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Berkeley Berkeley Academic Guide: Academic Guide 2023-24

Political economy.

About the Program

The Designated Emphasis (DE) in Political Economy gives PhD students at UC Berkeley the opportunity to strengthen their training in interdisciplinary political economy, to join a vibrant intellectual community that cuts across academic units on campus, and to earn an extra credential along with their doctoral degree. This program has multiple benefits for faculty and graduate students as well as for the campus community more broadly, positioning Berkeley at the cutting edge of the study of interdisciplinary political economy, both nationally and internationally.

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PhD students in any department may apply. All applications must be reviewed and approved by the Executive Committee of the Graduate Group. In order to gain such approval, students must have taken one core course (or be enrolled in one) before applying to the Designated Emphasis. Students should take care to make their applications  before  their qualifying exams.

Doctoral students must commit to fulfilling the DE requirements and present a tentative plan for doing so (with proposed courses, dates for those courses, and a target date for the Qualifying Examination).

Designated Emphasis Requirements

Students in the DE must take three courses from the list below, or two courses from the list plus a third course with substantial political economy content that has been approved by the Designated Emphasis's head graduate advisor. At least two of the three courses must be taken outside of the student’s home department. And the three courses must be from at least two different departments.

Core Course List

DE students are encouraged to embrace the spirit of the program, and not only to satisfy the minimum formal requirements. In particular, they are encouraged to take at least two courses that stretch them beyond the most prevalent approaches to political economy in their home disciplines.

DE students will also be required to participate in DE workshops to be held about once a month during the fall and spring semesters. They will also be encouraged to participate in the Berkeley Economy and Society Initiative (BESI) Programs.

Since the Economics Department and the Haas School political economy programs overlap, students in one of these units may only count one course in the other unit as an “outside” course. Thus, an Economics student could count one Haas course as an outside course, but would have to take at least one course outside of both Economics and Haas.

The History Department offers a variety of seminars with the number 280, so only those that focus on political economy will count for this program. In case of doubt, check with the DE's graduate student affairs officer.

Examination and Dissertation Requirements

Students must be admitted to the DE before the qualifying examination . The qualifying examination must include examination of knowledge within the DE.

Students must have at least one DE faculty member on their Qualifying Exam and Dissertation Committees. They should choose that member(s) from the Designated Emphasis affiliated faculty roster. Students may also request approval from the graduate adviser for another faculty member, who has substantial expertise in political economy, and whose own work is relevant to that of the student.

The dissertation topic must incorporate study within the Designated Emphasis.

Designated Emphasis Conferral Process

The Designated Emphasis will be awarded solely in conjunction with the doctoral degree and will be signified on the student’s transcript.

Contact Information

101 Stephens Hall

Phone: 510-642-4466

[email protected]

Chair and Head Graduate Advisor

Steven Vogel

[email protected]

Associate Director, Political Economy

Alan Karras

[email protected]

Director of Administration

[email protected]

Graduate Student Affairs Officer

Dreux Montgomery

[email protected]

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Doctor of Philosophy in Public Policy and Political Economy

Program description.

Our nationally recognized, interdisciplinary PhD in Public Policy and Political Economy degree program offers training opportunities for doctoral students from internationally renowned faculty. The mission of the program is to prepare our students for professional positions in research, teaching, and practice in fields related to public policy and political economy, in both academic and nonacademic settings. We prepare students through instruction in social science and public policy concepts, advanced methodological knowledge, applied social research techniques and professional communication skills. PPPE students and faculty are encouraged to promote an inclusive and diverse environment that is committed to continued scholarship and service.

Career Opportunities

Graduates of the program seek positions such as: academics and researcher, policy analysts, government officials, consultants in development policy, foreign and security policy, public administration and public policy.

Marketable Skills

Review the marketable skills for this academic program.

Application Requirements

Degree requirements:  Bachelor’s degree from an accredited college or university.

GPA:  Minimum of 3.2.

Test score required:  Yes

A score of 160 Verbal and a score of 148 Quantitative on the GRE, or equivalent score on the GMAT is preferred.

Letters of recommendation:  3

Applicants must submit three letters of recommendation from individuals who can judge the candidate’s probability of success in graduate school. Use the electronic request form in the graduate application to submit the letters. Contact the graduate academic program department if you have any questions.

