND) in England. A parent contacts the SEN coordinator (SENCO) at their child’s school to discuss any accessibility, learning, or behavioral needs. The school is obliged to meet these needs as much as possible.

However, if a child needs more support than the school’s SEND service can provide, a caregiver can request an educational, health, and care ( EHC ) plan, through their local council .

Children under five

For a child under five, SEND support includes:

• A written progress report at age two
• A health visitor assesment between two and three
• A written review in Reception, at around four or five
• School making realistic adjustments to improve accessibilty and support learning

Children 5 to 15

For children, 5 to 15, SEND support may include:

• A special learning program
• Closer observation and extra attention from a teacher or aide
• Working in a smaller group
• Receiving support participating in class and communicate with other children
• Assistance with physical or personal care

Young people (16+)

Before enrolling, students should contact the college to discuss how they will meet any special educational needs (SEN).

Other SEND support services

The Council for Disabled Children works with over 300 organizations to help children with special educational needs (SEN) reach their full potential. It is a good idea to contact the Information, Advice, and Support Services Network (IAS) to access resources for families of children with SEN.

In Wales, the Department for Education and Skills (DfES) oversees all learning. Its National School Categorisation System rates schools’ performance. For instance, it considers a school’s leadership, quality of teaching and learning, and how much support it needs to improve. However, this system does not replace the Estyn inspection reports. You can search My Local School for more information on specific institutions.

Wales does not have free schools nor academies, only maintained state schools: community mainstream and special schools, voluntary controlled (VC) and aided (VA) schools, and foundation mainstream and special schools.

Most primary schools in Wales teach in English, but as  12% of the population speak Welsh in their homes, it makes sense that there are also Welsh-medium schools. There are  350 Welsh schools  and 29 dual-stream (Welsh and English) schools. These are all state schools; no Welsh-medium schools are independent.

The admission process is similar to England. Councils place children based on catchment areas, but parents first need to complete their local council’s application form and list their preferred schools. Note that the council cannot guarantee places at a specific school.

Preschool education in Wales

The Foundation Phase covers preschool education in Wales. Children between three and four receive up to 30 hours of free childcare weekly. These include 10 hours minimum of early education and 20 hours maximum of childcare. Options include nurseries, childminders, playgroups, crèches, and nannies.

Toddlers learn through play across seven areas of development:

• Personal and social skills, well-being, and cultural diversity
• Language, literacy, and communication
• Welsh language
• Understanding of the world
• Physical abilities
• Creative skills

Primary school education in Wales

Historically, Wales followed the National Literacy and Numeracy Framework (NLF) . However, in 2022, Education Wales ( Addygsg Cymru ) introduced a new curriculum . First, schools will implement it from Years 1 to 7. Eventually, between 2023 and 2026, they will roll out the curriculum in Years 8 to 11. It covers literacy, numeracy, digital skills, arts, humanities, and physical education.

Instead of standardized assessments, teachers observe and review students’ learning progress individually and continually. The aim of assessments in Welsh schools is to support learner progression .

Furthermore, Welsh primary schools provide free school meals to eligible students, based on specific criteria.

Secondary school education in Wales

Once students complete their primary schooling, they apply to a secondary school. This stage covers five compulsory years and two elective years. Similar to England, the two most important assessments are the GCSE at the end of Year 11 and the A-Level at the end of Year 13. The syllabus includes:

• Modern foreign languages
• Mathematics
• Design and technology
• Information and communication technology (ICT)
• Humanities (history and geography)

Schools further aim to prepare students for the working world by developing their personal, social, communication, and critical thinking skills.

The Welsh GCSEs at the end of Year 11 are graded from A* to G. Only some GCSEs are linear with exams at the end of the year. Others are modular, meaning the course consists of units (modules). As such, students write exams at the end of each module, instead of the end of the year. For linear GCSEs, students must re-take all the exams if they want to repeat the qualification. On the other hand, for modular GCSEs, learners only need to retake a unit but they can only do so once.

As of September 2021, children with additional learning needs (ALN) receive support within the ALN framework. This replaced the old special educational needs (SEN) system. Students with ALN receive support based on an Individual Development Plan (IDP) . The IDP stipulates all the additional support a child needs to learn. Also, it recommends the type of school best suited to their needs. The local authority is legally obliged to ensure these needs are met.

Furthermore, parents can contact SNAP Cymru . It is an independent organization that provides support, advice, and information to parents, families, and young people with disabilities and ALN.

In Scotland, the government oversees all learning via its executive agency, Education Scotland . It divides state schools into local schools (mainstream), special schools (SEN), and denominational (faith) schools. Some schools offer Scottish Gaelic as a subject, but it is not compulsory. There are also no Gaelic-medium schools, where the instruction language is Gaelic. In other words, the main language of instruction in all Scottish state schools is English. You can find detailed information on every Scottish school via the Parentzone portal .

Class sizes in Scotland are smaller than in other regions: 16 pupils per teacher in primary schools and 12 students per class in secondary schools.

A parent cannot choose a state school for their child. Instead, local councils allocate places based on catchment areas. Councils will only grant requests for schools outside a child’s catchment area if the school is not oversubscribed.

Preschool education in Scotland

Early learning and childcare (ELC) refer to all childcare services for children up to school age. Caregivers of children (age 3–5 years) can claim up to 1,140 hours (30 hours per week) of free ELC per year. These services include:

• Family centers
• Day nurseries
• Nursery schools or classes attached to primary schools
• Childminders

The ELC curriculum takes a child-centered approach by developing a toddler’s personal, emotional, cognitive, communication, and physical skills through play.

Primary school education in Scotland

Scotland follows the Curriculum for Excellence (CfE) , which divides into two cycles: broad general education and the senior phase. Broad general education covers primary school (P1 – P7) plus the first three years of secondary school (S1 – S3). This phase develops children’s literacy, numeracy, and cognitive skills. It also nurtures life skills to develop a strong sense of self and community. Some schools offer Gaelic education but it is not a compulsory subject. Learning areas cover:

• Expressive arts
• Health and well-being
• Religious and moral studies
• Social studies
• Technologies

Children also take online standardized assessments (SNSA) in P1, 4, 7, and S3 to review their learning progress, specifically in literacy and numeracy.

Moreover, all pupils in P1 to P5 (aged 4 – 9 years) can get free school lunches . After this age, children only receive free meals if their family meets certain criteria.

Secondary school education in Scotland

The senior phase , from S4 (age 15 – 16 years), builds upon and deepens students’ knowledge base. Apart from the programs leading to qualifications, there is an ongoing emphasis on health and well-being, personal achievement, work experience, and community service. Schools partner with colleges, universities, employers, and community learning centers, to offer bespoke study streams , which lead to academic or vocational qualifications.

Scotland’s assessments differ from the rest of the UK. Instead of the GCSE, they write the National 5 exams. Beyond that, the Scottish further education equivalent to the AS-Level and A-Level exams are the Higher and Advanced Higher exams.

In Scotland, SEN support is called additional support for learning (ASL) . Children who need ASL have the right to attend their local mainstream school. However, if the school does not meet the student’s needs adequately, parents can consider a special school. Typically, these schools focus on a specific disability or learning difficulty with expertly-trained teachers and staff. A small number of schools even offer residential, full-time care for learners with high and complex needs.

Parents can start by contacting the ASL advice service, Enquire , to find out what their child’s rights are and how to access ASL in their school and community. Parentzone Scotland also offers support, information, and useful resources for parents of children who need ASL.

In Northern Ireland, the  Department of Education-NI (DENI) oversees schooling. According to 2020–2021 statistics, there are 1,901 state schools in Northern Ireland: 95 nurseries, 803 primary schools, and 193 secondary schools. These schools differ in type based on their management authority and include controlled, maintained, voluntary, and integrated schools. You can search its school directory to find out relevant statistics.

Religion still plays an integral part in education, often segregating schools into Roman Catholic or Protestant. However, integrated schools aim to enroll diverse students from all denominations and faiths. Additionally, there are 30 Irish-medium schools and 10 units attached to English-medium schools.

Parents can apply online for their preferred school via the Citizen Portal (a digital, central system). So, local councils do not place children based on catchment areas. However, if a school is oversubscribed, schools will consider certain admission criteria , such as the proximity of the child’s home.

Preschool education in Northern Ireland

The Pre-school Education Programme , in Northern Ireland, funds childcare the year before primary school. So, between the ages of 3 to 4. Although this phase is not compulsory, parents must apply online for a place. Parents can enroll their children in nursery schools, units at primary schools, and private preschools with subsidized places.

Similar to other preschool programs across the UK education system, it includes six learning areas :

• Personal, social, and emotional development
• Physical development and movement
• Language development
• Early mathematical experiences
• The world around us

Primary school education in Northern Ireland

Northern Ireland follows the Northern Ireland Curriculum . As a result, primary school begins at Year 1 instead of Reception. It also comprises three stages. The Foundation Stage includes Years 1 to 2, while Years 3 and 4 fall under Key Stage 1 (KS1). Subsequently, Key Stage 2 (KS2) includes Years 5, 6, and 7. The broad learning areas cover literacy, numeracy, arts, humanities, physical education, personal development, and mutual understanding.

