To sum up: place the thesis statement toward the end of your introduction, state your angle on the topic, and provide your reasoning with evidence. Since you only get 20–50 words to work with, make sure to use them wisely!
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Whether you’re writing a short essay or a doctoral dissertation, your thesis statement can be one of the trickiest sentences to formulate. Fortunately, there are some basic rules you can follow to ensure your thesis statement is effective and interesting, including that it must be a debatable analytical point, not a general truism.
To write an effective thesis statement, choose a statement that answers a general question about your topic. Check that your thesis is arguable, not factual, and make sure you can back it up your with evidence. For example, your thesis statement could be something like "Computers allow fourth graders an early advantage in technological and scientific education." To learn about writing thesis statements for different types of essays or how to incorporate them into your essay, keep reading! Did this summary help you? Yes No
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A thesis statement is the main claim that you are making in your paper.
The thesis statement is usually one sentence and is located near the beginning of your paper, usually at the end of your introduction paragraph. It tells your readers what stance you take on an issue. Most of the time, when you are writing a paper, you will be responding to a prompt. Analyzing the prompt is essential in making sure your thesis statement actually addresses the question you are trying to answer. The thesis statement needs to directly answer this prompt in a focused and specific way. Some thesis statements also acts as a guide for your paper by telling readers the order in which premises will appear in the paper. This can help the reader be prepared for what you are going to say and to anticipate some of the ideas that you may write about.
Worried about your writing? Submit your paper for a Chegg Writing essay check , or for an Expert Check proofreading . Both can help you find and fix potential writing issues.
Writing a thesis statement can feel overwhelming at first, but by following these steps, you can make the process less daunting.
While it seems simple, analyzing the prompt is essential in making sure your thesis statement actually supports the question you are trying to answer. If you are given a prompt by your instructor, read it carefully several times. You may want to underline or circle key action words like “claim” or “analyze” and key terms from your class. Then, try to rewrite it in your own words. Even if it doesn’t sound perfect, putting it your own words will ensure that you really understand what it is asking.
Example assignment prompt: In a well-developed essay, explain how writers like John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, as well as Enlightenment ideas, sparked the French Revolution.
Rewritten in your own words: Write a clear, well supported essay. This essay will not only be about HOW the French Revolution started, but it will be on ideas and writings (not events), specifically those of John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Be sure to include other ideas from the Enlightenment.
At this point you will hopefully have a basic answer to the question presented in the prompt. It is okay if you don’t know exactly how to answer it, but you should jot down a simple answer to help you begin your writing.
A strong thesis statement will be clear and specific, and it will be later supported by evidence from your research. You won’t be able to write a statement like this until you do your research.
The research will look different depending on your task. If you are writing a literary analysis essay, you may need to search the text and identify important plot events, character changes, and quotations. This research may feel a lot like brainstorming. If you are writing an argumentative essay, you may need to find articles and books in the library or in databases.
While researching your topic, keep the assignment prompt and your general answer in mind. Try to see if your research supports your initial idea or if you will need to revise your idea based on the information you find.
Chances are, after you complete your research, you will have more information than you need. Now is the time to look at all of the evidence, data, and sources you collected, and determine what relates specifically to your assignment prompt and your general answer and what does not. If you have irrelevant information, put it to the side and save it in case it becomes relevant later.
Next, try to categorize the research you have into a few distinct groups. If your prompt asks you to compare and contrast, you may sort based on similarities or differences. If your prompt asks you to analyze the character development of a character in a novel, you might create your categories based on changes in that character.
Now that you understand the prompt and have completed thorough research, draft a version of your thesis. This statement is often called a “working thesis” because you will likely revise it several times throughout the writing process. Try to be clear and specific, answer the prompt directly, and state a claim you will prove in the rest of your writing.
After you have written the first draft of your essay, it is time to go back and make sure your thesis statement still matches what you actually wrote about. Reread your thesis statement and the topic sentence of each paragraph. Make sure that all of the topic sentences directly support the thesis and that the thesis statement encompasses the ideas you presented in your body paragraphs. If you find that they don’t perfectly align, you may need to revise your thesis statement to match what you wrote.
Now is also a good time to make sure your thesis statement uses effective language. Make sure you have used active verbs instead of passive and that your tone is professional and academic. If you have words like “very” or “extremely,” you could replace them with stronger and more specific options like “significant” or “acutely.”
Let’s take a look at a few examples of working thesis statements and thesis statements. For this first example, your assignment prompt asked you to discuss the impact of reading on children. After a bit of research, you may land on the following idea:
It is important for children to read often when they are in early elementary school.
This statement is a good working thesis, but it is not strong enough to be your final draft. It does make a claim, but it is vague and does not provide a roadmap for the reader. It also does not discuss the impact of reading. Why is it important for children to read? What are the benefits of children reading? A stronger thesis statement might say:
Children who read often in early elementary school develop strong vocabularies and improve their reading comprehension skills, increasing their confidence in reading increasingly complex texts.
This revised thesis is more focused, is likely based on research, and helps readers see the key ideas you will discuss in the paper.
Now imagine that your professor has asked you to write an essay on the role of language in George Orwell’s 1984. After you have read through your notes, read the novel, and brainstormed ideas, you may decide on the following working thesis:
Control of language is used as a source of power in 1984.
This working thesis is a good start for your brainstorming and your outline. From here, you would want to consider how language is used as a source of power and why it is used that way. A revised thesis might read:
In George Orwell’s 1984 , the Party manipulates citizens into total submission to the Party’s ideals through Newspeak, propaganda, and altered history.
This thesis statement provides a clear guide to writing. It uses active verbs (e.g., “the Party manipulates”) and clear details of language (e.g., Newspeak, propaganda, altered history) from the novel.
Before you turn in that paper, don’t forget to cite your sources in APA format , MLA format , or a style of your choice.
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Writing a thesis statement can be intimidating, sure, but it doesn’t have to be hard. Below, we’ll go over five steps that can help you write an effective thesis statement.
A thesis statement is a sentence found at the end of the introduction paragraph (usually the last sentence) that briefly yet thoroughly explains the main idea or point of the rest of your text. Writing a good thesis statement is essential because it helps your readers understand your objective from the start—there’s no guessing game. An effective thesis statement also has the power to draw readers in by showing why your topic is worth reading (and writing) about.
1. choose a topic..
Before writing a good thesis statement, you’ll have to decide what you’re writing about. This step requires a lot of thought because you want to pick a topic that you’re passionate about, but that can also resonate with a wide audience.
Next, ask yourself what your goal is. This is in line with deciding what type of text you’ll be writing—expository, persuasive, narrative, etc. It’s always crucial to believe in what you’re writing. This might be tricky, especially if the topic was chosen for you, but you can always try to find an angle that you can wholeheartedly support.