Admissions essay required:  Yes

A one-page essay outlining the applicant’s background, education, and professional objectives.

Deadlines:  University  deadlines  apply.

About the School of Economic, Political and Policy Sciences

Every new generation inherits a world more complex than that of its predecessors, which prompts a need for new thinking about public policies that impact people’s daily lives. In the School of Economic, Political and Policy Sciences (EPPS), we examine the implications of innovation and change for individuals and communities. The social sciences are where the world turns to for answers to the important issues of today and the future such as education and health policy, financial crises, globalization, policing, political polarization, public management, terrorism, and the application of geographical information sciences to study social, economic and environmental issues.

As an undergraduate in EPPS, you will have the opportunity to work with professors who are probing issues that will affect your future. You will develop the vital skills you need to thrive in a rapidly evolving, highly competitive job market. EPPS will prepare you for careers in government, non-profits and the private sector that enable you to make a real difference in the world of today and tomorrow. EPPS is at the forefront of leadership, ethics and innovation in the public and nonprofit sectors. Our students and faculty look forward to new opportunities to study and address the complex and evolving issues of the future. Research informs much of the instruction. The school has four centers of excellence:

• Center for Global Collective Action
• Texas Schools Project
• Institute for Urban Policy Research
• The Negotiations Center

Degrees Offered

Bachelor of Science and Bachelor of Arts : Criminology , economics , geospatial information sciences , international political economy , political science , public affairs , public health , public policy , sociology

Master of Science : Applied sociology , criminology , economics , geospatial information sciences , international political economy , social data analytics and research

Master of Arts : Political science

Master of Public Affairs : Public affairs

Master of Public Policy : Public policy

Doctor of Philosophy : Criminology , economics , geospatial information sciences , political science , public affairs , public policy and political economy

Certificates

EPPS offers the following 15-hour graduate certificates, which generally can be completed in one year of part-time evening classes:

• Economic and Demographic Data Analysis : focusing on the understanding and application of quantitative analysis of demographic and economic data.
• Geographic Information Systems (GIS) : focusing on the application of GIS in government, private sector and scientific areas.
• Geospatial Intelligence : focusing on the application of geospatial ideas and techniques to national security and other intelligence activity.
• Local Government Management : designed to broaden knowledge of important issues and approaches employed by professional local public administrators.
• Nonprofit Management : designed to provide an overview of the nature and context of nonprofit organizations and develop competencies needed by nonprofit managers.
• Program Evaluation : designed to provide students the opportunity to gain competencies in the design and implementation of program evaluations in fields such as education, health care, human services, criminal justice and economic development.
• Remote Sensing : focusing on remote sensing and digital image processing.

Contact Information

Marjorie McDonald Graduate Program Administrator Email:  [email protected] Phone: 972-883-6406

Dr. Thomas Gray Associate Program Head and Director of Graduate Studies Email:  [email protected] Phone: 972-883-4948

Degree Information Dr. Tom Brunell, Program Head Email:  [email protected] Phone: 972-883-4963

epps.utdallas.edu/

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PhD in Political Economy & Government

In this section.

• Degree Requirements
• Current Students
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Beginning in Fall 2022, the PhD in Political Economy and Government (PEG) will no longer be admitting students.  Students may apply to the PhD program in Public Policy (PPOL) , or consider the PhD Programs in the Economics Department or the PhD Program in Government . 

The PEG program will continue with the outlined course requirements for students who matriculated in Fall 2021. HKS will continue to fully fund and support all current PEG students until they have completed the program and graduated. However, going forward, prospective students will no longer be able to apply to or be admitted to the PEG program.

As of Fall 2021, prospective students interested in focusing on an economics or political science perspective of political economy are encouraged to apply to the PhD programs offered by the Department of Economics and the Department of Government at the  Graduate School of Arts and Sciences or the newly created PhD program in Public Policy (PPOL) tracks: Economics and Politics and Institutions (Political Science) . 

History of the PhD in Political Economy and Government

Dating to the 1930s, the PhD Program in Political Economy and Government (PEG) was initiated with the objective of fostering research at the intersection of Economics and Political Science. A collaborative program between Harvard Kennedy School, the Department of Economics, and the Department of Government, PEG emphasized positive—as opposed to normative—political economy. The PEG program combines rigorous training in economics, formal theory, and quantitative empirical methods with a substantive focus on the interaction between economic and political institutions and processes. Students combine coursework from the Department of Economics  and the Department of Government for an interdisciplinary program of study.