Children can take packed lunches to school or buy food from the canteen, tuck shops, and vending machines. Eligible students may also apply for free meals .

Secondary school education in Northern Ireland

Compulsory secondary education covers five years (11 – 16) and is divided into two stages . Key Stage 3 (KS3) covers Years 8, 9, and 10 while Years 11 and 12 are Key Stage 4 (KS4). During these stages, students deepen and solidify their primary school knowledge and skills. They also broaden their scope of learning by including modern languages, sciences, technology, arts, environment, and society. Religious and physical education and life and work skills are also important.

Students in Northern Ireland sit the GCSE exam at the end of Year 12, and the AS-Level at the end of Year 13. In Year 14, they graduate secondary school with an A-Level qualification. These qualifications are similar to England and Wales except for one key difference . Students have a choice of grading systems; A* to G or 9 to 1.

Out of the 193 state secondary schools, 66 are grammar schools. Grammar schools select their students based on ability. Prospective students must complete entrance exams, known as the Eleven Plus (11-plus).

Northern Ireland takes an inclusive approach to education. In other words, most learners with special educational needs (SEN) attend mainstream state schools. Only a small number of students – often with high complex needs – are enrolled in special schools.

The Special Educational Needs Advice Centre ( SENAC ) is the first place parents can seek support and advice for their child with SEN. This organization works with parents, schools, and education bodies to ensure that children receive the right support and resources according to their learning needs.

Rather confusingly for many expats, private schools in the UK are often referred to as public schools, despite being in receipt of no state money. Across the UK, there are more than 2,500 independent or private schools (including international and boarding). They teach around 615,000 students each year. These numbers include primary and secondary education as private schools often enroll children from 4 to 18.

Private primary schools in the UK

Independent primary schools are also called preparatory schools. These can be single-sex or co-ed. Unquestionably, private schools are expensive. Even so, they offer a wider range of facilities and activities, smaller class sizes, and an excellent quality of education. That said, costs depend on the child’s age and whether they are day or boarding students. On average, these fees can range from £21,000–45,000.

Conveniently, you can search for schools with the Independent Schools Council’s (ISC) interactive map . Alternatively, you can also use the Best Schools’ search tool or confine your search to Wales , Scotland , and Northern Ireland .

Expatica United Kingdom Directory

Independent schools enjoy more freedom to plan their calendar, design their curriculum, and shape their teaching approach,

Montessori schools in the UK

Most Montessori schools only cover pre-primary and primary age. Their teaching approach follows the educational theories of Maria Montessori, often coined as “follow the child.”

In other words, the school is a child-centered learning environment with open-ended teaching materials. Consequently, the teacher supports the child to learn at their own developmental pace. You can find a Montessori school in the UK with this search tool .

Steiner Waldorf schools in the UK

Conversely, Steiner Waldorf schools follow the educational philosophy of Rudolf Steiner. It encourages learning through play and meeting the child at their natural developmental level. It also combines artistic and physical activity with academic learning.

An example of a Steiner Waldorf school is the  Edinburgh Steiner School in Scotland, covering primary and secondary education. You can find more schools in the UK with this interactive map .

Private secondary schools in the UK

At many independent schools, especially international ones, students can write the International General Certificate of Secondary Education (IGCSE) or Advanced Placement (AP) . For example, students can study the AP program at the Pearson Online Academy . Alternatively, if a school offers it, they can graduate with the coveted International Baccalaureate (IB) . As of 2022, students can obtain the IB at 92 schools across the UK, such as the ACS International Schools and St Leonards in Scotland. No schools in Northern Ireland offer any of the IB programs.

International schools in the UK

International schools in the UK are diverse and offer British and country-specific curriculums. For example, there are Japanese , German , French , Spanish , and American international schools in London . Fees range from £9,500 to £26,000 per year. One international school, St.Leonards , even has boarding options from Year 6. Boarding fees can range from £24,000 to £38,000 depending on the child’s age and how many nights they stay on campus.

In our directory , you’ll find a list of excellent international schools in the UK. Alternatively, the International School Search is another handy tool to find schools.

The International Baccalaureate (IB) in the UK

In 2021,  5,400 schools  offered 7,500 IB programs across 159 countries, including the 120 international schools in the UK. Unfortunately, no schools in Northern Ireland seem to teach any IB programs. Most importantly, the International Baccalaureate (IB) is globally recognized and grant students entry to esteemed universities.

In England, Wales, and Northern Ireland , students complete their compulsory education by attaining a General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) . The equivalent in Scotland is the National 5 exam.

If students choose to continue their secondary education for two more years, they graduate with an A-Level. This qualification only applies to England, Wales, and Northern Ireland. Conversely, in Scotland, students graduate with the Scottish Baccalaureate if they pass the Advanced Highers exam in S6. However, it is possible to apply for Scottish universities without their Advanced Highers if their Highers grades were good enough. In other words, they could leave secondary school in S5, instead of S6.

Once graduated, students can apply for higher education, internships, or start working.

State-funded education is free. Even so, there are always extra costs involved. Fortunately, across the UK, students can get financial aid and scholarships. For instance, charities, like Buttle UK and the Royal National Children’s Springboard Foundation , offer full bursaries for boarding schools.

In England, there is the 16 to 19 Bursary Fund . While in Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland, students can apply for Education Maintenance Allowance (EMA) .

Uniforms and transport

Parents can request financial support to cover uniform costs, PE kits, and transport to school. Each region has its own scheme:

• England – uniform and transport
• Wales – School Essentials Grant
• Scotland – uniform and transport
• Northern Ireland – uniform and transport

Most independent, international, or boarding schools offer eligible students financial aid or scholarships. It is advisable to directly enquire at the school.

According to the National Statistics report (2020), around 19.3% of students in state schools speak English as an additional language (EAL). In other words, English is not their first language, which may hinder their studies. Therefore, most state schools offer international students EAL support. However, the level of assistance varies depending on resources because the government does not explicitly subsidize EAL support. Still, the Ethnic Minority Achievement Grant (EMAG) has been funding EAL support in schools.

Studying English in the UK

In contrast, Scottish schools offer English for Speakers of Other Languages ( ESOL ) support. It is a good idea to contact the school to establish how they will integrate your international child.

Students can transfer schools during the year. First, contact your local council to find out which schools have places and how to apply. Next, submit an in-year application. Once placed, your child would start at the beginning of the following term. This process only applies to England, Wales, and Scotland.

Alternatively, in Northern Ireland , you must complete an AP1 transfer form and submit it directly to the new school. Usually, the school responds within ten days.

The Social Mobility Commission (2017) showed a link between parental involvement in schooling and improved educational outcomes.

As a result, Parentkind and the National Governance Association (NGA) collaborate to strengthen parental involvement in the UK education system. The NGA is an organization for governors and trustees of state schools in England. Parentkind is a national charity representing parental views in education. It also supports Parent-Teacher Associations ( PTAs ).

Most schools have governing boards. By law , they must consult parents on specific issues like admissions criteria and behavior policies. Besides, parents can serve as representatives ( parent governors or trustees) on these boards. In Scotland, parent councils have replaced school boards in many state schools.

Practical tips

It is a good idea to check with your child’s school how they involve and engage parents. They may use methods , such as:

• An online parent resource center or contact function on their website
• School events where parents can help
• Regular blogs, newsletters, and updates from the governing board
• Parent forums, councils, or focus groups
• Parent evenings
• Social media and communication apps like Parent Ping or Parent Hub

Parent and other useful organizations

• Parentkind – parent asscociation in England and Wales
• Parentkind-NI – parent assocociation in Northern Ireland
• Connect – parent association in Scotland
• Governors for schools – England and Wales
• Learning with Parents – a parental engagement policy group
• Big Change – transforming education systems

In contrast to many European counties, homeschooling is included in the UK education system. It is also called home education or elective home education (EHE). In fact, all four education departments offer support and resources to ensure high-quality tuition for home-educated children.

Parents can homeschool their children full-time or part-time. Accordingly, a child does not need to follow the national curriculum. Still, the local council will regularly review their progress. If it is found lacking, they may serve parents with a school attendance order . As such, the child has to attend their local school.

Regional organizations and support

• England and Wales – local councils
• Scotland – Home Education Scotland
• Northern Ireland – Education Authority (EA)
• Department of Education (DfE) – oversees child services and education in England
• Department for Education and Skills (DfES) – official government website for the education system in Wales
• Education Scotland – executive agency of the Education Department in Scotland
• Department of Education-NI (DE) – government website for education in Northern Ireland
• mygov.scot – government portal for the education system in Scotland
• Parentzone Scotland – useful information on Scottish schools for parents
• Parent Club – offers up-to-date guidance from the Scottish Government on your child’s health and education
• Education Wales – information about the new curriculum
• Ofsted – the Office for Standards in Education, Children’s Services and Skills; reports of the quality of education in school in England
• Independent Schools Council (ISC) – find private schools in the UK
• Scottish Council of Independent Schools (SCIS) – find a private school in Scotland

Magdalena Laas

About the author

Magdalena grew up in South Africa and has lived in New Zealand and the UK, before finally settling in the Netherlands.

