what is a composite essay

What Is Composition? Definition, Types, and Examples

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• An Introduction to Punctuation
• Ph.D., Rhetoric and English, University of Georgia
• M.A., Modern English and American Literature, University of Leicester
• B.A., English, State University of New York

In the literary sense, a composition (from the Latin "to put together") is the way a writer assembles words and sentences to create a coherent and meaningful work. Composition can also mean the activity of writing, the nature of the subject of a piece of writing, the piece of writing itself, and the name of a college course assigned to a student. This essay focuses on practicing how people write.

Key Takeaways

• In writing, composition refers to the way a writer structures a piece of writing.
• The four modes of composition, which were codified in the late 19th century, are description, narration, exposition, and argumentation.
• Good writing can include elements of multiple modes of composition.

Composition Definition

Just like a musician and an artist, a writer sets the tone of a composition to his or her purpose, making decisions about what that tone should be to form a structure. A writer might express anything from the point of view of cool logic to impassioned anger. A composition might use clean and simple prose, flowery, descriptive passages, or analytical nomenclature.

Since the 19th century, English writers and teachers have been grappling with ways to classify forms and modes of writing so beginner writers can have a place to start. After decades of struggle, rhetoricians ended up with four categories of writing that still make up the mainstream of Composition 101 college classes: Description, Narration , Exposition , and Argumentation .

Types of Composition Writing 

The four classical types of composition (description, narration, exposition, and argumentation) are not categories, per se. They would almost never stand alone in a piece of writing, but rather are best-considered modes of writing, pieces of writing styles that can be combined and used to create a whole. That is to say, they can inform a piece of writing, and they are good starting points for understanding how to put a piece of writing together.

Examples for each of the following composition types are based on the American poet Gertrude Stein's famous quote from " Sacred Emily ," her 1913 poem: "A rose is a rose is a rose."

Description

A description, or descriptive writing, is a statement or account that describes something or someone, listing characteristic features and significant details to provide a reader with a portrayal in words. Descriptions are set in the concrete, in the reality, or solidity of an object as a representation of a person, place, or thing in time. They provide the look and feel of objects, a simultaneous whole, with as many details as you'd like.

A description of a rose might include the color of the petals, the aroma of its perfume, where it exists in your garden, whether it is in a plain terracotta pot or a hothouse in the city.

A description of "Sacred Emily" might talk about the length of the poem and the facts of when it was written and published. It might list the images that Stein uses or mention her use of repetition and alliteration.

A narration, or narrative writing, is a personal account , a story that the writer tells his or her reader. It can be an account of a series of facts or events, given in order and establishing connections between the steps. It can even be dramatic, in which case you can present each individual scene with actions and dialog. The chronology could be in strict order, or you could include flashbacks.

A narration about a rose might describe how you first came across it, how it came to be in your garden, or why you went to the greenhouse that day.

A narration about "Sacred Emily" might be about how you came across the poem, whether it was in a class or in a book lent by a friend, or if you were simply curious about where the phrase "a rose is a rose" came from and found it on the internet.

Exposition, or expository writing , is the act of expounding or explaining a person, place, thing, or event. Your purpose is not to just describe something, but to give it a reality, an interpretation, your ideas on what that thing means. In some respects, you are laying out a proposition to explain a general notion or abstract idea of your subject.

An exposition on a rose might include its taxonomy, what its scientific and common names are, who developed it, what the impact was when it was announced to the public, and/or how was it distributed. 

An exposition on "Sacred Emily" could include the environment in which Stein wrote, where she was living, what her influences were, and what the impact was on reviewers.

Argumentation 

Also called argumentative writing , an argumentation is basically an exercise in comparing and contrasting. It is the methodological presentation of both sides of an argument using logical or formal reasoning. The end result is formulated to persuade why thing A is better than thing B. What you mean by "better" makes up the content of your arguments.

Argumentation applied to a rose might be why one particular rose is better than another, why you prefer roses over daisies, or vice versa.

Argumentation over "Sacred Emily" could compare it to Stein's other poems or to another poem covering the same general topic.

The Value of Composition

A great deal of debate enlivened college theoretical rhetoric in the 1970s and 1980s, with scholars attempting to throw off what they saw were the confining strictures of these four writing styles. Despite that, they remain the mainstay of some college composition classes.

What these four classical modes do is provide beginner writers a way to purposefully direct their writings, a structure on which to form an idea. However, they can also be limiting. Use the traditional modes of composition as tools to gain practice and direction in your writing, but remember that they should be considered starting points rather than rigid requirements.

• Bishop, Wendy. "Keywords in Creative Writing." David Starkey, Utah State University Press, University Press of Colorado, 2006.
• Conners, Professor Robert J. "Composition-Rhetoric: Backgrounds, Theory, and Pedagogy." Pittsburgh Series in Composition, Literacy, and Culture, Hardcover, New ed. Edition, University of Pittsburgh Press, June 1, 1997.
• D'Angelo, Frank. "Nineteenth-Century Forms/Modes of Discourse: A Critical Inquiry." Vol. 35, No. 1, National Council of Teachers of English, February 1984.
• Hintikka, Jaakko. "Strategic Thinking in Argumentation and Argumentation Theory." Vol. 50, No. 196 (2), Revue Internationale de Philosophie, 1996.
• Perron, Jack. "Composition and Cognition." English Education, The Writing Teacher: A New Professionalism, Vol. 10, No. 3, National Council of Teachers of English, February 1979. 
•  Stein, Gertrude. "Sacred Emily." Geography and Plays, Letters of Note, 1922.
• Modes of Discourse (Composition)
• Definition and Examples of Narratives in Writing
• Models of Composition
• What Is Expository Writing?
• AP English Exam: 101 Key Terms
• Focusing in Composition
• Character Sketch in Composition
• Current-Traditional Rhetoric
• Coherence in Composition
• Description in Rhetoric and Composition
• Narratio in Rhetoric
• Topical Organization Essay
• Arrangement in Composition and Rhetoric
• Word Choice in English Composition and Literature
• The Writer's Voice in Literature and Rhetoric
• The Parts of a Speech in Classical Rhetoric

Everything You Need to Know About ACT Writing

The ACT Writing test, or essay section, tests your ability to read different perspectives on a topic and present your own opinion in writing. It’s the optional last section of the exam, meaning that you don’t have to take it if you don’t want to–although there are many colleges and universities that require or recommend it for admissions. Here’s what you need to know about ACT Writing in a nutshell!

What is the ACT Writing section?

Here are the need-to-know facts about the ACT Writing section :

• It’s a 40-minute test to complete with pencil and paper
• You’ll get one essay prompt about a debatable topic and three different perspectives on it
• evaluate the three different perspectives
• present your own perspective (which may agree in part or in full with any of the provided viewpoints)
• explain the relationship between your viewpoint and the provided ones.

Do I have to take ACT Writing?

Nope! It’s not a required part of the exam. You can think of it as an add-on that, yes, also costs a little bit more. But whether the test requires the essay and whether colleges do are two separate issues. While you can submit the ACT without writing to many colleges and universities, others (including most super-competitive colleges) will ask you for it. Because the list of which colleges require ACT writing is constantly changing, it’s best to check with the individual schools you’re thinking of applying to before you register.

With that said, some students do take the exam before they know where they’ll be applying to college. So in this case, is it better to do the ACT test with or without writing? If you’re really uncertain, take it with writing. This will ensure that you don’t have to go back to the test center because you’ve decided to apply to a college that does require it in a few months! Yes, it requires some extra prep–but it’s worth it to keep your options open.

How does ACT Writing scoring work?

If you’ve been prepping for the ACT overall, you’re probably very (overly?) familiar with the 1-36 scoring scale by now. But this isn’t how the ACT essay is scored! Because it’s not a multiple-choice section, the essay has its own unique scoring. Take a look!

How ACT Writing Is Scored

The writing portion of the ACT is scored by two graders, each of whom will assign you a writing score of 1 to 6 on four different writing “domains.” These domains include:

• Ideas and Analysis: does your thesis statement and writing examine the implications of the issue with clarity and nuance?
• Development and Support: do you use well-developed and specific examples to support your thesis?
• Organization: does your essay have a strong structure and a logical flow?
• Language Use and Conventions: do you use correct grammar, word usage, mechanics, punctuation, and sentence structures?