Students and faculty members in the PEG program share an intellectual interest in the impact of politics on economic processes and outcomes, and the reciprocal influence of economic conditions on political life. It covers research areas as diverse as international economic relations, financial economics, political development, political and economic institutions, institutional transition and reform, the economic importance of culture, economic performance, environmental resource policies, and social policy.

Doctoral Program Admissions

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• Political Economy

This field examines the reciprocal relationships between politics and markets, both within and among countries, using a variety of analytical tools, including those of economics. Its concerns include interactions among economic and political development; cooperation and conflict among nations, groups, and individuals; the distribution of material resources and political power; the effects of political actors and institutions on economic outcomes; the causes and consequences of technological and structural change, growth, and globalization; and regulation.

First Field

Course requirements.

• POLSCI 745 Core in Political Economy
• ECON 601 Microeconomics
• POLSCI 747S Seminar on Political Economy: Macro Level OR an approved macroeconomics course
• 2 field course in political science

Preliminary examination

All students must complete a preliminary examination at the end of their second year which consists of a second year paper and an oral defense. The second year paper must be submitted to the student’s preliminary exam committee and the DGS by May 1 st and the oral examination must be completed by May 15 th . Students should speak with the field chair and their primary advisor(s) well in advance of these deadlines to ensure a shared understanding of what is expected.

Second Field

• ECON 601 Microeconomics OR POLSCI 747S Seminar on Political Economy: Macro Level OR an approved macroeconomics course
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Phd in political economy & government.

The PhD in Political Economy and Government is designed for students interested in the impact of politics on economic processes and outcomes, and the reciprocal influence of economic conditions on political life. It is appropriate for students whose academic interests are not served by doctoral studies in Economics or Political Science alone.

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Graduate Program

Pushing the Scholarly Frontier

PhD in Political Science

Our doctoral students are advancing political science as a discipline. They explore the empirical phenomena that produce new scholarly insights—insights that improve the way governments and societies function. As a result, MIT Political Science graduates are sought after for top teaching and research positions in the U.S. and abroad. Read where program alumni are working around the world.

How the PhD program works

The MIT PhD in Political Science requires preparation in two of these major fields:

• American Politics
• Comparative Politics
• International Relations
• Models and Methods
• Political Economy
• Security Studies

We recommend that you take a broad array of courses across your two major fields. In some cases, a single course may overlap across the subject matter of both fields. You may not use more than one such course to "double count" for the course distribution requirement. Keep in mind that specific fields may have additional requirements.

You are free to take subjects in other departments across the Institute. Cross-registration arrangements also permit enrollment in subjects taught in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences at Harvard University and in some of Harvard's other graduate schools.

Requirements

1. number of subjects.

You will need two full academic years of work to prepare for the general examinations and to meet other pre-dissertation requirements. Typically, a minimum of eight graduate subjects are required for a PhD.

2. Scope and Methods

This required one-semester seminar for first-year students introduces principles of empirical and theoretical analysis in political science.

3. Statistics

You must successfully complete at least one class in statistics.

You must successfully complete at least one class in empirical research methods.

5. Philosophy

You must successfully complete at least one class in political philosophy.

6. Foreign language or advanced statistics

You must demonstrate reading proficiency in one language other than English by successfully completing two semesters of intermediate-level coursework or an exam in that language, or you must demonstrate your knowledge of advanced statistics by successfully completing three semesters of coursework in advanced statistics. International students whose native language is not English are not subject to the language requirement.

7. Field research

We encourage you to conduct field research and to develop close working ties with faculty members engaged in major research activities.

8. Second Year Paper/workshop

You must complete an article-length research paper and related workshop in the spring semester of the second year. The second-year paper often develops into a dissertation project.

9. Two examinations

In each of your two elected fields, you must take a general written and oral examination. To prepare for these examinations, you should take at least three courses in each of the two fields, including the field seminar.

10. Doctoral thesis

As a rule, the doctoral thesis requires at least one year of original research and data collection. Writing the dissertation usually takes a substantially longer time. The thesis process includes a first and second colloquium and an oral defense. Be sure to consult the MIT Specifications for Thesis Preparation as well as the MIT Political Science Thesis Guidelines . Consult the MIT academic calendar to learn the due date for final submission of your defended, signed thesis.