She has studied psychology, political science, and English. After a stint as a mental health counselor and family court mediator, Magdalena directed and produced television documentaries.

Her interests cover a wide range of topics, including education, law and crime, and sustainable living.

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Four major challenges facing Britain’s education system after the pandemic

Associate Pro Vice Chancellor for Student Inclusion and Professor of Learning and Teaching in Higher Education, University of East Anglia

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The UK goverment’s Department for Education has some new ministers in charge following the political turmoil surrounding Boris Johnson’s resignation. After resigning only two days into the job of education secretary, Michelle Donelan has been replaced by James Cleverly , MP for Braintree.

Donelan’s former role overseeing higher education has been filled by Andrea Jenkyns, MP for Morley and Outwood, who has been named skills, further and higher education minister . Jenkyns’ credentials as an educational leader were called somewhat into question when she was photographed making a gesture to the public gathered outside Downing Street that would certainly have landed her in detention.

While these appointments can be considered, to some extent, to be caretaker roles pending the appointment of the new prime minister in early September, the new ministers still face significant challenges as they oversee schools, colleges and universities. Here are four issues facing them as they get to work.

Getting exams back to normal

The first hurdle comes next month with the annual round of GCSE and A-level exam results. This will be the first cohort since 2019 to have formally sat their exams. The Department of Education will be hoping that the exam results, which have already been taken and marked, will not cause such headline grabbing disruption this summer as in the two previous years.

In 2020, the first year that exams were cancelled due to the pandemic, results were overturned after it became clear that the algorithm used by the government to standardise grades was penalising students from disadvantaged backgrounds. Pupils could choose to use teacher assessments to decide grades instead.

In 2021, the government again elected to use teacher assessment to decide results, but the approach resulted in many more top grades. The jump in A grades at A-level, from 38% to 44%, meant that there were not enough places at top universities to go around – and universities had to offer prospective students packages of support to persuade them to defer to a 2022 start .

However, it is likely that the return to exams will mean a drop in grades from 2021, and there may be many disappointed students and parents. Weathering grade fluctuations in future years while also closing gaps in attainment for students from disadvantaged backgrounds will be a difficult trick to pull off.

Addressing inequality

In November 2020, the Department of Education launched its flagship initiative to address pandemic learning loss in England, the National Tutoring Programme – which pairs schools with tutors who work with individual students or small groups to help them catch up in core subjects.

However, the House of Commons Education Committee recently reported that the National Tutoring Programme is failing to make an impact in the schools in deprived areas where children are most behind with their education.

Read more: The government's academic catch-up strategy is failing children in England

Problems with the catch-up strategy are just the tip of the iceberg when it comes to endemic inequalities in education in the UK. School buildings in many areas are facing pressure from growing class sizes and wear and tear. A 2021 report by the Department for Education put the backlog of school maintenance in England at a cost of £11.4 billion, an eye watering sum at a time of economic crisis.

It is difficult to see how schools can level up for their pupils in buildings that are falling down. The education secretary must hope for sympathy and support around the new cabinet table to access the funds needed.

Provide support for teachers

The pandemic has had a serious impact on children and young people’s mental health and wellbeing and the problem remains acute. One of the short-term impacts of this is growing pressures on teachers in classrooms. For this reason as well as the rise in the cost of living, teachers are asking for a substantial pay increase .

It seems unlikely that current proposals for pay rises in schools, which sit below the rate of inflation, will stop a ballot on strike action or address teacher shortages caused by so many leaving the profession. If the new minister is to be able to deliver meaningful educational recovery, schools are going to need to be better staffed and better supported by other sector agencies. Achieving this looks both difficult and expensive.

Free speech in higher education

On 27 June 2022, before her promotion to education secretary and subsequent resignation, Michelle Donelan had written to university vice chancellors advising them to consider whether their membership of certain diversity schemes was appropriate given their responsibility to uphold free speech. This was regarded with concern by many in the education sector as a move that blurred the lines between appropriate regulation and university autonomy.

In addition, the controversial Higher Education (Freedom of Speech) Bill, which seeks to ensure that free speech is protected on campus by limiting the “no-platforming” of speakers, is currently passing through the House of Lords. However, a recent survey has found that 61% of students think that universities should prioritise protecting students from discrimination rather than permitting unlimited free speech.

The new Department for Education team has much to do to ensure that good decisions are made on behalf of the UK’s children and young people.

This article was amended on July 19 2022 to reflect that the National Tutoring Programme and Condition of School Buildings Survey refer to England.

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The UK Education System Explained

In General by Think Student Editor September 7, 2022 Leave a Comment

If you’ve been to any form of school, college or university in the UK, then you’ve been a part of its education system. While that may sound like a really complicated word, it is actually really simple. It is just referring to the different stages of education that students can go through from when they start as children to much higher stages. However, the education system in the UK can feel quite complicated. This is especially as the UK is made up of 4 countries that each have slight differences in their specific education systems.

Continue reading to learn more about what makes up the UK education system. Whether you’re a student within the UK education system or someone who is simply interested, this article will break it down for you.

Table of Contents

What are the stages of education in the UK?

The UK education system can be quite hard to understand as there is so many different qualifications and levels. There are 5 main stages of education in the UK that these qualifications and levels can be sorted into . These 5 stages are also key to properly understanding how the UK education system works.

These education stages are Early Years education, primary education, secondary education, further education and higher education. For more information about the UK education system as a whole, check out this governmental guide .

The table below aims to provide an overview of the various stages of education in the UK.

What is Early Years education in the UK?

If you are familiar with schooling in the UK, you may be thinking of Early Years education as another name for the first year of primary school. This first year of primary school may sometimes be called Early Years but it is also known as Reception, which it will be referred to as in this article.

Reception and Early Years education are not the same thing. Early Years education begins before primary school. This is because it covers the education of children between the ages of 3 and 5. For more information, check out this guide by the Cambridgeshire County Council.

The Early Years education stage refers to the childcare and nursery education of all young children in the UK . The idea is that children will mostly learn through the use of games and play.

The specific idea of what children are supposed to learn in their Early Years education varies based on the different countries in the UK. However, all of these are done with the idea of preparing children for school and the rest of their lives .

For more information about the frameworks each UK country uses, click on their links: England , Wales , Scotland and Northern Ireland .

What is primary education in the UK?

In the UK, primary level education covers students from the ages of 4 to 11. This is within primary schools, which is split up into the year groups from Year 1 to Year 6 as well as Reception in England and Wales. In Northern Ireland, Reception is known as Year 1, so the year groups in primary school there are from Year 1 to Year 7.

In Scotland, these groups are named differently. Reception is instead known as P1, so primary schools in Scotland have the year groups P1 to P7, which is equivalent to Year 7 in England and Wales. For more information about primary schools in Northern Ireland and Scotland, click here and here respectively to find guides by The School Run.

In primary school, you won’t gain any official qualifications . Despite this, you may still need to do exams. At the end of primary level education in England students are expected to complete exams called SATs. While these are also done in Year 2, the ones done in Year 6 are more important as they are done before students go on to secondary school.

SATs or Standard Assessment Tests are a series of exams that students have to do . The ones done in Year 6 feature 2 maths papers, an English reading paper, a grammar, punctuation and spelling (GPS) paper and a spelling test. For more about SATs, check out this Think Student article .

What is secondary education in the UK?

In the UK, secondary education refers to the education of students between the ages of 11 and 16 . This takes place within secondary schools, which are sometimes also known as high schools. Secondary schools are split up into year groups. These are from Year 7 to Year 11 in England and Wales. In Northern Ireland, the year groups are from Year 8 to Year 12.

In Scotland, there are only 4 year groups, these are S1 to S4. S1 in Scotland is equivalent to Year 8 in England and Wales, or Year 9 in Northern Ireland as primary school is longer . For more information, check out this guide by The School Run.

Unlike primary school, students can leave secondary school with qualifications. In England, Wales and Northern Ireland, these qualifications are GCSEs . These are taken in the last year of secondary school, which is Year 11 or Year 12 in Northern Ireland.

While secondary school is essentially leading up to these exams, the whole way through, students will generally not start the GCSE content until they’re in Year 9 or Year 10. For more information about when you do your GCSEs, check out this Think Student article .

In Scotland, GCSEs aren’t taken at all. Instead, there are National qualifications. Normally in S4, which is the equivalent to Year 11 or Year 12 in Northern Ireland, students will get their National qualifications . These can be from National 1 to National 5, depending on what level the student is at in each subject.

At this stage, typically, students will do National 5 . For this, students will have to complete formal exams that are roughly the equivalent of GCSEs. For more information about this, check out this article by Good Schools Guide. For an overview of National qualifications as a whole, check out this guide from SQA.

What education level is GCSE?

As mentioned above, GCSE level education is a part of the secondary education stage . In England, Wales and Northern Ireland, it marks the end of secondary education with students typically taking these exams at the end of Year 11, which is also known as Year 12 in Northern Ireland. This is also made clear as the term GCSE stands for General Certificate of Secondary Education.

For more information about the term GCSE, check out this Think Student article . For more information about the education level of GCSEs, check out this Think Student article .

