lse thesis library

Browser does not support script.

• Using the Library
• What's on
• Collection highlights

Research support

Publishing, data management and research impact.

Open access funding, compliance and publishing

Research Data Management and Open Data guidance

Copyright advice for LSE students and staff

Citation analysis and research visibility support and tools

Secure Data Access at LSE Library and beyond

LSE Theses Online PhD collection

Systematic literature review service advice and support to help you

LSE Press publishing platform for high quality, open access research

Open access for book publishing

ORCID at LSE connecting research and researchers

LSE Research Online repository

Training and workshops for researchers

Subscribe to our public newsletter.

Follow us on Instagram

020 7955 7229

[email protected]

Address View on Google maps

LSE Library, 10 Portugal Street, London, WC2A 2HD

Browser does not support script.

• Using the Library
• What's on
• Collection highlights
• Research support

Citing and referencing

Find advice on citing and referencing at lse and discover some tools to help you., we are here to help if you need any assistance with referencing   .

1 .  Attend one of our training courses . Get the basics with  Reference with Confidence , hear about how software can help in 3 short videos on  Tools for Consistent Referencing  or drop into our  Referencing Café  with any questions. 

2 .  Contact your department librarian  who can offer advice or answer any questions on referencing.  Contact your librarian  by email or  book a session through Student Hub . 

3 .  Quick query on how to reference something?  Use  Cite them right  to see how to reference a resource in a range of styles.

Why citing and referencing is important

Why citing and referencing are important.

Correct citing and referencing is an important academic skill. It demonstrates that you have read widely and have gathered evidence to support your arguments.

What is citing and referencing?

Citing means noting in the text where you quote, paraphrase or use an idea from someone else. Referencing means creating a list of the sources you have cited. 

Watch The why, what, when and how of referencing

Find out what citing and referencing are and the nuts and bolts of how to use them to avoid plagiarism. Think about the types of information needed to create a reference and how to put it together to cite and reference consistently.

Citing and referencing at LSE

• LSE does not have a single standard method for citing and referencing. 
• Departments have different requirements so it is very important to check your student handbook or ask your academic supervisor to be clear on what is expected for your assignments and dissertations.
• Check which method you are required to use, footnotes or the in-text author-date (Harvard) method.  
• Then you will need to use a single citation style to format your citation in your footnote or reference list. 
• If your department has not specified the method and style then it is your choice. The emphasis is on consistency and not mixing methods and styles. Choosing a specific style will make it easier to find and follow rules for each reference. 
• Looking at sample dissertations from your departments is useful. See  LSE Theses Online .

Citing and referencing generative AI tools

If you are citing generative AI tools in your assessed work, please do so ethically and responsibly. You should read the latest School guidance on Artificial Intelligence, assessment and academic integrity . Academic departments may diverge from the School policy, so you should check your department’s position on the use of generative AI in assessed work.

The main citation styles used at LSE have already developed guidance for how to cite generative AI tools in the body of your assessment and in the bibliography or reference list. We provide examples of how to cite generative AI tools according to a) APA, b) Chicago, c) Harvard, and d) OSCOLA. We also subscribe to Cite Them Right , the accompanying website to the textbook, which includes guidance on citing generative AI in various citation styles.

APA made suggestions for how to cite generative AI in April 2023 - and they have been included in Cite Them Right.

Example in-text citation: When prompted with “Is the left brain right brain divide real or a metaphor?” the ChatGPT-generated text indicated that although the two brain hemispheres are somewhat specialized, “the notation that people can be characterized as ‘left-brained’ or ‘right-brained’ is considered to be an oversimplification and a popular myth” (OpenAI, 2023).

Bibliography: OpenAI. (2023). ChatGPT (Mar 14 version) [Large language model].  https://chat.openai.com/chat .  

The Chicago Manual of Style suggested how to cite generative AI in an FAQ from earlier in 2023, which has also been included in Cite Them Right.

Example in-text citation (footnote): 1. Text generated by ChatGPT, OpenAI, March 7, 2023, https://chat.openai.com/chat .

