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Top 10 Best 1-Year PhD Programs Online

Are you searching for the best 1-year PhD programs online? A growing number of students are choosing master’s and doctorate degrees with flexible, online models. In a highly competitive job market, having an advanced qualification gives you better salary potential and job prospects. However, not everyone can afford the time and costs of a traditional-length PhD program and living on-campus. If you’re a working professional and want to continue your studies, an online PhD is an excellent option.

Remember, don’t be fooled by the online mode. While the fastest PhD programs offer immense flexibility, they’re by no means easy. It can still be a major time commitment, and that’s where 1-year PhD programs online come into play. Additionally, not everyone will complete 1-year PhD programs in one year; rather, the curriculum makes it possible. Other obligations might force students to take two years to complete their programs.

Ready to find the shortest doctoral program online? Let’s get started!

Table of Contents

Best 1-Year PhD Programs Online

Chatham university.

Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP)

Chatham University is known for its social mobility and support for disadvantaged students. The school’s Doctor of Nursing Practice takes 12 months to complete if you stay on track, and you’ll need to have a master’s degree in nursing to be considered. The program aims to develop future nursing leaders who will improve healthcare delivery and could very well be the fastest doctorate degree program out there!

• Courses : Structure and application of contemporary nursing knowledge, quality improvement in health care, and communication & collaboration for healthcare leadership
• Duration : 12 months
• Credits : 27
• Tuition : $1,126 per credit
• Financial aid : Scholarships, graduate assistantships, veteran benefits, and alumni discounts
• Graduation rate : 62.5%
• Location : Pittsburgh, PA

Breyer State Theology University, Department of Ethereal Doctor of Psychology in Grief Counseling

Ethereal Accelerated Doctor of Psychology in Grief Counseling

Breyer State Theology University aims to provide students with high-level knowledge to follow religious careers as ministers, theologians, and counselors. Its Ethereal Doctor of Psychology program in Grief Counseling is also one of the shortest doctoral programs available, with a 1-year duration. It is one of the only online accelerated PhD that helps counselors become specialized in grief and bereavement.

• Courses : An overview of psychotherapy & counseling, ethics in grief counseling, and therapy with the terminally ill
• Tuition : $4,500
• Location : Brandenton, FL

Related:  Top 10 Best PhD in Theology Programs 

American International Theism University

Accelerated Ethereal Doctorate in Business Administration

The American International Theism University provides accelerated doctoral programs in various disciplines, including theology, business, social work , music, and the arts. This specific accelerated doctoral program prepares students for roles in education, research, government departments, or private business administration. The school offers many disciplines for its online accelerated PhD programs, and you can complete them within one year.

• Courses : International business, managerial economics, and strategic management
• Tuition : $7,950
• Location : Englewood, Florida

Frontier Nursing University

Frontier Nursing University was ranked third  in the nation for the best online master’s program in FNP by the US News & World Report. This program is suitable for certified nursing practitioners and midwives with an MSN in nursing. The minimum duration for completion is 15 months.

• Duration : 15-18 months
• Credits : 30
• Tuition : $19,950
• Financial aid : Scholarships, loans, etc.
• Location : Versailles, KY

Boston University, Boston University College of Health & Rehabilitation Sciences: Sargent College

Online Post-Professional Doctor of Occupational Therapy (PP-OTD)

Boston University is the largest non-profit university in the US, offering a range of programs across various levels and disciplines. Its PP-OTD program is open to graduates in occupational therapy and has three intakes per year (May, September, and January). As part of this online accelerated PhD program, each semester requires you to work on your doctoral project parallel to other coursework.

• Courses : Contemporary trends in occupational therapy, health promotion and wellness, and social policy and disability practicum
• Duration : 18 months
• Credits : 33-36
• Tuition : $1,994 per credit
• Financial aid : Merit-based scholarships, loans, etc.
• Graduation rate:  87.2%
• Location : Boston, MA

Maryville University

Online Doctor of Nursing Practice

Maryville University is a private university that has offered post-secondary education since 1872. Its DNP enables practitioner nurses to pursue roles at the highest level of the nursing sector. The program is fully online, with no campus attendance required.

• Courses : Principles of epidemiology and biostatistics, advanced health care policy, and quality and patient safety in advanced nursing practice
• Duration : 20 months
• Credits : 33
• Courses : 11
• Tuition : $922 per credit
• Financial aid: Scholarships, student employment, loans, and grants
• Graduation rate:  44.6%
• Location : St. Louis, MO

The University of North Carolina, School of Medicine

Transitional Doctor of Physical Therapy (tDPT)

The University of North Carolina is a public research university, the flagship university of the North Carolina system. A public Ivy university, its transitional DPT program equips working professionals with specialized knowledge in three key areas: clinical foundation, clinical practice, and specialty practice.

• Duration : 24 months
• Tuition : Refer tuition page
• Financial aid : Scholarships and loans
• Graduation rate : 90.8%
• Location : Chapel Hill, NC

Grand Canyon University, College of Nursing and Healthcare Professions

Grand Canyon University is a private Christian university. Its DNP program is well-suited to professional working nurses and offers advanced education in nursing leadership, medical informatics, and public health . You can transfer up to three doctoral credits from previous studies.

• Courses : Emerging areas of human health, patient outcomes and sustainable change, and data analysis.
• Credits : 39
• Tuition : $725 per credit
• Financial aid : Scholarships, grants, and loans.
• Graduation rate : 37.6%
• Location : Phoenix, AZ

Liberty University

Doctor of Ministry (DMin)

Liberty University is a Christian university that offers various online programs at undergraduate, graduate, and doctoral levels in various disciplines. Its DMin program has a practical focus, equipping students to handle ministry-setting challenges. The program is made up of 8-week courses, and you can transfer up to 50% of degree credits.

• Tuition : $565 per credit hour
• Graduation rate: 28.5%
• Location : Lynchburg, VA

University of West Georgia

Doctor of Education in Professional Counseling and Supervision

The University of West Georgia is a public university with 12,700 students with a student-faculty ratio of 19:1. This doctoral program in counseling covers counseling methods through clinical and administrative supervision, advocacy and leadership, and program evaluation.

• Courses : Ethical leadership in education and advanced therapeutic techniques in counseling.
• Tuition : $241 per credit
• Financial aid : Scholarships, grants, federal work-study, and loans.
• Graduation rate : 39.1%
• Location : Carrollton, GA

What Are 1-Year PhD Programs Online?

A one-year PhD program is a doctorate you can complete in a very short time and generally requires 30 credits. Though short online PhD programs are called “1-year online doctoral programs”, very few universities offer PhD programs that can be completed in a year.

Most programs take around 15 months or so to complete, though some can last up to two years. Generally, any PhD you can complete in two years or less is considered in this category.

Related Reading:  Top 15 Cheapest Online PhD Programs

Do All The Shortest PhD Programs Require a Dissertation?

No. Many short Ph.D. programs don’t require a dissertation. However, some of these programs involve a research project parallel to other coursework. This means the project must be completed within the program duration, unlike longer doctorates, where the research component is dedicated years after your coursework.

Why Choose a One-year PhD Program Online?

Many opt to study 1-year PhD programs online because they want to earn their doctorate in a short period and enter the competitive job market earlier. This can save you years, not to mention a significant amount of money. After all, many of us cannot afford to spend 5-7 years getting a PhD while balancing work and personal commitments.

Benefits and Challenges of Short Online Doctoral Programs

The key benefit of short doctoral programs is earning a PhD while saving a considerable amount of time and money . You’ll also be able to enter the job market with your doctoral qualification much earlier.

On the other hand, it can be challenging to complete a doctorate in such a short period , often making your studies rather intense. However, if you’re willing to work hard for these short years, you will be able to enjoy the many benefits of having the letter “PhD” after your name.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the shortest doctoral program online.

You won’t find a doctoral program that can be completed in less than a year. Chatham University’s DNP (Doctor of Nursing Practice) and Breyer State Theology University’s Ethereal Accelerated Doctor of Psychology in Grief Counseling are two of the few, if not only, programs currently available that you can complete within a year. However, you can complete some in a little over a year or two years.

Can you Get a PhD in 1 Year?

Very few universities provide PhD programs that can be completed in exactly one year. Even many programs referred to as “1-year PhDs” actually take a little more to complete and up to two years. However, several doctorates can be completed within a year or two, though not across all disciplines.

What is the Quickest Doctorate Degree to Get?

Chatham University’s DNP (Doctor of Nursing Practice) is probably the quickest PhD you can get today, as you can finish it in 12 months. Breyer State Theology University’s Ethereal Accelerated Doctor of Psychology in Grief Counseling also takes only one year.

How Can an Online Program Help Accelerate the Doctorate-Earning Process?

On-campus programs typically have a rigid structure and fixed program duration, usually meaning you have to complete them within around three and seven years. On the other hand, many online programs give you the flexibility to go at your own pace. This often means that you can choose to accelerate through the courses fast and complete the program in a shorter period of time.

Are Fast Doctorate Programs as Good as Regular Programs?

You can’t make a direct comparison between fast doctoral programs and regular programs. Regular programs go at a slower pace, so you get plenty of time to study, observe, reflect, and experiment with what you’re learning.

On the other hand, fast doctoral programs involve a more intense type of study and, arguably, you need to put in more effort. However, these short programs also allow you to gain a valuable doctorate qualification and take your career to the next level in a comparatively short period of time.

Final Thoughts

Though rapid PhD programs are broadly called one-year programs, not all can be completed within one year. Many universities provide PhD programs that you can complete within two years. The best 1-year PhD programs online are an excellent way to earn a doctoral degree with minimal disruption to your work and personal life.

If you’re interested in exploring other PhD programs, take a look at our guides on the best PhD programs in marketing , psychology , and history .

Related:  Top 10 Highest Paying PhD Degrees in 2022

Lisa Marlin

Lisa is a full-time writer specializing in career advice, further education, and personal development. She works from all over the world, and when not writing you'll find her hiking, practicing yoga, or enjoying a glass of Malbec.

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By far the most important thing to consider when researching doctoral programs is — how will your degree be perceived and valued by the people you want to work with.

If you want to become a college professor, you’re not going to be hired with a quickie doctorate. What they look for is how well you’ve become integrated into the academic world by becoming an expert: working on significant projects, publishing peer-reviewed papers, speaking at professional meetings, etc. And for sure they will discard your application once they see your degree is from one of the schools in this article.

The ONLY time I would recommend one of these degrees is if you ALREADY have a job you like, and by completing a doctorate, you can be placed higher on the salary scale. Or, if you’re a practicing RN or other medical professional. Or, you just want to impress your friends. But one of these won’t help you enter a new profession. Ask to speak to graduates and see if they’re now working in a new profession because of completing a doctorate.

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Best One-Year Online Ph.D. Programs of 2025

Written by Alex Kale , Reviewed By Blanca Villagomez

Updated: September 17, 2024

Compare School Options

For students looking to advance their studies and careers by earning their Ph.D. in a fraction of the time of traditional programs, exploring the best one-year online Ph.D. programs is a smart move. Graduates of these accelerated programs can pursue rewarding careers such as university professors, earning a median salary of $84,380 ; medical scientists, with a median salary of $100,890 ; nonprofit executives, earning around $103,840 , or clinical directors, with a median salary of $110,890 .

These programs, completed in just one year, save students time and money and are a significant investment in their future, providing opportunities for high-paying, fulfilling careers.

How to Choose a One-Year Online Ph.D. Program

Choose your area of study.

Your area of study for your Ph.D. should align closely with your previous graduate-level coursework. If you’re considering a significant change, a traditional Ph.D. program might be more suitable, as it’ll give you more time to complete that pivot.

For those planning ahead during undergraduate studies, take time to prepare by asking yourself:

• What areas have I excelled in academically?
• What topics am I passionate about?
• Where do I see myself in five years, specific to my career?

Reflecting on these questions can help narrow your scope and ensure that your Ph.D. aligns with your academic strengths and professional goals.

Research schools and programs

Conducting thorough research on schools and programs is especially essential for a one-year online Ph.D., as you’ll want to be sure the programs you apply to fit your needs. Consider using the following questions to guide your research:

• What is the curriculum structure and focus?
• Who are the faculty members, and what are their credentials?
• What support services are available for online learners?
• What are the total credit requirements?
• Are there opportunities for networking and professional development?

Most of this information will be readily available on university websites, but you’ll also benefit from attending a virtual open house or speaking with an admissions counselor.

Prepare for tests and applications

Preparing for your Ph.D. applications can take some time, so starting early and staying organized is essential. While some programs may have specific requirements, many require the following criteria:

• Official transcripts from previous institutions
• Letters of recommendation
• A well-crafted personal statement or statement of purpose
• A current resume or CV
• Writing samples or research proposals

For programs requiring test scores such as the GRE, consider enrolling in a test prep program to strengthen your application.

Select your program

The arrival of acceptance letters is always an exciting time, but it can quickly become overwhelming if you receive more than one. Review your initial research criteria and prioritize what matters most to you — including the curriculum, faculty, and support services. If you haven’t already done so, assess the total cost of attendance and compare this figure to any financial aid offers.

Determine how you’ll pay for your degree

Paying for any degree can be daunting, and a Ph.D. is no different. Fortunately, you can manage this efficiently through several financial aid options.

Start with scholarships and grants, which don’t require repayment. Next, explore assistantships or fellowships that offer stipends in exchange for teaching or research duties. Check if your employer offers tuition reimbursement programs, as many companies support the educational pursuits of their employees. With these resources, you may even be able to earn your Ph.D. for free .

