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Banking Research Proposals Samples For Students

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• How to Write a Research Proposal | Examples & Templates

How to Write a Research Proposal | Examples & Templates

Published on October 12, 2022 by Shona McCombes and Tegan George. Revised on November 21, 2023.

A research proposal describes what you will investigate, why it’s important, and how you will conduct your research.

The format of a research proposal varies between fields, but most proposals will contain at least these elements:

Introduction

Literature review.

• Research design

Reference list

While the sections may vary, the overall objective is always the same. A research proposal serves as a blueprint and guide for your research plan, helping you get organized and feel confident in the path forward you choose to take.

Table of contents

Research proposal purpose, research proposal examples, research design and methods, contribution to knowledge, research schedule, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about research proposals.

Academics often have to write research proposals to get funding for their projects. As a student, you might have to write a research proposal as part of a grad school application , or prior to starting your thesis or dissertation .

In addition to helping you figure out what your research can look like, a proposal can also serve to demonstrate why your project is worth pursuing to a funder, educational institution, or supervisor.

Research proposal length

The length of a research proposal can vary quite a bit. A bachelor’s or master’s thesis proposal can be just a few pages, while proposals for PhD dissertations or research funding are usually much longer and more detailed. Your supervisor can help you determine the best length for your work.

One trick to get started is to think of your proposal’s structure as a shorter version of your thesis or dissertation , only without the results , conclusion and discussion sections.

Download our research proposal template

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Writing a research proposal can be quite challenging, but a good starting point could be to look at some examples. We’ve included a few for you below.

• Example research proposal #1: “A Conceptual Framework for Scheduling Constraint Management”
• Example research proposal #2: “Medical Students as Mediators of Change in Tobacco Use”

Like your dissertation or thesis, the proposal will usually have a title page that includes:

• The proposed title of your project
• Your supervisor’s name
• Your institution and department

The first part of your proposal is the initial pitch for your project. Make sure it succinctly explains what you want to do and why.

Your introduction should:

• Introduce your topic
• Give necessary background and context
• Outline your  problem statement  and research questions

To guide your introduction , include information about:

• Who could have an interest in the topic (e.g., scientists, policymakers)
• How much is already known about the topic
• What is missing from this current knowledge
• What new insights your research will contribute
• Why you believe this research is worth doing

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As you get started, it’s important to demonstrate that you’re familiar with the most important research on your topic. A strong literature review  shows your reader that your project has a solid foundation in existing knowledge or theory. It also shows that you’re not simply repeating what other people have already done or said, but rather using existing research as a jumping-off point for your own.

In this section, share exactly how your project will contribute to ongoing conversations in the field by:

• Comparing and contrasting the main theories, methods, and debates
• Examining the strengths and weaknesses of different approaches
• Explaining how will you build on, challenge, or synthesize prior scholarship

Following the literature review, restate your main  objectives . This brings the focus back to your own project. Next, your research design or methodology section will describe your overall approach, and the practical steps you will take to answer your research questions.

To finish your proposal on a strong note, explore the potential implications of your research for your field. Emphasize again what you aim to contribute and why it matters.

For example, your results might have implications for:

• Improving best practices
• Informing policymaking decisions
• Strengthening a theory or model
• Challenging popular or scientific beliefs
• Creating a basis for future research

Last but not least, your research proposal must include correct citations for every source you have used, compiled in a reference list . To create citations quickly and easily, you can use our free APA citation generator .

Some institutions or funders require a detailed timeline of the project, asking you to forecast what you will do at each stage and how long it may take. While not always required, be sure to check the requirements of your project.

Here’s an example schedule to help you get started. You can also download a template at the button below.

Download our research schedule template

If you are applying for research funding, chances are you will have to include a detailed budget. This shows your estimates of how much each part of your project will cost.

Make sure to check what type of costs the funding body will agree to cover. For each item, include:

• Cost : exactly how much money do you need?
• Justification : why is this cost necessary to complete the research?
• Source : how did you calculate the amount?

To determine your budget, think about:

• Travel costs : do you need to go somewhere to collect your data? How will you get there, and how much time will you need? What will you do there (e.g., interviews, archival research)?
• Materials : do you need access to any tools or technologies?
• Help : do you need to hire any research assistants for the project? What will they do, and how much will you pay them?