Your total points added up between these two graders are converted from these domain scores to a scaled score of 2 to 12, which is the final score you will see on your score report.

Getting Your ACT Writing Scores

So you’ve done it! You sat down, you wrote your essay…now what? When will ACT Writing scores be available? Well, you’ll get your multiple-choice scores in around two weeks, and you’ll get your ACT Writing scores (and full score report) about two weeks after that. So anticipate waiting around a month to get the total view of how you did on the ACT essay.

Can ACT Writing hurt your score?

No! Not, that is, if you’re talking about the composite ACT score on the 1-36 scale. This is an average of your 1-36 scores in each of the four multiple-choice sections (Reading, Math, English, and Science). It doesn’t take your essay score into account. In other words–does the ACT writing score affect composite scores? It doesn’t.

With that said, the essay score will affect your ELA subscore on the exam. (You can see what this looks like on a score report here .) But colleges and universities are far more interested in your sectional and composite scores.

What essay score is good?

Generally, an 8+ is an excellent ACT Writing score , but it depends on where you’re applying. Ivy-League-bound students should aim for 9 or above !

Can ACT Writing be superscored?

Nope! The ACT superscore is a way of combining your highest multiple-choice scores from different sections and different test dates to give you the highest possible combination. But it only affects your composite score . Because the essay isn’t part of your composite score, it’s not part of the superscore, either.

What happens if I mess up on the writing section?

If you’re wondering if you can cancel the section after they’ve taken it, unfortunately, the answer is no. Once you’ve written the essay, your score will appear on your score report. But if you change your mind about taking the writing section of the ACT, you can cancel it before you get into the testing room.

If you feel that you didn’t do your best, or you get a lower score than you’d like, can you retake ACT Writing? Definitely! But for the moment, ACT sectional retesting is on hold—and it may or may not include the ACT writing test being taken separately. To retake ACT Writing, in other words, you’ll need to retake the entire exam…for now.

How to Improve Your Writing Score

So how do you boost your ACT essay score? Take a look at these tips!

✅ Practice planning and writing essays on practice ACT essay prompts. Although writing full essays (preferably as part of ACT practice tests ) is the best practice, ten-minute outlining sessions in which you plan out your essay (like you will do on the test) can go a long way in helping you learn how to quickly generate and organize your ideas.

✅ If grammar is not your strong suit, check out our post on ACT grammar rules . Not only will this help you improve your grammar for the ACT essay, but it also will help you with the ACT English section !

✅ Share your writing with the strong writers you know and get feedback from them. Have them score your practice essays using the ACT rubric .

✅ Review the sample essays on actstudent.org so that you can get a sense of what kinds of essays get which scores. This can be incredibly helpful!

✅ Learn about current events and form your own opinions on them. Engage in lively debates with your friends and family so that you can practice supporting your opinions and anticipating opposing arguments!

Want even more? Read Your Magical Guide to Scoring a Perfect 12 on the ACT Essay , which will guide you through all the basics (if you’re a beginner) and how to improve your score (if you’ve already taken the test). There, you will find lots more writing tips and strategies that will help you show the ACT Writing test who’s boss. Happy Studying!

Rachel is a Magoosh Content Creator. She writes and updates content on our High School and GRE Blogs to ensure students are equipped with the best information during their test prep journey. As a test-prep instructor for more than five years in there different countries, Rachel has helped students around the world prepare for various standardized tests, including the SAT, ACT, TOEFL, GRE, and GMAT, and she is one of the authors of our Magoosh ACT Prep Book . Rachel has a Bachelor of Arts in Comparative Literature from Brown University, an MA in Cinematography from the Université de Paris VII, and a Ph.D. in Film Studies from University College London. For over a decade, Rachel has honed her craft as a fiction and memoir writer and public speaker. Her novel, THE BALLERINAS , is forthcoming in December 2021 from St. Martin’s Press , while her memoir, GRADUATES IN WONDERLAND , co-written with Jessica Pan, was published in 2014 by Penguin Random House. Her work has appeared in over a dozen online and print publications, including Vanity Fair Hollywood. When she isn’t strategically stringing words together at Magoosh, you can find Rachel riding horses or with her nose in a book. Join her on Twitter , Instagram , or Facebook !

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ACT Test Scores: Writing

Taking the ACT with writing will provide you and the schools to which you have ACT report scores with additional scores. You will receive a total of five scores for this test: a single subject-level writing score reported on a range of 2-12, and four domain scores, also 2-12, that are based on an analytic scoring rubric. The subject-level score will be the rounded average of the four domain scores. The four domain scores are: Ideas and Analysis, Development and Support, Organization, and Language Use and Conventions . An image of your essay will be available to your high school and the colleges to which you have ACT report your scores from that test date.

Taking the writing test does not affect your subject area scores or your Composite score. However, without a writing test score, no English Language Arts (ELA) score will be reported.

Your essay will be evaluated based on the evidence that it provides of your ability to:

• clearly state your own perspective on the issue and analyze the relationship between your perspective and at least one other perspective
• develop and support your ideas with reasoning and examples
• organize your ideas clearly and logically
• communicate your ideas effectively in standard written English

Two trained readers will score your essay on a scale of 1-6 in each of the four writing domains. Each domain score represents the sum of the two readers' scores. If the readers' ratings disagree by more than one point, a third reader will evaluate the essay and resolve the discrepancy.

Sample Essays

You might be a little unsure of what to expect from a writing prompt and what kinds of responses score the highest. We took the guesswork out of it and created one sample prompt and six possible responses, ranging from weak to strong, that give you an idea of how to achieve your best score.

Remember that your scores for the four individual domains - ideas and analysis, development and support, organization, and language use and conventions - will be communicated on a scale of 2–12. These domain scores are derived by adding together the individual scores, on a 1–6 scale, from each of two readers.

Scoring Rubric Overview

Scoring your writing test

This analytic scoring rubric presents the standards by which your essay will be evaluated. The following rubric overview will help you to better understand the dimensions of writing that this assessment evaluates.

This task asks you to generate an essay that establishes your own perspective on a given issue and analyzes the relationship between your perspective and at least one other perspective. In evaluating your response, trained readers will use an analytic rubric that breaks the central elements of written argument into four domains: Ideas and Analysis, Development and Support, Organization, and Language Use and Conventions. As you review these domains, think about the role each plays in a written argument that accomplishes its purpose.

Ideas and Analysis —Scores in this domain reflect the ability to generate productive ideas and engage critically with multiple perspectives on the given issue. Competent writers understand the issue they are invited to address, the purpose for writing, and the audience. They generate ideas that are relevant to the situation.

Development and Support —Scores in this domain reflect the ability to discuss ideas, offer rationale, and bolster an argument. Competent writers explain and explore their ideas, discuss implications, and illustrate through examples. They help the reader understand their thinking about the issue.

Organization —Scores in this domain reflect the ability to organize ideas with clarity and purpose. Organizational choices are integral to effective writing. Competent writers arrange their essay in a way that clearly shows the relationship between ideas, and they guide the reader through their discussion.

Language Use and Conventions —Scores in this domain reflect the ability to use written language to convey arguments with clarity. Competent writers make use of the conventions of grammar, syntax, word usage, and mechanics. They are also aware of their audience and adjust the style and tone of their writing to communicate effectively. 

Scoring Rubric

Learn more about how the writing test is scored.

View the Writing Test Scoring Rubric  (PDF)

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Composite Characters

For some writers, a composite character—that is, the melding of two or more real people into one—crosses the line into fiction. Those coming from a journalist tradition in particular find the blurring of characters for whatever reason a violation of the factual base of nonfiction.

For others, however, composite figures make ethical and practical sense. If you are writing about the non-famous, particularly friends and family who did not ask to be in your story, they expect their confidences to remain confidential. Violating their trust might destroy your relationships with them. Yet you have a story to write, about what you observe and struggle with in the world and about the real people who struggle with you. What to do? Some avoid telling such stories as nonfiction. Others wait until the people involved have died. Still others publish somewhere that those involved won’t read…hopefully. Or they call it fiction and keep their fingers crossed.