Questions? Consult the MIT Political Science Departmental Handbook or a member of the staff in the MIT Political Science Graduate Office .

Graduate Program

• The Designated Emphasis in Political Economy
• Program Requirements
• Designated Emphasis Leadership
• Designated Emphasis Affiliated Faculty
• Designated Emphasis Students
• Political Economy Network Scholars

The Designated Emphasis (DE) in Political Economy gives Ph.D. students at UC Berkeley the opportunity to strengthen their training in interdisciplinary political economy, to join a vibrant intellectual community that cuts across academic units on campus, and to earn an extra credential along with their doctoral degree. We believe that this program will have multiple benefits for faculty and graduate students and for the campus community more broadly, positioning Berkeley at the cutting edge of the study of interdisciplinary political economy, nationally and internationally.

Students who are accepted into the program in 2022-23 and complete one core course by May 2023 will be eligible to receive a $1000 stipend in summer 2023 so long as they are on campus and participate actively in DE programs. They will also be eligible to apply for small conference travel grants (application here ) on a rolling basis and to apply for small research grants in May 2023. Continuing DE students will also be eligible to apply for the travel and research grants. We expect to have ample funding for the stipends, the travel grants, and the research grants, but in the unlikely event that demand exceeds the available funds we will approve funding on a first-come, first-served basis.

Note: Only UC Berkeley Ph.D. students who have not yet taken their Qualifying Exam are eligible to apply for the Designated Emphasis. Applications will be reviewed on a rolling basis.

Apply for the Designated Emphasis in Political Economy here .

Political Economy Major Map

How to declare a major, the berkeley economy & society initiative (besi), the berkeley political economy journal.

Center for Philosophy, Politics, and Economics

Political economy.

The Political Economy and Institutions research cluster examines the interplay between politics and economics. It is a field of study that focuses on the ways in which political institutions, policies, culture, and geography interact in shaping the observed variation in economic and political outcomes across the globe. Shedding light on how legacies of the past shape contemporary economic, cultural, and political institutions can help us better understand the forces that generate persistence and as well the catalysts for change. Scholars working within political economy often also take into account the distribution of power and resources within a society and how these factors shape various institutions. 

Robert Blair

Donghyun Danny Choi

Pedro Dal Bó

Gemma Dipoppa

Brian Knight

Stelios Michalopoulos

David Skarbek

PPE Workshop - Eduardo Montero (Chicago, Public Policy)

February 7, 2024 at 25 George Street

PPE Workshop - Alexandra Cirone (Cornell, Political Science)

February 21, 2024 at 25 George Street Providence RI

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Will examine relationships and interactions among institutions, criminal actors, and violence. State-based institutions play an important role in explaining the level of disorganized or organized crime. Organized crime groups, in turn, influence both state-based institutions (for example, through corrupting officials) and other criminal activity, often by creating the “rules of the game” by which other criminals can act. Finally, both state-based and criminal actors and institutions influence the level of violence in society. Each of these three influences, and is influenced by, the others. This course offers the opportunity to better understand how these three factors relate to each other.

This interdisciplinary course provides an overview of some of the core conceptual tools used to analyze issues at the intersection of philosophy, politics, and economics (PPE). A range of theoretical topics are covered, including: game theory, property, markets, distributive justice, public choice theory, voting, and more. We will read classical and contemporary sources on these topics as well as explore their applications to contemporary social problems (including: climate change, healthcare rationing, price gouging, universal basic income, pharmaceutical regulations, and others).

Why are some societies rich and others poor? While typical answers emphasize proximate causes like factor accumulation, technological progress, and demographic change, weighing the shadow of history on contemporary economic performance occupies an increasing part of the agenda among growth and development economists. This course will critically survey the recent empirical literature highlighting the role of historical events and geographic endowments in shaping social, political, and cultural factors and the process of development.

Weighing the shadow of history on contemporary economic performance occupies an increasing part of the agenda among growth and development economists. This course will focus on recent contributions in the literature of the historical determinants of comparative development paying particular attention on how to integrate the use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in the research inquiry. The goal is to get you thinking about the big historical processes that have shaped the modern world. We will go over background concepts, critically review recent works and talk about new research designs, like that of spatial regression discontinuity.