If financial gaps remain, consider federal loans, which typically offer lower interest rates and flexible repayment options compared to private loans.

Best 50 Accredited One-Year Online Ph.D. Programs

intelligent score 98.46

#1 GetEducated

School Information

Versailles, KY

Graduation Rate: 95%

Admission Rate: 100%

Urbanicity: Suburban

School Size: Small

Delivery Format Online

Required Credits to Graduate 30

Estimated Cost per Credit $685

accreditation Accreditation Commission for Education in Nursing

more program information Email: [email protected] Phone: 859-279-0890

intelligent score 94.07

#2 GetEducated

Graduation Rate: 88%

Admission Rate: 14%

Urbanicity: City

School Size: Large

Required Credits to Graduate 33-37

Estimated Cost per Credit $895 - $2,083

accreditation New England Commission of Higher Education

more program information Email: [email protected] Phone: 617-353-2713

intelligent score 93.81

#3 GetEducated

Pittsburgh, PA

Graduation Rate: 68%

Admission Rate: 66%

Required Credits to Graduate 27-30

Estimated Cost per Credit $1,160

accreditation Commission on Collegiate Nursing Education

more program information Email: [email protected] Phone: 412-365-1825

How we rank schools

This list features some of the country’s best one-year online Ph.D. programs. Each school featured is a nonprofit, accredited institution, either public or private, with a high standard of academic quality for post-secondary institutions.

We evaluated each school’s program on tuition costs, admission, retention and graduation rates, faculty, and reputation. Then, we calculated the Intelligent Score on a scale of 0 to 100. Read more about our ranking methodology .

Next, we compared this comprehensive list of the best one-year online Ph.D. programs to a list of aggregated college rankings from reputable publications, such as U.S. News & World Report, to simplify a student’s college search. We pored through these rankings so students don’t have to.

What Can You Expect From a One-Year Online Ph.D. Program

A one-year online Ph.D. program offers an accelerated path for scholars, focusing on intensive coursework and practical applications. As a student, you can expect to delve even further into your chosen field, gaining expertise through specialized classes and research projects. Coursework typically covers advanced theories, methodologies, and contemporary issues, ensuring graduates are well-prepared for academic, professional, or research-based careers.

These programs often replace the traditional dissertation with an original research component, such as a capstone project. This allows students to illustrate their knowledge and contribute to their field without the extended timeline of a traditional dissertation.

Potential courses you’ll take in a one-year Ph.D. program

• Advanced Social Work Practice: This course delves into contemporary methods and strategies in social work, focusing on evidence-based practice, clinical interventions, and policy analysis. Participants learn to address complex social issues, improve clinical skills, and develop innovative solutions for diverse populations.
• Criminal Justice Theory and Practice: Students explore advanced theories of criminal justice, including criminology, law enforcement, and corrections. The class emphasizes the application of these theories in real-world contexts, preparing students to analyze criminal behavior and develop effective crime prevention strategies.
• Public Policy Analysis in Public Administration: In this course, students learn to assess the impact of different policies, understand the intricacies of public governance, and propose data-driven solutions to improve public service delivery. The class covers the methods and tools for analyzing and developing public policies.
• Historiography and Research Methods: This course focuses on the study of historical writing and methodology. It teaches students to critically evaluate historical sources and construct well-supported historical narratives. Learners develop high-level research skills and gain the ability to contribute original insights to the field of history.

What Can I Do With a One-Year Ph.D.?

Ph.D. graduates have many different career opportunities in diverse fields, including academia, clinical leadership, and executive roles in non-profits and businesses. This degree significantly boosts earning potential; the Bureau of Labor Statistics reports that professional degree holders earn a median weekly wage of $2,206 , substantially higher than other degree levels.

Career outlook University Professor — Specializing in various fields, university or college professors teach and conduct research, contributing to scholarly knowledge in their field. Median annual salary: $84,380 Projected employment growth (through 2032): 8% New jobs projected: 118,800 Clinical Director — In fields like social work, these professionals lead clinical practices, develop treatment programs, and oversee case management in healthcare or social service settings. Median annual salary: $110,680 Projected employment growth (through 2032): 28% New jobs projected: 54,700 Nonprofit Executive — These professionals lead non-profit organizations, manage programs, and drive initiatives to address social, environmental, or cultural issues. Median annual salary: $103,840 Projected employment growth (through 2032): 3% New jobs projected: 311,600

One-Year Online Ph.D. Degree Frequently Asked Questions

How do accelerated degree programs work.

Accelerated degree programs, like one-year Ph.D. programs, condense traditional multi-year curricula into a significantly short timeline through intensive, focused coursework and research. As a student, you’ll engage in a rigorous academic schedule, often year-round, emphasizing theoretical and practical application. These programs typically replace the lengthy dissertation process with a capstone project.

To learn more about the pros and cons of these accelerated programs and determine if they’re the right fit for you, visit our page , which explores this further.

How long does it take to earn a one-year online Ph.D. degree?

As its name suggests, a one-year online Ph.D. takes just one year to complete with full-time study. This is a significant reduction compared to traditional Ph.D. programs, which often take six years or more to finish. Be sure to carefully review the total number of required credits, as this can vary by program and may influence the actual completion timeline.

How much does a one-year online Ph.D. degree cost?

The cost of these degrees can vary significantly due to their accelerated nature, but for the 2020-2021 academic year, the average cost was $19,749 . In addition to tuition, you should also budget for other expenses such as technology fees, textbooks, and course materials. These additional costs can add up, so factoring them into your financial planning is important.

• Best Online Ph.D. In Higher Education Programs

Best Online Ph.D. In Higher Education Programs Of 2024

Updated: Nov 29, 2023, 1:34pm

Learning happens at every age. From preschool to higher education, behind every learner is an educational policymaker, researcher and leader who advocates and manages programs for academic quality and student success.

An online Ph.D. in higher education can prepare you to become one of those educational changemakers, whether you aim to instruct college students, spearhead academic research or improve the quality and operations of a school or district as a principal or superintendent. As the highest degree level in this field, a doctorate opens doors, allowing you to choose the path you see most fit for helping schools and students.

In this ranking, we explore four of the best online Ph.D.s in higher education, noting key features of each program for you to consider.

Why You Can Trust Forbes Advisor Education

Forbes Advisor’s education editors are committed to producing unbiased rankings and informative articles covering online colleges, tech bootcamps and career paths. Our ranking methodologies use data from the National Center for Education Statistics , education providers, and reputable educational and professional organizations. An advisory board of educators and other subject matter experts reviews and verifies our content to bring you trustworthy, up-to-date information. Advertisers do not influence our rankings or editorial content.

• Over 3,868 accredited, nonprofit colleges and universities analyzed nationwide
• 52 reputable tech bootcamp providers evaluated for our rankings
• All content is fact-checked and updated on an annual basis
• Rankings undergo five rounds of fact-checking
• Only 7.12% of all colleges, universities and bootcamp providers we consider are awarded

Our Methodology

We scored four accredited, nonprofit colleges offering online Ph.D. in higher education degree programs in the U.S. using 15 data points in the categories of credibility, affordability, student outcomes and student experience.

We pulled data for these categories from reliable resources such as the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System ; private, third-party data sources; and individual school and program websites. Data is accurate as of June 2023.

We scored schools based on the following categories:

Student Outcomes:

• Overall graduation rate
• Median earnings 10 years after graduation

Affordability:

• In-state graduate student tuition
• In-state graduate student fees
• Alternative tuition plans offered
• Median federal student loan debt
• Percentage of students in federal student loan deferment

Student Experience:

• Student-to-faculty ratio
• Socioeconomic diversity
• Availability of online coursework
• Total number of graduate assistants
• More than 50% of graduate students enrolled in at least some distance education

Credibility:

• Fully accredited
• Programmatic accreditation status
• Nonprofit status

We listed all four schools in the U.S. that met our ranking criteria.

Find our full list of methodologies here .

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Best Online Ph.D. in Higher Education Degree Options

Should you enroll in an online ph.d. in higher education program, accreditation for an online ph.d. in higher education, how to find the right online ph.d. in higher education for you, frequently asked questions (faqs) about online ph.d. in higher education programs, concordia university-chicago, andrews university, liberty university, regent university.

Graduate Tuition

$753/credit

Percentage of Grad Students Enrolled in Distance Education

Overall Graduation Rate

Located in River Forest, Illinois, Concordia University-Chicago (CUC) is a Lutheran-focused liberal arts university founded in 1864. Its Ph.D. in leadership includes a higher education specialization with fully online eight-week courses covering higher education law, leadership, societal issues and fiscal responsibility.

The program requires five research courses, including qualitative and mixed methods research. Students also complete a comprehensive written exam and three dissertation components.

CUC charges an $18 technology fee per credit, included in its tuition rate, for this program.

• Our Flexibility Rating: Learn around your 9-to-5
• School Type: Private
• Application Fee: Free
• Degree Credit Requirements: 67 credits
• Program Enrollment Options: Full time
• Notable Major-Specific Courses: Institutional advancement, developing the organization’s human capital
• Concentrations Available: N/A
• In-Person Requirements: No

$1,471/credit

Andrews University , based in Berrien Springs, Michigan, offers its Ph.D. in higher education administration online, with most students completing the 61-credit program in about five years. Online learning covering topics like higher education law, program evaluation and leadership dynamics is available through a blend of asynchronous and synchronous coursework with convenient evening hours for working professionals.

Although most courses are online, students must complete a global education study tour in person to get hands-on experience in cross-cultural education.

• Application Fee: $60
• Degree Credit Requirements: 61 credits
• Notable Major-Specific Courses: College student development theory, administration of academic services
• In-Person Requirements: Yes

$595 to $650/credit

The Ph.D. in higher education administration from Liberty University (LU), a Christian university based in Lynchburg, Virginia, features three concentrations, each requiring 60 credits. Including the four-part, 15-credit dissertation, students can finish the program in as little as three years.

Part-time learners in this program pay $55 more per credit than full-time students. However, current and past military members can reduce their costs by taking advantage of LU’s discounted tuition rate of $300 per credit.

• Application Fee: $50
• Degree Credit Requirements: 60 credits
• Program Enrollment Options: Full time, part time
• Notable Major-Specific Courses: Economic impact in higher education, historical perspectives of higher education
• Concentrations Available: Assessment and evaluation, educational leadership, student affairs

$800/credit

Based in Virginia Beach, Virginia, Regent University offers a 100% online Ph.D. in higher education leadership and management. Incorporating Regent’s Christian values, the program includes such courses as Christian worldview for educators and the role and mission of the Christian college and university.

Although students have seven years to complete this program, it typically takes five years. Regent charges online students a $700 fee per semester for university services, so learners can decrease their overall costs by finishing within the five-year window.

• Our Flexibility Rating: Learn on your schedule
• Application Fee: N/A
• Notable Major-Specific Courses: Data-driven decision making, role and mission of the Christian college and university

Pursuing a Ph.D. online can help working professionals strike a balance between their careers in higher education and their studies. Online Ph.D. in higher education programs typically offer flexible formats with few or no in-person requirements, allowing learners to complete coursework and dissertation tasks where and when it’s most convenient.

Cost also plays a role in choosing the right program and format. An online doctoral program could benefit learners who would otherwise need to commute long distances to and from their school, potentially saving transportation costs. Some schools charge in-state tuition rates to online learners who reside out of state to reduce their cost commitment.

Still, doctoral coursework can be rigorous. Students should consider whether they feel confident in their ability to complete intensive projects and studies without face-to-face guidance and support from instructors and peers.

Many colleges and universities seek institutional accreditation to distinguish themselves as leaders in academic quality, faculty credibility and positive student outcomes. The Council for Higher Education Accreditation and the U.S. Department of Education recognize several institutional accrediting agencies, including the Higher Learning Commission and the Northwest Commission on Colleges and Universities.

Schools typically approve transfer credits only from other institutionally accredited colleges . Plus, employers and credentialing bodies may not recognize degrees from unaccredited schools.

Programmatic accreditation is reserved for specific programs and departments. A Ph.D. in higher education usually comes through a school’s education department, which may be endorsed by a programmatic accrediting agency. The Council for the Accreditation of Educator Preparation commonly accredits departments with higher education doctoral programs.

If you’ve settled on pursuing a distance education, here’s how to narrow down your options.

Consider Your Future Goals

An online Ph.D. in higher education varies among schools, so it’s important to consider your future goals to point you toward the right program.

First, determine whether a Ph.D. or an Ed.D. is the best option for you. Although similar in content, a Ph.D. in higher education typically incorporates more research-based studies and is ideal for students interested in creating educational policy or teaching at a higher education level. Meanwhile, an Ed.D. in higher education focuses more on applicable skills, such as academic leadership and program administration.

Then, think about the program’s specifics. For example, some programs have more rigid dissertation requirements and time commitments than others. Also, you might be able to complete one program entirely online, while another may require an in-person class each week.

Understand Your Expenses and Financing Options

Tuition for the higher education doctoral programs on our list averages $905 per credit. With the average program requiring 64 credits, the average total cost of an online Ph.D. in higher education reaches nearly $58,000, which is no small sum.

However, tuition rates can vary widely based on a school’s public or private status, a student’s enrollment status, school prestige and other factors. Some Ph.D. programs are “fully funded,” meaning most students receive a tuition reimbursement plus a stipend for living expenses. Learners may also participate in fellowships, through which they receive funding in exchange for their research contributions.

Consider filling out the FAFSA® to determine your eligibility for federal student loans and other aid. You might also research financial aid options at your school, like scholarships and assistantships, to help you finance your degree.