Example in-text citation (author-date): (ChatGPT, March 7, 2023). Bibliography: OpenAI. “ChatGPT.” Accessed August 18 2018. https://chat.openai.com/chat

Cite Them Right suggests that if generative AI material is available online, you can cite it as an electronic version of a source (such as an artwork or article), but otherwise, if the AI’s end product (for example use of ChatGPT in conversation) is only available to you, cite this as a personal communication and include a description of the AI-generated material in your in-text citation.

In-text citation (example A): The AI-generated flower (Shutterstock AI, 2023)

Bibliography (example A): Shutterstock AI (2023) Photo of pond with lotus flower [Digital art]. Available at: https://www.shutterstock.com/image-generated/photo-pond-lotus-flower-2252080005 (Accessed: 31 March 2023).

In-text citation (example B): When prompted by the author, ChatGPT responded with a ‘definition of academic integrity’ (OpenAI ChatGPT, 2023).

Bibliography (example B): OpenAI ChatGPT (2023) ChatGPT response to John Stephens, 2 April.

OSCOLA was last revised in 2012 and is due to be revised again in Spring 2024. It is likely that the new guidance will cover citing generative AI. In the short term, you could consider the guidance issued by Robert Gordon University , for example:

Footnote: OpenAI ChatGPT response to prompt ‘what is the law in the UK regarding offensive online communications?’ (27 April 2023). Bibliography: OpenAI ChatGPT, ChatGPT response to author https://openai.com/blog/chatgpt accessed: 27 April 2023.

Tools to help you cite and reference

• Cite them right  is a website which contains advice on how to reference different resources, in a range of styles and provides a tutorial on citing and referencing practice.
• Reference management software can help you cite and reference consistently. Use software to collect, store and organise your references as you research. Then you can insert your citations using the software and build your reference list as you write your assignment.  
• The most commonly used software at LSE are:  EndNote ,  Mendeley  and  Zotero .  
• Your  department librarian  can assist you in using the software.

Reference With Confidence screencasts

Tips and tools to help you cite and reference well

Keep track of references and site more consistently. This video contains advice on developing a system to keep track of what you read. It also recommends some websites which can help with referencing and introduces some software tool that can help with consistency.

Example references in a range of styles

See examples of what references should look like in a range of styles as well how to format quotes in your writing.

Good referencing quiz

Test your referencing knowledge with our short quiz. Answer 4 questions on good referencing practice which help answer some of the most common questions students ask about referencing.

Getting further help

LSE LIFE on Moodle  provide additional materials and guidance on writing including  quoting, paraphrasing and summarising in your own words .

If you have any referencing questions get in touch with your  department librarian  to discuss.

LSE Library Companion for Students on Moodle

Borrow, renew and request books

Find material in the Library

Access archives and special collections

• Browse by author
• Browse by year
• Departments
• History of Thought
• Advanced search

We act pro-socially to make up for past wrongs, uphold our personal beliefs, get social approbation, or enjoy the warm-glow feeling of helping out. Pro-social soft policies tap into these motives to foster selfless deeds. Still, we know little about how soft policies change behaviour. In the introductory chapter of this dissertation, I endeavour to explain why understanding mechanisms is important. I also lay out my approach to studying them in this thesis. In Chapter 2, I create an economic model that rationalises "behavioural spillovers", i.e., the within-individual effect of doing a pro-social action on one’s likelihood to do another. I show that pro-social policies weaken or amplify this spillover effect depending on the psychological mechanism through which they induce behaviour change. Thus, estimating such second-order effects can shed light on mechanisms. A key application of this theory lies in tackling global warming. In Chapter 3, I study if eating less meat — an individual action with high mitigation potential — induces us to do more for the environment. I also assess whether promoting vegetarian choices with social norm nudges amplifies or weakens this spillover effect. Using an online experiment (n=2775), I find that when the social norm succeeds in promoting vegetarianism, it is at the cost of crowding out this willingness to do more. This "crowding-out" effect suggests that social norm messaging induces people to act out of extrinsic motivations (e.g., to temper social pressure). Chapter 4 explores how two narratives used by politicians or environmental activists to promote environmental activism can foster or hinder further engagement. The first triggers guilt from not doing enough by stressing the negative consequences of inaction. The second triggers pride from doing the right thing by stressing the benefit of climate action. I test their effectiveness in a large survey experiment (n=10,670). None of these approaches work in promoting pro-environmental actions. Putting these results in perspective with Chapter 3, I draw some implications for the design of pro-environmental soft policies. I conclude this thesis by reflecting on my research practices in Chapter 5.