This course is designed to provide students with an overview of major theories and empirical approaches to the study of identity politics. Throughout the semester we will read a combination of the classics and cutting-edge research in political science, economics, psychology, exploring a range of topics with implications for politics and societies around the world. These topics include: how identity should be conceptualized and measured; why some forms of identity are activated, mobilized, and contested; how identities are represented politically; how racial and ethnic identities intersect with other salient identities; how social diversity and civil society are interrelated; what factors affect the integration of immigrants; and which varieties of democracy enable the flourishing of plural identities. Readings for these topics will focus on the United States and the other parts of the world, including Africa, Asia, Europe, and Latin America.

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Religion and educational mobility in africa.

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Analytic Narratives in Political Economy

David Skarbek, and Emily Skarbek. “Analytic Narratives in Political Economy.” History of Political Economy, April, 12, 2023

Stelios Michalopoulos, Melanie Meng Xue. "Folklore" The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Volume 136, Issue 4 January 30, 2021

Ethnic Bias in Judicial Decision-making: Evidence from Criminal Appeals in Kenya

Donghyun Danny Choi, J. Andrew Harris, and Fiona Shen-Bayh. "Ethnic Bias in Judicial Decision-making: Evidence from Criminal Appeals in Kenya." American Political Science Review. 2022. 116(3), 1067-1080.

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School of Economic, Political and Policy Sciences

Public Policy and Political Economy

Choose your program and request more information below.

Undergraduate and graduate degrees in Public Policy and Political Economy prepare students for a range of jobs in government, law, business, research and academia.

Students in the program gain analytical, evaluation, research and writing skills and can build additional expertise in areas such as geospatial information sciences through interdisciplinary coursework. Graduate students in PPPE are highly trained in advanced statistical methods. Our graduates work in a variety of positions in the federal government, the World Bank and Fortune 500 corporations and have been admitted to many of the nation’s top law schools.

Students have access to opportunities to pursue internships and fellowships such as  The Archer Center  , study aboard and receive assistance to prepare for acceptance to law school through the  Pre-Law Advising and Resource Center . One of only five political economy PhD programs in the nation, our distinguished faculty includes a member of the National Academy of Sciences, winners of the UT System Regents’ Outstanding Teaching Awards, and leaders in the field whose research is regularly published in leading academic journals.

Undergraduate

• BA and BS in International Political Economy
• Minor in International Political Economy
• Double Major in International Political Economy and Global Business (with the Jindal School of Management)
• BS in Public Policy
• Minor in Public Policy
• Minor in Science, Technology, and Policy
• MS in Cyber Security, Technology and Policy
• MS in International Political Economy
• Marburg/Dallas – MSc IPE (Dual Degree)
• Master of Public Policy
• PhD in Public Policy and Political Economy
• Graduate Certificate in Program Evaluation
• Graduate Certificate in Economic and Demographic Data Analysis

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Ph.D. Program

Thank you for visiting the graduate program website and for giving us the opportunity to introduce ourselves. We take special pride in our Department’s high national ranking in the discipline — and in the shared determination of our faculty to continue to build an exciting intellectual community. Our graduate program combines outstanding faculty and students, a broad-ranging curriculum oriented toward research, and the resources of one of the nation’s great universities. In addition to housing many leading departments in the social science, humanities and natural sciences, UCLA offers one of the world’s foremost research libraries, exceptional computing facilities, and an extensive network of interdisciplinary centers and institutes that foster linkages across disciplinary boundaries.

Our Department is a fairly large one, staffed by approximately 45 core faculty. Each year we aim for an entering class of about 15 to 20, which allows for considerable personal attention to each of our students. Currently, we have about 150 students in residence. We consider ourselves a “full service” department: our large and intellectually diverse faculty offers coursework and opportunities for research in all of the major sub-fields of the discipline. In addition, our graduate students have found that our curriculum facilitates intensive study in a number of cross-cutting areas – empirical and theoretical, contemporary and historical. Among these interdisciplinary concentrations are political economy, American political development, race and politics, and the philosophical, historical, and literary dimensions of political theory. Because UCLA is home to a large number of centers for language and area studies our students often focus their doctoral research on the politics of specific world regions while drawing theoretical and empirical leverage from sources that transcend conventional boundaries.