Is a Ph.D. in higher education worth it?

If you’re interested in becoming a professor, an education administrator, an academic researcher or an educational policymaker, a Ph.D. is likely worth the investment. Throughout the program, you’ll build the leadership skills necessary to help educational organizations and students succeed.

How long is a Ph.D. in higher education?

A Ph.D. in higher education can take between two and five years to complete, depending on whether you enroll part time or full time. While most coursework is usually completable in two to three years, the dissertation often takes one to three years to finish.

Is a Ph.D. worth more than a bachelor's degree?

Yes, a doctoral degree is usually worth more than a bachelor’s degree. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics , those with doctoral degrees earn a median of $2,083 per week, while bachelor’s degree holders earn $1,432 weekly.

As a self-proclaimed lifelong learner and former educator, Amy Boyington is passionate about researching and advocating for learners of all ages. For over a decade, Amy has specialized in writing parenting and higher education content that simplifies the process of comparing schools, programs and tuition rates for prospective students and their families. Her work has been featured on several online publications, including Online MBA, Reader’s Digest and BestColleges.

• The PhD Journey - Stages of a Doctoral Degree

How to Get a PhD: The PhD Journey

Written by Mark Bennett

A PhD typically involves between three and four years of full-time study, culminating in a thesis which makes an original contribution to your field.

The process of getting a PhD is made up of quite a few components and milestones, from the literature review and writing up your dissertation right through to the viva examination at the end.

This section is a guide on how to get a PhD, providing in-depth advice and information on some of the main challenges and opportunities you’ll meet along the way!.

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7 stages of the PhD journey

A PhD has a few landmark milestones along the way. The three to four years you'll spend doing a PhD can be divided into these seven stages.

• Preparing a research proposal
• Carrying out a literature review
• Conducting research and collecting results
• Completing the MPhil to PhD upgrade
• Participating in PhD teaching, conferences and publications
• Writing your thesis
• Defending your PhD results at a viva voce

We've expanded on what you can expect from each stage below. Here's how your journey to getting a PhD will look:

1. Preparing a research proposal

Strictly speaking, your research proposal isn’t part of your PhD. Instead it’s normally part of the PhD application process.

The research proposal sets out the aims and objectives for your PhD: the original topic you plan to study and / or the questions you’ll set out to answer.

It also explains why your work is worthwhile and why it fits with the expertise and objectives of your university.

Finally, a PhD proposal explains how you plan to go about completing your doctorate. This involves identifying the existing scholarship your work will be in dialogue with and the methods you plan to use in your research.

All of this means that, even though the proposal precedes the PhD itself, it plays a vital role in shaping your project and signposting the work you’ll be doing over the next three or more years.

2. Carrying out a literature review

The literature review is normally the first thing you’ll tackle after beginning your PhD and having an initial meeting with your supervisor.

It’s a thorough survey of work in your field (the current scholarly ‘literature’) that relates to your project or to related topics.

Your supervisor will offer some advice and direction, after which you’ll identify, examine and evaluate existing data and scholarship.

In most cases the literature review will actually form part of your final PhD dissertation – usually setting up the context for the project, before you begin to explain and demonstrate your own thesis.

Sometimes a literature review can also be evaluated as part of your MPhil upgrade .

Research vs scholarship

Research and scholarship are both important parts of a PhD. But they aren't the same thing - and it's helpful to know the difference. Research is the original work you produce with your thesis. Scholarship is the expert understanding of your subject area that enables you to conduct valuable research.

3. Conducting research and collecting results

Once you’ve carried out your literature review, you’ll move from scholarship to research .

This doesn’t mean you’ll never read another academic article or consult someone else’s data again. Far from it. You’ll stay up to date with any new developments in your field and incorporate these into your literature review as necessary.

But, from here on in, your primary focus in your PhD process is going to be investigating your own research question. This means carrying out organised research and producing results upon which to base your conclusions.

Types of PhD research

The research process and the type of results you collect will depend upon your subject area:

• In Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) subjects you’ll focus on designing experiments, before recording and analysing their outcomes. This often means assembling and managing complex numerical datasets – sometimes in collaboration with the rest of your laboratory or workshop.
• In Social Science subjects you’ll be more focussed on designing surveys or conducting case studies. These will produce quantitative or qualitative data, depending on the nature of your work.
• In Arts and Humanities subjects you’ll often have less raw data, but that doesn’t mean you won’t be working with ‘hard’ factual information. You’ll analyse texts, sources and other materials according to an accepted methodology and reflect upon the significance of your findings.

Whatever subject you’re in, this research work will account for the greater part of your PhD results. You’ll have regular meetings with your supervisor, but the day-to-day management of your project and its progress will be your own responsibility.

In some fields it’s common to begin writing up your findings as you collect them, developing your thesis and completing the accompanying dissertation chapter-by-chapter. In other cases you’ll wait until you have a full dataset before reviewing and recording your conclusions.

4. Completing an MPhil to PhD upgrade

At UK universities it’s common to register new PhD students for an MPhil before ‘ upgrading ’ them to ‘full’ doctoral candidates. This usually takes place after one year of full-time study (or its part-time equivalent).

Forcing you to register for a ‘lesser’ degree may seem strange, but it’s actually an important part of the training and development a PhD offers:

• As an MPhil student you’re able to comprehend your field and produce new research.
• As a PhD student you’re able to go that crucial step further and produce the significant original contribution to knowledge that defines a doctorate.

The MPhil upgrade is when you take the step from the former to the latter.

The MPhil upgrade exam

Upgrading from MPhil to PhD registration usually involves a form of oral exam – similar to the viva voce that concludes a PhD. But, unlike a full viva, the MPhil upgrade is less formal and only covers part of your thesis.

In most cases you’ll submit a small amount of the material you’ve produced so far. This could be a draft of your first chapter (or part of it) and / or your literature review. You could also be asked to reflect on your progress in general.

You’ll then sit down with your supervisor and someone else from your department (familiar with your field, but unrelated to your project). They’ll offer feedback on the quality of your work and ask questions about your findings.

The aim of the process won’t be to examine your drafts so much as to confirm that your project has the potential to justify a PhD – and that you’re on track to complete it on time.

‘Failing’ a PhD upgrade is actually quite rare. Your university may ask you to repeat the procedure if they are concerned that you haven’t made sufficient progress or established a viable plan for the rest of your project.

What is an MPhil?

The MPhil (Master of Philosophy) is also a research degree, but its scope is more limited than a PhD (Doctor of Philosophy). And no, just like a PhD, an MPhil isn’t necessarily a Philosophy qualification. Our guide covers all you need to know about the difference between a MPhil and PhD .

5. PhD teaching, conferences and publications

During the PhD process, you’ll have lots of opportunities to take part in extra-curricular activities, such as teaching, academic conferences and publications.

Although it isn’t usually compulsory to participate in these, they can be an incredibly rewarding experience and will look great on your CV.

Teaching during a PhD normally involves hosting undergraduate seminars or supervising students in the lab, as well as marking work and providing feedback.

Academic conferences are an excellent way to network with like-minded colleagues and find out the latest developments in your field. You might even be able to present your own work to your peers at one of these events.

Publishing during a PhD will help you increase your academic profile, as well as give you experience of the peer review process. It’s not normally a requisite of your PhD, but publications will certainly help if you plan on applying for postdoc positions.

6. Writing your thesis

As the culmination of three or more years of hard work, the thesis (or dissertation) is the most important part of the procedure to get your PhD, presenting you with the opportunity to make an original scholarly contribution to your discipline.

Our guide to writing your thesis covers everything you need to know about this lengthy research project, from structure and word count to writing up and submission.

We’ve also written a guide to the PhD dissertation abstract , which is an important part of any thesis.

7. Defending your PhD results at a viva voce

Unlike other degrees, a PhD isn’t normally marked as a piece of written work. Instead your dissertation will be submitted for an oral examination known as a viva voce (Latin for ‘living voice’).

This is a formal procedure, during which you ‘defend’ your thesis in front of appointed examiners, each of whom will have read your dissertation thoroughly in advance.

Examiners at a viva voce

A PhD is normally examined by two academic experts:

• One will be an internal examiner, usually appointed from elsewhere in your faculty and department. They won’t be directly associated with your project, but will have sufficient expertise to assess your findings.
• The other will be an external examiner. They will be a recognised expert in the area you are researching, with a record of relevant research and publication. Most universities in the UK allow you to invite an external examiner of your choice, provided there is no existing conflict of interest.

Your supervisor will help you prepare for the viva and will offer advice on choosing an external examiner. However, they will not normally be present during the examination.

The PhD timeline

Ready to take the next step?

There's lots more information about how to get a PhD in our advice section . Or, if you're ready to start looking at different projects, why not check out one of the thousands of current PhD opportunities in our database?

Mark Bennett

Mark joined FindAPhD to develop our first ever advice articles in 2013 and now serves as our Director of Audience & Editorial, making sure our websites and information are as useful as possible for people thinking about Masters and PhD study. He has a PhD in English Literature from the University of Sheffield, as well as Bachelors and Masters degrees from the University of Kent and the University of South Wales.

Not sure how PhD study will differ from a Masters? In this guide, we take a look at how the two qualifications compare, including applications, course structure, assessment and more.

Every student will need to write an abstract for their PhD dissertation. Here's everything you need to know about what an academic abstract is and how to write one.

What can you expect from a PhD? What's life actually like as a postgraduate student? Read our guides to the doctoral research experience.

The viva voce is the final oral exam at the end of a PhD degree. Our guide explains the usual viva format, covers common questions and explains how to prepare.

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• Graduate School

How Long Does it Take to Get a PhD?: A Go-Getter’s Guide to Graduation

Featured Expert: Dr. Charlene Hoi, PhD

How long does it take to get a PhD? On average, PhD programs are 4 or 5 years long. The time it takes to get a PhD is slightly longer in the US, between 4-6 years, because these programs tend to be more structured. If you want to know how to get a PhD in Canada or Europe, you can expect it to take 3-5 years. However, there are PhD programs that take longer, such as part-time programs, or are extremely short, like online accelerated PhD programs. Ultimately, how long it takes to get a PhD is up to you. In this article, we’ll look at the average PhD program lengths, the typical PhD timeline, and tips on how to get your PhD finished faster.

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Article Contents 13 min read

How long does it take to get a phd.

On average, it takes 4-5 years to complete a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) program. In the US, most PhD programs are between 4-6 years, while in Canada they are typically shorter, around 3-4 years.

Some students take longer than 6 years to complete their PhD, but in general the longest time it takes to get a PhD is capped at 8 years. If you’re enrolling in a part-time PhD program, for instance, your timeline will probably be extended to 6-8 years.

The shortest PhD programs out there are accelerated or sometimes online PhD programs. Some of these are only 1-2 years long, but there are comparatively fewer programs available, and they are only suitable for certain fields and careers which require less intensive research which defines most PhD programs.

One of the main reasons why it takes many years to get a PhD is because these programs are comprehensive and the requirements to graduate are extensive. Most have a set number of credit hours you need to complete, examinations to write, plus you’ll need to write your PhD thesis or dissertation, unless you pursue a PhD without dissertation .

There are certainly ways to shorten the PhD application timeline and time to graduate, which includes enrolling in a shorter program if possible, increasing your course load or the number of research hours you can dedicate per week, but generally a PhD will still take some time.

Even if you want to do a PhD without a master’s degree first, such as by applying to a direct entry PhD program, the program is still usually 4-5 years long.

We’ll take a look at the typical PhD timeline and how long it takes to get a PhD normally. After, we’ll cover some tips on how to get your PhD done faster or how you can avoid dragging things out.

In North America, the typical PhD program is divided into two stages. The first stage is where you complete all the required coursework, comprehensive exams and other academic requirements, depending on the program. The second stage is when you submit a proposal for original, independent research, get it approved and start working on your thesis or dissertation. Your PhD culminates with your thesis defense. Once your thesis has been approved, you’ll be eligible to graduate.

This timeline is somewhat flexible, as you might complete the first stage in 1 or 2 years but take longer to complete your dissertation. For the purpose of this general PhD schedule, we’ll assume your PhD program is a typical length of 4-6 years.

Application Stage

We’ve included the application stage of getting your PhD here first because the grad school application timeline can take several months to put together your application package and hear back about acceptance to a program. Secondly, because the application stage involves some critical steps you’ll need to complete in order to get your PhD.

1. Research proposal

To apply to a PhD program, you’ll most likely be required to submit a research proposal and be prepared to answer any research proposal questions your advisor will have. This is your “proposal” of what research question you will explore during your studies at a program, or an outline of what research topic you want to pursue. If you’re not sure how to write a research proposal, check out these Oxford PhD proposal samples or a Cambridge PhD proposal sample.

2. Application materials

The admission requirements for a PhD can vary from program to program, but here are the general components of a PhD application:

• Required prerequisite coursework
• Official transcripts (and minimum GPA)
• Graduate school statement of purpose
• CV for graduate school or research resume
• PhD motivation letter

Some programs may also ask you to submit additional essays, such as a letter of intent, research interest statement or grad school career goals statement .

Many PhD programs also invite you to a grad school interview to get to know you better. Be ready for common graduate school interview questions such as “ tell me about yourself ” and “ why do you want to do a PhD ?”

PhD Years 1-3: Coursework Stage

1. orientation.

Your PhD program will usually begin with your orientation, where you’ll learn about the program’s individual structure, requirements and expectations. You’ll also either choose or be assigned an academic advisor and schedule an initial meeting with them. Your advisor will be a member of the university faculty who will act as your support while you complete your research and write your thesis.