Now it’s time to write the thesis statement . Remember, a thesis statement sums up the point of your entire text. It works as a sort of guide for your readers, so they know what to expect. Ask yourself, “How can I capture the main essence of my writing into one sentence?” And keep this in mind while you’re writing it: An effective thesis statement explains what you’re writing about and asserts your perspective on it.
You’ve probably heard that you’re not supposed to edit as you write, which is true in many cases. But because the thesis statement sets the tone for the rest of your writing, you may not want one riddled with spelling and grammar errors. Check for mistakes in your thesis statement before continuing writing. If you want additional help, you can always use LanguageTool as your writing assistant, so all you have to focus on is writing. This multilingual text editor can do the checking for you to ensure flawless text.
The writing process can be enlightening. Sometimes your perspective on something may shift as you gain a new understanding while writing about it. It’s no problem if this happens, just make sure your thesis statement matches the rest of your writing.
Here’s an example of a well-written thesis statement:
Having a pet not only helps you feel a sense of companionship, but they also offer a plethora of physical and mental health benefits, which I’ll be discussing in detail.
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Reference management. Clean and simple.
Review or reiterate key points of your work, explain why your work is relevant, a take-away for the reader, more resources on writing thesis conclusions, frequently asked questions about writing an excellent thesis conclusion, related articles.
At this point in your writing, you have most likely finished your introduction and the body of your thesis, dissertation, or research paper . While this is a reason to celebrate, you should not underestimate the importance of your conclusion. The conclusion is the last thing that your reader will see, so it should be memorable.
A good conclusion will review the key points of the thesis and explain to the reader why the information is relevant, applicable, or related to the world as a whole. Make sure to dedicate enough of your writing time to the conclusion and do not put it off until the very last minute.
This article provides an effective technique for writing a conclusion adapted from Erika Eby’s The College Student's Guide to Writing a Good Research Paper: 101 Easy Tips & Tricks to Make Your Work Stand Out .
While the thesis introduction starts out with broad statements about the topic, and then narrows it down to the thesis statement , a thesis conclusion does the same in the opposite order.
Tip: Don’t just copy and paste your thesis into your conclusion. Restate it in different words.
The best way to start a conclusion is simply by restating the thesis statement. That does not mean just copying and pasting it from the introduction, but putting it into different words.
You will need to change the structure and wording of it to avoid sounding repetitive. Also, be firm in your conclusion just as you were in the introduction. Try to avoid sounding apologetic by using phrases like "This paper has tried to show..."
The conclusion should address all the same parts as the thesis while making it clear that the reader has reached the end. You are telling the reader that your research is finished and what your findings are.
I have argued throughout this work that the point of critical mass for biopolitical immunity occurred during the Romantic period because of that era's unique combination of post-revolutionary politics and innovations in smallpox prevention. In particular, I demonstrated that the French Revolution and the discovery of vaccination in the 1790s triggered a reconsideration of the relationship between bodies and the state.
Tip: Try to reiterate points from your introduction in your thesis conclusion.
The next step is to review the main points of the thesis as a whole. Look back at the body of of your project and make a note of the key ideas. You can reword these ideas the same way you reworded your thesis statement and then incorporate that into the conclusion.
You can also repeat striking quotations or statistics, but do not use more than two. As the conclusion represents your own closing thoughts on the topic , it should mainly consist of your own words.
In addition, conclusions can contain recommendations to the reader or relevant questions that further the thesis. You should ask yourself:
Also, try to reference your introduction in your conclusion. You have already taken a first step by restating your thesis. Now, check whether there are other key words, phrases or ideas that are mentioned in your introduction that fit into your conclusion. Connecting the introduction to the conclusion in this way will help readers feel satisfied.
I explored how Mary Wollstonecraft, in both her fiction and political writings, envisions an ideal medico-political state, and how other writers like William Wordsworth and Mary Shelley increasingly imagined the body politic literally, as an incorporated political collective made up of bodies whose immunity to political and medical ills was essential to a healthy state.
Tip: Make sure to explain why your thesis is relevant to your field of research.
Although you can encourage readers to question their opinions and reflect on your topic, do not leave loose ends. You should provide a sense of resolution and make sure your conclusion wraps up your argument. Make sure you explain why your thesis is relevant to your field of research and how your research intervenes within, or substantially revises, existing scholarly debates.
This project challenged conventional ideas about the relationship among Romanticism, medicine, and politics by reading the unfolding of Romantic literature and biopolitical immunity as mutual, co-productive processes. In doing so, this thesis revises the ways in which biopolitics has been theorized by insisting on the inherent connections between Romantic literature and the forms of biopower that characterize early modernity.
Tip: If you began your thesis with an anecdote or historical example, you may want to return to that in your conclusion.
End your conclusion with something memorable, such as:
Ultimately, you want readers to feel more informed, or ready to act, as they read your conclusion.
Yet, the Romantic period is only the beginning of modern thought on immunity and biopolitics. Victorian writers, doctors, and politicians upheld the Romantic idea that a "healthy state" was a literal condition that could be achieved by combining politics and medicine, but augmented that idea through legislation and widespread public health measures. While many nineteenth-century efforts to improve citizens' health were successful, the fight against disease ultimately changed course in the twentieth century as global immunological threats such as SARS occupied public consciousness. Indeed, as subsequent public health events make apparent, biopolitical immunity persists as a viable concept for thinking about the relationship between medicine and politics in modernity.
Need more advice? Read our 5 additional tips on how to write a good thesis conclusion.
The conclusion is the last thing that your reader will see, so it should be memorable. To write a great thesis conclusion you should:
The basic content of a conclusion is to review the main points from the paper. This part represents your own closing thoughts on the topic. It should mainly consist of the outcome of the research in your own words.
The length of the conclusion will depend on the length of the whole thesis. Usually, a conclusion should be around 5-7% of the overall word count.
End your conclusion with something memorable, such as a question, warning, or call to action. Depending on the topic, you can also end with a recommendation.
In Open Access: Theses and Dissertations you can find thousands of completed works. Take a look at any of the theses or dissertations for real-life examples of conclusions that were already approved.
Stuck with your home assignment? It’s natural for beginners to feel overwhelmed, especially if you are new to thesis statement writing. A thesis statement guides your essay structure and defines the content of paragraphs. So, without it, you may get lost and confused, wasting time on pointless work.
We’re here to help you out with thesis statement steps. This article shares tons of valuable information about how to write a good thesis statement hassle-free and presents tips for proper thesis statement format for all essay types. Read on to become a thesis statement guru with our expert advice and templates.