If you want to know more about the research process , methodology , research bias , or statistics , make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples.

Methodology

• Sampling methods
• Simple random sampling
• Stratified sampling
• Cluster sampling
• Likert scales
• Reproducibility

 Statistics

• Null hypothesis
• Statistical power
• Probability distribution
• Effect size
• Poisson distribution

Research bias

• Optimism bias
• Cognitive bias
• Implicit bias
• Hawthorne effect
• Anchoring bias
• Explicit bias

Once you’ve decided on your research objectives , you need to explain them in your paper, at the end of your problem statement .

Keep your research objectives clear and concise, and use appropriate verbs to accurately convey the work that you will carry out for each one.

I will compare …

A research aim is a broad statement indicating the general purpose of your research project. It should appear in your introduction at the end of your problem statement , before your research objectives.

Research objectives are more specific than your research aim. They indicate the specific ways you’ll address the overarching aim.

A PhD, which is short for philosophiae doctor (doctor of philosophy in Latin), is the highest university degree that can be obtained. In a PhD, students spend 3–5 years writing a dissertation , which aims to make a significant, original contribution to current knowledge.

A PhD is intended to prepare students for a career as a researcher, whether that be in academia, the public sector, or the private sector.

A master’s is a 1- or 2-year graduate degree that can prepare you for a variety of careers.

All master’s involve graduate-level coursework. Some are research-intensive and intend to prepare students for further study in a PhD; these usually require their students to write a master’s thesis . Others focus on professional training for a specific career.

Critical thinking refers to the ability to evaluate information and to be aware of biases or assumptions, including your own.

Like information literacy , it involves evaluating arguments, identifying and solving problems in an objective and systematic way, and clearly communicating your ideas.

The best way to remember the difference between a research plan and a research proposal is that they have fundamentally different audiences. A research plan helps you, the researcher, organize your thoughts. On the other hand, a dissertation proposal or research proposal aims to convince others (e.g., a supervisor, a funding body, or a dissertation committee) that your research topic is relevant and worthy of being conducted.

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Writing your research proposal

Writing the ‘what’ of your proposed research.

The purpose of this part of your research proposal is to generally describe what your research is about.

The ‘what’ part establishes how your research is situated within your discipline or field. It provides fundamental information, such as:

• the key ideas, theories and concepts
• the major issues and debates
• the key players and seminal texts or key artists, and
• the questions that have been asked around this topic.
• your research questions, problems or hypotheses
• the scope of the proposed research (i.e. what you will and what you won’t do).

The ‘what’ part of your research proposal may also include:

• the aims and/or objectives of your research
• an introduction to the theoretical framework within which your research sits
• a statement of the problem grounded in the context or theoretical framework and a resulting argument for your research to be conducted
• the timeliness of your proposed research (i.e. why should it be done right now?)
• definitions if needed.

Writing the ‘why’ of your proposed research

A key requirement of your research proposal is to justify that your research is worth doing. Your review panel will be looking for a succinct and convincing argument about what sets your proposed research apart from others, and why not doing this research leaves an important problem unaddressed.

Ways of justifying your research include showing that your project will make a significant and substantial contribution in terms of:

• how it fits within an existing body of scholarship/literature/practice
• how it builds on and adds to this body of knowledge
• what the value of your research is and for whom (e.g. a particular community, industry, etc.).

Think about how you might go about justifying your research.

• What key literature is your proposed research situated within?
• How will your research build on this?
• Who will benefit from your research and how?

Critical engagement with the literature is crucial in order to justify your research. You must demonstrate that you understand:

• the main concepts and themes, underlying principles, and established theories related to your research
• areas of controversy and contention
• the key scholars and seminal research related to your topic.

In some disciplines, discussion of the above points is located in the ‘what’ rather than the ‘why’ section of your research proposal. In fact, you will almost certainly cover some of these points when you’re describing and contextualising your research. Often this is done in a general way in the ‘what’ section and in a more critical, in-depth way in the ‘why’ section. A rule of thumb is to ask yourself whether this information is contextualising or justifying your research.