Our emphasis on rigorous academic training and independent research creates a diverse and intellectually exciting graduate student community. Most of our doctoral graduates go on to careers in academic institutions, but many have also found challenging employment in the public sector or in private organizations that emphasize research and analytic skills. In the past decade or so, our graduates have obtained tenure-track academic positions at Princeton, Yale, Harvard, Harvard’s Kennedy School, Stanford, Pittsburgh, Rochester, Michigan, UC Berkeley, and UC San Diego. Others have joined such institutions as the World Bank, the State Department, the Federal Reserve Bank, RAND, and the Carnegie Endowment.

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Ph.D. Program

Welcome to the phd program.

The Georgetown University Economics Ph.D. program is a full-time program designed for students who seek research careers at the forefront of economic science. The Ph.D. program provides an excellent training environment for future scholars. Located in the nation’s capital, it is ideally situated for both students specializing in pure science and those who wish to study policy informed by science.

Main Contacts

• Julius Shapiro serves as the PhD Program Coordinator. Please contact him first with any questions related to the PhD Program.
• Professor  Toshihiko Mukoyama  serves as Director of Graduate Studies and is responsible for the PhD Program.

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Political Economy

Political Economy. Understanding how societies work.

Faculty Chairs:  Jeff Frieden  &  Torben Iversen  

Political economy is the study of how politics affects the economy and how the economy in turn shapes politics. Training in political economy can help students understand how societies work; a useful skill whether they seek to become better policy analysts or more effective social reformers ( Frieden 2020 ). 

Topics in political economy include inequality (across class, gender, race, ethnicity), redistribution, economic development, globalization, macroeconomic policy, economic crises, populism, and environmental policy. For example, the last four decades have seen a sharp rise in inequality in rich democracies, yet government redistribution has not risen; why? Technological change has produced greater inequality and concentration of wealth; what role do governments play in amplifying or countering these trends? Why do some countries grow at a much faster pace than others? Trade has risen sharply for decades, but it is now under political attack; why? China has emerged as an economic superpower; what are the consequences for international politics? Women have been economically mobilized across the world over the past four decades; what are the political implications?    The Government Department’s political economy program offers a thorough introduction to theoretical approaches to political economy and important empirical cases among the advanced industrial countries and the developing world. It provides training for a broad range of careers in government, finance, international organizations, and think tanks. The program is also good preparation for applying to business schools, law schools, and graduate programs in political science and economics. 

Requirements :  Students must take three Government courses in political economy from the list of designated political economy courses below, including at least one Gov 94 undergraduate seminar. In addition, they must take at least one course on Economics from the list of courses below. All four courses for the political economy program must be taken for a letter grade (except for courses taken during Spring 2020, when emergency satisfactory/unsatisfactory grading was in effect). Working with their concentration advisers and faculty mentors, students develop their own Plans of Study to identify their academic goals and to select their courses accordingly. 

Possible Areas of Focus : In formulating their Plans of Study, students can choose to focus on specific aspects of political economy, such as international political economy, economic development, or inequality.  

Political Economy Course s

Courses offered in AY2024-2025 are highlighted in bold below.