🪞 thesis statement about yourself.
In a nutshell, a thesis statement is one sentence (rarely two) communicating the main idea of your essay . It serves as a roadmap for the reader regarding what they will learn from the paper. This element comes at the end of the introduction.
The purpose of a thesis statement in essays is to express the main point or central message of the entire writing piece . A thesis differs from a topic sentence in the scope covered by its content. While it only renders the idea of one paragraph, a thesis statement should cover the entire paper.
The good news is that you can complete almost any assignment by following simple steps to writing a thesis statement. Below we cover these easy steps to help you master this skill. The method is universal, allowing quick completion of any assigned home task.
Let’s cover five main steps to writing a good thesis statement . Don’t neglect any of them, as they form a solid framework for thesis statement writing, regardless of the topic or academic discipline.
As the name of this element suggests, you need to compose a statement. Doing this is simple if you take one step back from academics and consider how to explain your position to a friend. Figure out a short and straightforward phrase describing your point, using it as the kernel of your thesis statement. Here are several thesis statements examples to consider:
Once your preliminary thesis statement is ready, you must look at it interactively to strengthen the point. You might come across a skeptical reader who will discern your argument. So, to sound persuasive, you need to consider counterarguments before they surface. Here are some counterarguments you can potentially face when writing on the abovementioned topics.
You now have a position and a counterargument when looking at steps #1 and #2. Use that opposition to find strong support for your claim and solidify your thesis statement. Here’s how you can do it with our discussed topics:
Congratulations, now your argument has become more assertive. It looks convincing to the readers, who will likely agree with you. However, is it enough for an extensive essay? Can you win the point with only one argument? You need more facts and supporting evidence to increase your essay’s persuasive power and strengthen your claim. So, we recommend adding points to a single strong idea, leaving no room for readers’ doubts and hesitation. Here are the supporting facts for our examples:
So, you have a complex of arguments and counterarguments at your fingertips. Now it’s time to mold your strong thesis statement from that material. You can do it using one of the numerous thesis statement formulas we cover in the next section. We’ll illustrate how each applies to the examples we’ve just discussed.
By choosing one of the thesis statement formulas presented below, you can construct an attention-grabbing, persuasive thesis statement without a problem. You can pick one of the four formula options. Variables included in the formula are:
A = main argument B = additional argument C = main conclusion D = counterargument
Let’s see how it works using the examples from the previous section.
# | Thesis Statement Formula | Examples |
1 | Even though __D__, __C___ because __B/A___. | because of its numerous positive effects on brain and heart health. • Even though times change, learning history can still open new avenues for predicting the future due to understanding causality and analyzing macro-trends. • Even though financial education cannot protect children from all financial troubles, literacy in this domain can save them from bankruptcy because of a better understanding of financial risks. |
2 | __C____ because ____A_____ and ______B____. | contributes to a better understanding of financial risks and prevents debt and bankruptcy in adult life. |
3 | Whereas ___D____, ____C___ given that ____A_____. | |
4 | Since ___A______ and _____B___, ____C____. |
Thesis statements can take many forms, depending on your chosen formula and style. The most common of them are:
Depending on your paper, you can create an informative or persuasive thesis. The difference is in the purpose of that statement – to inform the readers about the essay’s content or lay out your claim in which you will convince the readers.
An informative sample thesis statement looks as follows:
“Learning to ride a bicycle requires concentration, body balance, and some hours of practical training.”
A persuasive thesis statement is as follows:
“It is impossible to change one’s character at a mature age because all basic reasoning and judgment mechanisms are already fixed and stable.”
As you can see, the informative thesis statement doesn’t offer much room for debate; it only lays out the information that you will cover in further sections. So, it is suitable for expository essay writing. A persuasive thesis communicates a subjective opinion that can be accepted or refuted depending on the available evidence.
The type of thesis statement you ultimately choose depends on your chosen approach to the essay content. It is also determined by the essay type you need to write. For example, analytical or persuasive essays require persuasive thesis statements, while a narrative essay will need an informative thesis.
Analytical essays invite students to provide personal interpretations of a given source. The writer presents a claim or argument regarding the studied material and pays out the evidence that proves that point in the essay’s paragraphs.
When writing an analytical thesis statement, you need to consider:
✅ | the “ ” part—your object of analysis and claim; |
✅ | the “ ” part —how your claim and object will be approached; |
✅ | the “ ” part—the implications of your analysis. |
Here are examples of how to write a thesis statement for an analysis essay:
Now let’s cover a couple of analytical thesis statements that can do you a good and lousy favor in academic assignment quality. The good examples we propose are:
What to beware of when composing effective thesis statements? Here are a few things to avoid, along with bad thesis statement examples.
❌ | Sounding too descriptive (missing the “how” and “so what” parts) | |
❌ | Playing a double game (confusing arguments and counterarguments in one statement) | |
❌ | Voicing self-obvious facts | |
❌ | Asking questions and giving no answers |
A compare and contrast essay is a piece of academic writing that focuses on the similarities and distinctions of two or more objects. You need to pick related but not identical concepts or items to review the characteristics they share and don’t have in common. You can make an essay more informative and content-rich by addressing typically confused similar objects.
How to write a thesis statement for a compare and contrast essay? Here are some major rules to follow:
✅ | Layout the objects you plan to compare |
✅ | Indicate that you will compare them |
✅ | Mention the criteria for comparison |
Now let’s look at a couple of examples of compare and contrast thesis statements—these two were taken from AssignZen:
Some more examples can help you out as well:
A narrative essay is assigned to students when they need to tell a story. Thus, it should have a structure typical for a literary essay, including a description of the setting, the tale’s central theme, mood, major characters, and the plot.
How to write a thesis statement for a narrative essay? Here are some rules to follow:
✅ | The role of a thesis statement for a literary analysis is different from other essay types. |
✅ | A thesis typically introduces the action and unfolds the story. |
✅ | A narrative thesis statement shouldn’t inform the readers about additional content or explain what will happen next. It only introduces the character, plot, or action, inviting the readers to explore the story further. |
However, these rules are relevant to fictional narratives and should not limit your use of narrative pieces in academic essays. If you need to write a narrative essay on an academic subject, the use of thesis statements is likely to be the same as in other essay types. They will be more descriptive, delineating the content of your narration.
Let’s look at the example of a thesis statement for a narrative essay at AssignZen:
You might be inspired by a couple more personal narrative thesis statement examples:
Argumentative writing requires a student to research a given topic, collect evidence about it, and form a position argued in the paper. After stating the opinion or standpoint in the introduction, the students need to prove it with logical, clear evidence in the body. The outcome of consistent evidential support should be a solid persuasive effect by the end.