Writing the ‘how’ of your proposed research

This part of your research proposal involves describing how you plan to find answers to your research questions or resolve the research problems. In other words, it entails describing the design of your research.

A difficulty you may have in this section is in providing the right amount of information – not too little nor too much. You need to give as much information as is needed to argue to the review panel that the research is do-able and to justify the components of your research design.

Which of these questions will you need to answer in your research design (i.e. the ‘how’ section of your research proposal)?

• What is your chosen research design and rationale?
• What theories, concepts or models inform your research design?
• What are the step-by-step methods or process used?
• What constitutes your creative practice?
• How will you engage with your creative practice (e.g. reflection, testing, theorising)?
• What type of data will be collected?
• What are your sources of data?
• Where and how will the data be collected?
• How will the data be analysed?
• What are the strengths and limitations of your methodology?
• What resources are required (equipment, other)?
• How reliable and valid are your methods?
• What ethical issues relate to your research methods, and how will you address these?
• Can you complete your research within the official timeframe (demonstrated on a Gantt chart)?

To learn more about writing a research proposal, watch this webinar from the Library.

RMIT webinar on writing a research proposal (23:59)

Writing a research proposal (23:59 min) by RMIT University LIbrary ( YouTube ).

Further resources

For some RMIT discipline-based guidelines for research proposals illustrating the ‘what’, ‘why’, and ‘how sections, consult : Discipline- based guidelines (DOCX, 1 page) .

Research and Writing Skills for Academic and Graduate Researchers Copyright © 2022 by RMIT University is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.

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What’s Included: Research Proposal Template

Our free dissertation/thesis proposal template covers the core essential ingredients for a strong research proposal. It includes clear explanations of what you need to address in each section, as well as straightforward examples and links to further resources.

The research proposal template covers the following core elements:

• Introduction & background (including the research problem)
• Literature review
• Research design / methodology
• Project plan , resource requirements and risk management

The cleanly-formatted Google Doc can be downloaded as a fully editable MS Word Document (DOCX format), so you can use it as-is or convert it to LaTeX.

PS – if you’d like a high-level template for the entire thesis, you can we’ve got that too .

Research Proposal Template FAQS

What types of research proposals can this template be used for.

The proposal template follows the standard format for academic research projects, which means it will be suitable for the vast majority of dissertations and theses (especially those within the sciences), whether they are qualitative or quantitative in terms of design.

Keep in mind that the exact requirements for the introduction chapter/section will vary between universities and degree programs. These are typically minor, but it’s always a good idea to double-check your university’s requirements before you finalise your structure.

Is this template for an undergrad, Master or PhD-level proposal?

This template can be used for a research project at any level of study. Doctoral-level projects typically require the research proposal to be more extensive/comprehensive, but the structure will typically remain the same.

How long should my research proposal be?

The length of a research proposal varies by institution and subject, but as a ballpark, it’s usually between 1,500 and 3,000 words.

To be safe, it’s best to check with your university if they have any preferences or requirements in terms of minimum and maximum word count for the research propsal.

How detailed should the methodology of the proposal be?

You don’t need to go into the fine details of your methodology, but this section should be detailed enough to demonstrate that your research approach is feasible and will address your research questions effectively. Be sure to include your intended methods for data collection and analysis.

Can I include preliminary data or pilot study results in my proposal?

Generally, yes. This can strengthen your proposal by demonstrating the feasibility of your research. However, make sure that your pilot study is approved by your university before collecting any data.

Can I share this template with my friends/colleagues?

Yes, you’re welcome to share this template in its original format (no editing allowed). If you want to post about it on your blog or social media, we kindly request that you reference this page as your source.

What format is the template (DOC, PDF, PPT, etc.)?

The research proposal template is provided as a Google Doc. You can download it in MS Word format or make a copy to your Google Drive. You’re also welcome to convert it to whatever format works best for you, such as LaTeX or PDF.

Do you have templates for the other chapters?

Yes, we do. We are constantly developing our collection of free resources to help students complete their dissertations and theses. You can view all of our template resources here .

Can Grad Coach help me with my dissertation/thesis?