What is further education in the UK?

In the UK, further education is simply when you continue to be in education after turning 16, without doing higher education , which will be explained in the section below.

In England, it is compulsory for you to be in further education until you are 18. This doesn’t apply to the rest of the UK. For more about this, check out this governmental guide on school leaving age.

There are several different types of further education qualifications that you can do, making further education a lot more flexible than the earlier stages of education . For example, you could stay in school or go to college and continue studying.

You may want to study traditional courses such as A-Levels, Highers or Advanced Highers. Alternatively, you may want to study other level 3 courses that may be more vocational, such as BTECs or T-Levels.

You could also leave school and still do other types of further education such as an apprenticeship or traineeship . These options are a lot more practical as you are learning by working.

To learn more about the level 3 courses mentioned here, click on their following links: A-Levels , Highers , BTECs , T-Levels , apprenticeships . To learn more about level 3 courses, check out its respective section below. For more information about further education, check out this article by Think Student.

What education level is sixth form or college?

Both sixth form and college are actually education providers, rather than levels of education themselves. Typically, these education providers will offer qualification that are within the further education stage. These may include A-Levels and BTECs.

For more information about what you do in sixth form college, check out this Think Student article .

While this is always the case for sixth forms, this isn’t particularly the case for colleges as some colleges offer higher education courses. Especially qualifications such as higher national certificates (HNCs) or higher national diplomas (HNDs). For more information about this, check out this governmental guide .

What is higher education in the UK?

In the UK, higher education is any type of education that is done after or beyond further education . Generally, students will be at least 18 when they reach this stage. There are many types of higher education and a range of levels.

As the name suggests, these levels of education are the highest that can be reached in terms of academia and so are much more specialised.

The lowest type of higher education is a level 4 qualification . At level 4, students may do a higher national certificate (HNC), a Higher Apprenticeship or another equivalent qualification.

While a level 8 qualification is the highest level . At this level, students may study a PhD or an alternative type of doctorate degree.

If you would like to find out more about HNCs, check out this guide by WhatUni. To learn more about the types of apprenticeship, check out this Think Student article .

For more on PhDs and other doctorate degrees, please refer to this useful Think Student article . If you would simply like to learn more about higher education as a whole, check out this Think Student article .

What education level is university?

Similarly, to sixth forms and colleges, university is an education provider rather than an actual level of education itself. Qualifications offered by universities are typically higher education .

Although, some courses they offer may be another type of qualification altogether. These may not even be counted within the education stages or qualification levels . This is especially language courses or courses they offer online.

For example, language courses that are not part of a degree will normally be based on the CEFR levels. These levels don’t line up directly with any education stage or qualification level of the UK.

Instead, these are 6 levels that describe levels of language learning from beginner to proficient. For more information about this, check out this guide by the British Council.

While universities offer higher education qualifications, this isn’t particularly all of them. While a university may offer many qualifications from a foundation degree to a PhD, they are less likely to offer vocational courses .

For example, a national vocational qualification (NVQ) even at level 4 or above will typically be taught at a school, college or in the workplace. For more information about this, check out this article by Indeed.

For more information about vocational courses, check out this Think Student article . For more information about the education level of universities, look at this Think Student article .

What are the levels of education in the UK?

In the UK, the actual education system can be broken down into the 5 main stages that were explained above. However, there are also many other ways that education can be sorted and assigned different rankings and can be compared to one another .

One way to do this for the education of children in both primary school and secondary school is through the use of key stages . For more about key stages, check out this Think Student article .

Specific qualifications can also be further broken down into levels. In England, Wales and Northern Ireland, these levels are from entry level to level 8. In Scotland with the Scottish Credit and Qualifications Framework (SCQF), these levels are from level 1 to level 12.

For more information about the qualification levels in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, check out this governmental guide . For more information about the SCQF levels, check out this guide by Glasgow Kelvin College. You can also look at these qualifications in comparison by looking at this guide by the SQA.

The table below attempts to simplify the education system and provide a rough overview. It’s important to note that many qualifications are missing from this table.

What is an entry level qualification in the UK?

In the UK, an entry level qualification is the first level of qualification that you can get . It is split into 3 sub levels: entry level 1, entry level 2 and entry level 3. Entry level 3 is the highest of the entry level qualifications. In the Scottish SCQF levels, entry level in England, Wales and Northern Ireland covers levels 1 to 3 as it lines up with the entry level sub levels .

The idea of entry level qualifications is so that you can have a qualification that is recognised in the UK even if you’re not ready or prepared to study a higher-level qualification. For more information about these, check out this governmental guide .

What is a level 1 qualification in the UK?

A level 1 qualification is the next level up in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. The equivalent of this in the SCQF levels is a level 4 qualification .

As it is a higher level, there is a bit more of a range of qualifications at level 1 . For example, GCSE grades 1, 2 and 3 or between D and G are level 1, although they’re not a pass at GCSE. In Scotland, National 4 qualifications are also level 4 in the SCQF levels.

Music gradings from 1 to 3 are also ranked at level 1. This is the same with a vast range of different essential skills, functional skills, national vocational qualifications (NVQs)/ Scottish vocational qualification (SVQs), BTEC and other vocational qualifications that are offered at level 1.

For more information about the levels of BTEC qualifications, check out this Think Student article . For more examples about what is included in this level, please refer to the links above.

What is a level 2 qualification in the UK?

The next level up is a level 2 qualification. This is equivalent to a level 5 qualification in Scotland . As level 2 or level 5 qualifications are slightly more credible. This is because in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, level 2 is the level of GCSEs . In Scotland, this is the same level as National 5 qualifications.

Other qualifications at level 2 are Intermediate Apprenticeships or Modern Apprenticeships in Scotland, a range of BTECs, CTECs, NVQs and other vocational qualifications. It also includes music gradings 4 and 5.

For more information about CTEC qualifications, check out this Think Student article . For more examples of level 2 qualifications, please refer to the links above.

What is a level 3 qualification in the UK?

A level 3 qualification is once again a higher level that can help to open more opportunities, particularly with your career but also if you want to further your education. In Scotland, this is roughly equivalent to levels 6 on the Scottish Credit and Qualification Framework (SCQF) levels .

Level 3 or level 6 includes a range of qualifications, including AS and A-Levels, Highers, Advanced Apprenticeships or Foundation Apprenticeships in Scotland and T-Levels.

As well as a wide range of vocational courses, including BTECs, NVQs and SVQs. Level 3 or level 6 also include the International Baccalaureate (IB) and music grading level 6, 7 and 8.

Once again, please refer to the links above to find more examples. Also, check out this Think Student article to learn more about Advanced Apprenticeships and the other levels of apprenticeship.

What is a level 4 qualification in the UK?

A level 4 qualification marks the beginning of the higher education stage. It is roughly the equivalent to a level 7 qualification in Scotland .

This level includes qualifications such as HNCs, Higher Apprenticeships, certificates of higher education (CertHE), Advanced Highers and the Scottish Baccalaureate. It is also the equivalent to the first year at university. Also, a level 4 or 7 qualification includes a wide range of vocational qualifications, including NVQs and SVQs.

What is a level 5 qualification in the UK?

A level 5 qualification is also a part of higher education, and it is equivalent to the second year of university. In Scotland, a level 5 qualification is instead roughly a level 8 qualification.

This level includes qualifications such as HNDs, foundation degrees, diplomas of higher education (DipHE), Higher Apprenticeships both referring to Scotland and the rest of the UK and Technical Apprenticeships. Once again, there are a wide range of vocational qualifications offered at level 5 or 8.

What is a level 6 qualification in the UK? A level 6 qualification is also a part of higher education. In comparison to the Scottish SCQF levels, it is slightly different to the other levels. This is because it is equivalent to both level 9 qualifications and level 10 qualifications.

Level 6, 9 or 10 includes many qualifications, such as a Graduate Apprenticeship, a Degree Apprenticeship, a graduate certificate or a graduate diploma. It also includes many vocational qualifications, such as NVQs or SVQs.

In England, Wales and Northern Ireland, an undergraduate degree, whether this is with or without honours is at level 6 . However, in Scotland, an ordinary degree (without honours) is a level 9 qualification and a degree with honours is a level 10 qualification.

If you would like to learn more about undergraduate degrees, check out this Think Student article . For more on Degree Apprenticeships, check out this Think Student article .

What is a level 7 qualification in the UK?

A level 7 qualification is an even further form of higher education. It is the equivalent to the Scottish level 11 .

This is the second highest level that you can get in the UK . This level includes qualifications such as master’s degrees, integrated master’s degrees, postgraduate certificates and postgraduate diplomas.

It also includes a variety of certificates, awards and diplomas that are ranked at level 7. As well as NVQs or SVQs.

If you would like to learn more about master’s degrees, check out this Think Student article .

What is a level 8 qualification in the UK?

A level 8 qualification is the highest level of qualification that you can achieve in the UK. It is equivalent to the Scottish Credit and Qualification (SCQF) level 12, which is also the highest of these levels .

A level 8 or level 12 qualification includes doctorate degrees, including PhDs as well as a Professional Apprenticeship. It also includes certificates, awards and diplomas that are ranked at level 8.