2. Coursework

The first year or two of your PhD will involve completing required advanced coursework in your field. You’ll attend lectures and seminars and you may participate in research projects with department faculty or fellow graduate students or even lab work, depending on your field.

3. Electives

Along with required coursework, you’ll have the chance to take elective courses that interest you or relate to your field. It’s important to choose electives that will enrich your program. Choose ones that really interest you, that might help inform your PhD research or that will help you fulfill your credit requirements.

4. Extracurriculars

PhD programs sometimes have extracurricular activities or additional requirements outside the classroom. This can include internships or a practicum you need to complete for credit, or you might be interested in attending academic conferences or relevant events to socialize and network you’re your colleagues in the field.

5. Comprehensive exams

The coursework stage of your PhD program will end with comprehensive exams , sometimes called qualifying or preliminary exams. These are your “final exams” to make sure that you completed the necessary PhD coursework and that you’re ready and qualified to take on your own independent research in the next phase.

1. Thesis proposal

You may recall that you submitted a research proposal as part of your PhD application, and this step of the process is similar. Your thesis proposal is just like your research proposal, but it’s a more refined and developed version. Throughout your coursework, your research question might have changed or you might have changed course a little bit. If you’re still thinking about your PhD topic , take the time to solidify it before you reach the thesis proposal stage.

Your research proposal might have been a first draft, while your thesis proposal is your official announcement of: this is what I propose to research in this PhD program.

Depending on your field and the program, you thesis research might involve a great deal of lab work, or data collection or fieldwork. Whatever the case, your thesis proposal is a complete outline of what you intend to do for this independent research project and the steps you’ll take.

2. Thesis approval

Once your proposal is written, you’ll submit it for approval. Your academic advisor, PhD supervisor or the PhD committee overseeing your program will review it and either approve it or make suggestions for changes. Once it’s been polished and finalized, you’ll be given the go ahead to start conducting your research.

3. PhD research

Your research alone will probably take you several semesters to complete. On top of the fieldwork, lab work or data collection and analysis you’ll be completing, you’ll be using this time to write and review. Writing your thesis or dissertation takes a fair number of hours to outline, draft, edit and complete. It also means hitting the books to complete a literature review of your research topic so you have a complete background understanding of your chosen topic and how it will inform your research.

Your research and the preparation of your thesis is really the biggest part of this second stage, and is probably the longest part of your PhD altogether.

4. Extra requirements

When you’re not deep in your research, you’ll be completing other requirements of your PhD program or additional duties that enrich your education. Some programs require you to dedicate some hours to teaching, whether it be leading seminars for undergraduate students or acting as a teaching assistant for university faculty.

You’ll also be strongly encouraged to publish as a graduate student , so you may be involved in the research projects of faculty members or other grad students when you’re not working on your dissertation.

5. Thesis submission and preparation for thesis defense

When you’re finished writing your thesis and you’re ready to submit it, it’s critical to know how to prepare for thesis defense . Because not only do you have to complete this original, new body of research work, you have to get the approval of your PhD committee to put it out into the world.

Your thesis defense is essentially the final presentation of your PhD.

6. Thesis defense

Your thesis defense is an oral presentation of your research project, but it also involves submitting your written document to be reviewed. Essentially, you’ll present the entirety of your thesis to the PhD supervising committee, including your findings and conclusions. From there, the committee will ask thesis defense questions . Your answers will defend your methodology and results to the committee, basically proving the value and validity of your work. While this is an evaluation of sorts, it is also your opportunity to share your original ideas and invite further research into your topic.

After your defense, the PhD committee will either approve your thesis or send it back to you with edits or changes to be made before it can be formally approved.

Graduation and Postdoc

Once your thesis has been approved, congratulations! You’ll be eligible for graduation and be awarded your degree. Now that you’ve finished this marathon, you can choose to pursue further studies or start looking for a job after grad school .

With a PhD, you have many different options for positions in your field. You might want to know how to find a job in academia or how to get a tenure track position at a university if you’re interested in teaching others. PhD graduates who decide to transition from academia to industry or who would rather work outside the realm of academia can find industry jobs after PhD that suit their skills and experiences.

Either way, you’ll need to prepare for how to find a postdoc position, explore what the career options are for you, decide what your career goals are and start sending out applications. Remember to prep your postdoc resume and get read for postdoc interview questions , since the job hunt will begin soon after you finish your PhD!

Is it possible to get your PhD done faster? What are some ways you can speed up the process and avoid taking 8 years to complete your graduate studies? Luckily, there are many key ways you can make your journey through grad school easier and speed things up a little, from the type of PhD program you choose to the habits and skills you cultivate during your program.

#1 Enroll in an accelerated program

The first way to guarantee it will take less time to get your PhD is to, of course, enroll in a shorter PhD program. Direct entry PhD programs allow you to enroll once you’ve completed your bachelor’s degree in exceptional circumstances. Note that these are not the easiest PhD programs to get into , as your academic record needs to be excellent, and you’ll likely need prior research experience and you may even need to have publications already. However, a direct entry PhD program is around 4-5 years, but it allows you to skip the 1-2 years it would take to earn a master’s degree.

You can also choose to enroll in an online or accelerated PhD program that is designed to be much shorter than the traditional PhD. Once again, though, these programs are not available to students in every field, so you may need to research whether there are any options for you.

#2 Choose the right mentor

One of the first things you can do to ensure your PhD is smooth sailing is to choose the right mentor or academic advisor. Many programs allow you to choose your advisor, while some assign one to you. Whatever the case, it’s important to establish a strong working relationship and clear expectations early on.

One of the first things you’ll do as a PhD student is meet with your advisor. Take the time to discuss with them what your expectations for the program are, ask questions and ask them what their expectations are of you. Your advisor is there to help you and advise you, and they have resources and connections you can use to your advantage. But they are also working with a busy schedule and might be advising more than one PhD student, too. A mutually respectful relationship with open communication will ensure fewer interpersonal hurdles down the road.

#3 Earn credit hours faster

One way you can shave some time off your PhD is by earning your credit hours faster and getting to the research and thesis-writing stage faster. This might mean you take on a full-time course load or ask your advisor for ways to earn extra credit, such as participating in research projects. Some PhD programs will give you course credit for previous graduate level coursework you might have completed during your master’s degree, or for certifications and professional education you completed outside of school.

#4 Keep your thesis focused

When you get started on your research, it’s easy to feel overwhelmed with the amount of work you need to complete, with the writing of your thesis on top of it all. One way to keep your research hyper-focused and on point is to keep your thesis topic narrow. If your subject is too broad, you’ll be spending way too much time in your research. Give yourself clear objectives and scope, and don’t deviate from your PhD proposal if you don’t have to.

There may be a million questions you want to explore within your PhD topic, but there will be other opportunities to explore them. Keep your focus narrow so you don’t spend years and years asking and answering research questions!

One of the best things you can do to get your PhD done faster and adjust to the experience of graduate school is to change your thinking. Adopt a growth mindset so that you’re open to new learning, willing to listen to constructive feedback on your proposal or thesis and willing to grow your skills. A PhD is an advanced program, and you’ll already be very skilled, but it is also an opportunity to learn and grow. There will be challenges for you, so be ready to meet and overcome them instead of letting them draw you back or slow you down.

#5 Develop your professional skills fast

A PhD is an opportunity to grow your professional skillset as much as it is an opportunity for you to contribute meaningfully to your field. If you haven’t already been working on skills such as communication, presenting or lecturing and writing, now is the time to start.

Strong writing skills will help you get your thesis finished and edited faster, as you’ll be more familiar with the process and understand what makes a strong document. It’s also a useful skill to learn how to write effective funding proposals or grant proposals. You may need to do so to secure funding for your research, but it’s a highly valuable skill in the workforce, too.

Good presentation skills will help you during your thesis defense or if you’re asked to present during a conference. They will also help you build confidence in your voice and ideas and make you a better communicator when you’re networking or job searching.

#6 Keep to your schedule

This is maybe the most important skill if you want to finish your PhD faster: make a detailed schedule and hold yourself accountable to it. If you like, you can plan out your entire PhD week by week from Day 1. Write down what your course schedule is, when you’ll do research and how many hours, when you’ll write and how many hours, what extracurriculars or personal activities will take up your time and so on.

A detailed schedule gives you an overview of your PhD and a timeline of when you’ll finish. It will keep you organized and accountable, so you can avoid procrastinating or avoidable speed bumps that might slow you down. It also helps you compartmentalize the many items on your to-do list so you don’t stress out about how much you need to accomplish.

When creating your schedule, especially during the research stage when there is no formal class schedule for you to adhere to, focus on deliverables. Set a date when you will submit a section of your thesis to your advisor, or when you will complete your literature review. Setting goals and clear outcomes will keep you on track and focused.

#7 Take initiative and be independent

The last tip to help you get your PhD done faster is to take initiative. Remember that a PhD is a largely independent endeavor. You’ll have the support of a committee or advisor, but you can’t rely on them to do the work for you or put everything on hold if they aren’t available when you need them. Be flexible and adaptable so you can keep working and moving forward, even if your schedule gets interrupted or needs to change to suit your situation.

It's also important to take the initiative in your learning. Take advantage of opportunities for growth, networking, and gaining experience where you can. Get the most out of your PhD program and use your experiences to fuel your end goal of completing your thesis.

On average, it takes 4-5 years to get a PhD. There are a few factors that can influence the time it takes to complete your PhD, from program length and structure to what country you are earning your PhD in, to your own personal work ethic and schedule.

PhD programs in the US are on average 4-6 years. In Canada and the UK, they are usually 3-5 years long. Part-time PhD programs may take up to 7-8 years to complete. Direct-entry PhD programs and dual master’s and PhD programs are typically 5 years long. If you’re enrolling in an online, hybrid or accelerated PhD program, the timeline is usually 2-3 years, but there are some extremely short 1-year PhD programs offered online for specific disciplines.

Yes, you can finish your PhD before the “normal” timeline. For example, if you complete your coursework early, if you finish writing your thesis faster than average and get it approved, or if you otherwise complete all your PhD program requirements before the anticipated finish date. 

Yes, there are online PhDs available for certain fields and disciplines. These typically range from 2-3 years, although there are some traditional 4-year PhD programs offered online. There are also some “accelerated” online PhDs which last 12-18 months.

A PhD program is not necessarily shorter if you first complete a master’s degree, but having gone through a master’s program can better prepare you to finish your PhD faster. Some PhD programs accept credit hours from your master’s degree towards the coursework requirements for a PhD, and if you’ve previously written a master’s thesis or completed some research during your graduate studies, this will be an advantage. Since you’ll already be familiar with the process of writing a thesis and conducting your own research, you can avoid some stumbling blocks in your PhD program that might otherwise slow down your progress.

Yes, it is possible to get a PhD without first completing a master’s degree. There are direct entry PhD programs that allow students with a bachelor’s degree to enroll, so long as they meet the admission requirements and have exceptional academic records. Some online PhDs also waive the master’s degree requirement.

Yes, it is possible to complete a traditional PhD program in a shorter amount of time than anticipate. This usually means dedicating yourself to full-time study or taking on a larger course load and increased research hours. It takes significant work, but it can be done with the right schedule and commitment.

The fastest PhD programs are the short, 1-year accelerated programs. These programs have fewer credit hours to complete, and some have no dissertation requirement, only qualifying exams to finish. However, there are not many programs out there, and they are not available for every field of interest.

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How Do You Get a PhD? A Guide to the PhD Timeline

Everyone who considers a doctoral degree knows a PhD is a big commitment. 

Not only will it require all your mental energy, focus, and persistence, but it will also require a significant investment of your time. Your particular area of research, your institution’s policies and procedures, and the standard expectations within your field affect how long it takes to earn a PhD. The average PhD length is five or six years, while some students may take eight or nine years.

Regardless of how long a PhD program takes,  there are some common stages of a PhD that all doctoral students share. These significant and essential milestones shape the timeline for earning your doctorate . Read on as we take you through each step and explore the typical steps to a doctorate degree.

How Long Do PhD Programs Take?

The number of credit hours that you need to complete your doctoral coursework might depend on several factors: do you already have a master’s degree? Will you earn one en route to the doctorate? Or do you even need one? 

Different disciplines and research interests have their own PhD process, but even within your field of study, institutions may have diverse pathways for obtaining that terminal degree. For most, coursework will take anywhere from two to three years to complete.

During this time, students can serve as graduate research or teaching assistants or could even lead their own courses as instructors. In many degree programs, students develop their potential dissertation topics through their coursework and define their research plans in the next few years.

Steps to Getting a PhD: PhD Qualifying Exam and Comprehensive Exam

Many programs set up academic checkpoints to help keep students on track during their PhD journeys. The timing varies by program, but one of the most common – and possibly most stressful – forms of benchmarking is the PhD comprehensive exam or qualifying exam. Often administered around the end of the student’s coursework, these exams are your chance to demonstrate what you learned in your classes.

A faculty committee from your department oversees testing. Usually comprised of at least three members, your professors ask questions or assign writing prompts based on your experience in the program thus far. The format is generally a combination of written and oral exams designed to test your expertise in your discipline’s methodologies and significant content areas.

To better prepare yourself, research the number and kind of qualifying benchmarks the program will require in the university catalog before you begin your program. This will allow you and your advisor to effectively plan out the first few years of your degree and give you an idea of how you’ll be evaluated throughout your program.

Doctoral Dissertation Prospectus and Defense

You may be required to complete and defend a dissertation prospectus before officially becoming a PhD candidate. A prospectus is a document outlining your dissertation plan, which includes an explanation of your research topic, a potential outline of your dissertation, the methodologies you intend to employ, the significance of your research question, and a bibliography including sources that form the foundation of your research.