How to write a good thesis statement for an argumentative essay?
✅ | . Asking yourself some “whys” and answering the question with evidence and arguments gives you a workable thesis in the end. |
✅ | . Counterarguments will give ground for strengthening your claim with evidence. |
✅ | . Combining them into a single claim will result in a solid thesis. |
Let’s look at how authors at AssignZen approached thesis statements for an argumentative essay:
Here are some more argumentative thesis statement examples:
An informative essay is an academic text informing the readers about something. Its subject can be an event, a person, a phenomenon, or a relationship between variables. Anything can be the basis for informative writing, and this type of composition usually doesn’t include argumentative logic.
How to write a thesis statement for an informative essay? Here are some tips:
✅ | Since you don’t need to argue a point, your thesis statement should simply report the topic and subject. |
✅ | You can use the thesis to summarize the content and give the reader a snapshot of ideas and facts. |
✅ | It may also set the stage for further writing by introducing the subject. |
Let’s look at how the authors of AssignZen approached thesis statements for an informative essay:
Those unsure about how these tips apply to speeches can enjoy a list of informative speech thesis statement examples:
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Methodology
Published on January 2, 2023 by Shona McCombes . Revised on September 11, 2023.
What is a literature review? A literature review is a survey of scholarly sources on a specific topic. It provides an overview of current knowledge, allowing you to identify relevant theories, methods, and gaps in the existing research that you can later apply to your paper, thesis, or dissertation topic .
There are five key steps to writing a literature review:
A good literature review doesn’t just summarize sources—it analyzes, synthesizes , and critically evaluates to give a clear picture of the state of knowledge on the subject.
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What is the purpose of a literature review, examples of literature reviews, step 1 – search for relevant literature, step 2 – evaluate and select sources, step 3 – identify themes, debates, and gaps, step 4 – outline your literature review’s structure, step 5 – write your literature review, free lecture slides, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions, introduction.
When you write a thesis , dissertation , or research paper , you will likely have to conduct a literature review to situate your research within existing knowledge. The literature review gives you a chance to:
Writing literature reviews is a particularly important skill if you want to apply for graduate school or pursue a career in research. We’ve written a step-by-step guide that you can follow below.
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Writing literature reviews can be quite challenging! A good starting point could be to look at some examples, depending on what kind of literature review you’d like to write.
You can also check out our templates with literature review examples and sample outlines at the links below.
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Before you begin searching for literature, you need a clearly defined topic .
If you are writing the literature review section of a dissertation or research paper, you will search for literature related to your research problem and questions .
Start by creating a list of keywords related to your research question. Include each of the key concepts or variables you’re interested in, and list any synonyms and related terms. You can add to this list as you discover new keywords in the process of your literature search.
Use your keywords to begin searching for sources. Some useful databases to search for journals and articles include:
You can also use boolean operators to help narrow down your search.
Make sure to read the abstract to find out whether an article is relevant to your question. When you find a useful book or article, you can check the bibliography to find other relevant sources.
You likely won’t be able to read absolutely everything that has been written on your topic, so it will be necessary to evaluate which sources are most relevant to your research question.
For each publication, ask yourself:
Make sure the sources you use are credible , and make sure you read any landmark studies and major theories in your field of research.
You can use our template to summarize and evaluate sources you’re thinking about using. Click on either button below to download.
As you read, you should also begin the writing process. Take notes that you can later incorporate into the text of your literature review.
It is important to keep track of your sources with citations to avoid plagiarism . It can be helpful to make an annotated bibliography , where you compile full citation information and write a paragraph of summary and analysis for each source. This helps you remember what you read and saves time later in the process.
To begin organizing your literature review’s argument and structure, be sure you understand the connections and relationships between the sources you’ve read. Based on your reading and notes, you can look for:
This step will help you work out the structure of your literature review and (if applicable) show how your own research will contribute to existing knowledge.
There are various approaches to organizing the body of a literature review. Depending on the length of your literature review, you can combine several of these strategies (for example, your overall structure might be thematic, but each theme is discussed chronologically).
The simplest approach is to trace the development of the topic over time. However, if you choose this strategy, be careful to avoid simply listing and summarizing sources in order.
Try to analyze patterns, turning points and key debates that have shaped the direction of the field. Give your interpretation of how and why certain developments occurred.
If you have found some recurring central themes, you can organize your literature review into subsections that address different aspects of the topic.
For example, if you are reviewing literature about inequalities in migrant health outcomes, key themes might include healthcare policy, language barriers, cultural attitudes, legal status, and economic access.
If you draw your sources from different disciplines or fields that use a variety of research methods , you might want to compare the results and conclusions that emerge from different approaches. For example:
A literature review is often the foundation for a theoretical framework . You can use it to discuss various theories, models, and definitions of key concepts.
You might argue for the relevance of a specific theoretical approach, or combine various theoretical concepts to create a framework for your research.
Like any other academic text , your literature review should have an introduction , a main body, and a conclusion . What you include in each depends on the objective of your literature review.
The introduction should clearly establish the focus and purpose of the literature review.
Depending on the length of your literature review, you might want to divide the body into subsections. You can use a subheading for each theme, time period, or methodological approach.
As you write, you can follow these tips:
In the conclusion, you should summarize the key findings you have taken from the literature and emphasize their significance.
When you’ve finished writing and revising your literature review, don’t forget to proofread thoroughly before submitting. Not a language expert? Check out Scribbr’s professional proofreading services !
This article has been adapted into lecture slides that you can use to teach your students about writing a literature review.
Scribbr slides are free to use, customize, and distribute for educational purposes.
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If you want to know more about the research process , methodology , research bias , or statistics , make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples.
Statistics
Research bias
A literature review is a survey of scholarly sources (such as books, journal articles, and theses) related to a specific topic or research question .
It is often written as part of a thesis, dissertation , or research paper , in order to situate your work in relation to existing knowledge.
There are several reasons to conduct a literature review at the beginning of a research project:
Writing the literature review shows your reader how your work relates to existing research and what new insights it will contribute.
The literature review usually comes near the beginning of your thesis or dissertation . After the introduction , it grounds your research in a scholarly field and leads directly to your theoretical framework or methodology .
A literature review is a survey of credible sources on a topic, often used in dissertations , theses, and research papers . Literature reviews give an overview of knowledge on a subject, helping you identify relevant theories and methods, as well as gaps in existing research. Literature reviews are set up similarly to other academic texts , with an introduction , a main body, and a conclusion .
An annotated bibliography is a list of source references that has a short description (called an annotation ) for each of the sources. It is often assigned as part of the research process for a paper .