To learn more about PhDs, check out this Think Student article . Please remember to look at the links above to learn about more examples.

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The UK higher education system explained

The UK is home to one of the most prestigious higher education systems in the world. In this guide, we offer a comprehensive overview of how universities operate in the UK.

The UK has one of the most established and respected higher education systems in the world, with numerous universities consistently ranked among the best globally. Institutions like the University of Oxford, the University of Cambridge and Imperial College London are regularly placed in the top 10 of the QS World University Rankings .

Renowned for delivering world-class education, the UK is a top destination for international students seeking academic excellence. If you’re considering studying in the UK, you’ve come to the right place.

Read on to explore everything you need to know about the UK higher education system, including the various degree options, grading and classification systems.

Table of contents:

Types of institutions in the uk higher education system, types of degrees and qualifications, academic culture in the uk, grading and classification.

Higher education institutions in the UK are either:

• Degree-awarding ‘recognised bodies’ such as universities and colleges. Across the UK, as many as 166 universities offer study programmes in a wide range of fields, at both the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. Recognised bodies have the authority to award bachelor's, master's and doctorate degrees, as well as certain other higher education qualifications depending on the type of institution.
• Non-degree awarding. They provide bridging courses to help students gain entry into a degree-awarding programme. Although these institutions cannot grant degrees, they offer a variety of vocationally oriented and bridging programmes that may lead directly to employment, a degree programme, or a focus on developing a specific technical skill set.

Like other popular study destinations, the UK offers degrees at both undergraduate and postgraduate levels. The country also provides plenty of non-degree study programmes designed as pathways to a degree or to develop professional skills.

Undergraduate qualifications

Bachelor’s degree (ba, bsc).

Bachelor's degrees  in the UK typically take three years to complete for full-time students. Unlike in some other countries, where students may choose a ‘major’ after exploring different subjects, students in the UK usually apply directly to a specific course of study.

University students in the UK focus on their chosen subject area from the start, such as a Bachelor of Arts (BA) in History or a Bachelor of Science (BSc) in Physiotherapy . This structure provides students with in-depth knowledge and expertise in their chosen field from the beginning of their degree programme.

Bachelor's degrees in the UK can be awarded as either 'Ordinary' or 'Honours' degrees, depending on the student’s academic performance. In England, Wales, and Northern Ireland, an Honours degree typically indicates a higher level of academic achievement within the same three-year timeframe as an Ordinary degree.

In contrast, in Scotland, an Honours degree usually requires four years of study, involving more specialised coursework and often a dissertation, while an Ordinary degree is completed in three years.

Foundation degree

A  foundation programme  is a structured one-year course designed to equip students with the skills and knowledge necessary for degree-level study. Often referred to as a 'gateway' or 'year-zero' programme, it focuses on developing both academic skills and the subject-specific understanding needed for a chosen degree.

Foundation degrees are typically suited for students who didn't achieve the expected results in their A-Levels or International Baccalaureate , as well as for professionals who haven't had the chance to pursue higher education but have demonstrated the potential to succeed academically.

Diploma of Higher Education (DipHE) and Higher National Diploma (HND)

A Diploma of Higher Education (DipHE) is an academic qualification in the UK equivalent to the first two years of a bachelor's degree. It typically involves two years of full-time study and can be a standalone qualification or a step towards completing a full bachelor's degree.

Students pursuing a DipHE can do so in a variety of subjects, such as nursing, social work and other academic areas. Obtaining a DipHE can lead directly to employment or further studies.

A Higher National Diploma (HND) is another two-year qualification offered in the UK focusing on practical and career-oriented training. HNDs are similar to DipHEs in terms of level, but they are more geared towards preparing students for specific careers in areas like engineering, business, or creative industries.

HNDs are well-regarded by employers and can also be used as a stepping stone to the final year of a bachelor’s degree, allowing students to 'top up' their qualifications to a full degree.

Certificate of Higher Education (CertHE)

You can earn a Certificate of Higher Education (CertHE) from a university or college in the UK after completing the first year of a degree programme. It demonstrates that you have gained foundational knowledge and skills in a particular subject.

Unlike a bachelor’s degree, which usually takes three or four years to complete and involves more advanced study, a CertHE is a shorter course that focuses on the first year of the degree.

It’s a good option if you want to enhance your education and job prospects without committing to a full degree right away. You can also build on it to progress towards a bachelor’s degree or other higher qualifications in the future.

Postgraduate qualifications

There is a diverse range of postgraduate programmes available in the UK, including master’s degrees, doctorate programmes, postgraduate diplomas, professional and vocational qualifications and conversion courses. 

Postgraduate studies are more specialised and intensive compared to undergraduate courses, focusing on a specific area of study and often requiring a greater level of commitment and research.

Master’s degree

A master’s degree can be either a taught programme or a research-based one, typically lasting one year. Taught master’s degrees involve a structured curriculum with classes, assignments and exams, while research-based master’s degrees focus primarily on independent research and a substantial thesis or project.

Both types of programmes offer advanced knowledge and skills in a specific field, preparing graduates for professional advancement or further academic study.

Doctoral degrees

Doctoral degrees, such as a PhD , can take up to seven years to complete, depending on the field of study and the nature of the research.

A PhD is the highest academic qualification available at UK institutions and represents a significant contribution to original research. It involves conducting original research, producing a comprehensive thesis, and often includes rigorous examinations or viva voce assessments.

Achieving a PhD demonstrates a high level of expertise and can open doors to advanced career opportunities in academia, research and professional practice.

Postgraduate certificates (PGCert) and diplomas (PGDip)

If you want to pursue postgraduate education but are unsure about committing too much time, a postgraduate certificate (PGCert) or diploma (PGDip) could suit your needs.

PGCerts and PGDips are at the same level as master's degrees, but their duration is shorter. PGCerts are the shortest postgraduate programmes available in the UK: you can complete one within 15 weeks. As for PGDips, they usually require 30 weeks to complete. On the contrary, it will take you a year to finish a master's degree if you study full-time.

Unlike a master's degree, PGCerts and PGDips don't require students to submit a dissertation. 

Since PGCerts and PGDips require less time and effort to obtain, they are ideal options for individuals who want to enhance their career prospects with a postgraduate qualification but aren't in a position to invest in extensive academic research.

Conversion courses

Conversion courses are vocational programmes designed for graduates who wish to change their field of study after completing their first degree. The programmes provide the necessary knowledge for the workforce or entry into a different academic programme.

The Graduate Diploma in Law (GDL), tailored to non-law graduates who want to enter the legal profession, is an example of a conversion course.

University culture in the UK places a strong emphasis on initiative and self-motivation. Students are expected to manage their academic progress, follow coursework independently and actively engage with the material.

Classes in UK universities vary in format but typically include a combination of lectures, tutorials or seminars and practical sessions.

In tutorials and seminars, discussion is highly encouraged, and students are expected to express their opinions, even if they differ from those of the professor. This open exchange of ideas is seen as a sign of engagement with the course content.

Lectures often serve as a starting point for deeper exploration in tutorials, where students are encouraged to develop their own perspectives based on the concepts introduced.

Professors frequently assign weekly readings and short tasks to help students prepare for these discussions and build a solid foundation in the subject. While these tasks are important for learning, they are rarely graded.

Examinations and assessment

Assessment in UK universities typically involves a mix of coursework and exams. Longer-form tasks, such as research essays or extended investigations, are common and often carry significant weight.

Examinations are also a key component of the assessment process, with some courses featuring final exams that may count for a large portion, or even 100%, of the overall grade. This structure means that consistent effort throughout the course is essential for success.

Undergraduate degrees

The table below outlines the typical  undergraduate grading classifications  in the UK. It is important to note that the Open University  (OU), a distance-learning institution with an open entry policy, uses different grade boundaries compared to most traditional universities:

Remember to always confirm the specific grading criteria and classifications with your university, as grading policies can vary slightly between institutions.

Postgraduate degrees

In the UK, postgraduate degrees are classified based on the following grading criteria:

With a clear understanding of how the UK higher education system works, you might be ready to explore which courses are available to you. Our course search feature at the bottom of this page can help you find the perfect programme to suit your academic and career goals.

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Understanding the Undergraduate Grading System in the UK

Updated to include 21/22 HESA Qualifying Rates. The British undergraduate degree classification system is a university grading scheme for undergraduate degrees (bachelor's degrees and integrated master's degrees) in the UK. It has been applied in other countries, with slight variations. When applying to study for an undergraduate degree in the UK, many students are not aware that they have an option to study for a regular degree or a degree with honours.

How to apply to universities in the UK

The British education system is renowned globally for its excellence. A degree from a top UK university can significantly boost your career prospects. However, the international reputation of these institutions makes the application process highly competitive.   In this article, we simplify the application process, giving you a clear understanding of what to expect and how to navigate it successfully.   Table of contents:

Are international students eligible for Clearing?