Yes, you’re welcome to get in touch with us to discuss our private coaching services .

Further Resources: Proposal Writing

The template provides step-by-step guidance for each section of your research proposal, but if you’d like to learn more about how to write up a high-quality research proposal, check out the rest of our free proposal-related resources:

• Research Proposal 101
• Examples of research proposals
• How To Find A Research Topic
• How To Find A Research Gap
• Developing Your Golden Thread
• How To Write A Research Proposal
• 8 Common Proposal Writing Mistakes

You can also visit the Grad Coach blog for more proposal-related resources.

If you’d prefer 1-on-1 support with your research proposal, have a look at our private coaching service , where we hold your hand through the research process, step by step.

Reference management. Clean and simple.

How to write a research proposal

What is a research proposal?

What is the purpose of a research proposal , how long should a research proposal be, what should be included in a research proposal, 1. the title page, 2. introduction, 3. literature review, 4. research design, 5. implications, 6. reference list, frequently asked questions about writing a research proposal, related articles.

If you’re in higher education, the term “research proposal” is something you’re likely to be familiar with. But what is it, exactly? You’ll normally come across the need to prepare a research proposal when you’re looking to secure Ph.D. funding.

When you’re trying to find someone to fund your Ph.D. research, a research proposal is essentially your “pitch.”

A research proposal is a concise and coherent summary of your proposed research.

You’ll need to set out the issues that are central to the topic area and how you intend to address them with your research. To do this, you’ll need to give the following:

• an outline of the general area of study within which your research falls
• an overview of how much is currently known about the topic
• a literature review that covers the recent scholarly debate or conversation around the topic

➡️  What is a literature review? Learn more in our guide.

Essentially, you are trying to persuade your institution that you and your project are worth investing their time and money into.

It is the opportunity for you to demonstrate that you have the aptitude for this level of research by showing that you can articulate complex ideas:

It also helps you to find the right supervisor to oversee your research. When you’re writing your research proposal, you should always have this in the back of your mind.

This is the document that potential supervisors will use in determining the legitimacy of your research and, consequently, whether they will invest in you or not. It is therefore incredibly important that you spend some time on getting it right.

Tip: While there may not always be length requirements for research proposals, you should strive to cover everything you need to in a concise way.

If your research proposal is for a bachelor’s or master’s degree, it may only be a few pages long. For a Ph.D., a proposal could be a pretty long document that spans a few dozen pages.

➡️ Research proposals are similar to grant proposals. Learn how to write a grant proposal in our guide.

When you’re writing your proposal, keep in mind its purpose and why you’re writing it. It, therefore, needs to clearly explain the relevance of your research and its context with other discussions on the topic. You need to then explain what approach you will take and why it is feasible.

Generally, your structure should look something like this:

• Introduction
• Literature Review
• Research Design
• Implications

If you follow this structure, you’ll have a comprehensive and coherent proposal that looks and feels professional, without missing out on anything important. We’ll take a deep dive into each of these areas one by one next.

The title page might vary slightly per your area of study but, as a general point, your title page should contain the following:

• The proposed title of your project
• Your supervisor’s name
• The name of your institution and your particular department

Tip: Keep in mind any departmental or institutional guidelines for a research proposal title page. Also, your supervisor may ask for specific details to be added to the page.

The introduction is crucial   to your research proposal as it is your first opportunity to hook the reader in. A good introduction section will introduce your project and its relevance to the field of study.

You’ll want to use this space to demonstrate that you have carefully thought about how to present your project as interesting, original, and important research. A good place to start is by introducing the context of your research problem.

Think about answering these questions:

• What is it you want to research and why?
• How does this research relate to the respective field?
• How much is already known about this area?
• Who might find this research interesting?
• What are the key questions you aim to answer with your research?
• What will the findings of this project add to the topic area?

Your introduction aims to set yourself off on a great footing and illustrate to the reader that you are an expert in your field and that your project has a solid foundation in existing knowledge and theory.

The literature review section answers the question who else is talking about your proposed research topic.

You want to demonstrate that your research will contribute to conversations around the topic and that it will sit happily amongst experts in the field.

➡️ Read more about how to write a literature review .