Your prospectus allows your dissertation advisor to understand the scope of your project. It should be thorough enough that they can provide useful feedback to help shape your research plan. After some revisions, an approved prospectus is the green light to move into the next stage of your PhD.

Advancement to Doctoral Candidacy

If you have heard the term ABD – “All But Dissertation” – then that means you are in the home stretch of your doctoral program!

Well, sort of…only your dissertation remains!

Doctoral Dissertation Research and Writing

While you’ve made it through the coursework and qualifying exams, the dissertation is the culminating component of the doctoral degree. At this point, your approved research plan is ready to be set into motion. Depending on your discipline, this could be the stage where you travel extensively to conduct fieldwork, explore archives, or visit labs to collaborate on projects that relate to your dissertation work. For many students, the research phase can take a couple of years, but some may be able to complete it in one.

Writing your dissertation can be one of the most challenging parts of the whole PhD process. Not only are you condensing years of research into a single cohesive document, but you are also formulating graphs, charts, and other textual references to help clarify your argument. Often, formatting can be a major challenge for many students. 

In this stage, it’s most helpful to seek out resources to help you with the writing process. Many universities have dissertation writing workshops where you can learn best practices, as well as support groups where students meet regularly and help keep each other accountable. Most universities also offer competitive dissertation completion grants, supporting students with additional funding so they focus more of their time and effort on completing this undertaking.

Dissertation Defense

Everyone gets nervous about this major rite of passage. It can be difficult to take criticism over something you have poured your heart and soul into for years. Remember, though, that a good advisor will not let you defend if you’re not ready, and you literally wrote the book on your topic!

The dissertation defense is not intended to tear your work apart but rather is your opportunity to prove your expertise to your dissertation committee. Many defenses are open to observers, so you should attend a few in advance of your own, especially within your department, to get a sense of what it’s like. 

First, you’ll present the main points of your thesis. Then the committee will ask questions so they can clearly understand your arguments. Finally, they’ll send you out of the room while they deliberate and decide if you pass or not. If all goes well, you’ll be addressed as “Doctor” the next time you walk into the room!

Get Started on Your PhD Journey Today

No matter what your particular timeline looks like as you work toward your doctorate, know that the faculty and other students within your program are frequently a huge source of support — which means you won't do this alone! Additionally, every school has resources to assist PhD students, from libraries to writing centers to dedicated student support services. 

If you are excited about beginning your PhD journey, we invite you to request more information or reach out to one of our admissions professionals today. Best of luck as you begin this transformational experience!

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• PhD in USA – A Guide for 2024/25
• Finding a PhD

A PhD in USA takes approximately 5 – 6 years of full-time study and can cost between $12,000 – $45,000 per academic year. PhD programs in USA differ from that in the UK and Europe in that students must first take taught classes, coursework and exams before starting their research project.

Why Do a PhD in USA?

The United States has long had some of the most distinguished universities and advanced PhD programmes in the world. Combined with curriculum flexibility, rigorous teaching methods, vast funding opportunities, breathtaking campuses and significant career prospects, it’s no wonder that it is one of the most sought-after study destinations for research students.

In addition to comprehensive training standards, here are a few other reasons why a student may choose to undertake their PhD in the United States:

• Longer learning timeframes – A PhD in the US lasts longer than a PhD in the UK or Europe. This allows students to more confidently transition from undergraduate to postgraduate studies; more commonly referred to as ‘graduate studies’ in the US. This gives you the opportunity to learn more about your subject, research methods and academic writing in general before starting your research project.
• World-class universities – It’s no secret that some of the most well-known higher education institutions that continue to dominate global rankings are based in the United States. Although many factors go into determining whether a position is right for you, a PhD at a high-ranking American university will undeniably have many benefits, from excellent learning standards to access to innovative equipment and deep expertise.
• International network – The US has long been a popular choice among PhD students around the world. As such, the US hosts a diverse and multicultural learning environment in which many research students will quickly feel at home.
• Opportunities – With over 4,000 universities in the US, we can safely say you will have plenty of opportunities to find the ideal combination of project, supervisor and university that works for you.

Universities in USA

Universities in the United States can be divided into two types: public universities and private universities.

Public universities are financed by the state in which they are based. Because of this, public universities charge less for students from within the state and more for students from outside the state, including international students.

Private universities are not financed by their state, but by private donors, research funds and tuition fees. For this reason, private universities generally charge higher tuition fees than public universities and require all students to pay the same amount, regardless of whether they come from out-of-state or abroad.

According to the Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2024 , eight of the top ten universities in the world are located in the United States. These are:

Method of Study

The main difference between a PhD in the US and a PhD in Europe lies in the program structure. Whereas a European PhD essentially consists of a single phase lasting three to four years , an American PhD consists of three different phases, each with its own time frame.

• Phase One – The first phase lasts approximately two years and focuses on building a basic foundation for the doctoral student. This phase consists largely of taught components such as lectures, tutorials and laboratory sessions, in which the student learns more about theoretical concepts and research methods within their discipline.
• Phase Two – The second phase can be considered an assessment phase, which runs both periodically alongside and at the end of the first phase. Here, students complete coursework and take exams on the basis of the material they have covered of which they must pass in order to proceed to the third phase.
• Phase Three – The third phase lasts approximately three years and resembles the European PhD structure. During this period, the student undertakes an independent research project, including forming a research design, conducting experiments, writing a thesis (more commonly referred to in the USA as a dissertation) and sitting a viva exam.

Teaching Requirements

Besides structure, a key difference between a PhD program in the US and in Europe is the focus on teaching requirements. In the US, doctoral students are expected to lecture, lead tutorials, host laboratory sessions, mark coursework and provide office hours for undergraduate students. Although students studying in European will likely contribute to these at some point during their study, this would normally be on a voluntary basis and involve less time commitment.

Research Flexibility

Another difference is project flexibility. In Europe, students typically apply to a PhD project predetermined by a supervisor, and although there may be some scope to adapt the project, depending on the funding provider , it will usually be limited to how the project is carried out rather than what it is about. In the US, however, a student applies to become a doctoral candidate within a department rather than applying for a particular research project. This is because students are expected to decide on their thesis topic (also commonly referred to as a dissertation research topic) near the end of their first phase after they have developed a better understanding of their subject and know where their interests lie. Therefore, research students in the US generally have more flexibility and influence in the direction of their research than students in the United Kingdom or Europe.

PhD Admission Requirements in USA

PhD admission into US universities can be highly competitive, both because of the limited number of positions and the large number of annual applicants.

The eligibility requirements for a doctoral program in the USA can generally be divided into four sections:

• Grade Point Average ( GPA ) – in the US, a scoring system known as Grade Point Average is used to measure academic ability. A student’s GPA is calculated as a weighted score of the subjects they study during their undergraduate degree; an equivalent score is calculated by universities for international applicants. Although universities rarely set minimum GPA requirements for doctoral study, it’s worth being aware that a GPA of 3.0 is equivalent to a UK second class honours (2:1); the typical entry requirement for UK universities.
• Graduate Records Exam (GRE) – most universities will require you to take a series of examinations known as Graduate Records Exams, which are used to determine your suitability for graduate study. GREs will assess your analytical, reasoning and critical thinking skills as well as your depth of your subject.
• Student aptitude – in addition to academic ability, US universities also look for characteristics of a strong researcher. These include traits such as engaging in the subject in your own time, e.g. by attending talks and conferences, demonstrating a high degree of independence and enthusiasm, and a general passion for your subject.
• English Language Proficiency – international students whose first language is not English must sit language exams such as IELTS or TOELF to demonstrate their English language proficiency.

International students will also require a F1 student visa in order to study in the US, however, you would typically apply for this after you have secured a place into a doctorate program.

How to Apply for PhD in USA

When applying for a PhD position at a graduate school, the application process will differ between universities, however, they will all typically ask for the following:

• Academic CV – a short document summarising your educational background and current level of experience .
• Personal statement – a document which outlines why you believe you are suitable for PhD study and your passion for the subject.
• Academic transcripts – a complete breakdown of the modules and their respective marks you have taken as part of your previous/current degree.
• GRE scores – a transcript of your Graduate Records Exam results.
• Research statement – a condensed version of a research proposal outlining your general research interests, if required.
• Recommendation letters – references from several academic referees who endorse your qualities as a person, your abilities as a student and your potential as a doctoral researcher.

Application Deadlines and Fees

Since PhD programs in the United States have taught components, they commence at the same time as all other taught degrees, and therefore share the same application deadlines and start dates. This corresponds to an application period that typically begins in August and ends in February. Admission decisions are typically made in April, with successful students starting in August/September.

When you apply to a graduate school, you will be expected to pay a fee for each doctorate application to cover the school’s administrative costs for processing your application. The fee varies from university to university, but typically ranges from $50 to $100 .

Funding your PhD in USA

It’s very common for a PhD student to receive financial aid in the form of a PhD scholarship; in fact, this will be the case for the vast majority of students in the US.

PhD funding can be ‘fully funded’ covering the student’s graduate program tuition fees, accommodation and living costs, or ‘partially funded’ covering the student’s tuition fee only in part or full.

Besides funding, a graduate student can take on an assistantship, such as a graduate teaching assistant or research assistant, in which they take on a part-time salaried position at the university alongside their studies.

Due to the international and collaborate nature of American universities, there are also a number of international scholarships available, such as the Fulbright Scholarship and the AAUW International Fellowship .

PhD Duration in USA

In the US, a PhD takes approximately 5 – 6 years to complete if studying full-time, and 8 – 10 years if studying part-time.

If you already have a Master’s degree, your first phase can be shortened by one year at the discretion of the university.

Cost of a PhD in USA

The cost of a PhD program in the US can vary considerably depending on the type of university, i.e. whether it’s a public or private university, the doctoral course, i.e. whether it’s in a STEM subject such as computer science, engineering or a non-STEM subject, and whether you are a home or international student.

In general, however, the typical annual tuition fee for a PhD in the US is between $12,000 and $45,000 per academic year.

As with any doctoral degree, additional costs may include travel for collaborations, bench fees, accommodation and living expenses.

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How Long Does It Take to Get a Ph.D. Degree?

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Earning a Ph.D. from a U.S. grad school typically requires nearly six years, federal statistics show.

(CAIAIMAGE/TOM MERTON/GETTY IMAGES)

A Ph.D. is most appropriate for someone who is a “lifelong learner.” 

Students who have excelled within a specific academic discipline and who have a strong interest in that field may choose to pursue a Ph.D. degree. However, Ph.D. degree-holders urge prospective students to think carefully about whether they truly want or need a doctoral degree, since Ph.D. programs last for multiple years.

According to the Survey of Earned Doctorates, a census of recent research doctorate recipients who earned their degree from U.S. institutions, the median amount of time it took individuals who received their doctorates in 2017 to complete their program was 5.8 years. However, there are many types of programs that typically take longer than six years to complete, such as humanities and arts doctorates, where the median time for individuals to earn their degree was 7.1 years, according to the survey.

Some Ph.D. candidates begin doctoral programs after they have already obtained master’s degrees, which means the time spent in grad school is a combination of the time spent pursuing a master’s and the years invested in a doctorate. In order to receive a Ph.D. degree, a student must produce and successfully defend an original academic dissertation, which must be approved by a dissertation committtee. Writing and defending a dissertation is so difficult that many Ph.D. students drop out of their Ph.D. programs having done most of the work necessary for degree without completing the dissertation component. These Ph.D. program dropouts often use the phrase “ all but dissertation ” or the abbreviation “ABD” on their resumes.

According to a comprehensive study of  Ph.D. completion rates  published by The Council of Graduate Schools in 2008, only 56.6% of people who begin Ph.D. programs earn Ph.D. degrees.

Ian Curtis, a founding partner with H&C Education, an educational and admissions consulting firm, who is pursuing a Ph.D. degree in French at Yale University , says there are several steps involved in the process of obtaining a Ph.D. Students typically need to fulfill course requirements and pass comprehensive exams, Curtis warns. “Once these obligations have been completed, how long it takes you to write your dissertation depends on who you are, how you work, what field you’re in and what other responsibilities you have in life,” he wrote in an email. Though some Ph.D. students can write a dissertation in a single year, that is rare, and the dissertation writing process may last for several years, Curtis says.

[ READ: What Is a Doctorate or a Doctoral Degree?  ]

Curtis adds that the level of support a Ph.D. student receives from an academic advisor or faculty mentor can be a key factor in determining the length of time it takes to complete a Ph.D. program. “Before you decide to enroll at a specific program, you’ll want to meet your future advisor,” Curtis advises. “Also, reach out to his or her current and former students to get a sense of what he or she is like to work with.”

Curtis also notes that if there is a gap between the amount of time it takes to complete a Ph.D. and the amount of time a student’s funding lasts, this can slow down the Ph.D. completion process. “Keep in mind that if you run out of funding at some point during your doctorate, you will need to find paid work, and this will leave you even less time to focus on writing your dissertation,” he says. “If one of the programs you’re looking at has a record of significantly longer – or shorter – times to competition, this is good information to take into consideration.”

Pierre Huguet, the CEO and co-founder of H&C Education, says prospective Ph.D. students should be aware that a Ph.D. is designed to prepare a person for a career as a scholar. “Most of the jobs available to Ph.D. students upon graduation are academic in nature and directly related to their fields of study: professor, researcher, etc.,” Huguet wrote in an email. “The truth is that more specialization can mean fewer job opportunities. Before starting a Ph.D., students should be sure that they want to pursue a career in academia, or in research. If not, they should make time during the Ph.D. to show recruiters that they’ve traveled beyond their labs and libraries to gain some professional hands-on experience.”