As an international student, it’s possible that you may have heard of a process called clearing. Although you may be aware of it, it may also be true that you’re not entirely sure what clearing is or how it relates to you. We’re here to take you through all aspects of the process, demystify any preconceptions that you may have and equip you with all the necessary knowledge should you go through clearing yourself.   What is clearing?  First

University applications: An admission officers top tips

As an international student getting to grips with the application process can sometimes seem like an uphill battle. You may not be sure what to include with your application, how long it will take to hear back from a university and how best to increase the chances of making a positive impact on the person evaluating your application. With this in mind we decided to pick the brains of those making the decisions, admissions officers. We give you exclusive access to

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Education in the United Kingdom- Statistics & Facts

How uk students are evaluated, overcrowded classrooms and the pandemic pose challenges, key insights.

Detailed statistics

Proportion of GCSE entries that achieved a pass grade in the UK 1988-2024

Government spending on education in the UK 2001-2024

Number of schools in the UK 2010-2023

Editor’s Picks Current statistics on this topic

Education Level & Skills

Proportion of GCSE entries that achieved a pass grade in the UK 2000-2024, by gender

GCSE grade levels in England in 2024

Number of pupils attending schools in the UK 2010-2023

Further recommended statistics

Schools and pupils.

• Basic Statistic Number of schools in the UK 2010-2023
• Premium Statistic Number of pupils attending schools in the UK 2010-2023
• Premium Statistic Number of secondary schools in the UK 2010-2023
• Premium Statistic Number of primary schools in the UK 2010-2023
• Basic Statistic Number of nursery schools in the UK 2010-2023
• Basic Statistic Number of private schools in the UK 2020-2023

Number of schools in the United Kingdom from 2010/11 to 2022/23

Number of pupils attending schools in the United Kingdom from 2010/11 to 2022/23 (in 1,000s)

Number of secondary schools in the UK 2010-2023

Number of secondary schools in the United Kingdom from 2010/11 to 2022/23

Number of primary schools in the UK 2010-2023

Number of primary schools in the United Kingdom from 2010/11 to 2022/23

Number of nursery schools in the UK 2010-2023

Number of nursery schools in the United Kingdom from 2010/11 to 2022/23

Number of private schools in the UK 2020-2023

Number of private schools in the United Kingdom from 2020 to 2023

• Premium Statistic Number of people employed in education UK 1997-2024
• Premium Statistic Number of people employed in education UK 1997-2024, by gender
• Premium Statistic Number of public sector employees in education UK 1999-2024
• Premium Statistic Number of full-time teachers in the UK 2015-2023
• Basic Statistic Number of head teachers in the UK 2021-2024
• Basic Statistic Number and proportion of trade union workers in education UK 1995-2023
• Basic Statistic Pupil to teacher ratio in the United Kingdom 2000-2019

Number of people employed in education UK 1997-2024

Number of people employed in the education sector from 1st quarter 1997 to 2nd quarter 2024 (in 1,000s)

Number of people employed in education UK 1997-2024, by gender

Number of people employed in the education sector from 1st quarter 1997 to 2nd quarter 2024, by gender (in 1,000s)

Number of public sector employees in education UK 1999-2024

Number of public sector employees in education in the United Kingdom from 1st quarter 1999 to 2nd quarter 2024 (in 1,000s)

Number of full-time teachers in the UK 2015-2023

Number of full-time equivalent teachers in the United Kingdom from 2015/16 to 2022/23

Number of head teachers in the UK 2021-2024

Estimated number of head teachers and principals working in the United Kingdom from 4th quarter 2021 to 1st quarter 2024

Number and proportion of trade union workers in education UK 1995-2023

Number and proportion of trade union members working in education in the United Kingdom from 1995 to 2023 (in 1,000s)

Pupil to teacher ratio in the United Kingdom 2000-2019

Pupil to teacher ratio in the United Kingdom from 2010/11 to 2018/19, by school type

• Basic Statistic Proportion of GCSE entries that achieved a pass grade in the UK 1988-2024
• Basic Statistic Proportion of GCSE entries that achieved a pass grade in the UK 2000-2024, by gender
• Basic Statistic Proportion of GCSE entries that achieved a high pass grade in the UK 1988-2024
• Basic Statistic GCSE entries that achieved a high pass grade in the UK 2000-2024, by gender
• Basic Statistic GCSE grade levels in England in 2024
• Premium Statistic National 5 pass rates Scotland 2014-2024
• Basic Statistic A-level results in the United Kingdom 2000-2024, by grade

Proportion of GCSE entries awarded a C/4 or higher in the United Kingdom between 1988 and 2024

Proportion of GCSE entries awarded a C/4 or higher in the United Kingdom between 2000 and 2024, by gender

Proportion of GCSE entries that achieved a high pass grade in the UK 1988-2024

Proportion of GCSE entries awarded a A/7 or higher in the United Kingdom between 1988 and 2024

GCSE entries that achieved a high pass grade in the UK 2000-2024, by gender

Proportion of GCSE entries awarded a A/7 or higher in the United Kingdom between 2000 and 2024, by gender

Percentage of GCSE entries in England in 2024, by grade level

National 5 pass rates Scotland 2014-2024

National 5 exam pass rates in Scotland from 2014 to 2024

A-level results in the United Kingdom 2000-2024, by grade

GCE Advanced Level (A-level) results in the United Kingdom from 2000 to 2024, by grade

Economic indicators

• Premium Statistic GVA of the education sector UK 1990-2023
• Basic Statistic Government spending on education in the UK 2001-2024
• Basic Statistic Government spending on education as a share of GDP in the UK 2001-2024
• Premium Statistic Government spending on education in the UK 2024, by function
• Basic Statistic Government spending on primary education in the UK 2009-2024
• Basic Statistic Government spending on secondary education in the UK 2009-2024
• Premium Statistic CPI inflation rate for education in the UK 1989-2024
• Premium Statistic CPI for education in the UK 1988-2024

GVA of the education sector UK 1990-2023

Gross value added of the education sector in the United Kingdom from 1990 to 2023 (in million GBP)

Public sector expenditure on education in the United Kingdom from 2001/02 to 2023/24 (in billion GBP)

Government spending on education as a share of GDP in the UK 2001-2024

Public sector expenditure on education as a share of GDP in the United Kingdom from 2001/02 to 2023/24

Government spending on education in the UK 2024, by function

Public sector expenditure on education in the United Kingdom in 2023/24, by sub-function (in million GBP)

Government spending on primary education in the UK 2009-2024

Public sector expenditure on pre-primary and primary education in the United Kingdom from 2009/10 to 2023/24 (in billion GBP)

Government spending on secondary education in the UK 2009-2024

Public sector expenditure on secondary education in the United Kingdom from 2009/10 to 2023/24 (in billion GBP)

CPI inflation rate for education in the UK 1989-2024

CPI inflation rate for education in the United Kingdom from 1st quarter 1989 to 2nd quarter 2024

CPI for education in the UK 1988-2024

Consumer Price Index for education in the United Kingdom from 1st quarter 1988 to 2nd quarter 2024 (2015=100)

Opinions and views

• Basic Statistic Perception on how good or bad education is in Great Britain 2020-2024
• Premium Statistic Best political party for handling education poll UK 2022-2024
• Basic Statistic Decisive factors for parents choosing an education provider in England 2021
• Basic Statistic Opinion on what should change at schools in England in 2021
• Basic Statistic Opinion on if the education system prepares children for work in England in 2021
• Basic Statistic Opinion on if the school system in England is improving in 2021

Perception on how good or bad education is in Great Britain 2020-2024

How good or bad is education nationally in Great Britain? (October 2020 to June 2024)

Best political party for handling education poll UK 2022-2024

Which political party would be the best at handling education? (January 2022 to September 2024)

Decisive factors for parents choosing an education provider in England 2021

When deciding on a childcare provider which of the following, if any, were important to you when making your decision?

Opinion on what should change at schools in England in 2021

If there was to be a radical overhaul of education, what do you think should change?

Opinion on if the education system prepares children for work in England in 2021

How well or badly do you think the education system prepares children for work?

Opinion on if the school system in England is improving in 2021

Do you think the school system in England is better or worse than it was ten years ago, or much the same?

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Education system in Guyana outdated, failing, needs reform – Sir Dexter Hutt

Esteemed UK-based Guyanese educationist Sir Dexter Hutt has expressed deep concerns about the state of education in Guyana, pointing to outdated practices and highlighting its troubling performance compared to other South American countries and some Caricom neighbours.

Hutt, who recently visited Guyana after some 50 years, said that according to statistics he has reviewed, Guyana’s literacy rate is the lowest among the 12 countries of South America. Further, Sir Dexter said, “I looked up the stats online. Guyana’s literacy rate is … lower than Trinidad and Tobago, Barbados, and St Kitts. You wonder why that is.”

The decorated, but now retired school leader, who said he has a high regard for the intelligence and capability of Guyanese, expressed his disappointment at the current state of the education system. “Guyanese have always been bright,” he remarked. “I think highly of Guyanese, so I’m a bit taken aback. There seems to be generations of talented, hardworking Guyanese. If I were growing up now, I’d want to stay and contribute to the country.”