Or they opt to write a composite character, particularly if several people exhibit similar traits. If three friends are getting a divorce, for example, and the conversations seem the same, many writers find using a composite character to be more ethical than singling out one soon-to-be ex-friend. The key is to let readers know what you are doing and why. Sometimes a single footnote is enough to maintain the nonfiction contract between writer and reader, something like: “I’ve changed names and identities to protect the privacy of friends and family, but all else is true as I experienced it.”

Some writers, like Cathy N. Davidson in “36 Views of Mount Fuji,” give a fuller explanation for the use of composites. During the process of writing her memoir about teaching English in Japan, Davidson had writer’s block because she feared that “a personal account might be embarrassing to the individual Japanese who inspired it.” In the acknowledgments to the book, she explains, “Composite characters… allow[ed] me to report actual events but to blur details in order to preserve the anonymity of the people involved.” As it turned out, the book was a best seller, and there were no outcries about her memoir being fiction; clearly, her decision did not hurt the book’s reception. Reader outrage, it seems, arises when privacy is not the reason for composites, when readers feel a more opportunistic motive at work— like trying to make a more dramatic story at truth’s expense.

But even when noble reasons are at work, readers can feel manipulated if they find that a character they thought was real turns out to be a composite. That happened when Nobel Laureate Rigoberta Menchu wrote about the death of her brother, Nicolas, in her memoir about Guatemala. When reporters later discovered that Nicolas was alive, Menchu’s explanation was that he was a composite figure for all those young men, including another brother, who were murdered or starved to death. For many, the book’s credibility was lost; the justification came too late. Had Menshu, like Davidson, put it in the book, perhaps most readers would have felt that the writer-reader pact for “writing true” had been preserved.

Choose Your Test

Sat / act prep online guides and tips, how are ap exams scored.

Advanced Placement (AP)

If you’re studying for an AP exam right now or are thinking about taking an AP class in the future, you might be wondering: how are AP exams scored?

In this post, we'll break down the scoring process, all the way from the raw scores you earn on the multiple-choice section and essays to how you get a final score on a scale of 1-5. Knowing how AP exams are scored can help you do your best on them—especially if you want a perfect 5!

The AP Scoring Scale

Each AP test is given a score from 1 to 5. According to the College Board (the group that administers AP tests), these numbers translate in the following ways:

• 5: Extremely Well Qualified
• 4: Well Qualified
• 3: Qualified
• 2: Possibly Qualified
• 1: No recommendation

Any score that's 3 or higher is considered a passing score, though some colleges only accept 4s and 5s for credit. (See AP’s college database for specific policies at each university.) Getting a 5 is especially desirable because, for most exams, it puts you in the top 10-20% of scorers. See our list of AP classes for more info on passing rates.

Your 1-5 score is a scaled score, converted from a composite score. Your composite score is calculated from the total number of raw points you earned from your correct multiple-choice answers and your free response. It’s a bit confusing, but we will guide you through the process!

How Are AP Tests Scored?

The majority of AP exams consist of two sections: multiple choice and free response. On some exams each section is weighted equally, whereas on others one section is worth slightly more. You can look up the specifics for each exam on the official AP courses pages .

The multiple-choice section is graded by a computer. There are no deductions for incorrect or blank answers, so your raw multiple-choice score is simply the number of questions you get correct.

The free-response section is graded during the annual AP Reading held in the first two weeks of June. The AP Reading is basically a huge convention. Tons of teachers and college professors gather to grade thousands and thousands of student-written responses for each exam.

This is why you don't get your AP scores until July even though you take the test in May: the written portion of your exam isn't graded until mid-June.

After that, the College Board has to calculate the composite score and final scaled score for each exam, equating the test so the scores stay even from year to year. (For example, they want to make sure a 3 on the AP US History exam means the same thing from one year to another, even if one version of the test turned out to be more difficult for students.)

( Side note: There is a good chance that an AP teacher at your school goes to the AP Reading each year. It can be interesting and helpful to talk to them about what happens at the convention, how quickly free responses are scored, and the best and worse free responses they’ve seen. These are answers that will vary a lot from subject to subject but could ultimately be helpful to you!)

This is a picture from the English Literature Reading from this blog post over at AP Central . It's worth taking a look at if you are curious about what the AP Reading is like!

Each free response is given a "holistic" score, meaning it's evaluated for its overall effectiveness or correctness. Typically, points aren’t deducted for the occasional small error, such as a spelling or grammar mistake. Most tests grade their free responses between 1 and 9, with 1 being least effective and 9 being nearly perfect.

Your raw free-response score is the total of the scores you get for each response.

How to Get a Scaled AP Score Between 1 and 5

After your multiple-choice section is graded by a machine and your free response is graded by a human, your essay and multiple-choice scores are combined to give you a composite score. This score is just a way of combining the two section scores so that they are weighted correctly. For example, for AP English, multiple choice is worth 45% and free response is worth 55%. Often, composite scores are between 0 and 100, or 0 and 150.

The composite score is then converted to a number on the scaled score range 1-5. This means that for each scaled score, there is a range of possible composite scores that could earn it. For example, a 5 could be any composite score between 110 and 150 on one exam.

Since scaling varies year to year, there are no exact cutoff numbers for scores for AP tests, and the College Board does not release detailed scoring data. Furthermore, you will not see what your composite score was on your AP score report— you'll only get the final number between 1 and 5 .

However, many teachers, prep books, and websites have come up with formulas to predict the scaled score for each AP test, which can help when you are grading your practice tests and trying to come up with a target score .

Scoring Example: AP English Language and Composition

As we've seen, AP test scoring is not exactly straightforward. To help clarify the process, we will walk through a scoring example using the most popular test, AP English Language and Composition.

Also known as the class in which you annotate every. Single. Thing.

Here are the basics of the AP English exam : it has 55 multiple-choice questions, worth 45% of your score, and three essays, worth 55% of your score. Each essay is graded between 1 and 9.

Before we get into the scoring example, remember that this guide is an estimation since score conversions can vary year to year based on test difficulty. While it's impossible to precisely predict an AP test score before you get your score, you can still get an idea of how the process works.

Step 1: Add Up Your Correct Answers to Get Your Raw Scores

There are 55 multiple-choice questions on the AP English exam. Let's say you get 40 right, get eight wrong, and leave seven blank. Your raw multiple-choice score would be an even 40 points.

Out of the three essays, let's say you earn the following scores from the graders: 4, 7, and 8. This gives you  a total raw essay score of 19 (4+7+8).

Step 2: Convert Your Raw Scores to a Single Composite Score

Now, this is the tricky part in which we will convert each of those raw scores to a single composite score between 0 and 150.

The maximum converted essay score is 82.5, or 55% of 150. The maximum converted multiple-choice score is 67.5, or 45% of 150. To figure out your composite score, use this formula:

(Multiple Choice Raw Score x 1.23) + (Essay Raw Score x 3.05) = Composite Score

In this example, your multiple-choice composite score would be 49.2, and your essay composite score would be 57.95. Thus, your total composite score would be 107 (rounded down).

Step 3: Use the Chart to Estimate Your Scaled Score

The last step is easy. Use the chart below to estimate your final AP score (on a scale of 1-5):

As you can see, your score of 107 would earn you a 5 —but just barely!

Again, these numbers are estimates and will shift from year to year based on test difficulty. Since 107 is just over the mark of 104, it's possible that in some years it could net you a 4 instead of a 5.

What About Scoring Other AP Tests?

We’ve learned how to score an AP English Language and Composition exam. However, you can’t use this exact same process for every AP test. Most AP tests have slightly different section weights and question totals, so the scoring formulas are different.

For example, AP Calculus AB has fewer multiple choice questions (45), more free responses (six total), and weighs each section at 50%.

Each AP subject is a unique challenge ... and has its own scoring formula.

So how can you figure out how the AP tests you are taking are graded?

First, if you’re taking the AP class for the test you want to take, ask your teacher if he or she has a formula for converting practice test scores to scaled scores. Most AP teachers have a formula they use with their students for practice exams.