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McCombes, S. (2023, September 11). How to Write a Literature Review | Guide, Examples, & Templates. Scribbr. Retrieved August 21, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/dissertation/literature-review/
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PhD Thesis or PhD Dissertation is an important component in the process of getting a doctorate. If you are pursuing PhD or deciding to pursue it, it will be mandatory for you to prepare and submit your PhD Thesis.
All the details and information collected during the PhD research are presented in the form of a PhD Thesis. It is a detailed description of the research process of research outcomes that can contribute to the original field of knowledge in the particular field.
The PhD candidates prepare the PhD Thesis to showcase their research findings. A PhD Thesis is the backbone of the doctoral degree and plays an important role in showcasing the research ability and competency in conducting independent and original research.
A PhD Thesis not only demonstrates the research competency of the candidates but also exhibits their expertise, critical thinking, and research skills. The preparation of a PhD Thesis is a very difficult and challenging task and you need to take the utmost precautions while preparing it.
Here in this blog, we will discuss all the procedures adopted while preparing a detailed PhD and high-quality PhD Thesis:
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The preparation of a PhD Thesis is crucial as it represents the cumulative research work and outcomes. The PhD Thesis provides a detailed description of the comprehensive research in the particular field. If you are a PhD Scholar, it will be mandatory for you to prepare a PhD Thesis to complete your degree.
It acts as proof of document of your research and findings while pursuing the PhD program. A PhD Thesis also guides the new PhD scholars for reference. Newly enrolled PhD scholars who have just begun their research work can refer to the previous research works conducted by a different researcher in the field to begin his journey.
PhD Thesis is a document that also provides a pathway to new research scholars in the field. The PhD thesis preparation involves organizing and assembling the research findings in a coherent structure. This allows you to refine ideas, identify gaps in the research, and ensure that the arguments are logically presented.
Additionally, you will be able to develop essential skills such as critical thinking, problem-solving, and effective communication that are highly valuable in both academic and professional settings.
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PhD Thesis writing begins after completion of the PhD coursework. Every PhD Scholar has to go through a PhD coursework. PhD coursework is offered in the initial years to provide a strong foundation in the research aptitude in the given field.
Once the coursework is completed, a comprehensive exam is conducted to examine and evaluate the ability of the scholars to conduct original research. Generally, the examination is conducted in the 3rd year of the PhD program. Once the examinations are concluded for the coursework, PhD scholars can start working on their PhD Thesis/Dissertation.
Writing a PhD Thesis is a daunting task and one has to go through a prolonged process. It involves several stages and PhD scholars need to through all the stages to prepare a highly inclusive Thesis.
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The length of the PhD Thesis (or dissertation) greatly depends on the field of the study. Generally, the length of the PhD Thesis ranges between 60,000 to 1,20,000 words which can curated in 150 pages to 300 pages. The average length of the PhD Thesis is around 80,000 words.In general, the length of the PhD Thesis in Engineering and Sciences is shorter than that of Humanities and Social Sciences.
The average length of a PhD Thesis in different disciplines is explained in the table below:
Once all the research related to the relevant topics and subjects has been conducted and all the data and results are collected, you can start with your PhD Thesis Writing.
This period is also known as the Writing Up period. The writing-up stage in a PhD Thesis starts when the original research has already been completed.
In this stage, you only focus on the PhD Thesis Writing and do not conduct any additional research.
In research related to Humanities and Social sciences, you may already have a large amount of chapter drafts and papers which makes writing up easy. You only need to redraft and assemble these chapter drafts and research papers to formulate a PhD Thesis.
However, writing a PhD Thesis for a Science and Engineering subject may be different. If you are conducting research in these fields, a major part of your research depends on collecting and analyzing data.
Writing Up a PhD Thesis in Science and Engineering fields may require findings and conclusions from the data collected.
Regardless of the subject and process of PhD Thesis Writing, it should be able to reflect your findings which can be applied in the particular discipline to enhance knowledge.
Feedback from the supervisor while writing the PhD Thesis plays a crucial role. It helps in formulating a well-organized and highly structured PhD Thesis. You must seek constant feedback from your supervisor on your chapter drafts while writing the PhD Thesis.
When the thesis writing is in progress, comments and feedback from the supervisor who has significant research experience will ensure that the research is going in the right direction. You must regularly attend the supervisory meeting and present your chapter drafts for review.
Your PhD supervisor will be more than happy to help and guide you through your PhD Thesis Writing. However, PhD supervisor is not responsible for grammatical mistakes. You must ensure that your thesis is free from grammatical errors.
While writing the PhD Thesis, you must ensure that your thesis is free from plagiarism. The PhD Thesis must contain your original research and not be copied from anywhere. Plagiarism in a PhD Thesis is considered a serious academic offense and can lead to severe consequences.
If you are giving references to works from other authors, you must give proper citations. Paraphrasing and rephrasing of other’s work must be duly acknowledged. In PhD Thesis Writing, plagiarism is defined on various levels.
Here are the different levels of plagiarism in PhD Thesis Writing:
The University Grants Commission (UGC) takes plagiarism very seriously and sets the penalty standards for different levels of plagiarism.
Here is the punishment for Plagiarism in the PhD Thesis:
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Once you are done with the final draft of the PhD Thesis, you will need to send it to your supervisor. The supervisor will go through the thesis and after reviewing it, approve it for final submission.
Once your supervisor has approved you thesis, submit it for the examination. The Departmental Research Committee (DRC) will examine the PhD Thesis and you will have to appear for the Grand PhD Viva. In this Viva, you will need to defend your research findings and conclusions in the PhD Thesis.
PhD Thesis submission is done in physical form and you will have to take a printout of the thesis. You should always take multiple printouts of the thesis to avoid any printing mistakes and glitches. At the time of final submission, generally, multiple copies of the thesis are required which makes it more important.
PhD Viva is conducted within 3 months of thesis submission. Once the viva has been completed, the examiners will let you know whether or not you need to make any changes to your PhD Thesis.
These could be 3 outcomes after thesis submission and viva. All are mentioned below:
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| You will receive your Doctorate. |
| Usually, these are just minor adjustments, modifications, and enhancements to your thesis, and you will have three months to put them into practice. |
| You might need to rewrite a portion of your dissertation or conduct additional research to make these significant modifications, and you have a six-month deadline. |
If you asked for a correction, you will have to fix the errors and re-submit the PhD thesis again. The re-submission of PhD is usually done digitally.
⭐ what is a phd thesis.
A PhD Thesis is a well-structured and well-organized piece of original research that every PhD scholar has to prepare and submit to get their doctorate.