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Who are England's 'missing from education' children? What we know about young people not enrolled in school

Education writer

• Around 11,600 children were missing from England’s schools at some point during the 2022/23 academic year, a new report has found.
• Some children appear to be more at risk, including children from deprived neighbourhoods and those known to social workers.
• Children with special educational needs were also hugely overrepresented in the data.
• The Children’s Commissioner says for many young people with SEN, their needs are currently not being met.

Thousands of children are going missing from England’s schools, being “denied” the basic human right of an education.

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That’s according to a new report released by Children’s Commissioner Rachel de Souza this month. The Commissioner has been investigating just how many of England’s young people are missing from education, meaning that they are of compulsory school age but are are not registered pupils at a school - nor are they receiving any kind of suitable alternative education.

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It proved difficult to get a true handle on how many children were truly missing, due to local authorities having different definitions. But the report estimated that some 2,900 children were missing from education as of the end of the 2022/23 school year - with over 8,700 more considered to missing at some point during the year.

But who exactly are these missing children, and what do we know about them? Here’s what the report says:

Painting a picture

The report gathered information from local authorities responsible for education across the country on the children they considered to be most at risk of disappearing from the schooling system. Unfortunately, children in many uniquely vulnerable living situations were flagged.

These included children known to social care, homeless children, and young carers; people under the age of 18 helping care for a family member with a disability, illness, mental health condition, or even a drug or alcohol problem. Children who had just arrived in the UK from overseas were at risk as well, as were child refugees - especially unaccompanied asylum seekers. Children living in refuge placements after domestic abuse were also vulnerable to missing out on schooling.

The most common age for a child to disappear from schooling was around 10 or 11, the age most young people transition from primary to secondary school. Local authorities suggested that families missing out on the secondary school placement they wanted - or that worked best for them - might be a factor.

Children in families that moved around a lot also appeared to be more at risk of going missing from the school system. Roma and Traveller children were disproportionately more likely to become a child missing education than other white British children, while black children from an African background and Asian children from an Indian background were also overrepresented in the data.

Generally, the more deprived a child’s socioeconomic background was, the more likely they were to become a child missing from education. Children who disappeared from state education were “overwhelmingly” from the lowest deciles of the Income Deprivation Affecting Children Index , the report’s data showed. It found that those from the poorest neighbourhoods were 1.5 times as likely as others to disappear from school.

Young people known to social care were also much more likely than other children to disappear from the school system. Children missing from education were 2.7 times more likely to be a ‘child in need’ - a term used to refer to children with a social worker, such as those with protection plans in place or with disabilities.

Specifically, 7.1% of all children who were missing from education were recorded as a child in need as of March 2022, despite the group only making up 2.6% of all state-funded school pupils. On top of that, 1.4% of the still-missing children were recorded as being in the care of their local council. These ‘looked after’ pupils only make up 0.6% of state school children.

A previous report by the Commissioner’s office also found that children missing from education were more likely than other children to have histories of poor attendance. They were also more likely to have attended a school which was rated ‘requires improvement’ or ‘inadequate’ by Ofsted - before its overall grades for schools were dropped earlier this month .

Children with SEN ‘not having their needs met’

Another group of children massively overrepresented in the data was those with special educational needs (SEN). Of the 2,900 children still missing from education at the end of the 2023 school year, a whopping 22% of them had some kind of SEN. SEN children only make up 16% of England’s state school population overall.

But even within that group, children with specific types of SEN were more likely to have stopped attending school than others. Children with social, emotional and mental health difficulties and those with moderate learning difficulties were both disproportionately missing from education at the end of the last school year, compared to children with speech or communication needs, or even children with Autism spectrum disorders.

“What we’ve got is a group of children whose needs are not being met, and it needs sorting out,” De Souza told BBC Radio 5 Live . Recent surveys her team had carried of around one in eight of England’s school-aged children found that children with SEN who felt their needs were being met in school said they were happier, on average, that their peers.

“We need more specialist provision in families... and in schools. Kids want to go to their local school,” she continued. “But that is going to cost, and it is the number one thing, I think, that needs sorting out - alongside attendance - to make sure our kids can go to school.”

The government has published some information for families who need help getting their child to attend school, and on the kind of support available. You can check this out online here .

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Fixing education’s “rigged race” requires a fundamental reset of the school system, social mobility expert tells leaders

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Professor Elliot Major spoke at the Atlantic Rim Collaboratory, a global network of education leaders and policymakers

School systems need a fundamental reset because children are facing a “rigged race” amid a widening opportunity divide across the globe, a leading expert has warned.

Speaking at the Atlantic Rim Collaboratory, a global network of education leaders and policymakers, Lee Elliot Major, Professor of Social Mobility at the University of Exeter, called for a new language that doesn’t belittle children from under-resourced backgrounds, more focus on genuinely celebrating non-academic measures of success, and a national strategy to rebuild broken relationships between parents and schools.

“Global crises in school absenteeism, belonging and under-achievement are being driven by a collision of historical forces and future trends,” Professor Elliot Major argued. “Many families have lost confidence in education because successive generations have all had negative experiences in school. At the same time, the people and creative skills needed for future jobs have been squeezed out of school curricula due to the obsession with academic grades.”

Countries across the world face a long term ‘megatrend’ of downward mobility amid a global class gap between insulated elites, making up 20 per cent of populations, and most people who are struggling to live decent lives. Professor Elliot Major told those at the event he was concerned any failure to create more equitable education systems and address wider inequalities means society could unravel in the coming years.

Professor Elliot Major’s work is informed by his own life experiences. He lived alone from 15 and worked as a bin man before studying at university and eventually becoming the Chief Executive of the Sutton Trust. He is the country’s first Professor of Social Mobility, advising governments, education leaders and global companies across the world, and was awarded an OBE for his work.

In his speech he warned “American dream narratives”, which suggest anything is possible, can be a “dangerous lie” because they rely on a deficit mindset and suggest people just need to work harder to get on, and it is their fault if they don’t make it.

Professor Elliot Major said: “It’s taken me a lifetime to realise that in fact it is the systems that need changing. We live in a world where a race for opportunities is rigged towards those who are already advantaged. The rules of this race are defined by elites so they can keep winning – ensuring their children and grand-children retain their positions at the top of society. We judge children on academic tests that are eminently gameable.

“The principle we should adhere to is that background shouldn’t determine what you do whatever you choose to do in life.

“The race has got so one-sided for people around the world growing up today that we have reached a tipping point – this is reflected in crises in school attendance, belonging and behaviour and millions of children leaving school without basic skills feeling like failures, and millions of families unable to make a basic living. And the education system has unwittingly contributed to this.

“Teachers can transform individual lives, but it’s an impossible job to solve societal divides on their own. The only way to change things is to fundamentally change the race – what we value, our cultural norms, and the way we measure schools.”

Professor Elliot Major called for teachers to receive more training on working with children from under-resourced backgrounds, including how to confront cultural biases in classrooms and curricula. He also called for a “new language of equity”: replacing terms such as ‘disadvantaged pupils’ with pupils from under-resourced backgrounds, and a national campaign to celebrate non-academic career paths.

Professor Elliot Major said: “Keeping the status quo is not an option. Attendance and education divides are getting worse. Covid merely accelerated trends which were already there. We also face a cost-of-living crisis and have a divisive and polarised politics with politicians making empty promises.

“This rigged race needs to change, with different values, if we are ever to level the education playing field. If we don’t change – I really believe we could see society unravelling.”

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Prime Minister overhauls apprenticeships to support opportunity

Reforms to apprenticeship system in England announced, alongside publication of first Skills England report highlighting nationwide skills gaps.

The government is boosting opportunities for young people through ambitious apprenticeship reforms in England.

The Prime Minister Sir Keir Starmer and Education Secretary Bridget Phillipson today announced a new growth and skills levy which will replace the existing apprenticeship levy and include new foundation apprenticeships.

These new apprenticeships will give young people a route in to careers in critical sectors, enabling them to earn a wage whilst developing vital skills.

The new levy will also allow funding for shorter apprenticeships, giving learners and employers greater flexibility over their training than under the existing system – where apprenticeships must run for at least 12 months.

The training eligible for funding under the new levy will develop over time, informed by Skills England’s assessment of priority skills needs. 

The Department for Education will set out further details on the scope of the offer and how it will be accessed in due course.

To fund this, employers are being asked to rebalance their funding for apprenticeships, asking them to invest in younger workers. This will also involve businesses funding more of their level 7 apprenticeships – equivalent to a master’s degree and often accessed by older or already well qualified employees – outside of the levy.

The first report from Skills England , the government’s new body for the skills system, has also been published today [24 September 2024]. It provides an initial assessment of the nation’s working skills, as well as future skills needs and gaps which employers are struggling with across the country.

The report has found that employer investment in training has been in steady decline over the past decade, with training expenditure at its lowest level since records began in 2011, with investment per employee down by 19% in real terms. This highlights the need for government reforms to the skills and apprenticeships system.

It also shows that, across the UK, almost 1 in 10, or over 2.5 million roles are in critical demand, with more than 90% being in roles that require training or education. 

The government launched Skills England in July to help identify skills needs. Skills England will play a crucial role in determining which types of training will be eligible for the expanded growth and skills levy and will set out shortly how they will work with stakeholders to inform their advice to DfE. 