If you’re not taking the class or your teacher doesn’t have a formula, either find a prep book for your specific test or search online.

Remember that all formulas are estimates. So if you really want a 5, you shouldn’t aim for the lowest possible composite—you should aim for perfection, or very close. That’s the only way to guarantee you'll get a 5 on test day.

On the other hand, if you just want to make sure you pass, try to aim for a 4 so that even if you make more mistakes than you're hoping to, you’ll still get at least a 3!

What’s Next?

Curious about the benefits of taking an AP Exam? See our in-depth guide about what AP tests are and why you should take them .

Also studying for the SAT? Get tips from our resident 1600 full scorer , and check out how to improve a low SAT Math score .

Studying for the ACT instead? Get tips on the essay , read a guide to the daily ACT question , and learn how you can score a perfect 36 .

Halle Edwards graduated from Stanford University with honors. In high school, she earned 99th percentile ACT scores as well as 99th percentile scores on SAT subject tests. She also took nine AP classes, earning a perfect score of 5 on seven AP tests. As a graduate of a large public high school who tackled the college admission process largely on her own, she is passionate about helping high school students from different backgrounds get the knowledge they need to be successful in the college admissions process.

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What Are Composites?

• History of Composites
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A composite is a material made from two or more different materials that, when combined, are stronger than those individual materials by themselves.

Simply put, composites are a combination of components. In our industry, composites are materials made by combining two or more natural or artificial elements (with different physical or chemical properties) that are stronger as a team than as individual players. The component materials don’t completely blend or lose their individual identities; they combine and contribute their most useful traits to improve the outcome or final product. Composites are typically designed with a particular use in mind, such as added strength, efficiency or durability.

What are composites made of?

Composites, also known as Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) composites, are made from a polymer matrix that is reinforced with an engineered, man-made or natural fiber (like glass, carbon or aramid) or other reinforcing material. The matrix protects the fibers from environmental and external damage and transfers the load between the fibers. The fibers, in turn, provide strength and stiffness to reinforce the matrix—and help it resist cracks and fractures.

Provides strength and stiffness (glass, carbon, aramid, basalt, natural fibers)

Protects and transfers load between fibers (polyester, epoxy, vinyl ester, others)

Fiber Composite Matrix

Creates a material with attributes superior to either component alone

In many of our industry’s products, polyester resin is the matrix and glass fiber is the reinforcement. But many combinations of resins and reinforcements are used in composites—and each material contributes to the unique properties of the finished product: Fiber, powerful but brittle, provides strength and stiffness, while more flexible resin provides shape and protects the fiber. FRP composites may also contain fillers, additives, core materials or surface finishes designed to improve the manufacturing process, appearance and performance of the final product.

Natural and synthetic composites

Composites can be natural or synthetic. Wood, a natural composite, is a combination of cellulose or wood fibers and a substance called lignin. The fibers give wood its strength; lignin is the matrix or natural glue that binds and stabilizes them. Other composites are synthetic (man-made).

Plywood is a man-made composite that combines natural and synthetic materials. Thin layers of wood veneer are bonded together with adhesive to form flat sheets of laminated wood that are stronger than natural wood.

Are plastics composites?

Not all plastics are composites. In fact, most plastics—the ones used in toys, water bottles and other familiar items—are not composites. They’re pure plastics. But many types of plastic can be reinforced to make them stronger. This combination of plastic and reinforcement can produce some of the strongest, most versatile materials (for their weight) ever developed by technology.

Polymer resins (such as polyester, vinyl ester, epoxy or phenolic) are sometimes referred to as plastic.

By any other name…

Many terms are used to define FRP composites. Modifiers have been used to identify a specific fiber such as Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP), Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP), and Aramid Fiber Reinforced Polymer (AFRP). Another familiar term used is Fiber Reinforced Plastics. In addition, other acronyms have been developed over the years and their use depended on geographical location or market use. For example, Fiber Reinforced Composites (FRC), Glass Reinforced Plastics (GRP), and Polymer Matrix Composites (PMC) can be found in many references. Each of the aforementioned terms means the same thing: FRP composites.

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WIAT-4 (WIAT-IV) (Wechsler Individual Achievement Test®-Fourth Edition ) - Overview

WIAT-4 (WIAT-IV) (Wechsler Individual Achievement Test®-Fourth Edition ) – Overview

What is the wiat-4 (wiat-iv).

The Wechsler Individual Achievement Test®, Fourth Edition (WIAT®-4 or WIAT®-IV) measures an individual’s academic achievement. It is one of the most widely administered achievement tests and is offered to individuals between the ages of 4 and 50 years and 11 months. The WIAT-4 (WIAT-IV) was published in 2020 and is based on the WIAT III but has 5 new subtests, 5 new composite scores, and automated scoring of Essay Composition.

The WIAT-4 (WIAT-IV) measures various aspects of academic achievement, including:

• Mathematics: measures numerical operation, math problem solving, and math fluency
• Oral Language: Measures receptive and expressive vocabulary, phonemic proficiency, listening comprehension, and oral expression
• Reading: measures word reading, pseudoword decoding, reading comprehension, and oral fluency
• Written Language: measures spelling, punctuation, capitalization, sentence combining, and essay composition

The WIAT-4 (WIAT-IV) provides scores that can be used to identify a person’s strengths and weaknesses in each of these areas, as well as an overall composite score that provides an estimate of comprehensive academic achievement. The test is administered individually by a psychologist or trained examiner, and it typically takes between 1.5 and 2.5 hours to complete. The results of the test can be used to inform educational and intervention planning and to help identify students who may need additional support or accommodations to succeed academically.

For what purpose is the WIAT-4 (WIAT-IV) test given?

It can be used for a variety of purposes, including identifying learning disabilities, evaluating academic progress, and developing educational interventions. Some schools use the WIAT-4 (WIAT-IV) as part of the admission process, while other schools may use it for admission into their gifted program.

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How is the WIAT-4 (WIAT-IV) different from the WIAT-III?

The WIAT-4 (WIAT-IV) is an updated version of the WIAT-III. The WIAT-4 (WIAT-IV) includes several changes and improvements over the previous version.

• Updated Norms
• Expanded Age Range
• New Subtests
• Improved Test Structure
• Enhanced Interpretive Report

Overall, WIAT-4 (WIAT-IV) is an updated comprehensive assessment with new subtests and improved normative data. It assesses an individual’s academic achievement and reflects changes in educational practices and demographics.

What are the new subtests on WIAT-4 (WIAT-IV) and what do they measure? 

• Questions here might be, “Say “car” but change the /c/ sound to a /t/ sound – “tar” (beginning sound).
• Or say “bat” but change the /a/ to an /e/ sound – “bet” (middle sound).
• Or say “rut” but change the /t/ sound to a /n/ sound. – “run” (end sound).
• Or say “popcorn” but don’t say “pop.” Or say the word “bat” backwards – “tab.”
• Orthographic Fluency (Reading Fluency) – This subtest measures an individual’s orthographic and sight vocabulary.
• A student is shown 8 words that are spelled differently than they sound. They must read each word aloud within a time limit.
• On the Pseudoword subtest, students are shown 6 nonsense words that are spelled phonetically correct. They must read these words within a time limit. This tells us if a child has a strategy for phonetic decoding each word.
• Sentence Writing Fluency (Writing Fluency) – This measures the speed of writing sentences.  A student is shown pictures, each with an accompanying word.  They must write as many complete sentences as they can within 5 minutes that incorporate the word exactly and take inspiration from the picture.
• Orthographic Choice (Oral Language) – This recognition spelling subtest assesses a student’s ability to recognize and decode irregularly spelled words. These must be recognized by sight because they aren’t spelled the way they sound.  For example, a student is shown 3 words – thay, tha, they.  One is correctly spelled, the other two are spelled the way they sound phonetically.  The student must identify which is spelled correctly.  This subtest is only available with the online version of WIAT-4 (WIAT-IV).

What WIAT-4 (WIAT-IV) subtests are given at each grade level?

Not every subtest is given to every student.  The chart below shows you which subtests are given at each grade level.

How is the WIAT-4 (WIAT-IV) different from the WISC-V?