There are lots of ways you can find relevant information for your literature review, including:

• Research relevant academic sources such as books and journals to find similar conversations around the topic.
• Read through abstracts and bibliographies of your academic sources to look for relevance and further additional resources without delving too deep into articles that are possibly not relevant to you.
• Watch out for heavily-cited works . This should help you to identify authoritative work that you need to read and document.
• Look for any research gaps , trends and patterns, common themes, debates, and contradictions.
• Consider any seminal studies on the topic area as it is likely anticipated that you will address these in your research proposal.

This is where you get down to the real meat of your research proposal. It should be a discussion about the overall approach you plan on taking, and the practical steps you’ll follow in answering the research questions you’ve posed.

So what should you discuss here? Some of the key things you will need to discuss at this point are:

• What form will your research take? Is it qualitative/quantitative/mixed? Will your research be primary or secondary?
• What sources will you use? Who or what will you be studying as part of your research.
• Document your research method. How are you practically going to carry out your research? What tools will you need? What procedures will you use?
• Any practicality issues you foresee. Do you think there will be any obstacles to your anticipated timescale? What resources will you require in carrying out your research?

Your research design should also discuss the potential implications of your research. For example, are you looking to confirm an existing theory or develop a new one?

If you intend to create a basis for further research, you should describe this here.

It is important to explain fully what you want the outcome of your research to look like and what you want to achieve by it. This will help those reading your research proposal to decide if it’s something the field  needs  and  wants,  and ultimately whether they will support you with it.

When you reach the end of your research proposal, you’ll have to compile a list of references for everything you’ve cited above. Ideally, you should keep track of everything from the beginning. Otherwise, this could be a mammoth and pretty laborious task to do.

Consider using a reference manager like Paperpile to format and organize your citations. Paperpile allows you to organize and save your citations for later use and cite them in thousands of citation styles directly in Google Docs, Microsoft Word, or LaTeX.

Your project may also require you to have a timeline, depending on the budget you are requesting. If you need one, you should include it here and explain both the timeline and the budget you need, documenting what should be done at each stage of the research and how much of the budget this will use.

This is the final step, but not one to be missed. You should make sure that you edit and proofread your document so that you can be sure there are no mistakes.

A good idea is to have another person proofread the document for you so that you get a fresh pair of eyes on it. You can even have a professional proofreader do this for you.

This is an important document and you don’t want spelling or grammatical mistakes to get in the way of you and your reader.

➡️ Working on a research proposal for a thesis? Take a look at our guide on how to come up with a topic for your thesis .

A research proposal is a concise and coherent summary of your proposed research. Generally, your research proposal will have a title page, introduction, literature review section, a section about research design and explaining the implications of your research, and a reference list.

A good research proposal is concise and coherent. It has a clear purpose, clearly explains the relevance of your research and its context with other discussions on the topic. A good research proposal explains what approach you will take and why it is feasible.

You need a research proposal to persuade your institution that you and your project are worth investing their time and money into. It is your opportunity to demonstrate your aptitude for this level or research by showing that you can articulate complex ideas clearly, concisely, and critically.

A research proposal is essentially your "pitch" when you're trying to find someone to fund your PhD. It is a clear and concise summary of your proposed research. It gives an outline of the general area of study within which your research falls, it elaborates how much is currently known about the topic, and it highlights any recent debate or conversation around the topic by other academics.

The general answer is: as long as it needs to be to cover everything. The length of your research proposal depends on the requirements from the institution that you are applying to. Make sure to carefully read all the instructions given, and if this specific information is not provided, you can always ask.

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Home » How To Write A Research Proposal – Step-by-Step [Template]

How To Write A Research Proposal – Step-by-Step [Template]

Table of Contents

How To Write a Research Proposal

Writing a Research proposal involves several steps to ensure a well-structured and comprehensive document. Here is an explanation of each step:

1. Title and Abstract

• Choose a concise and descriptive title that reflects the essence of your research.
• Write an abstract summarizing your research question, objectives, methodology, and expected outcomes. It should provide a brief overview of your proposal.

2. Introduction:

• Provide an introduction to your research topic, highlighting its significance and relevance.
• Clearly state the research problem or question you aim to address.
• Discuss the background and context of the study, including previous research in the field.