Yes, PhD Viva is mandatory for every PhD Candidate once they have made the final submission of their thesis. In PhD Viva, candidates defend their research and findings before the departmental research committee.
There is no ideal length for a PhD Thesis. However, the length of the PhD thesis is greatly influenced by the disciplines of the research. The length of PhD in Engineering and Sciences is comparatively less than that of PhD in Humanities and Social Sciences. The PhD thesis ranges between 60,000 words to 1,20,000 words.
The University Grants Commission (UGC) allows a maximum of 10 percent plagiarism in the PhD Thesis. The candidates whose thesis plagiarism falls within 10% are not penalized.
Level 2 plagiarism means that the PhD Thesis has a similarity above 40% to 60%. For this level of plagiarism, the PhD candidate will be asked to withdraw the manuscript and debarred from the annual increment for one year. The supervisor of such PhD scholar will also be penalized with a ban on any PhD supervision for 2 years.
Level 3 plagiarism exhibits a similarity above 60% in the PhD Thesis. The PhD Scholars will be asked to withdraw their manuscript and they will be prohibited to annual increments for 2 consecutive years. The supervisor will not be allowed to supervise any new Master’s and PhD Thesis/dissertation for 3 consecutive years.
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References provide the information necessary for readers to identify and retrieve each work cited in the text .
Check each reference carefully against the original publication to ensure information is accurate and complete. Accurately prepared references help establish your credibility as a careful researcher and writer.
Consistency in reference formatting allows readers to focus on the content of your reference list, discerning both the types of works you consulted and the important reference elements (who, when, what, and where) with ease. When you present each reference in a consistent fashion, readers do not need to spend time determining how you organized the information. And when searching the literature yourself, you also save time and effort when reading reference lists in the works of others that are written in APA Style.
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Traffic leaves a Garden State Parkway toll plaza to Route 3 east in Bloomfield. Five bills in the state legislature would give drivers who pay tolls with E-ZPass a state tax break. SL
A host of lawmakers want to give drivers who’ve been hit with four consecutive increases on New Jersey state toll roads a tax break.
Specifically, they want to allow those drivers who pay toll by E-ZPass to deduct tolls from their state income tax. The deductible amounts vary, according to drafts of the various bills. But the idea of allowing drivers to write off tolls on their state income taxes has faced a slippery legislative road, failing to gain traction in New Jersey in past years and in other states.
One of the only two states in the nation that allowed state tax deductions for drivers who paid tolls by E-ZPass repealed it in 2021.
There are five different flavors to the proposals, but all said that E-ZPass fees, fines or tolls that are considered business expenses and are reimbursed by an employer or deducted from federal taxes can’t be deducted under the bill.
If approved by both houses of the legislature and signed in to law by Gov. Phil Murphy , New Jersey would extend a benefit to taxpayers that few states have and the IRS doesn’t allow — deducting the cost of commuting at least when it come to tolls paid.
A bipartisan bill gives drivers the most bang for the toll buck. A bill proposed by state Sen. Patrick Diegnan, D-Middlesex, and state Sen. James Holzapfel, R-Ocean, would allow drivers to deduct $1,000 from their state income tax for travel on any in-state toll road or bi state bridge and tunnel authority that connects to New Jersey.
That bill was introduced in January and is still waiting for a hearing by the senate budget and appropriations committee.
Diegnan gave Holzapfel credit for the idea that led to the legislation.
“It’s basically to give tax relief to folks who have to commute to live their lives,” Diegnan said in an interview. “The idea at the time was (due to) the increase in the gas taxes, but it’s even more relevant with the increases in tolls.”
On March 26, Murphy signed legislation ( A4011 ) that renews the state Transportation Trust Fund, which finances major state and interstate highway, bridge, and transit construction projects in the state.
The renewal raises a total of $15.6 billion over five years to support Department of Transportation and NJ Transit capital projects. It raises the money by increasing the current 42.3 cent-per-gallon gas tax by a 1.9 cents a year for five years.
Diegnan cited the high cost to commute into New York City every day where drivers pay a $17 cash toll in addition to other expenses as another reason for the bill.
Holzapfel couldn’t be reached for comment.
A version of that bill would limit a $1,000 annual tax deduction to users of the New Jersey Turnpike, Garden State Parkway and Atlantic City expressway if they spend more than $1,000 in tolls paid by E-ZPass, which was proposed by state Assemblyman Gregory McGluckin, R-Ocean.
In the bill statement, McGluckin mentioned the Turnpike Authority’s annual $455 million funding of NJ Transit’s operating budget and said toll payers are “paying more than their fair share for transportation and economic development projects.”
Another bill would allow drivers to write off 50% of their E-ZPass Turnpike and Parkway tolls, excluding fines, fees and tolls they’ve been reimbursed for by an employer or deducted off federal taxes as a business expense.
That bill was proposed by Assemblyman Robert J. Karabinchak, D-Middlesex, and co-sponsored by Assemblywomen Shama Haider and Ellen Park, and Assemblyman Clinton Calabrese, all D-Bergen.
A version of that bill would have the state create and fund a $250 million toll relief program that would credit 50% of tolls paid on the Turnpike, Parkway and AC Expressway to a drivers private E-ZPass account. That credit would be for one year only.
Holzapfel sponsored the senate version and Assemblymen Paul Kanitra, R-Ocean, and McGluckin sponsored the Assembly version.
“We wish tolls were fair and toll diversion was nonexistent but since that is not the case, we appreciate the attempts at compensation to make up for the disparity,” said Steve Carrellas, National Motorists Association state policy director.
The association’s preference would be “more legislative constraints on the two NJ toll road authorities for toll rate setting,” he said.
That refers to the 2020 policy change that implemented an annual 3% toll increase on the Parkway and Turnpike through a process called indexing, which has no end date.
“That is the most direct and efficient solution and would lead to much more transparency than exists today,” Carrellas said.
The federal Internal Revenue Service only allows deducting tolls for business travel, which means commuting and other driving costs aren’t allowed to be written off.
But the bills have a rough road ahead. All have been proposed in past years and never progressed beyond the legislative committees they were referred to.
“We’re not talking about a monumental amount,” Diegnan said. ”I think the governor and senate president and speaker are concerned about giving tax relief to folks. I believe it has a good chance of passing.”
Lawmakers in other states, including Maine, New York and Indiana, also have tried unsuccessfully to have their own version of New Jersey’s toll deduction legislation.
Only two states in the nation allowed drivers to write off E-ZPass tolls.
West Virginia had an up to $1,200 deduction for tolls paid in that state by E-ZPass or two state issued cards for non-commercial travel, but that law was repealed in 2021 .