Government Courses on Political Economy  

• Gov 94ACH: Politics of Inequality in Latin America. Alisha Holland  
• Gov 94AU: Political Economy. Torben Iversen 
• Gov 94BD: Fighting Poverty. Nara Dillon
• Gov 94EK: Globalization and Private Governance. Michael Hiscox  
• Gov 94GM: Politics of Climate Change. Alexander Gard-Murray
• Gov 94HG: The Politics and Political Economy in Latin America, Fran Hagopian 
• Gov 94JF: The Political Economy of Economic Growth: The Past Thousand Years. Jeffry Frieden
• Gov 94KL: Advanced Topics in Formal Political Economy. Konstantin Matakos  
• Gov 94NB: Capital, Ideas, and Development in Latin America. Dan Epstein
• Gov 94ND: Global Cities in East Asia. Nara Dillon 
• Gov 94OA: Inequality and American Democracy. Theda Skocpol  
• Gov 94PI: Politics of Development in Africa. Pia Raffler
• Gov 94RG: A Revolt against Globalization? How Political Economies Change. Peter Hall
• Gov 94TR: The Politics of Economic Inequality. Thomas Remington 
• Gov 1015: Strategic Models of Politics. Sarah Hummel 
• Gov 1025: Political Economy and Its Future. Roberto Mangabeira Unger
• Gov 1108 : The Politics of Economic Inequality. Thomas Remington  
• Gov 1135: Political Economy of Development in Africa. Pia Raffler 
• Gov 1171: Making of Modern Politics. Peter Hall
• Gov 1203: Capitalism and Democracy in Central and Eastern Europe. Grzegorz Ekiert 
• Gov 1279 : Political Economy of East and Southeast Asia  Political Economy of East and Southeast Asia 
• Gov 1288: China’s Economic Development. Nara Dillon 
• Gov 1754: Science, Technology, and National Security: Japan in Global Perspective. Matthew Brummer
• Gov 1759: Behavioral Insights and Public Policy: Nudging for the Public Good. Michael Hiscox  
• Gov 1780: International Political Economy. Jeffry Frieden 
• HKS BGP 610: The Political Economy of Trade. Robert Lawrence 
• HKS BGP 670: Financial Crises: Concepts and Evidence. Carmen Reinhart  
• HKS DEV 130 : Why Are So Many Countries Poor, Volatile, and Unequal? Ricardo Hausman 

Economics Courses on Political Economy  

• Econ 10a: Principles of Economics: Microeconomics  
• Econ 1010a/1011a: Intermediate Microeconomics 
• Econ 1018: Cultural Economics. Alberto Alesina 
• Econ 1133: Authoritarian Superpower: The Political Economy of Modern China. David Yang
• Econ 1420: American Economic Policy. Summers & Liebman    
• Econ 1450: The Political Economy of Religion. Robert Barro and Rachel McCleary  
• Econ 1535: The Global Economy. Pol Antras
• Econ 1746: Financial and Economic Crises of the 21st Century. Karen Dynan 
• HKS DEV 356: Economic Policy in Africa: Challenges and Opportunities. Celestin Monga 

Applying:  Concentrators   should   complete the  Political Economy plan of study supplement , review it with their  concentration adviser , and submit the completed form to the Government Department Undergraduate Coordinator,  Karen Kaletka .  

Political Economy Faculty

Alisha c. holland.

Danielle Allen

Dustin Tingley

Elizabeth J. Perry

Feyaad Allie

Frances Hagopian

Jeffry Frieden

Mashail Malik

Matthew Blackwell

Melani Cammett

Michael J. Hiscox

Nara Dillon

Peter A. Hall

Pia Raffler

Stephen Chaudoin

Theda Skocpol

Torben Iversen

Robert G. and Sue Douthit O’Donnell Center for Behavioral Economics

Political Economy & Governance

Research themes.

Political economy can be understood as the application of economic analysis to the study of political processes. The application of behavioral approaches to political economy can help in uncovering the influence of non-standard economic factors, such as cognitive biases on either side (policymakers and individuals), in systematic analyses. Researchers at UC Berkeley are at the forefront of advancing these efforts.

The following members of the O’Donnell Center for Behavioral Economics are working in these areas:

• Dmitry Taubinsky
• Ricardo Perez-Truglia
• Josh Blumenstock

Recent Work

Butera, L., Metcalfe, R., Morrison, W., & Taubinsky, D. (2022). Measuring the welfare effects of shame and pride. American Economic Review , 112 (1), 122-68. Abstract

Bottan, N. L., & Perez-Truglia, R. (2020). Choosing your pond: location choices and relative income. The Review of Economics and Statistics , 1-46. Abstract

Chi, G., Fang, H., Chatterjee, S., & Blumenstock, J. E. (2022). Microestimates of wealth for all low-and middle-income countries. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , 119 (3). Abstract

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Is NET Suitable for Assessing PhD Admissions?

An  MCQ -based exam does not comprehensively test a candidate’s research and analytical skills.

The University Grants Commission (UGC) announced a new set of guidelines for PhD admissions via a public notice on 27 March 2024. These guidelines were approved following an expert committee’s recommendations in the 578th meeting of the UGC held on 13 March 2024. The UGC’s guidelines, which will be applicable in India from the academic session 2024–25 onwards, have stated that PhD admissions will now be based on the National Eligibility Test (NET). This examination is held twice a year, in June and December, and is conducted by the National Testing Agency.