3. Research Objectives

• Outline the specific objectives or aims of your research. These objectives should be clear, achievable, and aligned with the research problem.

4. Literature Review:

• Conduct a comprehensive review of relevant literature and studies related to your research topic.
• Summarize key findings, identify gaps, and highlight how your research will contribute to the existing knowledge.

5. Methodology:

• Describe the research design and methodology you plan to employ to address your research objectives.
• Explain the data collection methods, instruments, and analysis techniques you will use.
• Justify why the chosen methods are appropriate and suitable for your research.

6. Timeline:

• Create a timeline or schedule that outlines the major milestones and activities of your research project.
• Break down the research process into smaller tasks and estimate the time required for each task.

7. Resources:

• Identify the resources needed for your research, such as access to specific databases, equipment, or funding.
• Explain how you will acquire or utilize these resources to carry out your research effectively.

8. Ethical Considerations:

• Discuss any ethical issues that may arise during your research and explain how you plan to address them.
• If your research involves human subjects, explain how you will ensure their informed consent and privacy.

9. Expected Outcomes and Significance:

• Clearly state the expected outcomes or results of your research.
• Highlight the potential impact and significance of your research in advancing knowledge or addressing practical issues.

10. References:

• Provide a list of all the references cited in your proposal, following a consistent citation style (e.g., APA, MLA).

11. Appendices:

• Include any additional supporting materials, such as survey questionnaires, interview guides, or data analysis plans.

Research Proposal Format

The format of a research proposal may vary depending on the specific requirements of the institution or funding agency. However, the following is a commonly used format for a research proposal:

1. Title Page:

• Include the title of your research proposal, your name, your affiliation or institution, and the date.

2. Abstract:

• Provide a brief summary of your research proposal, highlighting the research problem, objectives, methodology, and expected outcomes.

3. Introduction:

• Introduce the research topic and provide background information.
• State the research problem or question you aim to address.
• Explain the significance and relevance of the research.
• Review relevant literature and studies related to your research topic.
• Summarize key findings and identify gaps in the existing knowledge.
• Explain how your research will contribute to filling those gaps.

5. Research Objectives:

• Clearly state the specific objectives or aims of your research.
• Ensure that the objectives are clear, focused, and aligned with the research problem.

6. Methodology:

• Describe the research design and methodology you plan to use.
• Explain the data collection methods, instruments, and analysis techniques.
• Justify why the chosen methods are appropriate for your research.

7. Timeline:

8. Resources:

• Explain how you will acquire or utilize these resources effectively.

9. Ethical Considerations:

• If applicable, explain how you will ensure informed consent and protect the privacy of research participants.

10. Expected Outcomes and Significance:

11. References:

12. Appendices:

Research Proposal Template

Here’s a template for a research proposal:

1. Introduction:

2. Literature Review:

3. Research Objectives:

4. Methodology:

5. Timeline:

6. Resources:

7. Ethical Considerations:

8. Expected Outcomes and Significance:

9. References:

10. Appendices:

Research Proposal Sample

Title: The Impact of Online Education on Student Learning Outcomes: A Comparative Study

1. Introduction

Online education has gained significant prominence in recent years, especially due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This research proposal aims to investigate the impact of online education on student learning outcomes by comparing them with traditional face-to-face instruction. The study will explore various aspects of online education, such as instructional methods, student engagement, and academic performance, to provide insights into the effectiveness of online learning.

2. Objectives

The main objectives of this research are as follows:

• To compare student learning outcomes between online and traditional face-to-face education.
• To examine the factors influencing student engagement in online learning environments.
• To assess the effectiveness of different instructional methods employed in online education.
• To identify challenges and opportunities associated with online education and suggest recommendations for improvement.

3. Methodology

3.1 Study Design

This research will utilize a mixed-methods approach to gather both quantitative and qualitative data. The study will include the following components:

3.2 Participants

The research will involve undergraduate students from two universities, one offering online education and the other providing face-to-face instruction. A total of 500 students (250 from each university) will be selected randomly to participate in the study.