The need for jobs and skills varies across industries, with the health and social care sector experiencing the highest demand, followed by education, manufacturing, and science and technology.

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Trending topics

The introduction of vat on private school fees will have a disproportionate impact on charedi families in the uk.

Why any new legislation related to VAT and school fees will affect a much larger proportion of the Charedi community than the general population

Dr carli lessof.

27 September 2024

Back in July, one of the Government’s first statements addressed “unfairness in the tax system”, announcing an end to “tax breaks for private schools from the start of 2025, to better invest in state education”. If legislation passes, VAT exemption on private school fees will end on January 1st, bringing higher costs for parents and schools.

When we imagine private schools, we tend to think of high fees, small class sizes and better school facilities –  in science, sports, drama and the arts –  which lead to improved educational outcomes and a richer school experience. We also think of families that send their children to private schools as more privileged, though nearly a quarter of pupils receive some kind of bursary or scholarship, and many parents make financial sacrifices to prioritise their children’s education. Although simplistic, this is a reasonable characterisation of the private schools many Jewish parents choose, whether in mixed faith environments like the City of London, Haberdashers or North London Collegiate, or in ‘mainstream’ Jewish schools such as Kerem or Immanuel College.

However, this picture of private schools and private school pupils doesn’t describe the reality of independent schools in the Charedi (or Strictly Orthodox) community, where many Jewish families are markedly more disadvantaged and have more school-aged children than the average British family. The schools themselves are also different in important respects, with their focus on religious rather than secular education, limited school facilities, and lower, or sometimes optional, school fees.

These differences are widely debated. On the other hand, few people know of another remarkable difference: a very high proportion of schools in the Charedi community in the UK are classified as private schools. This means the proposed legislation will have differential and unanticipated consequences for Charedi families. So, as the Government consults on its proposals to introduce VAT on school fees, JPR has collated the latest data from the Department for Education’s School Census for 2023/24, to show the clear difference in the balance between state and private schools across Jewish Britain.

How many Jewish children attend Jewish private schools in the UK? 

The latest UK School Census shows that about 36,000 Jewish children attend Jewish schools in the UK, an extraordinary growth from the 5,000 who did so in the 1950s when records began. This growth shows the value that Jewish schools have in community life in Britain. However, the educational experience of Haredi children and other Jewish children in the UK is so different, that we need to look at the data for each group separately. 

Outside the Charedi community, a minority of Jewish children (43%) attend Jewish schools. Furthermore, just 7% of these children (around 1,100 children aged 4-19) are educated in Jewish schools in the private sector, making the overall distribution of children between Jewish independent and state schools broadly consistent with the national average for the private and state sectors.

In stark contrast, virtually all Charedi children in the UK are educated in a Jewish setting and of those Charedi children who attend Jewish schools, a staggering 81% (or 17,500 children aged 4-19) are educated in the private sector. This figure is much higher than the percentage of children attending private schools in the general population.

The preponderance of private schools also varies across the major Charedi areas: in Gateshead, there is no state provision at all, so 100% of children attend private Charedi schools; in Stamford Hill, 92% of children attending a Jewish school do so in private schools; in Manchester, it is 78%; and in Barnet, 59%. This final figure shows that even in North-West London, where state provision for the Haredi community is greater than elsewhere, the proportion of children attending private schools still far exceeds the national average.

The Charedi community have much larger families than the UK average and the number of children is growing rapidly, bucking the national trend. This, combined with the fact that almost all Haredi children are educated in Jewish settings, explains why as many as 60% of Jewish children attending Jewish schools are Charedi despite the fact that Haredi Jews make up only 25% of the overall population of British Jews. This also means that the demand for school places in the Haredi community increases significantly year on year.

However, in apparent contradiction to the need for additional school places, the Haredi community sees many obstacles to opening new state schools. Indeed, no new state Charedi school has opened anywhere in the UK since 2014. So, increased demand has been met, either by the growth of independent private Haredi schools – which has made it vulnerable to this new legislation – or by a greater number of children falling outside the registered school system. 

What are the implications?

At the very least, this structural difference in the balance between state and private schools means that any new legislation related to VAT and school fees will affect a much larger proportion of the Charedi community than the general population, and will have differential effects across areas. This, alongside differences in the characteristics of Haredi families and schools, raises a number of important questions.

How will the introduction of VAT impact the most disadvantaged families, particularly if the new regulations require standardised fees?  

Will Charedi schools be hit even harder than most because the lower expenditure on buildings and facilities will mean less VAT can be reclaimed?

How will a more difficult financial environment for private schools affect decisions about the provision of education for Charedi children? Will it add pressure for increased state provision or have the contrary effect of further distancing from state regulation?

How will this affect the tensions between the delivery of the national curriculum and educational standards and the wish of minority communities to fully control the education their children receive, even if this means operating outside the state sector?

The Government has made exceptions for some pupils with an Education, Health and Care Plan who attend private schools that offer specialist support that cannot be provided by mainstream state-funded education. Will an additional exception be made for children educated in faith schools who feel their religious and cultural needs are not met in the mainstream state-funded education system?

New government legislation about VAT in schools is just one of several ways in which the Charedi school system may be brought into focus in the coming years. Gathering accurate, relevant data to inform these discussions is essential, and we hope that the forthcoming bulletin on the number of Jewish children in Jewish schools, alongside new research about the characteristics and well-being of the Charedi community in Britain, will play their part in ensuring this is a meaningful debate

Senior Research Fellow

Carli is a Senior Research Fellow at JPR, responsible for JPR’s community statistics programme, online research panel, and monitoring and evaluation. She completed her PhD...

Adam Possener

JPR Student Fellow

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https://educationhub.blog.gov.uk/2024/07/29/teacher-pay-everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-2024-pay-award/

Teacher pay: everything you need to know about the 2024 pay award

The Education Secretary has accepted the recommendations of the School Teachers’ Review Body (STRB) and confirmed the teacher pay award for 2024-25, setting out what school teachers in England can expect to be paid next academic year.

The STRB is an independent group that makes recommendations on the pay of teachers in maintained schools in England and reports to the Secretary of State for Education and the Prime Minister.

Each year the STRB recommends a pay award based on different factors including the economy, school workforce data and evidence from organisations including the DfE, and the teaching unions.

The government then considers the recommendations in depth and makes a decision on what pay award teachers receive for the coming year.

Here’s everything you need to know about teacher pay.

Are teachers getting a pay rise this year?

The STRB recommended a pay award of 5.5% and this has been accepted in full by the Education Secretary, reflecting the vital contribution teachers make to children’s life chances.

The 5.5% award would see pay packets increase by over £2,500 for the average classroom teacher, which would take the median salary for 2024/25 to over £49,000 a year.

Will teachers at all schools receive the pay award?

The pay award applies to maintained schools, with academies continuing to have freedom over their pay and conditions.

However, in practice most academies follow the recommendations of the STRB.

Is the pay award fully funded?

Yes. Schools will receive £1.1 billion in additional funding to cover their overall costs in financial year 2024-25, including fully funding the pay award for teachers at a national level.

This matches what we have calculated is needed to fully fund the teacher pay award and the support staff pay offer, at the national level, on top of the available headroom in schools’ existing budgets.

We are also providing an additional £97 million for schools delivering post-16 education (£63 million) and early years (£34 million) provision.

Taken together, this is an increase of almost £1.2 billion.

The pay award impacts both financial years 2024-25 and 2025-26. This additional funding only covers the financial year 2024-25 portion of the award. We will take into account the impact of the full year's costs of the teacher pay award on schools when considering 2025-26 budgets, which are yet to be agreed.

When will teachers receive their pay rise?

Teachers will start receiving their new salary in the autumn, after a new pay order is laid in Parliament and comes into force.

Pay will be backdated to 1 September 2024.

Will school support staff get a pay rise?

The teacher pay award only applies to school teachers, but the additional funding schools will receive also ensures schools are, at a national level, covered for the current 2024-25 pay offer for support staff, which is currently under negotiation.

Unlike teachers, most school support staff are currently employed on the pay and conditions of the National Joint Council (NJC) for Local Government Services. The NJC is a negotiating body made up of representatives from trade unions and local government employers.

We are committed to reinstating the School Support Staff Negotiating Body to give support staff like teaching assistants, caretakers and cleaners a stronger voice in government. The body will be tasked with establishing a national terms and conditions handbook, training, career progression routes, and fair pay rates for support staff.

What else are you doing to ensure teaching is an attractive profession?

Alongside the pay award, we have also announced that from September, schools will no longer be required to use the Performance Related Pay (PRP) system, which can lead to schools and teachers going through an overly bureaucratic process to agree individual teachers’ pay rises. This will help improve teacher workload.

We will also clarify that teachers can carry out their planning time at home, improving flexible working for staff.

You may also be interested in:

• What is the national curriculum and why is it being reviewed?
• The King’s Speech 2024: What does it mean for education?
• Letter to the education workforce from Education Secretary Bridget Phillipson

Tags: Chancellor , pay award , school teachers salary , schools , STRB , teacher pay , teacher pay award 2024 , teacher salary

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