The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children®, Fifth Edition (WISC®-V) is a standardized intelligence test used to assess cognitive or reasoning abilities in individuals between the ages of 6 and 16 years 11 months. This test assesses a person’s thinking abilities and not what they learn in school. The WISC-V evaluates performance in the following areas- verbal comprehension, visual-spatial ability, fluid reasoning, working memory, and processing speed.

WIAT-4 (WIAT-IV) evaluates an individual’s academic abilities in language, reading, writing, and math. It is similar to state achievement tests in the way that doing well on this test depends on what has been learned in school.

How does the automated scoring of the Essay and Sentence Composition subtests work in WIAT-4 (WIAT-IV)? 

For the Essay Composition subtest , the prompt is something like this: “Write about your favorite ____ and tell me at least 3 reasons why you like it.”  The test administrator transcribes the child’s essay into the scoring software for WISC-4.  Trained on thousands of WIAT-III and WIAT-4 (WIAT-IV) actual student essays, smart artificial intelligence (AI) software is used to automatically score the essay.  It looks for errors in the areas of capitalization, end punctuation, internal punctuation, omission of words, extra words, spelling, verb usage, pronoun usage, word ending, and word order.

For the Sentence Composition subtest , it looks at the number of words and sentences written, the correct usage of the target word in the sentence without changing it, and subject-verb agreement.  For this subtest, students should keep their sentences short and to the point, going for as many correct sentences as possible within the 5-minute timeframe.

How is the WIAT-4 (WIAT-IV) scored?

Composite scores are provided for each area of achievement, including the following:

• Mathematics Composite includes subtests measuring numerical operations, math fluency, math problem solving, and math reasoning.
• Oral Language Composite includes subtests measuring phonemic proficiency, listening comprehension, oral expression, and oral language composite.
• Reading Composite includes subtests measuring word reading, pseudoword decoding, reading comprehension, and oral reading fluency.
• Written Language Composite includes subtests measuring spelling, sentence composition, and essay composition.

To obtain the composite scores, the individual subtest scores are combined using a weighted formula. This formula considers the number of subtests taken in each composite and the relative importance of each subtest.

The WIAT-4 (WIAT-IV) also offers a Dyslexia Index which helps identify risk for dyslexia among students or individuals ages 5 through 50.  It includes scores on Phonemic Proficiency, Word Reading, Orthographic Fluency, and Pseudoword (Nonsense Word) Decoding subtests. These subtests can be administered apart from the rest of the WIAT-4 (WIAT-IV) test.

The WIAT-4 (WIAT-IV) is a comprehensive assessment of an individual’s academic achievement. The scores are interpreted in the context of a representative sample of students (individuals) in the same grade/age group.

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COMPOSITE in a Sentence Examples: 21 Ways to Use Composite

When different materials are combined to create a stronger and more durable substance, we have what is called a “composite.” Composites are engineered materials made by blending two or more components, each with unique properties, to form a new material with superior characteristics.

These composites can be found in many everyday items, from furniture and construction materials to equipment used in aerospace and automotive industries. By strategically mixing materials, composites can offer a balance of strength, flexibility, and lightweight properties that exceed those of the individual components.

Table of Contents

7 Examples Of Composite Used In a Sentence For Kids

• The composite picture was made by gluing different pieces together.
• A composite number is a number that has more than two factors.
• We made a composite boat out of wood and plastic.
• The artist used composite colors to paint the beautiful landscape.
• My toy car is made of composite materials like plastic and metal.
• The composite flower I made in art class has many petals.
• Let’s create a composite story by mixing different ideas together.

14 Sentences with Composite Examples

• Composite materials are widely used in engineering projects.
• Understanding the properties of composite materials is crucial for aerospace engineering students.
• Composite exams can cover a wide range of topics and require thorough preparation.
• Research on the advantages of composite materials in construction can benefit architecture students.
• Utilizing composite resources can enhance your understanding of complex subjects.
• Composite figures are often included in mathematical assignments.
• Exploring the applications of composite materials can spark innovative ideas in design projects.
• Working in a group on a composite project can improve your team collaboration skills.
• The use of composite materials is becoming more prevalent in sustainable design practices.
• Professors may assign composite essays that require you to analyze multiple sources.
• Students can benefit from creating composite study guides to help them prepare for exams.
• Understanding how to interpret composite data sets is essential for statistics students.
• Researching the history of composite art forms can provide inspiration for your creative projects.
• Participating in a composite sports team can help you develop your athletic skills and teamwork abilities.

How To Use Composite in Sentences?

Composite can be used in a sentence to describe something that is made up of various parts or elements. For example, you can say, “The new building is a composite of different architectural styles.”

When incorporating composite into a sentence, it is essential to understand its meaning and use it appropriately. Make sure that the context in which you use the word is accurate and fits the definition of something composed of multiple elements.

To use composite effectively in a sentence, consider the structure and flow of your sentence. Ensure that the sentence is clear and coherent to convey your message accurately. Remember that composite is an adjective that describes the nature of the subject.

Practice using composite in different sentences to become more familiar with its usage. Experiment with incorporating it into various contexts to improve your understanding of the word.

In conclusion, using composite in a sentence involves understanding its definition, context, and placement within the sentence. By practicing and experimenting with the word, you can effectively incorporate it into your writing and communication.

In conclusion, sentences with composite structures combine multiple independent clauses or phrases to convey complex ideas in a single sentence. By stringing together these individual elements, writers can create more intricate and sophisticated statements that explore various relationships between ideas. These sentences often include coordinating conjunctions, such as “and,” “but,” or “or,” to link the components and enhance coherence.

Understanding how to construct and recognize sentences with composite structures is essential for developing advanced writing skills. By mastering this technique, writers can enhance the clarity and depth of their writing, allowing them to express nuanced thoughts and arguments in a concise and efficient manner. Practice and familiarity with composite sentences can help writers communicate more effectively and engage readers with well-crafted, intricate prose.

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The Composite Culture of India Essay for Students

November 10, 2019 by Sandeep

500+ Words Essay on The Composite Culture of India

‘Unity in Diversity’- A phrase that has been used to describe the Republic of India ever since we solidified our foundation as a nation. India is known to be a land of culture and heritage of multitude of communities.

The stark variation in the ethnicity, language, traditions, customs, food and lifestyle of an Indian citizen does not fail to grab attention of the world. With such a diversified culture, united under the banner of the tri-colour, India is a home to composite culture where every religion, language and practice is looked upon with respect.

But what is composite culture? Before we define the term, we first take a look at the meaning of ‘culture’. Culture has been described as “a sense of ultimate values possessed by a particular society as expressed in its collective institutions, by its individual members in their dispositions, feelings, attitudes and manners as well as insignificant forms which they give to material objects.”

Cultural practices and traditions are an important part of an Indian lifestyle. In fact, it is our culture which sets us apart from other countries of the world. Right from the Indus Valley civilisation, across the Vedic age, followed by medieval conquests into the modern era, India has been historically vibrant when it comes to showcasing its heritage.

With inputs from the different communities that came to this country, settled down and spread their ideology of living, we gradually exchanged and inter-mixed our views. And over the course of time, new religions, societies and cultures had arisen in the region.

This led to the birth of composite culture, a heterogeneous mixture of multiple cultures meeting and co-existing in one single region. And they have co-existed for millennia today, which is a pointer towards how tolerant the country is towards accepting everyone with a warm heart.

This vastness has attracted the attention of many inquisitive minds around the globe. This is reflected by the fact that India ranked 9th in terms of natural and cultural resources as per the Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report. It is thus important for us to comprehend the Indian way of life and how a composite culture has thrived in India, to help us understand our nation better.

Religious culture in India

India has been the birth-land of a dozen of religions. There is a whole family of religions that find its origins in India and have been aptly named as ‘Indic religions’. Of these, only few are of prominent stature- Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism. Other religions are endemic and limited to tribal practising.

The teaching of each religion is based on the concept of dharma (moral duty) and karma (action). Another famously preached concept is that of Ahimsa, which is better known as non-violence. Until the 7th century AD, the country was yet to be exposed to foreign religions, most importantly the Abrahamic religions that had influenced the Western as well as the Arabian populace. The first Arabian traders set up their business along the Gujarat and Malabar Coast on the Arabian Sea.