3.3 Data Collection

The research will employ the following data collection methods:

• Quantitative: Pre- and post-assessments will be conducted to measure students’ learning outcomes. Data on student demographics and academic performance will also be collected from university records.
• Qualitative: Focus group discussions and individual interviews will be conducted with students to gather their perceptions and experiences regarding online education.

3.4 Data Analysis

Quantitative data will be analyzed using statistical software, employing descriptive statistics, t-tests, and regression analysis. Qualitative data will be transcribed, coded, and analyzed thematically to identify recurring patterns and themes.

4. Ethical Considerations

The study will adhere to ethical guidelines, ensuring the privacy and confidentiality of participants. Informed consent will be obtained, and participants will have the right to withdraw from the study at any time.

5. Significance and Expected Outcomes

This research will contribute to the existing literature by providing empirical evidence on the impact of online education on student learning outcomes. The findings will help educational institutions and policymakers make informed decisions about incorporating online learning methods and improving the quality of online education. Moreover, the study will identify potential challenges and opportunities related to online education and offer recommendations for enhancing student engagement and overall learning outcomes.

6. Timeline

The proposed research will be conducted over a period of 12 months, including data collection, analysis, and report writing.

The estimated budget for this research includes expenses related to data collection, software licenses, participant compensation, and research assistance. A detailed budget breakdown will be provided in the final research plan.

8. Conclusion

This research proposal aims to investigate the impact of online education on student learning outcomes through a comparative study with traditional face-to-face instruction. By exploring various dimensions of online education, this research will provide valuable insights into the effectiveness and challenges associated with online learning. The findings will contribute to the ongoing discourse on educational practices and help shape future strategies for maximizing student learning outcomes in online education settings.

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Researcher, Academic Writer, Web developer

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Research Proposal Template

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Prepared by: ​ [Researcher.FirstName] [Researcher.LastName] ​

Prepared for: ​ [Supervisor.FirstName]

​ [Supervisor.LastName]

This should be clear and concise, leaving the reader with no doubt regarding your field of study. A good title structure can often be “Short Title: Longer Explanation of Your Field.” Your academic institution may have a preferred format for the title, or even a title page. Find out before you submit your proposal. If there is no preferred format, keep it simple and clear, and use a “serif” font that is easily legible.

(Main title: What I am trying to find out by taking on this project)

(Academic Institution)

(Subject Area)

​ [Supervisor.FirstName]

​ [Supervisor.LastName] (if you already have one)

​ [Researcher.FirstName]

​ [Researcher.LastName]

(Student ID/Number)

2. Abstract

100-200 words. This summarizes the central theme of your research. Use concise, clipped language that is academic without being over-wordy and verbose. The abstract needs to be entirely your own words, as every abstract should be completely different, unique in its approach to your topic. Like the rest of the document, apart from block quotations, it should be double-spaced and laid out clearly.

3. Contents

Depending on the length of your research proposal, you may wish to include a contents page for the proposal itself (not for your main research project: suggested contents for this are included in your Proposed Chapter Outline, section 9) , as follows (add page numbers/subsections when you know them, depending on your research) . As you introduce sub-sections into your different sections, number them accordingly e.g. subsections of the literature review could be numbered 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, etc.

Abstract………………………………………pn

Contents……………………………………..pn

Introduction………………………………..pn

Problem Statement……………………pn

Objectives…………………………………..pn

Literature Review……………………….pn

Notion of Original Research……..pn

Key Assertions / Objectives……..pn

Research Methods…………………….pn

Sample Audience……………………….pn

Research Questions…………………..pn

Research Design………………………..pn

Analysis………………………………………pn

Proposed Chapter Outline…………pn

Research Limitations…………………pn

Proposed Timescale………………….pn

Funding (Optional)……………………..pn

References/ Bibliography………….pn

4. Introduction

200-400 words. Unlike the abstract, this is not a summary of everything you are about to say — you can afford to grab your readers’ attention right out of the gate. Deliver a surprise beginning, perhaps a quote from someone who inspires you on this topic, and show your knowledge of the research area (include, if you like, your previous research experience in this field; in fact, it may serve you well to be personal in this section) and why it is relevant to today’s world.