The Unique Burial of a Child of Early Scythian Time at the Cemetery of Saryg-Bulun (Tuva)

<< Previous page

Pages:  379-406

In 1988, the Tuvan Archaeological Expedition (led by M. E. Kilunovskaya and V. A. Semenov) discovered a unique burial of the early Iron Age at Saryg-Bulun in Central Tuva. There are two burial mounds of the Aldy-Bel culture dated by 7th century BC. Within the barrows, which adjoined one another, forming a figure-of-eight, there were discovered 7 burials, from which a representative collection of artifacts was recovered. Burial 5 was the most unique, it was found in a coffin made of a larch trunk, with a tightly closed lid. Due to the preservative properties of larch and lack of air access, the coffin contained a well-preserved mummy of a child with an accompanying set of grave goods. The interred individual retained the skin on his face and had a leather headdress painted with red pigment and a coat, sewn from jerboa fur. The coat was belted with a leather belt with bronze ornaments and buckles. Besides that, a leather quiver with arrows with the shafts decorated with painted ornaments, fully preserved battle pick and a bow were buried in the coffin. Unexpectedly, the full-genomic analysis, showed that the individual was female. This fact opens a new aspect in the study of the social history of the Scythian society and perhaps brings us back to the myth of the Amazons, discussed by Herodotus. Of course, this discovery is unique in its preservation for the Scythian culture of Tuva and requires careful study and conservation.

Keywords: Tuva, Early Iron Age, early Scythian period, Aldy-Bel culture, barrow, burial in the coffin, mummy, full genome sequencing, aDNA

Information about authors: Marina Kilunovskaya (Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation). Candidate of Historical Sciences. Institute for the History of Material Culture of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Dvortsovaya Emb., 18, Saint Petersburg, 191186, Russian Federation E-mail: [email protected] Vladimir Semenov (Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation). Candidate of Historical Sciences. Institute for the History of Material Culture of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Dvortsovaya Emb., 18, Saint Petersburg, 191186, Russian Federation E-mail: [email protected] Varvara Busova  (Moscow, Russian Federation).  (Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation). Institute for the History of Material Culture of the Russian Academy of Sciences.  Dvortsovaya Emb., 18, Saint Petersburg, 191186, Russian Federation E-mail:  [email protected] Kharis Mustafin  (Moscow, Russian Federation). Candidate of Technical Sciences. Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology.  Institutsky Lane, 9, Dolgoprudny, 141701, Moscow Oblast, Russian Federation E-mail:  [email protected] Irina Alborova  (Moscow, Russian Federation). Candidate of Biological Sciences. Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology.  Institutsky Lane, 9, Dolgoprudny, 141701, Moscow Oblast, Russian Federation E-mail:  [email protected] Alina Matzvai  (Moscow, Russian Federation). Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology.  Institutsky Lane, 9, Dolgoprudny, 141701, Moscow Oblast, Russian Federation E-mail:  [email protected]

Shopping Cart Items: 0 Cart Total: 0,00 € place your order

Price pdf version

student - 2,75 € individual - 3,00 € institutional - 7,00 €

Copyright В© 1999-2022. Stratum Publishing House

Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer.

To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to  upgrade your browser .

Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link.

• We're Hiring!
• Help Center

Land use changes in the environs of Moscow

Related Papers

Eurasian Geography and Economics

Grigory Ioffe

komal choudhary

This study illustrates the spatio-temporal dynamics of urban growth and land use changes in Samara city, Russia from 1975 to 2015. Landsat satellite imageries of five different time periods from 1975 to 2015 were acquired and quantify the changes with the help of ArcGIS 10.1 Software. By applying classification methods to the satellite images four main types of land use were extracted: water, built-up, forest and grassland. Then, the area coverage for all the land use types at different points in time were measured and coupled with population data. The results demonstrate that, over the entire study period, population was increased from 1146 thousand people to 1244 thousand from 1975 to 1990 but later on first reduce and then increase again, now 1173 thousand population. Builtup area is also change according to population. The present study revealed an increase in built-up by 37.01% from 1975 to 1995, than reduce -88.83% till 2005 and an increase by 39.16% from 2005 to 2015, along w...