Jack Appleman, a business writing instructor, published author and Ph.D. candidate focusing on organizational communication with the  University at Albany—SUNY , says Ph.D. programs require a level of commitment and focus that goes beyond what is necessary for a typical corporate job. A program with flexible course requirements that allow a student to customize his or her curriculum based on academic interests and personal obligations is ideal, he says.

[ READ: Ph.D. Programs Get a Lot More Practical.  ]

Joan Kee, a professor at the University of Michigan  with the university’s history of art department, says that the length of time required for a Ph.D. varies widely depending on what subject the Ph.D. focuses on. “Ph.D. program length is very discipline and even field-specific; for example, you can and are expected to finish a Ph.D, in economics in under five years, but that would be impossible in art history (or most of the humanities),” she wrote in an email.

Jean Marie Carey, who earned her Ph.D. degree in art history and German from the  University of Otago  in New Zealand, encourages prospective Ph.D. students to check whether their potential Ph.D. program has published a timeline of how long it takes a Ph.D. student to complete their program. She says it is also prudent to speak with Ph.D. graduates of the school and ask about their experience.

Bennett urges prospective Ph.D. students to visit the campuses of their target graduate programs since a Ph.D. program takes so much time that it is important to find a school that feels comfortable. She adds that aspiring Ph.D. students who prefer a collaborative learning environment should be wary of graduate programs that have a cut-throat and competitive atmosphere, since such students may not thrive in that type of setting.

[ READ: 4 Fields Where Doctorates Lead to Jobs.  ]

Alumni of Ph.D. programs note that the process of obtaining a Ph.D. is arduous, regardless of the type of Ph.D. program. “A Ph.D. is a long commitment of your time, energy and financial resources, so it’ll be easier on you if you are passionate about research,” says Grace Lee, who has a Ph.D. in neuroscience and is the founder and CEO of Mastery Insights, an education and career coaching company, and the host of the Career Revisionist podcast.

“A Ph.D. isn’t about rehashing years of knowledge that is already out there, but rather it is about your ability to generate new knowledge. Your intellectual masterpiece (which is your dissertation) takes a lot of time, intellectual creativity and innovation to put together, so you have to be truly passionate about that,” Lee says.

Erin Skelly, a graduate admissions counselor at the IvyWise admissions consulting firm, says when a Ph.D. students struggles to complete his or her Ph.D. degree, it may have more to do with the student’s academic interests or personal circumstances than his or her program.

“The time to complete a Ph.D. can depend on a number of variables, but the specific discipline or school would only account for a year or two’s difference,” she wrote in an email. “When a student takes significantly longer to complete a Ph.D. (degree), it’s usually related to the student’s coursework and research – they need to take additional coursework to complete their comprehensive exams; they change the focus of their program or dissertation, requiring extra coursework or research; or their research doesn’t yield the results they hoped for, and they need to generate a new theory and conduct more research.”

Skelly warns that the average completion time of a Ph.D. program may be misleading in some cases, if the average is skewed based on one or two outliers. She suggests that instead of focusing on the duration of a particular Ph.D. program, prospective students should investigate the program’s attritition and graduation rates.

“It is worthwhile to look at the program requirements and the school’s proposed timeline for completion, and meet current students to get their input on how realistic these expectations for completion are,” Skelly says. “That can give you an honest idea of how long it will really take to complete the program.”

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1-Year PhD Doctoral Programs Online - Explained Everything

Kopal Srivastava Sep 16, 2024 1K Reads

A PhD is one of the highest academic degrees you can achieve. But what does it really take to earn the title of "Doctor"? How much work is involved? Are PhD programs really as challenging as people say? Most importantly, how long does it take to get one, and is it worth all the effort? Let’s break it down in simple terms.

What Is a PhD?

A PhD, or Doctor of Philosophy , is an advanced research doctorate degree. It’s for people who want to become experts in a specific field of study. Whether in arts, science, or another subject, the goal of a PhD is to make an original contribution to your field. This means you’ll be doing a lot of research, writing, and problem-solving.

A PhD takes a minimum of 3 to 6 years to complete, depending on the subject, the country, and how fast you work. In some cases, it could take even longer. On average, most students finish in about 4 to 5 years.

• First Year: In your first year, you’ll usually focus on coursework and learning more about your field. You’ll also start thinking about your research topic.
• Second Year: In the second year, you’ll start working on your research. This means gathering data, conducting experiments, or studying existing theories.
• Third Year and Beyond: The last few years are all about writing your thesis or dissertation. This is a long paper (often hundreds of pages) that presents your research and findings.

There are very few universities of foreign are there which offer a doctorate program that has a duration of 18 -24 months. Moreover, you can opt for an Online DBA, it stands for a Doctor of Business Administration and it is the perfect alternative for you if you want to complete your doctorate in a minimum of 3-5 years. Moreover, you can add a “Dr” title before your name that too without relocating to another country.

There are various universities that are offering you an online DBA. Some of the universities are: 

• Golden Gate University 
• Rushford Business School 
• ESGCI Paris School of Management 

What is a 1-Year PhD Doctorate Program? And is it possible? 

A 1-year PhD program is not available in Indian universities. PhD programs in India usually take 3-5 years to complete. This is because of the required coursework, deep research, and time needed to write and defend a dissertation. If you find a PhD program that promises completion in one year, be cautious.

Always check if the program is accredited by recognized educational bodies. This will help you know if the degree is valuable. Also, check the university’s ranking and reputation. A good institution with proper accreditation ensures that your PhD is respected by employers and academic institutions.

A PhD is a big commitment. It takes years of hard work, research, and study. Completing it too quickly may mean important parts are being skipped. Before joining any program that promises quick results, do thorough research. A good PhD program will give you the knowledge, skills, and recognition you need to succeed in your career.

How Long Does It Take to Complete a PhD Program? 

A PhD, or doctorate, is the highest degree you can earn in fields like psychology, engineering, education, and mathematics. Because of its level of difficulty, it usually takes longer to complete than a bachelor’s or master’s degree.

While many PhD programs are designed to be completed in three to five years, the reality is that most students take longer. This is often due to the time needed for research and writing a dissertation.

In 2020, for example, PhD students took anywhere from six to twelve years to finish their degrees. By comparison, a master’s degree usually takes one to three years. Also Read | PhD Duration In India !

What does UGC say about the Duration of the PhD Program? 

A PhD program must be completed in a minimum of two years excluding the time spent on coursework, and can take up to six years, and hence a PhD in one year is not accepted by the UGC The minimum time to complete a PhD is two years, but it can take as long as six years.

This timeframe allows students to focus deeply on their research and dissertation. The flexibility in duration recognizes that research can be unpredictable, and students need time to produce original, high-quality work.

Six years gives students room to complete their research without rushing, ensuring they meet the academic standards required for a PhD.

However, it is important to note that while the maximum is six years, most universities encourage students to finish sooner if possible. This range of time allows for a balance between academic rigor and practical considerations.

If students face challenges, institutions often have mechanisms to offer support or extensions, but completing the program within the six-year limit is the goal. Also Read | UGC PhD Regulations !

A well-planned PhD journey within this timeframe helps students maintain focus and ensures they have the necessary time to contribute valuable work to their field.

If you need more time beyond six years, the institution's specific rules will apply, but it cannot be extended by more than two additional years. For women and persons with disabilities (with more than 40% disability), an extra two years of relaxation is allowed.

Women candidates can also take Maternity Leave or Child Care Leave for up to 240 days during their PhD. Students may also be granted leave for research purposes after the first year:

• For short research trips (less than one month), permission is required from the supervisor and head of the department.
• For longer research missions (over one month), approval is needed from the Research Advisory Committee.
• Exchange programs, both within India and internationally, must also be approved by the Research Advisory Committee.

1- Year Online PhD Program: Is an online PhD valid? 

As I told you earlier, 1- one-year PhD is not accepted by the UGC , A PhD program must be completed in a minimum of two years excluding the time spent on coursework, and can take up to six years.

In simple words, you must have to spend at least 2- years in your PhD. You can not complete it in only 1 year. Now, let’s talk about if an online PhD is valid or not.

I would like to tell you that an online PhD is also not approved by the UGC (University Grants Commission) because the PhD is considered a practical program and hence it is not allowed in an online mode. 

UGC states “ Notwithstanding anything contained in these Regulations or any other Rule or Regulation, for the time being in force, no University/College shall conduct Ph.D. programs through distance education mode/online mode”. 

If you are looking for an Online PhD, then you can opt for an Online Doctor of Business Administration (DBA) is a specially designed doctorate program for working professionals who have experience in corporate. 

Moreover, they can pursue this program in an online mode. In simpler terms, you can pursue this program without quitting your job and without even relocation to another country. Various universities offer you an Online DBA.

Some of them are mentioned below :

1-Year PhD Global 

How long it takes to get a PhD depends on where and what you study. In the UK , most students take around 3 to 4 years to earn a PhD . However, in the US , the average time is much longer about 5.8 years . Different universities and countries have different timelines, so it’s important to do your research, especially if you're thinking of studying abroad. Certain subjects, especially technical ones, can take even longer.

For example, physics PhD students often spend up to 8 years working on their research before earning their degree. The same goes for psychology, where students often need to complete long practical placements in medical settings before finishing their doctorate.

Architecture is another field where earning a PhD is a long process. If you want a PhD in architecture, you could be studying for around 10 years. This is because architecture requires a lot of detailed research and practical experience.

On the other hand, some subjects require less time. For instance, PhDs in the biological sciences often take less time to complete compared to other fields.

You can opt for an Online DBA if you want to complete your doctorate without quitting your job or even without relocating to another country. Online DBA is also a doctorate program that adds up the “Dr” title before your name. Moreover, you can easily complete an online doctorate in a minimum of 3-5 years only.

What to Expect During Your PhD Journey Global 

If you're considering doing a PhD, it’s important to understand that it’s a big commitment. Most programs involve several stages, including coursework, research, and writing a dissertation.

The dissertation is a long research paper that you will need to defend in front of a panel of experts. It can take years to gather enough data, analyze it, and write it up properly. In technical fields like physics and engineering, your research might involve working in a lab or doing complex experiments, which takes time.

In fields like psychology, it may involve real-world placements in hospitals or clinics. Both types of work are time-consuming, which is why these programs tend to be longer.

A PhD is a serious commitment that requires time, effort, and dedication. The length of time it takes to complete depends on the subject, the country, and the university. Make sure to do your homework before choosing a program so you can plan for the journey ahead.

The path to earning a PhD may be long, but for many, the knowledge and opportunities gained make it worth the time.

Why should I do a PhD?

People choose to do a PhD for many different reasons. For some, it’s the biggest step towards a long career in academia. They aim to become professors, researchers, or experts in their field.

For others, a PhD helps them dive deeper into a specific topic, which could lead to exciting and profitable discoveries. Many groundbreaking ideas started as PhD research projects.

For example, Google founders Larry Page and Sergey Brin met while working on their Ph. D.s at Stanford University. There’s also the story of physicists Andre Geim and Kostya Novoselov, whose work at The University of Manchester led to the discovery of graphene.

Graphene is an atom-thin material that’s incredibly strong and highly conductive. Their research, supported by a team of PhD students, won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2004.

While Geim and Novoselov were already established professors, it was the contribution of PhD students that made the discovery possible.

Some students pursue a PhD simply for the love of learning. These curious individuals might not have a specific career in mind but enjoy expanding their knowledge and exploring new ideas. For them, a PhD is the best way to satisfy their curiosity and engage with the academic world.

In many cases, a PhD can open doors to innovative careers in research, industry, or even entrepreneurship. It’s not just about teaching; it’s about contributing to real-world solutions, starting new businesses, or making discoveries that change the way we live.

Whether you’re passionate about academia or excited by the possibility of creating something new, a PhD offers the freedom and tools to pursue your goals at the highest level.

Is there any way I can qualify sooner?

A small group of students managed to complete their PhDs in two years. Even fewer elite students can finish in just 12 months. This is extremely rare and impressive, but it's possible with the right approach.

The key to fast-tracking your PhD is building a strong academic background before you even start. One of the best ways to stand out is by publishing your work in academic journals as a master's student.

This shows professors your academic abilities and dedication. If you manage to get your PhD in two years or less, you'll be in remarkable company. One example is Professor Stephen Wolfram, who earned his PhD in particle physics from the California Institute of Technology in less than a year.

He was only 20 years old at the time. Before that, he had dropped out of Oxford University at just 17 because he found the lectures too easy. His achievements show this wasn’t just youthful overconfidence. Wolfram went on to create a new computer programming language and introduced groundbreaking ideas in algebra and artificial intelligence.

Achieving a PhD so quickly isn’t easy. It takes exceptional talent, hard work, and focus. You need to stay highly motivated, manage your time well, and build a strong academic portfolio early on. If you can do this, you might join the ranks of brilliant minds like Wolfram. However, keep in mind that this fast-track path is rare. Most PhD students take three to five years or more to complete their studies because of the depth of research and the time needed to write a solid dissertation.

Finishing a PhD in such a short time is impressive, but it’s important not to rush the process at the expense of quality. A PhD is about learning, growing, and contributing to your field in a meaningful way. While it’s inspiring to hear stories of people like Stephen Wolfram, each student’s journey is unique, and taking the time to produce solid, well-researched work is what truly matters in the end. 

