Design and Methods.
Table 8.1 is derived from ‘Three Approaches to Case Study Methods in Education: Yin, Merriam, and Stake ‘ by Bedrettin Yazan, licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0. 5
There are several forms of qualitative case studies. 1,2
Discovery-led case studies, which:
Theory-led case studies, which:
Single and collective case studies, where: 2, 9
In both intrinsic, instrumental and illustrative case studies, the exploration might take place within a single case. In contrast, a collective case study includes multiple individual cases, and the exploration occurs both within and between cases. Collective case studies may include comparative cases, whereby cases are sampled to provide points of comparison for either context or the phenomenon. Embedded case studies are increasingly common within multi-site, randomised controlled trials, where each of the study sites is considered a case.
Multiple forms of data collection and methods of analysis (e.g. thematic, content, framework and constant comparative analyses) can be employed, since case studies are characterised by the depth of knowledge they provide and their nuanced approaches to understanding phenomena within context. 2,5 This approach enables triangulation between data sources (interviews, focus groups, participant observations), researchers and theory. Refer to Chapter 19 for information about triangulation.
Advantages of using a case study approach include the ability to explore the subtleties and intricacies of complex social situations, and the use of multiple data collection methods and data from multiple sources within the case, which enables rigour through triangulation. Collective case studies enable comparison and contrasting within and across cases.
However, it can be challenging to define the boundaries of the case and to gain appropriate access to the case for the ‘deep dive’ form of analysis. Participant observation, which is a common form of data collection, can lead to observer bias. Data collection can take a long time and may require lengthy times, resources and funding to conduct the study. 9
Table 8.2 provides an example of a single case study and of a collective case study.
Title | ||
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Nayback-Beebe, 2012 | Clack, 2018 | |
‘The purpose of this phenomenological qualitative case study… was to gain a holistic understanding of the lived-experience of a male victim of intimate partner violence and the real-life context in which the violence emerged.’ | ‘in-depth investigation of the main barriers, facilitators and contextual factors relevant to successfully implementing these strategies in European acute care hospitals’ | |
‘What is the lived experience of living in and leaving an abusive intimate relationship for a white middle class male?’ | ‘(1) what are the main barriers and facilitators to successfully implementing CRBSI prevention procedures?; and (2) what role do contextual factors play?’ | |
A single, intrinsic qualitative research study. Following Yin’s case study approach, the authors wished to uncover the contextual conditions relevant to the phenomenon under study – living in and leaving an abusive intimate relationship as a white, middle-class male. The researchers wanted to understand and explore the contextual conditions related to female-to-male perpetrated intimate partner violence. | A qualitative comparative case study of 6 of the 14 hospitals participating in the Prevention of Hospital Infections by Intervention and Training (PROHIBIT) randomised controlled study on the prevention of catheter-related bloodstream infection prevention. The case study examined contextual factors that affect the implementation of an intervention, particularly across culturally, politically and economically diverse hospital settings in Europe. | |
United States of America, insights from a case study to provide nurses with an understanding that intimate partner violence occurs in the lives of men and women, and to be aware of this in the inpatient and outpatient settings. | European acute-care hospitals that were participating in the PROHIBIT randomised controlled trial. | |
Three in-depth interviews conducted for one month. The participant was a 44-year-old man who met the following inclusion criteria: • self-reported survivor of physical, emotional, verbal abuse, harassment and/or humiliation by a current or former partner • the violence occurred in the context of a heterosexual relationship • was in the process of leaving or had left the relationship | Data collection before and after the implementation of an intervention and included 129 interviews (133 hours) with hospital administration, IPC and ICU leadership and staff, telephone interviews with onsite investigators alongside 41 hours of direct observations | |
Existential phenomenology following Colaizzi’s method for data analysis. | Thematic analysis was inductive (first site visit) and deductive (second site visit), with cross-case analysis using a stacking technique; cases were grouped according to common characteristics and differences, and similarities were examined. | |
Theme 1. Living in the relationship – confrontation from within Theme 2. Living in the relationship – confrontation from without Theme 3. Leaving the relationship – realisation and relinquishment Overarching theme: Living with a knot in your stomach | Three meta themes were identified • implementation agendas • resourcing • boundary spanning |
Qualitative case studies provide a study design with diverse methods to examine the contextual factors relevant to understanding the why and how of a phenomenon within a case. The design incorporates single case studies and collective cases, which can also be embedded within randomised controlled trials as a form of process evaluation.
Qualitative Research – a practical guide for health and social care researchers and practitioners Copyright © 2023 by Darshini Ayton is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.
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The qualitative case study is a research method which enables a complex phenomenon to be explored through the identification of different factors interacting with each other. The case observed is a real situation. In the field of nursing science, it may be a clinical decision-making process. The study thereby enables the patient or health professional experience to be conceptualised.
Keywords: method; méthode; nursing science; qualitative case study; recherche; research; sciences infirmières; étude de cas qualitative.
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Exploring the digital literacy needs and training preferences of older adults living in affordable housing, educational concepts of digital competence development for older adults—a scoping review, older adults’ reasons to participate in digital skills learning: an interdisciplinary, multiple case study from austria, finland, and germany, lifecourse transitions: how icts support older migrants’ adaptation to transnational lives, associations between everyday ict usage and (self-)ageism: a systematic literature review., barriers and facilitators of health among older adult immigrants in the united states: an integrative review of 20 years of literature, a digital media literacy intervention for older adults improves resilience to fake news, practices of ‘digital homing’ and gendered reproduction among older sinhalese and karen migrants in australia, health and self-perceived barriers to internet use among older migrants: a population-based study, community‐led digital literacy training: toward a conceptual framework, related papers.
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