But it was not until the Turkic invasions that Islam was introduced in India and ingrained in its heritage. The constant and powerful influence of the Sultanate as well as the Mughal Empire enjoyed in India, helped the Islamic art and literature to grow. With time, the advent of Islam spread across the peninsula via media like Sufi saints and forced conversions.

As of present, Islam is the second largest religion in India. By 2050, as stated by a report in The Khaleej Times, India will be home to Muslim population equal to 311 million, which will make the country as the one which possesses the highest number of Muslim population in the world, subsiding Indonesia.

Christianity was introduced by apostles Thomas and Bartholomew, once again arriving on the Malabar Coast. The actual influence had to wait till Britain took over the reins of India. In the 19th century, a flurry of Christian schools of traditions- Catholics, Protestants, jacobites, traditionalists, Methodists, etc.

The extent of the religion has covered 27.8 million as per the 2011 census. That is approximately equal to 2.3% of the Indian population and is the third largest religion in the country.

Religious conversions had occurred around India. A lot were forced, especially in the medieval era, under the Turkish and the Mughal rule. The Christian missionaries utilised promises of shelter and food to many tribal communities and were able to convert them into their religion. But there have been voluntary conversions too.

The important factor to note here is that as a democracy, India provides the right to choose whichever religion its citizen wants to follow and change into other religions that suit themselves at that point of time. Unlike many other countries, no single religion is enforced or promoted amongst the masses.

Additionally, the general tolerant nature of the society which finds its roots in the concept of secularism makes it easier to accept each other’s religion and live in peace and stability. There have been multiple occasions of unrest caused by communal disturbances that were raised in the name of religion.

But such provocations were a condemnable tool that was used to gain political influence and instil fear and distrust amongst the communities. But in the end, the secularity of our nation prevailed as it still stands united and grows into a large economy.

Religions give rise to festivals as occasions of celebrations. That is another merit that attracts tourist and social researchers to the country. There are dozens of festival ranging across different religions and regions. As a part of healthy fraternal practice, Indians often inter-mix the festivals of separate religion and celebrate it together.

A Muslim will as willingly play with colours in Holi when a Hindu would be bowing in prayer to celebrate Eid. Christmas is celebrated with as much enthusiasm as Baisakhi. Even though lots of the festivals are supposed to be state-endemic, but with the extent of transport, communication and migration led to the expansion of these festivals across India and can be found in most of the parts of the nation.

Family structure of Indian Society

A man’s first interaction with the world begins at his home, with his family. The family lays the foundation of our personality and helps build our perspective towards the world. In India, the longest running model of family is the joint-family system. The household consists of parents, grandparents, aunts, uncles, cousins and most of the first relatives of an individual. The oldest member is considered to be the head of the family.

The support system that a person living in a joint family gets is very firm and lasting. It helps in developing a pro-social mind set which makes the person become more outgoing and socially adaptable. Living in a bigger family, he is exposed to multiple opinions about any given subject.

But traditional joint families are more bound to be old-fashioned, hence nurturing the ideologies of the past. This is mostly due to the elders’ influence amongst their succession generations. This may also cause lack of decision making qualities in the younger individuals as they get used to the habit of letting the elders take the decision.

In modern ages, after the advent of urbanisation and increase in employment opportunities around the country, more and more individuals are opting to stay in a nuclear family. This culture had begun to grow almost 60 years ago as more and more joint families were fragmented.

It has been reported that joint family households made up only a small part of the Indian households and had comparatively lower per capita income than nuclear families. But the statistics vary from rural to urban households. It has been observed in the rural and semi-urban areas that the tradition of joint family persists.

The socio-economic factors and disparity in urban and rural parenting ideologies are the prime reasons for this. But as the spread of education widens and out economy grows, more and more joint families are disintegrating into nuclear families and the attitude towards working woman have changed too.

Institution of Marriage

The occasions of marital engagements and marriages in general are a widely celebrated occasion in India. The whole process lasts for days together and involves extravagant decoration using colourful flowers and clothes. There is a huge feast and depending upon the religion, many musical and dance events highlight weddings across the nation.

The concept of arranged marriage is predominant in the country. It has existed along the history of the nation and even today, individuals readily accept marriages planned by their parents and families. Over the years, more tolerance has developed in families and they have started to accept love marriage as well as inter-state and inter-caste marriages.

Yet, there do exist a lot of conservative families which still prefer arranged marriage. Mostly observed in Hindu marriages, is the practice of dowry, a sum of money or assets gifted by the bride’s family to her in-laws for her upkeep and welfare. While this system has been controlled to a lot extent, especially after the enactment of the Dowry Act, 1961, it is still under practice even today, more visibly in the rural and semi-rural areas.

But the plus point of the marriage system is that there are very few cases of divorce per year. India has only 1% divorce rate as compared to 40% of the US married couples. Although this survey did not take into account either of the couple’s satisfaction, mental health and stress into account which makes it very incomplete, but still the couple try to solve their differences, and stay with each other for the better cause.

Clothing and Apparel

One of the departments in which the diversity of our country is showcased in a wholesome manner is the clothes that we wear. From north to south and east to west, each ethnicity that resides within the boundaries of the Indian sub-continent has its own taste of fashion, which makes the wearer look smart and confident. Our choice of clothing has never violated public decency.

Men usually wear kurtas matched with a range of bottom wears like pyjamas, dhotis, churidaars and lungi. In woman, sarees are very fashionable, and are available in various prints and colours. Every state has its own way of wearing the sarees which makes this clothing very unique.

With the beginning of globalisation, more and more jeans, shirts and trousers have crept into the wardrobes of the Indians. Many of them wear their ethnic clothing pared with a western outfit to give their appearance a twist. This kind of outlook towards their apparel portrays that we Indians are not only accepting foreign thoughts and ideas, but are also keeping their traditional spirit alive.

Various organisations like colleges, workplaces, etc. celebrate ethnic day to celebrate these traditions. In the fast paced urban lifestyle, less and less people are opting for the traditional wear and are choosing to don the western clothing. Hence efforts like observing ‘ethnic day’ is an important activity to remind the urban class about their own culture and teaches them to be proud of it.

Indian food and beverages have been grabbing attention across the world. The Arabs and Europeans have been trading with Indian kingdoms throughout the history. Spices have been an important commodity of trade and one of the most sought after goods.

Today, the irresistible delicacies that our chefs have cooked up, from gourmet dishes to comfort food, they have been a centre of appraisal by the international community.

Once again, the Indian cuisine varies from state to state. Every region has developed its unique combination of food articles and spices. Maccher Jhol is a dish endemic to West Bengal, while daal baati is a dish originating from Rajasthan. Kashmir has graced the world with phirni, while Tamil Nadu gives us a taste of payasam.

Yet, every region enjoys the dishes of other regions. Indian food is a result of planning and experiments. It provides the consumer a wholesome culinary experience as it not only has the taste in it, but also is healthy and balanced.

Literature, Music and Art

Language and culture always go hand in hand. India is home to 22 different languages written in 13 different scripts and spoken in 720 varieties of dialect. Once again, such a broad spectrum of communication is a direct indication of the diverse cultures that are practised throughout the nation.

Historically, India has produced world’s finest philosophers and scientists. Aryabhatta, Varahmira and Shushruta are a few classic examples of prominent ancient scholars who have contributed to the knowledge box of India. What is more intriguing is the first ever university of the world- Nalanda, had been established in Taxila, India.

Our literature treasures are overflowing with works of the most exquisite wordsmiths. The two most famous epics- Mahabharata and Ramayana are classics amongst the common folk of India.

Music and art are another aspect of our culture that has gained popularity. Indian classical music has existed for centuries together and has inspired sub genres of Indian music like ghazal, light music, folk music and modern Bollywood beats. We also have indigenous instruments, unique to India and suit almost all kinds of music.

While music entertains our ear, our artists and sculptors have captured our visual senses with their imagination that have been expressed in the form of portraits, statues, etc. From the ancient cave paintings of bhimbetka to the marvellous Taj Mahal and of recent, the statue of unity, Indian artists have never failed to create awe by their works.