Conclusion 

In conclusion, a PhD is a big commitment that requires time, effort, and dedication. While some students finish quickly, most take several years to complete. It's important to focus on quality research and learning, not just speed. Make sure to choose a program that fits your goals and timeline. Moreover, a 1-year PhD program is not accepted by the UGC.

FAQs (Frequently Asked Questions)

⭐ can i finish a phd in 1 year in the uk.

It's possible but very rare. While some students finish in 12 months or two years, it's not something to realistically aim for. Most PhDs take at least three years in the UK.

⭐ Can I complete a PhD in 1 year?

Yes, but it's extremely rare. Only a few elite students manage this, and they usually have a very strong academic background before starting. Moreover, in India the minimum years to complete the PhD is 3-5 years but you can also complete it in 2 years but you can not complete your PhD in 1 year. 

⭐ How long does a PhD take in the UK?

A full-time PhD takes 3-4 years. If you're studying part-time, it usually takes 5-6 years.

⭐ What is the quickest PhD to get?

PhDs like the Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) and Doctor of Occupational Therapy (OTD) can be completed in 2-3 years. These focus more on practical work and less on research.

⭐ Is 25 too late for a PhD?

No, 25 is not too late. Many students finish their PhDs by 25 if they start after completing their bachelor’s at 21 or 22.

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5 routes to getting a Doctorate

While most of those studying for a PhD take the PhD by thesis pathway, there are five viable routes to achieving a Doctorate, with both full-time and part-time options available

PhD by thesis

This is the most common means of getting a Doctorate. Over the three or four years of research at university, your PhD supervisor will support you as you aim to produce a thesis based on your research proposal .

A thesis is typically 60,000-90,000 words in length - although this can vary between institutions. For instance, the University of Glasgow's College of Social Sciences expects a thesis to be 70,000 to 100,000 words including references, bibliography and appendices, while the University of Cambridge has set an upper limit of 80,000 words.

Once completed, you'll need to defend your PhD thesis in front of a panel of examiners during your viva voce .

Doctorate by publication

This route involves submitting previously published work - such as books, book chapters and journal articles, which together form a coherent body of work and show evidence of an original contribution to a particular field of study.

The PhD by publication route is often taken by mid-career academics that haven't had the opportunity to undertake a standard Doctorate degree.

Generally, a minimum of five to eight published pieces are required, but this varies between institutions and depends on their length. The published work will be assessed to the same rigorous standards as a traditional PhD by thesis.

You must also provide a written supporting statement, which typically ranges from 5,000 to 15,000 words.

For instance, the University of Westminster asks for a commentary of 5,000 words (science and technology subjects) or 10,000 words (arts, social sciences and humanities). On the other hand, Queen Margaret University Edinburgh requires 12,000 to 15,000 words on the rationale and theoretical context for the portfolio of published work.

The work will then be presented to an academic committee. A supervisor will assist you with selecting which publications to submit, as well as guidance on the supporting statement.

Some universities accept only their own graduates for a PhD by publication, while others restrict this route to their academic staff. In general, you should have graduated from your first degree at least seven years ago to be eligible.

For example, The University of Manchester has published its own Guidance for the PhD By Published Work , with eligibility only extending to current members of staff.

Professional Doctorate

This type of Doctorate includes a significant taught component and a smaller research project, and is geared primarily towards current professionals in vocational sectors such as:

• engineering and manufacturing
• teaching and education .

Professional Doctorates are often taken on a part-time basis and can last between two and eight years. Like their standard PhD counterparts, they usually begin in October or January.

While you won't typically be looking to get an academic job , your research is expected to contribute to theory as well as professional practice. Projects often revolve around a real-life issue that affects your employer.

Several professional Doctorates, such as the Doctorate in Clinical Psychology (DClinPsy), are accredited by a professional body - for instance, the Health & Care Professions Council (HCPC) and The British Psychological Society (BPS) - and may also lead to a professional qualification .

Common titles for graduates of professional Doctorate degrees include:

• Doctor of Business Administration (DBA)
• Doctor of Education (EdD)
• Doctor of Engineering (EngD)
• Doctor of Medicine (MD).

Unlike many professional Doctorates, the EngD is typically offered as a full-time course and is aimed at young engineering graduates with little or no professional experience.

Integrated PhD

This four-year qualification, also known as the New Route PhD, involves studying a one-year research Masters degree (MRes) before progressing onto a three-year PhD.

Offered by a select number of universities across the UK, integrated PhDs are supported by the government and the British Council through UK Research and Innovation (UKRI) .

Visit Research Council funding for further information on research and funding for different types of PhD.

The integrated PhD involves a combination of taught materials, practical experience and advanced research. This allows you to learn subject-specific methodologies, while building the transferable skills that will enable you to become a leader in your chosen profession.

Institutions can also develop personalised integrated PhD programmes to meet each student's needs. For example, universities may offer you the opportunity to gain a postgraduate certificate (PGCert) in Learning and Teaching in Higher Education - perfect if you're considering a career as a higher education lecturer .

Online/distance learning PhD

As PhDs are based primarily on independent research rather than time spent in lectures and seminars, distance learning has always been a viable route for many Doctoral students.

PhDs by distance learning offered by course providers such as The Open University are therefore a good option to consider if you've got family or work commitments or are an international student - as this gives you the chance to undertake Doctoral research without having to live close to your chosen institution. It's also a suitable mode of study if your subject requires you to be based in a specific location away from the university.

For the most part, you'll be in touch with your supervisor by phone, email or Skype/Zoom. You'll need to bear in mind that even if you opt for this form of research, you'll generally still need to attend university for one or two weeks of each academic year for meetings and to receive research skills training. Your final exam may be undertaken either face-to-face or virtually.

With online PhDs, you can usually register as a full or part-time student. The level of fees you pay varies between institutions - some charge the same as for a standard PhD while others offer a reduced rate.

Check that any funding you plan to apply for is available to distance learning students, as this isn't always the case.

Search for online/distance learning PhDs .

Find out more

• Discover what is a PhD?
• Sort out funding for postgraduate study .
• Consider what to do after completing your PhD .

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• Harvard Business School →
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PhD Programs

• Accounting & Management
• Business Economics
• Health Policy (Management)
• Organizational Behavior
• Technology & Operations Management

Students in our PhD programs are encouraged from day one to think of this experience as their first job in business academia—a training ground for a challenging and rewarding career generating rigorous, relevant research that influences practice.

Our doctoral students work with faculty and access resources throughout HBS and Harvard University. The PhD program curriculum requires coursework at HBS and other Harvard discipline departments, and with HBS and Harvard faculty on advisory committees. Faculty throughout Harvard guide the programs through their participation on advisory committees.

How do I know which program is right for me?

There are many paths, but we are one HBS. Our PhD students draw on diverse personal and professional backgrounds to pursue an ever-expanding range of research topics. Explore more here about each program’s requirements & curriculum, read student profiles for each discipline as well as student research , and placement information.

The PhD in Business Administration grounds students in the disciplinary theories and research methods that form the foundation of an academic career. Jointly administered by HBS and GSAS, the program has four areas of study: Accounting and Management , Marketing , Strategy , and Technology and Operations Management . All areas of study involve roughly two years of coursework culminating in a field exam. The remaining years of the program are spent conducting independent research, working on co-authored publications, and writing the dissertation. Students join these programs from a wide range of backgrounds, from consulting to engineering. Many applicants possess liberal arts degrees, as there is not a requirement to possess a business degree before joining the program

The PhD in Business Economics provides students the opportunity to study in both Harvard’s world-class Economics Department and Harvard Business School. Throughout the program, coursework includes exploration of microeconomic theory, macroeconomic theory, probability and statistics, and econometrics. While some students join the Business Economics program directly from undergraduate or masters programs, others have worked in economic consulting firms or as research assistants at universities or intergovernmental organizations.

The PhD program in Health Policy (Management) is rooted in data-driven research on the managerial, operational, and strategic issues facing a wide range of organizations. Coursework includes the study of microeconomic theory, management, research methods, and statistics. The backgrounds of students in this program are quite varied, with some coming from public health or the healthcare industry, while others arrive at the program with a background in disciplinary research

The PhD program in Organizational Behavior offers two tracks: either a micro or macro approach. In the micro track, students focus on the study of interpersonal relationships within organizations and the effects that groups have on individuals. Students in the macro track use sociological methods to examine organizations, groups, and markets as a whole, including topics such as the influence of individuals on organizational change, or the relationship between social missions and financial objectives. Jointly administered by HBS and GSAS, the program includes core disciplinary training in sociology or psychology, as well as additional coursework in organizational behavior.

Accounting & Management  

Business economics  , health policy (management)  , marketing  , organizational behavior  , strategy  , technology & operations management  .

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Getting a Ph.D. in Psychology

Verywell / Evan Polenghi

Ph.D. vs. Psy.D.

Job opportunities, earning a degree, specialty areas, alternatives.

Getting a Ph.D. in psychology can open up a whole new world of career opportunities. For many careers paths in psychology-related career paths, a doctoral degree is necessary to obtain work and certification. A Ph.D. is one option, but it is not the only educational path that's available to reach some of these goals.

A Ph.D., or doctor of philosophy, is one of the highest level degrees you can earn in the field of psychology . If you're considering pursuing a graduate degree, you might be wondering how long it takes to earn a Ph.D. in psychology . Generally, a bachelor's degree takes four years of study. While a master's degree requires an additional two to three years of study beyond the bachelor's, a doctoral degree can take between four to six years of additional graduate study after earning your bachelor's degree.

Recently, a new degree option known as the Psy.D. , or doctor of psychology, has grown in popularity as an alternative to the Ph.D. The type of degree you decide to pursue depends on a variety of factors, including your own interests and your career aspirations.

Before deciding which is right for you, research your options and decide if graduate school in psychology is even the best choice for you. Depending on your career goals, you might need to earn a master's or doctoral degree in psychology in order to practice in your chosen field. In other instances, a degree in a similar subject such as counseling or social work may be more appropriate.

A doctorate in psychology is required if you want to open your own private practice.

If you want to become a licensed psychologist, you must earn either a Ph.D. or a Psy.D. in clinical or counseling psychology.

In most cases, you will also need a doctorate if you want to teach and conduct research at the college or university level. While there are some opportunities available for people with a master's degree in various specialty fields, such as industrial-organizational psychology and health psychology , those with a doctorate will generally find higher pay, greater job demand, and more opportunity for growth.

In order to earn a Ph.D. in psychology, you need to first begin by earning your bachelor's degree. While earning your undergraduate degree in psychology can be helpful, students with bachelor's degrees in other subjects can also apply their knowledge to psychology Ph.D. programs . Some students in doctorate programs may have a master's degree in psychology , but most doctorate programs do not require it.

After you’ve been admitted to a graduate program, it generally takes at least four years to earn a Ph.D. and another year to complete an internship. Once these requirements have been fulfilled, you can take state and national exams to become licensed to practice psychology in the state where you wish to work.

Once you enter the graduate level of psychology, you will need to choose an area of specialization, such as clinical psychology , counseling psychology, health psychology, or cognitive psychology . The American Psychological Association (APA) accredits graduate programs in three areas: clinical, counseling, and school psychology.   If you are interested in going into one of these specialty areas, it's important to choose a school that has received accreditation through the APA.

For many students, the choice may come down to a clinical psychology program versus a counseling psychology program. There are many similarities between these two Ph.D. options, but there are important distinctions that students should consider. Clinical programs may have more of a research focus while counseling programs tend to focus more on professional practice. The path you choose will depend largely on what you plan to do after you complete your degree.

Of course, the Ph.D. in psychology is not the only graduate degree option. The Psy.D. is a doctorate degree option that you might also want to consider. While there are many similarities between these two degrees, traditional Ph.D. programs tend to be more research-oriented while Psy.D. programs are often more practice-oriented.

The Ph.D. option may be your top choice if you want to mix professional practice with teaching and research, while the Psy.D. option may be preferred if you want to open your own private psychology practice.

In the book "An Insider's Guide to Graduate Programs in Clinical and Counseling Psychology," authors John C. Norcross and Michael A. Sayette suggest that one of the key differences between the two-degree options is that the Ph.D. programs train producers of research while Psy.D. programs train consumers of research. However, professional opportunities for practice are very similar with both degree types.

Research suggests that there are few discernible differences in terms of professional recognition, employment opportunities, or clinical skills between students trained in the Ph.D. or Psy.D. models. One of the few differences is that those with a Ph.D. degree are far more likely to be employed in academic settings and medical schools.

Social work, counseling, education, and the health sciences are other graduate options that you may want to consider if you decide that a doctorate degree is not the best fit for your interests and career goals.

A Word From Verywell

If you are considering a Ph.D. in psychology, spend some time carefully researching your options and thinking about your future goals. A doctoral degree is a major commitment of time, resources, and effort, so it is worth it to take time to consider the right option for your goals. The Ph.D. in psychology can be a great choice if you are interested in being a scientist-practitioner in the field and want to combine doing research with professional practice. It's also great training if you're interested in working at a university where you would teach classes and conduct research on psychological topics.

University of Pennsylvania; School of Arts and Sciences. Information for applicants .

American Psychological Association. Doctoral degrees in psychology: How are they different, or not so different?

U.S. Department of Labor.  Psychologists . Occupational Outlook Handbook .

Norcross JC, Sayette MA. An Insider's Guide to Graduate Programs in Clinical and Counseling Psychology (2020/2021 ed.) . New York, NY: The Guilford Press; 2020.