Massachusetts remains the only state that still allows deduction of tolls and transit fares from state income tax if they exceed $150 per person and with a maximum deduction of $750 since 2006.
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OKLAHOMA CITY — A body camera captured every word and bark uttered as police Sgt. Matt Gilmore and his K-9 dog, Gunner, searched for a group of suspects for nearly an hour.
Normally, the Oklahoma City police sergeant would grab his laptop and spend another 30 to 45 minutes writing up a report about the search. But this time he had artificial intelligence write the first draft.
Pulling from all the sounds and radio chatter picked up by the microphone attached to Gilbert's body camera, the AI tool churned out a report in eight seconds.
“It was a better report than I could have ever written, and it was 100% accurate. It flowed better,” Gilbert said. It even documented a fact he didn't remember hearing — another officer's mention of the color of the car the suspects ran from.
Oklahoma City's police department is one of a handful to experiment with AI chatbots to produce the first drafts of incident reports. Police officers who've tried it are enthused about the time-saving technology, while some prosecutors, police watchdogs and legal scholars have concerns about how it could alter a fundamental document in the criminal justice system that plays a role in who gets prosecuted or imprisoned.
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Built with the same technology as ChatGPT and sold by Axon, best known for developing the Taser and as the dominant U.S. supplier of body cameras, it could become what Gilbert describes as another “game changer” for police work.
“They become police officers because they want to do police work, and spending half their day doing data entry is just a tedious part of the job that they hate,” said Axon's founder and CEO Rick Smith, describing the new AI product — called Draft One — as having the “most positive reaction” of any product the company has introduced.
“Now, there’s certainly concerns," Smith added. In particular, he said district attorneys prosecuting a criminal case want to be sure that police officers — not solely an AI chatbot — are responsible for authoring their reports because they may have to testify in court about what they witnessed.
"They never want to get an officer on the stand who says, well, ‘The AI wrote that, I didn’t,’” Smith said.
AI technology is not new to police agencies, which have adopted algorithmic tools to read license plates, recognize suspects’ faces, detect gunshot sounds and predict where crimes might occur. Many of those applications have come with privacy and civil rights concerns and attempts by legislators to set safeguards. But the introduction of AI-generated police reports is so new that there are few, if any, guardrails guiding their use.
Concerns about society's racial biases and prejudices getting built into AI technology are just part of what Oklahoma City community activist aurelius francisco finds “deeply troubling” about the new tool, which he learned about from The Associated Press.
“The fact that the technology is being used by the same company that provides Tasers to the department is alarming enough,” said francisco, a co-founder of the Foundation for Liberating Minds in Oklahoma City.
He said automating those reports will "ease the police’s ability to harass, surveil and inflict violence on community members. While making the cop’s job easier, it makes Black and brown people’s lives harder.”
Before trying out the tool in Oklahoma City, police officials showed it to local prosecutors who advised some caution before using it on high-stakes criminal cases. For now, it's only used for minor incident reports that don't lead to someone getting arrested.
“So no arrests, no felonies, no violent crimes,” said Oklahoma City police Capt. Jason Bussert, who handles information technology for the 1,170-officer department.
That's not the case in another city, Lafayette, Indiana, where Police Chief Scott Galloway told the AP that all of his officers can use Draft One on any kind of case and it's been “incredibly popular” since the pilot began earlier this year.
Or in Fort Collins, Colorado, where police Sgt. Robert Younger said officers are free to use it on any type of report, though they discovered it doesn't work well on patrols of the city's downtown bar district because of an “overwhelming amount of noise."
Along with using AI to analyze and summarize the audio recording, Axon experimented with computer vision to summarize what's “seen” in the video footage, before quickly realizing that the technology was not ready.
“Given all the sensitivities around policing, around race and other identities of people involved, that’s an area where I think we’re going to have to do some real work before we would introduce it,” said Smith, the Axon CEO, describing some of the tested responses as not “overtly racist” but insensitive in other ways.
Those experiments led Axon to focus squarely on audio in the product unveiled in April during its annual company conference for police officials.
The technology relies on the same generative AI model that powers ChatGPT, made by San Francisco-based OpenAI. OpenAI is a close business partner with Microsoft, which is Axon's cloud computing provider.
“We use the same underlying technology as ChatGPT, but we have access to more knobs and dials than an actual ChatGPT user would have,” said Noah Spitzer-Williams, who manages Axon's AI products. Turning down the “creativity dial" helps the model stick to facts so that it “doesn’t embellish or hallucinate in the same ways that you would find if you were just using ChatGPT on its own,” he said.
Axon won't say how many police departments are using the technology. It's not the only vendor, with startups like Policereports.ai and Truleo pitching similar products. But given Axon's deep relationship with police departments that buy its Tasers and body cameras, experts and police officials expect AI-generated reports to become more ubiquitous in the coming months and years.
Before that happens, legal scholar Andrew Ferguson would like to see more of a public discussion about the benefits and potential harms. For one thing, the large language models behind AI chatbots are prone to making up false information, a problem known as hallucination that could add convincing and hard-to-notice falsehoods into a police report.
“I am concerned that automation and the ease of the technology would cause police officers to be sort of less careful with their writing,” said Ferguson, a law professor at American University working on what's expected to be the first law review article on the emerging technology.
Ferguson said a police report is important in determining whether an officer's suspicion "justifies someone’s loss of liberty." It's sometimes the only testimony a judge sees, especially for misdemeanor crimes.
Human-generated police reports also have flaws, Ferguson said, but it's an open question as to which is more reliable.
For some officers who've tried it, it is already changing how they respond to a reported crime. They're narrating what's happening so the camera better captures what they'd want to put in writing.
As the technology catches on, Bussert expects officers will become “more and more verbal” in describing what's in front of them.
After Bussert loaded the video of a traffic stop into the system and pressed a button, the program produced a narrative-style report in conversational language that included dates and times, just like an officer would have typed from his notes, all based on audio from the body camera.
“It was literally seconds,” Gilmore said, “and it was done to the point where I was like, ‘I don’t have anything to change.’”
At the end of the report, the officer must click a box that indicates it was generated with the use of AI.
O'Brien reported from Providence, Rhode Island
The Associated Press and OpenAI have a licensing and technology agreement that allows OpenAI access to part of AP’s text archives.
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COMMENTS
Here is how to write a thesis statement: Write a thesis statement by clearly stating your topic, expressing your position, and providing key points. For example: "Social media impacts teens by influencing self-esteem, enabling cyberbullying, and shaping social interactions.". Be specific, concise, and arguable.
Step 2: Write your initial answer. After some initial research, you can formulate a tentative answer to this question. At this stage it can be simple, and it should guide the research process and writing process. The internet has had more of a positive than a negative effect on education.