The heterogeneity of the profusion of aspects that are involved in the formation of Indian culture is evidence enough to call our culture a composite one. Though our perspective upon the composite culture of our country is of pride, there are many factors, both intrinsic and extrinsic which constantly try to undo the ‘unity’ in the diversity of our nation.

For a country of 1.32 billion citizens, it is a daunting challenge to upkeep the harmony and maintain a peaceful relationship between the communities that exist within the boundaries of India. So far, India has been able to successfully thrive as a nation, unifying its states and growing as a stable economy.

Communal disharmony has often tried to strike a discord amongst our people but it has never been able to break our country. As long as the people respect their own cultural identities and that of other communities, we can defeat every uninvited attack on our integrity. This is also due to the fact that we as the citizens of India are bound together by our national identity.

We all share the legacy of our forefathers who have struggled for our independence and built our nation to what it is today. Hence, it is important for a citizen to respect each other’s cultural identity as well as share the pride of national identity. The composite culture has flourished in our secular democratic republic, and will continue to do so as long as we hold onto these morals.

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What are Composite Numbers from 1 to 100?

• Updated on  
• May 7, 2024

With the infinite amount of numbers and their usages in our everyday lives, we come across Composite Numbers. Additionally, among the different types of numbers that are a part of mathematics, Composite numbers stand out for their unique properties and significance. Read on to learn more in detail about Composite numbers from 1 to 100, their properties, and the difference between Prime Numbers and Composite Numbers. 

Also Read: Multiplication and Division Word Problems

What are Composite numbers?

Composite numbers are positive integers greater than 1 that have at least one divisor other than 1 and themselves. In simpler terms, these are numbers that can be divided evenly by numbers other than 1 and themselves. For example, 4 is a Composite number because it can be divided evenly by 1, 2, and 4.

Moreover, the key properties of Composite numbers are:

• They have more than two factors.
• In addition, they are evenly divisible by their factors.
• Each composite number is a factor of itself.
• The smallest composite number is 4.
• Each composite number includes at least two prime numbers as its factors (e.g. 10 = 2 x 5, where 2 and 5 are prime numbers).
• Composite numbers are divisible by other composite numbers as well.

Also Read: Order of Operations and PEMDAS Rule

Table of Composite Numbers from 1 to 100

Furthermore, here are all the Composite Numbers from 1 to 100 in Green! 

Prime Numbers vs Composite Numbers

Furthermore, here is the difference between Prime and Composite Numbers:

Related Blogs 

I hope this helps! Did you like learning about Types of Angles? Keep reading our blogs to learn more about the basic concepts of Maths !

Santana Daphne Antunis

A researcher, writer and traveller at heart. Talk to me about any topic under the sun, especially sustainability, art, music and photography.

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Like Love by Maggie Nelson review – music, passion and friendship

Vibrant essays from the author of The Argonauts touch on art, inspiration, and many of the central dilemmas of our times

“A s a child I had so much energy I’d lie awake and feel my organs smolder,” Maggie Nelson wrote in 2005’s Jane: A Murder . She was a dancer before she was a writer and you can feel the commitment to the fire of bodily motion in her masterpieces: the shimmeringly brutal excavation of girlhood and violence in Jane , the story of her aunt’s killing at the hands of a rapist; the clear-headed yet ecstatic celebration of the transformations of pregnancy and top surgery, and the new kind of family she and her trans partner brought into being in The Argonauts (2015). Her dedication to the material finds the forms it needs; I don’t think she sets out to bend genres. Instead, her high-stakes eviscerations of body settle into radically new forms.

Is this the energy of the rebel or the valedictorian? For decades, Nelson has parted her hair, fastened her top button, won the right grades and grants while throwing herself voluptuously into the counterculture, dreaming of being an “ electric ribbon of horniness and divine grace ” like one of her inspirations, Prince . It’s an American energy – expansive, new, full of power, pleasure, change and motion; a frontier energy, even when she’s writing about New York. We can hear Whitman behind her, and Emerson. “Power ceases in the instant of repose,” Emerson pronounces in Self-Reliance ; “it resides in the moment of transition from a past to a new state, in the shooting of a gulf, in the darting to an aim.”

A decade after The Argonauts became the bible of English graduates everywhere, the essays in Like Love arrive to help us understand Nelson’s place in a culture where, to her half-delight, she has become such a powerful voice. Spanning two decades, they range from appreciations of influences including Prince and Judith Butler , to wild, freefalling conversations with figures such as Björk, Wayne Koestenbaum and Jacqueline Rose. There is a passionate, wondering account of her formative half-erotic friendship with the singer Lhasa de Sela . The writing isn’t consistent, any more than her books are. But I like to take my thinkers and writers whole, as she does. The essays offer a kind of composite self-portrait, and illustrate how she thinks, sometimes painstakingly, sometimes with casual jubilance, about some of the central dilemmas of our time.

In the face of the climate crisis, how to avoid “giving in to the narcissistic spectacle of the slo-mo Titanic going down”? In the face of the crisis in feminism, how and whether to move beyond sexual difference? The written exchanges show her interlocutors thinking it through, too. “ You dare to step into the future like no one else atm ,” Björk says. It’s true. This is where all that restless energy is leading. This is why she’s an Emersonian, shying away from nihilism. “There are new lands, new men, new thoughts,” Emerson wrote in Nature , discarding the “dry bones” of his ancestors; “Let us demand our own works and laws and worship.”

In her powerful piece on the artist Carolee Schneemann , Nelson posits her as a female incarnation of Emerson’s self-reliant man. But it’s Nelson herself who proffers new laws and worship – whose project amounts to a practical philosophy of contemporary American culture. In The Argonauts she offers the gift of a future we can somehow share; one that acknowledges the miseries of the present, that has space for dreams, but is obstinately material and in our world. Here, in dialogue with Jacqueline Rose, she proposes that “ Everybody deserves the kind of non-stultifying internal breathing space of fluidity or instability that is attributed to queers, or to women, or whatever.”

Like Love’s title comes from writer and theatre critic Hilton Als ’s vision of a group on the subway not as white women or black men but as mouths that need filling “with something wet or dry, like love, or unfamiliar and savory, like love”. Nelson, too, is drawn to mouths – to orifices in general – as organs of pleasure and pain, and as portals enabling a radical openness.

Because Nelson likes writing about her friends, there’s a kind of homogeneity to much of the book that cumulatively left me feeling a little claustrophobic, longing especially for the roominess of time travel. With the exception of 2009’s Bluets , Nelson’s writing is so located in the postwar world that the past can feel entirely absent. This is her affinity with Emerson and Whitman again – her song to the future – but I wonder if I’m alone in wishing that, alongside those two often acknowledged ancestors, her future could have artists, activists and libertines from earlier centuries informing it, too.

Which is not to say that she’s wrong to write about the people in her circle. The brutality of the present moment may require us precisely to batten down the hatches and commit to extreme solidarity. At a time when institutional life is collapsing, when the pandemic privileged family over friends, when work expands in ways that leave many too exhausted to socialise, Nelson demonstrates what it means to dedicate yourself to a cohort with seriousness and strenuousness. “You, to me, quickly became an inspiration,” she tells the poet Brian Blanchfield , “a brother, a support in times of seriously dark waters, an editor, a lender of excellent and pivotal books, a cheerleader, a colleague, a couch sleeper (and couch mover), a fellow swimmer … a corrupting gambler, (queer) family.” Like Love may be one of the most movingly specific, the most lovingly unruly celebrations of the ethics of friendship we have.

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Here’s How Ivy League Schools Evaluate Student GPAs

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One of the main gates on the Brown University campus, decorated with the University crest. (Photo by ... [+] Rick Friedman/Corbis via Getty Images)

A stellar GPA is one of the building blocks of a successful Ivy League application, and as the school year winds down, many students are anxiously seeking to give theirs a final boost. While most students and families understand the importance of a 4.0, few are aware of how top colleges evaluate student GPAs or what they look for when reviewing student transcripts. Though your GPA may seem to be a simple metric, nothing could be further from the case—colleges consider more than just the number, accounting for complexities such as diverse grading systems across schools, trends in grade inflation, and level of course rigor.