Davis SF, Giordano PJ, Licht CA. Your Career in Psychology: Putting Your Graduate Degree to Work . John Wiley & Sons; 2012. doi:10.1002/9781444315929

US Department of Education. Bachelor's, master's, and doctor's degrees conferred by postsecondary institutions, by sex of student and discipline division: 2016-17 .

By Kendra Cherry, MSEd Kendra Cherry, MS, is a psychosocial rehabilitation specialist, psychology educator, and author of the "Everything Psychology Book."

Ph.D. Graduate Program in Psychological Sciences and Human Development

Introduction.

The Graduate Field of Psychological Sciences and Human Development (PSYHD)  includes faculty members from departments across the university including Psychology, Neurobiology and Behavior, Communication, and Philosophy.  See below for more on the Cornell Field System. The dominant strengths of the PSYHD Field lie in four broadly defined areas: Cognition , Development ,  Neuroscience , and Social and Personality . The goal of the Field is to educate students to become researchers, scholars, and teachers who will contribute to the future of psychology as a scientific discipline in academic or other research-oriented settings.

Our program prepares students for research and teaching careers in academic life, work in government agencies, and careers in industry or other public and private sectors.  We encourage you to explore the history of our M.A. and Ph.D. theses through the  Cornell University Theses/Dissertations guide .

Please note that we do not offer training in clinical psychology, counseling, school psychology, community psychology, industrial psychology, or clinical neuropsychology.  Applicants with primary interests in these subjects are not admitted.

To enter the PSYHD Doctoral (Ph.D.) program, you must  apply directly  to the Cornell University Graduate School. You may also want to investigate the  Cornell Graduate School  site for additional information about applying.

Application portal opens on September 1   Application portal closes on December 1 (11:59 pm)

Ph.D. Program

We offer three Ph.D. Degrees:

•Ph.D. in Psychology  •Ph.D. in Developmental Psychology  •Ph.D. in Human Development and Family Studies

The Ph.D. Graduate Student Handbook (Quick Guide) can be found here.

The Ph.D. program in PSYHD is a research focused, apprentice-styled (mentor-mentee) graduate program.  The curriculum and requirements are designed for a 5 year program; the median time to complete the Ph.D. is 5.5 years.

Student progress is supervised by a Primary Advisor who serves as the Chair of a Special Committee comprised of two faculty members, typically within the Psychological Sciences and Human Development graduate field . Prospective students should investigate the faculty members within the PSYHD field, and particularly within the Department of Psychology, whose research interests are compatible with the students' interests.  Prospective students for the Ph.D. program should then contact those faculty directly before applying.

Application requirements

• Unofficial transcript of the undergraduate record
• Three letters of recommendation , with a fourth letter optional, which your recommenders will upload to the application.

Academic Statement of Purpose

Describe (within 1000 words) the substantive research questions you are interested in pursuing during your graduate studies, and explain how our program would help you achieve your intellectual goals. Additionally, detail your academic background, intellectual interests and any training or research experience you have received that you believe has prepared you for our program. Within your statement, please also identify specific faculty members whose research interests align with your own interests.

Personal statement of interest

Please describe (within 1000 words) how your personal background and experiences influenced your decision to pursue a graduate degree. Additionally, provide insight on your potential to contribute to a community of inclusion, belonging, and respect where scholars representing diverse backgrounds, perspectives, abilities, and experiences can learn and work productively and positively together. We also encourage you to include information on any of the following areas:

• How your personal, academic, and/or professional experiences demonstrate your ability to be both persistent and resilient especially when navigating challenging circumstances.
• How you engage with others and have facilitated and/or participated in productive teams.
• How you have experienced or come to understand the barriers faced by others whose experiences and backgrounds may differ from your own.
• If relevant, how your research interests focus on issues related to diversity, inclusion, access, inequality, and/or equity.
• Your service and/or leadership in efforts to advance diversity, inclusion, access, and equity especially by those from backgrounds historically underrepresented and/or marginalized.
• Additional context around any perceived gaps or weaknesses in your academic record (including, but not limited to, personal and family struggles with unemployment and health as a result of the pandemic, systemic discrimination and the fight for civil rights, and any other situational factors that may have impacted achievements throughout your life).

Applicants are not required to submit scores on the GRE; the GRE subject test in psychology, or to have had an undergraduate major in psychology. 

Prior research experience is highly desirable; applicants may submit research reports or work.

Additional requirements for International applicants:

• English Language Proficiency requirement (TOEFL or IELTS)
• International Degree Equivalencies

The Field Structure

At Cornell, graduate study is organized using a field structure.   Fields are composed of faculty members from a number of departments who come together around a shared intellectual interest, and may draw from different campuses or colleges.  Graduate students are admitted to fields of study.  Within each field, they select major and minor subjects, which are research interests or concentrations.

Fields span departments and even disciplines.  It’s possible for a student in the field of economics to include faculty on his or her special committee from industrial labor and economics, civil and environmental engineering, and sociology, along with the more traditional economics and management.

Click here for the complete "Fields of Study, Subjects, and Concentrations" in PDF form .

Student Life

Alexander G. Ophir, Director of Graduate Studies Uris Hall, Room 218 E-mail:  [email protected] Phone:  607-255-3714

Pamela A. Cunningham, Graduate Field Assistant   •  Psychology Ph.D. Uris Hall, Room 211A E-mail:  [email protected] Phone:  607-255-3834 Fax: 607-255-8433

Marianne Arcangeli, Graduate Field Assistant   •  Developmental Psychology Ph.D.   •  Human Development and Family Studies Ph.D. Martha Van Rensselaer Hall, Room G201B E-mail:  [email protected] Phone:  607-255-4661

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Welcoming Stephanie Zandee to the Ludmer Centre and The Neuro

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Stephanie Zandee, PhD, recently joined McGill, where she will be an Assistant Professor in the Integrated Program in Neuroscience, and a researcher and the leader of the Zandee Lab. Joining the Montreal Neurological Institute, Prof. Zandee is the first new Principal Investigator to embark on the Single-Cell Genomic Brain Initiative, studying multiple sclerosis (MS) at the single-cell level. We had the chance to speak with her about her career thus far, and her ambitions in her new role.

Tell us about your research and your career so far.

I started my career at Radboud University (Nijmegen, the Netherlands), where I studied molecular life sciences. I really enjoyed the combination of chemistry and the relationship to disease biology, so I completed a master’s degree in Molecular Mechanisms of Disease. This is an international honours program, with a cohort of 24 people coming from all over the world each year. It was great to work with people from different backgrounds and cultures. As part of the program, I completed an internship at the University of Edinburgh. I was particularly interested in the intersection of neuroscience and immunology, as such MS was a highly relevant field of study. I studied MS lesion pathology and created a method to study up to 7 different markers simultaneously to understand lesions better. I became interested in anti-inflammatory regulatory T cells, and why they don’t behave normally in MS patients. I completed my doctorate deepening my understanding of this phenomenon. I also worked in mouse models of MS, using machine learning on immunofluroescent images of lesions.

For my postdoctoral studies, I joined the laboratory of Alexandre Prat, MD, PhD at the Centre de Recherche du CHUM at Université de Montréal (UdeM), to further explore the regulatory T cells migration over the blood—brain barrier. During my postdoctoral fellowship, I was leading the MS Brain Bank and rapid autopsy program, where I will continue to help out now. I also collaborated with Rubèn López-Vales, PhD , at Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, looking at cytokine IL-37 in MS mouse models. Though we don’t know much about this anti-inflammatory cytokine, we know it plays a role in autoimmune diseases and cancer. In the case of autoimmune diseases, people with higher levels of cytokine IL-37 tend to have better disease outcomes. In mouse models of MS, we found that higher expression of it was associated with less influx of immune cells into the spinal cord and brain, and less demyelination. In one of my postdoctoral projects, I looked at the effect of IL-37 on the blood-brain barrier. We also found cells in the Central Nervous System (CNS) that can make cytokine IL-37, potentially hinting at a self-regulatory mechanism to treat inflammation in the brain. This is what I am to investigate further with my lab.

How will the Zandee Lab integrate these findings and advance MS research?

The lab’s overarching goal will be to look at MS pathology, and the underlying factors and molecular underpinnings which govern the timing and the location of lesions. Following up on my findings with Prof. López-Vales, I want to study cytokine IL-37 during homeostasis and CNS inflammation to better understand its role in the brain and explore its potential as a treatment by triggering its expression. We will use a combination of techniques and modalities, such as single-cell RNA sequencing, neuroimaging and flow cytometry. In collaboration with researchers at Mila , we will be using multimodal analysis and machine learning to combine the findings from these different methods to try and discover underlying disease patterns.

Why do you want to use single-cell technology for your research?

Other techniques, such as bulk RNA sequencing, have been helpful and provide a lot of information. However, the patterns we extract from them include a combination of cell types in different states. We don’t know if the information comes from cells in homeostasis or in disease state. The benefit of single-cell sequencing is that we can tease apart these different cell clusters. Adding spatial sequencing, we could then see where these cells are in the tissue and in the actual lesion. Technology has evolved and we are now able to get spatial sequencing at a single-cell resolution. This combination of single-cell and spatial sequencing is ideal to understand what is happening, and where.

Was there a specific event that inspired you to study multiple sclerosis?

There are two that come to mind. During my internship and my PhD, I used confocal microscopy to develop a staining method looking at as many biomarkers in tissue as possible. I managed to design a method that can measure seven different markers simultaneously, which was a huge accomplishment. I was also learning how to use machine learning methods to take into account the vast amount of information coming out of this method. Looking at machine learning analysis, I wondered how we could do this for hundreds of thousands of molecules to really understand what these cells are doing, how they communicate with each other, and what causes lesion development. Realizing how machine learning could help science move forward was a big moment and I wanted to be a part of that.

Another big moment was when I accompanied a neuropathologist to see the brain of a human being, all while respecting the patient’s dignity and sacrifice. These individuals donate their brain to science to help others with the same disease. Holding that patient’s brain and seeing their lesions, you can’t get much closer to the disease. I know I can’t help that person anymore, but I hope I can contribute to their wish of granting a better life for those who are still alive.

Tell us about your collaborations to enhance the impact of your research.

I will continue collaborating with Dr. Prat at UdeM, working with brain tissues from the Brain Bank. At The Neuro, I will be collaborating closely with Adil Harroud, MD , Jack Antel, MD , Jo Anne Stratton, PhD , and also with Wayne Moore, MD . Dr. Harroud is a specialist in MS genetics, Dr. Antel is an expert in oligodendrocytes (the cells that produce the protective myelin sheath surrounding neurons), Prof. Stratton is more focused on ependymal cells, while Dr. Moore is studying contribution of the choroid plexus to lesion formation. The Zandee Lab will focus on differences between periventricular and deep white matter lesions. The five of us will bring our combined research in these different brain areas together, and it’s a great opportunity for us to get a more complete picture of what’s happening. At the Ludmer Centre, I’m very interested in working with Corina Nagy, PhD , and plan on using tissue from the Douglas Bell Canada Brain Bank. I’m very interested in doing nuclear sequencing, which Prof. Nagy and Prof. Stratton are both experts in. I look forward to all these collaborations.

How will your research contribute to the development of new treatments or diagnostic tools?

Studying the disease at the single-cell level will allow us to look at the disease states of the different cell types, and to better understand the disease progression and its different phases. It could potentially help us identify the pathways that are up- or down-regulated and give us a better candidate for what mechanism to target for treatment options. Many of the existing treatment options target the immune system, but none target the brain itself. If we can find the specific mechanism in the CNS or have a better understanding of what’s happening in the lesions, we can really improve the lives of the patients. At The Neuro, scientists are developing Positron Emission Tomography (PET) tracers for inflammation in the brain which can be used to follow patients over time and see the response to different treatment options in the future. If we can identify more non-invasive imaging-based targets through single-cell sequencing, that would be amazing.

Why did you decide to stay in Montreal and at McGill? There are a lot of collaborations happening across Canada. People are reaching out to help each other, and I really like this environment. At McGill, there are a lot of collaborations between the people in the MS field, like the ones I mentioned earlier. Montreal is a beacon of hope in neuroscience research, and there is a particularly good MS hub here. From clinical to neuroimaging, to single-cell and nuclear sequencing, there is a community of researchers looking at different aspects of MS. It’s the whole package.

What are your vision and your mission in building your own lab? What values do you want to pass on to the next cohort of scientists?

I want to create a space where we are continually learning from each other. It’s great to see the student trajectory from when they first enter the lab, start to gain confidence, and come up with their own interpretation and ideas. Each new cohort brings new ideas and perspectives, and it’s a privilege to witness this journey as they become their own scientists. I’ve trained a lot of students in the past, and I look forward to welcoming my first master’s student, Sara Chafik, this fall. In the Zandee Lab, I want to cultivate a passion for multidisciplinary approaches in science. More and more, we see the involvement of multiple systems in different disease mechanisms. We need to start looking over the bounds and borders of our own field for different experts to come together, learn from each other and expand our knowledge to more than one system. I would like my trainees to think outside the box and learn from other disciplines.

Anything else you’d like to mention?

I’m thankful to everybody who’s helped me along the way. I’ve had great teachers and mentors and amazing opportunities. Sometimes these were my supervisors, but there were also people from other labs or just a bit ahead of me in their career. I’m part of the International Women in Multiple Sclerosis , a society where different researchers support each other. I first joined as a mentee and am now in a place to offer mentorship. It’s nice to be able to receive support, but to also be able to pay it forward. Of course, your lab supervisors are the obvious mentors and will help you find your path; all these other mentors are just as important for you to progress in your career. You don’t become an assistant professor overnight - it takes a village.

Department and University Information

Ludmer centre.

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