How to write a thesis statement for persuasive essays. Similar to argumentative essays, persuasive essays follow many of the same guidelines for their thesis statements: decisive language, specific details, and mentions of subtopics. However, the main difference is that, while the thesis statements for argumentative and expository essays state facts, the thesis statements for persuasive essays ...
A strong thesis should be able to take a stand and not just taking a stand but should be able to justify the stand that is taken, so that the reader will be tempted to ask questions like how or why. The thesis should be arguable, contestable, focused, specific, and clear. Make your thesis clear, strong and easy to find.
The prompt "Many people are divided over the advantages and disadvantages of wearing masks" could be adjusted to "What are the pros and cons of wearing masks?". 3. Create a succinct thesis by responding to your research question. Do some basic research on your prompt or topic so you have a basic understanding of it.
Writing a thesis is a time-consuming and demanding task, and it's easy to fall into the trap of procrastination. To avoid this, it's crucial to make writing a priority and commit to completing at least one task every time you sit down to work on your thesis. Even if the work seems disconnected from the final draft, don't discard it, as ...
How to Write a Thesis Statement in 4 Steps. If you produce a solid thesis statement to kick off an argumentative essay or piece of academic writing, you instantly frame the objective for yourself as a writer and for your audience as readers. By learning how to write a thesis statement, you will rapidly advance your pedigree as an academic ...
A thesis is an in-depth research study that identifies a particular topic of inquiry and presents a clear argument or perspective about that topic using evidence and logic. Writing a thesis showcases your ability of critical thinking, gathering evidence, and making a compelling argument. Integral to these competencies is thorough research ...
Mark Stephan Felix and Ian Smith. A Practical Guide to Dissertation and Thesis Writing. By Mark Stephan Felix and Ian Smith. This book first published 2019. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. Lady Stephenson Library, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2PA, UK. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data. A catalogue record for this book is available from ...
The thesis introduction, usually chapter 1, is one of the most important chapters of a thesis. It sets the scene. It previews key arguments and findings. And it helps the reader to understand the structure of the thesis. In short, a lot is riding on this first chapter. With the following tips, you can write a powerful thesis introduction.
An analytical paper breaks down an issue or an idea into its component parts, evaluates the issue or idea, and presents this breakdown and evaluation to the audience.; An expository (explanatory) paper explains something to the audience.; An argumentative paper makes a claim about a topic and justifies this claim with specific evidence. The claim could be an opinion, a policy proposal, an ...
Here are some basic guidelines for writing a thesis statement: Present your point of view in two sentences. Clearly indicate the logical progression of your research. Always take a case-by-case approach. Based on your research, you may also opt for a 3-part thesis statement. Clearly dictate your assertion on the topic.
Never frame your thesis as a question. The job of a thesis is to answer a question, not ask one. A thesis is not a list. If you're trying to answer a specific question, too many variables will send your paper off-focus. Keep it concise and brief. Never mention a new topic that you do not intend to discuss in the paper.
Step 2: Do Your Research. A strong thesis statement will be clear and specific, and it will be later supported by evidence from your research. You won't be able to write a statement like this until you do your research. The research will look different depending on your task.
Quick Summary on Writing a Thesis Statement. A thesis statement encapsulates the main idea or point of your entire text in one effective, assertive, and clear-cut sentence.; The five steps to writing your thesis statement are: Choose a topic. Set your objective. Encapsulate the main point of your text in as few words as possible. Check for spelling and grammar errors.
A good conclusion will review the key points of the thesis and explain to the reader why the information is relevant, applicable, or related to the world as a whole. Make sure to dedicate enough of your writing time to the conclusion and do not put it off until the very last minute. Organize your papers in one place. Try Paperpile.
How to write a thesis statement step #1: Pick a topic. To write an effective thesis statement, you first need a topic for your paper. If you're not yet sure what you want to write about, go check out these expository essay topics, argumentative essay topics, persuasive essay topics, and many more essay ideas. (I'll wait.)
Write a Thesis Statement in 5 Easy Steps. Let's cover five main steps to writing a good thesis statement. Don't neglect any of them, as they form a solid framework for thesis statement writing, regardless of the topic or academic discipline. Make a Statement. As the name of this element suggests, you need to compose a statement.
Learn how to write a successful thesis statement in Part 1 of our Essay Writing Guide. Read this 2022 update of our popular guide.
Include an opposing viewpoint to your main idea, if applicable. A good thesis statement acknowledges that there is always another side to the argument. So, include an opposing viewpoint (a counterargument) to your opinion. Basically, write down what a person who disagrees with your position might say about your topic.
Do your research and gather sources. Come up with a thesis. Create an essay outline. Write the introduction. Write the main body, organized into paragraphs. Write the conclusion. Evaluate the overall organization. Revise the content of each paragraph. Proofread your essay or use a Grammar Checker for language errors.
Examples of literature reviews. Step 1 - Search for relevant literature. Step 2 - Evaluate and select sources. Step 3 - Identify themes, debates, and gaps. Step 4 - Outline your literature review's structure. Step 5 - Write your literature review.
How to Write Up PhD Thesis . Once all the research related to the relevant topics and subjects has been conducted and all the data and results are collected, you can start with your PhD Thesis Writing. This period is also known as the Writing Up period. The writing-up stage in a PhD Thesis starts when the original research has already been ...
References provide the information necessary for readers to identify and retrieve each work cited in the text. Consistency in reference formatting allows readers to focus on the content of your reference list, discerning both the types of works you consulted and the important reference elements with ease.
The goal of a project proposal (PP) is to present and justify a thesis idea you have and to present the practical ways in which your work will be conducted. Here are some of the essential sections required and a handful of tips to write a successful project proposal. The Cultural Heritage Studies Program expects project proposals both in the ...
Another bill would allow drivers to write off 50% of their E-ZPass Turnpike and Parkway tolls, excluding fines, fees and tolls they've been reimbursed for by an employer or deducted off federal ...
During the writing phase of the thesis, students may take Soc 793 Thesis Research. This is a 3-credit course with a facilitator who may be different from your thesis advisor, and it meets regularly. It is highly recommended that all students attend the thesis course in the semester in which they are hoping to complete the thesis.
Writing a thesis or a dissertation can be a challenge, but the most challenging part should be the research or the argumentation, not the formatting of the document. That formatting is important, but the Graduate School would like to make that part as straightforward as possible, so that you can focus on the contribution you are making to your ...
OKLAHOMA CITY — A body camera captured every word and bark uttered as police Sgt. Matt Gilmore and his K-9 dog, Gunner, searched for a group of suspects for nearly an hour.