Elena Milanova

Land use/Cover Change in Russia within the context of global challenges. The paper presents the results of a research project on Land Use/Cover Change (LUCC) in Russia in relations with global problems (climate change, environment and biodiversity degradation). The research was carried out at the Faculty of Geography, Moscow State University on the basis of the combination of remote sensing and in-field data of different spatial and temporal resolution. The original methodology of present-day landscape interpretation for land cover change study has been used. In Russia the major driver of land use/land cover change is agriculture. About twenty years ago the reforms of Russian agriculture were started. Agricultural lands in many regions were dramatically impacted by changed management practices, resulted in accelerated erosion and reduced biodiversity. Between the natural factors that shape agriculture in Russia, climate is the most important one. The study of long-term and short-ter...

Annals of The Association of American Geographers

Land use and land cover change is a complex process, driven by both natural and anthropogenic transformations (Fig. 1). In Russia, the major driver of land use / land cover change is agriculture. It has taken centuries of farming to create the existing spatial distribution of agricultural lands. Modernization of Russian agriculture started fifteen years ago. It has brought little change in land cover, except in the regions with marginal agriculture, where many fields were abandoned. However, in some regions, agricultural lands were dramatically impacted by changed management practices, resulting in accelerating erosion and reduced biodiversity. In other regions, federal support and private investments in the agricultural sector, especially those made by major oil and financial companies, has resulted in a certain land recovery. Between the natural factors that shape the agriculture in Russia, climate is the most important one. In the North European and most of the Asian part of the ...

Ekonomika poljoprivrede

Vasilii Erokhin

Journal of Rural Studies

judith pallot

In recent decades, Russia has experienced substantial transformations in agricultural land tenure. Post-Soviet reforms have shaped land distribution patterns but the impacts of these on agricultural use of land remain under-investigated. On a regional scale, there is still a knowledge gap in terms of knowing to what extent the variations in the compositions of agricultural land funds may be explained by changes in the acreage of other land categories. Using a case analysis of 82 of Russia’s territories from 2010 to 2018, the authors attempted to study the structural variations by picturing the compositions of regional land funds and mapping agricultural land distributions based on ranking “land activity”. Correlation analysis of centered log-ratio transformed compositional data revealed that in agriculture-oriented regions, the proportion of cropland was depressed by agriculture-to-urban and agriculture-to-industry land loss. In urbanized territories, the compositions of agricultura...

Open Geosciences

Alexey Naumov

Despite harsh climate, agriculture on the northern margins of Russia still remains the backbone of food security. Historically, in both regions studied in this article – the Republic of Karelia and the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) – agricultural activities as dairy farming and even cropping were well adapted to local conditions including traditional activities such as horse breeding typical for Yakutia. Using three different sources of information – official statistics, expert interviews, and field observations – allowed us to draw a conclusion that there are both similarities and differences in agricultural development and land use of these two studied regions. The differences arise from agro-climate conditions, settlement history, specialization, and spatial pattern of economy. In both regions, farming is concentrated within the areas with most suitable natural conditions. Yet, even there, agricultural land use is shrinking, especially in Karelia. Both regions are prone to being af...

RELATED PAPERS

Loving the Planet: Interfaith Essays on Ecology, Love and Theology

Naftali Rothenberg

Júnior Rodrigues

Hereditary cancer in clinical practice

Ignacio Agustin Blanco

Enrique Moliterno

The Journal of Organic Chemistry

Thierry Besson

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America

Daryl Caswell

Revista Brasileira de Ortopedia

vinicius drummond rodrigues

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

Thierry Lorca

Journal of the American Chemical Society

William Edwards

International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids

Anis younes

Mostafa Azizi

New Astronomy

Proceedings of the 19th international symposium on Physical design

Jason (Jingsheng) Cong

Maejo International Journal of Energy and Environmental Communication

Chen-Yeon Chu

Section 3: Production and Compounding

Paola Minghetti

E-Health Telecommunication Systems and Networks

José Luis Arduz Pacheco

Gustavo Heiden

Richard Encarnacion

Boundary Value Problems

RELATED TOPICS

•   We're Hiring!
•   Help Center
• Find new research papers in:
• Health Sciences
• Earth Sciences
• Cognitive Science
• Mathematics
• Computer Science
• Academia ©2024