Here are three important facts to keep in mind about your GPA as you choose your courses:

1. Your GPA doesn’t directly compare to that of students at other schools.

One common misconception among college applicants is that they can compare their GPAs with those of students attending different schools. However, the GPA is not a universal metric but rather a reflection of an individual's academic performance within their specific educational environment. As a result, comparing GPAs from different schools is like comparing apples and oranges. For instance, some schools offer a plethora of AP, IB, and honors courses, while others may have limited options or offer none at all. Additionally, the weight assigned to AP versus honors versus regular classes varies from school to school. So, your GPA may not hold the same weight as those of your peers at different schools, even if you all have 4.0s.

Admissions officers understand that schools vary in their rigor, curriculum, and grading policies. Therefore, they evaluate your GPA in the context of your high school, considering the courses offered and the academic challenges presented. Instead of fixating on how your GPA compares to your friends’ from other schools, focus on challenging yourself and taking advantage of all the opportunities available to you at your school.

2. GPAs across the country are inflated—and colleges know it.

The last few years have seen surges in high school student GPAs nationwide. While GPA inflation has been on the rise over the last decade, average ACT composite scores are steadily declining. “For the 1.4 million ACT test-takers in the high school class of 2023, the average composite score on the exam was 19.5 out of 36, the lowest score since 1991,” according to The New York Times . The parallel differences, coupled with academic differences across schools, suggest that GPA must be considered in tandem with multiple other factors. Simply put, an A no longer means what it used to on a transcript.

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Ivy League and other top colleges are well aware of this trend and evaluate student GPAs alongside other metrics such as standardized test scores and AP exam scores in order to better understand a student’s academic skill sets. While some Ivy League and other top schools remain test-optional , they still place emphasis on course rigor and the context offered by your high school profile in order to understand the grades on your transcript.

3. Colleges will recalculate your GPA.

Given the abundance of variables in GPA calculations, colleges often recalculate the metric to create a standardized baseline for comparison between students across different schools. The recalibration may involve adjusting for variations in grading scales or the weighting of honors, International Baccalaureate (IB) or Advanced Placement (AP) courses. The University of California system, for example, calculates students’ UC GPAs by converting grades to grade points (an A is equivalent to 4 points, a B to three points, etc.) for classes taken between summer after 9th and summer after 11th grade, and adding one point for each honors class, and dividing by total classes taken to yield final GPA.*

Other colleges also take additional factors that impact academic performance into consideration, and envelop GPA into a broader, holistic consideration. For instance, the Harvard University lawsuit over affirmative action revealed that Harvard rates students on a scale of 1–6 (with one being the most desirable) in academic, extracurricular, athletic and personal categories. A student’s GPA and test scores are folded together into an academic score which “summarizes the applicant’s academic achievement and potential based on grades, testing results, letters of recommendation, academic prizes, and any submitted academic work.”

This process aims to provide a fair and equitable evaluation of students from different educational backgrounds. Keep in mind that Harvard considers not only your grades, test scores, and academic rigor in this score, but also “evidence of substantial scholarship” and “academic creativity,” which can make the difference between a 1 and a 2 in the scoring system. These systems underscore the importance of taking advantage of every opportunity, showcasing your unique personality and creativity, and seeking to maximize opportunities to improve your performance within the academic landscape of your institution.

By understanding the complex way by which colleges evaluate students’ GPAs, you are better equipped to present a comprehensive and competitive picture of your academic achievements on your transcript and stand out in the competitive Ivy League admissions landscape.

*Variations exist for in-state versus out-of-state students and by high school. Be sure to calculate your GPA following the UC issued guidelines.

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Fashion Chatter

What’s More Fun Than Poking Fun at Fashion?

A jewelry brand’s ad campaign has generated buzz for skewering the industry in videos featuring models, editors and, now, Susan Sarandon.

By Ruth La Ferla

In the Fashion Chatter column, Ruth La Ferla reports industry news bites and offers bits of analysis.

The scene: Two hard-bitten dames clash over a man. At issue: Did one steal the other’s lover, then go on to marry … and murder him?

One of the women, Margeaux Goldrich, is fictional. The other is the Oscar-winning actress Susan Sarandon, who performs a flinty version of herself grilling Margeaux, an imperious fashion diva played by Patricia Black, about the character’s suspected role in her husband’s untimely death.

You won’t find this brooding melodrama on Netflix. The narrative spools out instead on social media as a string of darkly comic vignettes conceived and produced by the jewelry designer Alexis Bittar as part of an ongoing marketing campaign for his namesake company.

Mr. Bittar — who started his brand in the late 1990s, sold it to Brooks Brothers in 2015 and bought the business back three years ago — introduced the video campaign last fall. Ms. Sarandon, 77, is the latest and arguably biggest name to appear in the dozens of short episodes that have since been released on the Alexis Bittar Instagram and TikTok accounts. “I was drawn to what he has created with these satirical and unconventional skits,” she said via text message.

Other over-the-top, style-world personalities who have appeared as versions of themselves include: Mel Ottenberg, a stylist and the editor in chief of Interview Magazine ; the model Coco Rocha ; the nightlife fixture Amanda Lepore ; and Kelly Cutrone, the tartly outspoken fashion publicist who has starred in her own reality TV show .

Then there is Ms. Black, 66, an actress, as the turban-wrapped Margeaux, an Upper East Side harpy who throughout the campaign lobs icy highhanded demands at her long-suffering personal assistant, Jules, played by Julie J, a performance artist and drag performer.

Ms. Sarandon, as may be expected, gets gentler treatment from Margeaux, who admires the floral-patterned biker jacket that Ms. Sarandon wears in the campaign (it was her own) and her upswept umber-tinted hair. Margeaux also fawns over Ms. Sarandon’s stardom and left-leaning politics. “You were out there fighting for the people,” Margeaux tells her, sliding in a coy reference to Ms. Sarandon’s ceaseless activism .

With the video campaign, Mr. Bittar, 55, wanted to “create a community,” he said, one he hopes would respond not just to the bangles and bags he has embedded in each episode but to the series’ crazily proliferating cast of barb-spewing characters.

“ I wanted people to speak their minds and say inappropriate things,” Mr. Bittar said, “the way someone, even in today’s woke climate, might actually speak.”

He also “wanted to create a love letter to New York,” he said. “Part of that love involves showing characters I’ve known through my years in the industry.” Some, like Margeaux, “were horrible people,” Mr. Bittar added, but they have influenced him just the same.

Margeaux, he acknowledged, is a heady composite of autocratic tastemakers — among them the Vogue editors Anna Wintour and Diana Vreeland, as well as Marina Schiano , a Vogue model turned stylist and fashion executive — reduced, intentionally, to a fashion stereotype.

Sasha Charnin Morrison, 59, who once worked for Ms. Schiano and toiled for years in the fashion departments of Harper’s Bazaar, Us Weekly and Elle, said that some viewers may write off Margeaux and Jules as cartoons. “But I was Jules,” said Ms. Morrison, who is now a freelance writer and digital content creator. “That was my life.”

She added that the campaign evokes her nostalgia for the days when, as she put it, “you never knew on a Friday if you were fired, but you would always come back for more abuse on Monday.”

Those who can’t relate to a fashion dragon like Margeaux may still find the character familiar. “We all worked for somebody who has been a Margeaux or had a mother who was that,” Ms. Black said. “These relationships exist, so why not lighten up and make fun of them?”

Ms. Cutrone, the publicist, was thrilled at the chance to play her bawdy, trash-talking self “times 100,” she said. She speculated that Mr. Bittar’s video series may be the start of “more fashion people going into directing and owning their content.”

She, like Ms. Sarandon and other participants, received no monetary payment for her appearance.

So what made her take the job?

With a hoot, Ms. Cutrone replied, “I will work for bangles.”

An earlier version of this article misspelled the given name of a fictional fashion diva. She is Margeaux Goldrich, not Margaux.

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Ruth La Ferla is a reporter in the Style section of The Times whose coverage ranges across fashion, influential personalities and societal trends. More about Ruth La Ferla