Following the introduction of a single national entrance test known as the Common University Entrance Test (CUET) for undergraduate and postgraduate education, the UGC has now introduced a single common entrance test for PhD admissions as well. This decision follows the implementation of the National Education Policy 2020, which recommended single common entrance tests for all levels of higher education. Typically, most candidates appear for the NET during their master’s degrees, and those who clear this exam are eligible to get appointed as assistant professors in colleges and universities after the completion of their master’s degree. Moreover, a select number of candidates who clear the NET are awarded the Junior Research Fellowship (JRF). 

These guidelines will classify NET candidates into three categories from June 2024 onwards. First would be those who are eligible for (i) admission to a PhD programme with JRF and (ii) appointment as an assistant professor. Second would be those candidates who are eligible for (i) admission to a PhD programme without JRF and (ii) appointment as an assistant professor. Third would be those candidates who are eligible for admission to a PhD programme only without getting selected for the JRF or being eligible for appointment as an assistant professor. 

This move by the UGC is based on the rationale that most students who aspire to pursue a research degree appear for NET, apart from appearing in the separate entrance tests of individual universities. This requires a student to appear for as many entrance tests as the number of universities they are applying to for their PhD programme. All these entrance tests have their separate application procedures, with mandatory application fees and designated examination centres in select cities all over the country. Appearing for several such tests for pursuing a PhD programme tends to be an expensive affair, if one adds the application fees and costs of travelling and boarding, as is the case for most students coming from rural or semi-urban areas. The UGC’s rationale is that the introduction of a single common entrance test will resolve the problem of candidates appearing for multiple entrance tests and incurring a hefty financial expenditure in the process. Formally speaking, this move will indeed reduce the financial burden incurred in appearing for multiple entrance tests, thus potentially making the process of PhD admissions more inclusive and affordable for many students in India.

However, it has also been pointed out how the NET exam, which has only multiple-choice questions (MCQs), is a poor index for assessing the skills required for admission into a PhD programme. MCQs typically test a candidate’s information retention skills, which do not necessarily give a comprehensive picture of a candidate’s research and analytical abilities. Such a move also ignores the global best practices associated with PhD admissions, where admission committees consider a candidate’s research proposal, curriculum vitae, and statement of purpose to assess their suitability for respective PhD programmes.

The essence of this procedure of PhD admissions is that it pays less attention to rote learning and information retention skills and more attention to research and analytical skills. Although these practices are also beset with the problem of exclusion, since most universities charge considerable application fees (more so for international students), it at least provides a window to the protocols adopted in universities where assessing a candidate’s potential for research is the primary criterion in PhD admissions. Even the civil services examination, which selects bureaucrats and administrators at both the union and state levels, largely follows a pattern of assessment where the analytical skills of a candidate are thoroughly tested via several long-form writing-based papers, along with an initial MCQ-based paper, and finally an interview stage. However, it is ironic that an examination that would henceforth assess a candidate’s suitability for doctoral research in India has given up on assessing their analytical abilities through any long-form writing-based tests. After all, long-form writing is an essential skill required for doctoral research, and a lack of this component in the NET exam would prove to have adverse implications on assessing and developing the research capabilities of Indian PhD scholars.   

Moreover, it has also been pointed out how there has emerged a burgeoning coaching industry around preparing students for NET in several big and small cities in India. By making this exam mandatory for PhD admissions, one can expect this industry to get further strengthened, which will only marginalise and exclude a large majority of students who cannot afford to pay for these coaching services.

Another concern with making NET mandatory for PhD admissions is the erosion of the autonomy of universities to set up their own modes of evaluation for postgraduate and research-based degrees. While standardisation has its definite benefits in a country as large and diverse as India, the autonomy of universities to decide their modes of admissions cannot be entirely wished away. To reiterate, the global best practices regarding PhD admissions allow for more (and not less) autonomy to the universities while keeping the scope for standardi­sation minimal through standardised tests like the Graduate Record Examinations or GRE and the Test of English as a Foreign Language or TOEFL. 

The broader implications of this policy would become clearer as the first batches of PhD students admitted through NET start enrolling in Indian universities. However, it is undeniable that this policy—even if well-intentioned in its aims of reducing the administrative/assessment burden of teachers and the financial burden of students—disregards some of the key criteria and global best practices associated with assessing a candidate’s suitability for doctoral research.

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