Try to provide facts and references here in order to give relevance to your study and why it is being conducted. This will help to explain the motivation behind your research and how important it is for academia, the industry or public sector it is being conducted in.

5. Problem Statement

Keep this short and informative. This section is meant to provide the reader with a summarized description of the problems you seek to address through your research proposal. Showcase the questions you seek to answer through your research and how it will help benefit those who read it. A problem statement should include the context of the problem, a particular audience you are targeting, and a timeline for the study. This will ensure that your research is well-focused and relevant to the current time and people.

The application of (topic, aka the main title of the subject you are researching) for (a particular group of people) in (timeline, this should either be current year or upcoming years but research can be done on past years as well) .

6. Objectives

This follows up on the problem statement section. It elaborates further on the problem statement by dividing it into a set of 3 to 5 descriptive assertions or intentions that relate to the problem. Objectives establish the scope and depth of your project and also help set up the idea for the research design (as seen later in the research proposal template) . The objectives can also indicate a section that shows how your research will contribute to already existing research and knowledge.

To study the applications of blockchain in the gaming industry and how it can help be a new source of revenue.

To study how blockchain gaming can influence people who don’t gamble to actively invest time in gaming.

To determine whether blockchain gaming can be a viable job opportunity in the future.

7. Literature review

Length can vary immensely, but probably 300-1500 words or more, depending on the nature of your research. This is one of the most important sections of your research proposal. It demonstrates that you know your field, who the key research players are in it, what has been said in the past and what is being said at the moment. You will want to mention — and where appropriate, quote from — key works in your area.

This is the section that requires the most preliminary research, so be sure you spend ample time in an academic library and use search engines for relevant academic papers before presenting. You do not need to discuss every work in your area, but you need to present a competent outline, and (especially if this is a proposal for doctoral research) you need to be sure that no one else has already done the same project. A good way of presenting a literature review coherently is in the form of a narrative, which can either be chronological or thematic.

There has been a (small/considerable/state value here) amount of previous academic research in this field.

(For a chronological narrative) I will outline how the understanding of (subject) has developed over (the last number of) years.

(Insert chronological narrative, remembering to introduce key players, dates, and academic works, and end with the state of the field as it is today.)

(For a thematic narrative) I will outline the major themes that are of relevance in this field, and go through them each in turn:

• (use a bulleted list to outline what themes/topics you are planning on covering)

After your bulleted list, you can use the themes from your list as subtitles to split up your literature review. Put them in bold. You could also add them as subsections in your contents page.

Under each subtitle, describe the state of the field of research in this area, including the most important researchers and works in this area.

8. Notion of original research

Length varies here as well, but similar in length to the literature review is likely a good place to start. This is where you sell your research proposal to the reader. You need to explain, clearly and simply, how your research will complement the field you have just described in your literature review — what you will add, how it fills an existing gap, why the academic world would benefit from your research, etc.

9. Key Assertions/Objectives

One sentence for each question/assertion. This is really part of the “notion of original research” section. A good way of making your research aim clear is to state a clear research question, and back it up with 2-4 specific assertions or objectives.

My central research question is as follows:

(insert research question here, in bold)

In the light of this, I will make the following observations/assertions: (insert observations/assertions here, in bulleted list.)

10. Research methods

Approx. 50-1000 words, depending on the nature of your research. This is where you explain how and where you plan to carry out your research. This will vary hugely depending on your subject. Will you be researching in libraries and archives? Which ones hold the books and documents you will need? Will you need to travel? If so, where? Will your research involve extensive field work? How and where? State whether you will plan to use different methods of data collection, and if so what they will be.

Do you need to be in a laboratory? Will you be emphasizing qualitative or quantitative collection of data, or both equally? Do you have the necessary skills and qualifications to undertake your research (for instance, foreign languages, statistical analysis, laboratory training, etc) ? If not, what are your plans to acquire these skills? (Note: many postgraduate institutions offer considerable support in the acquisition of new skills necessary to perform research, but this will require discussion at the proposal stage.)

11. Sample Audience

This section aims to provide the reader of the proposal with a description of who the sample audience is. You can add a brief description of your ideal sample audience and why such a person is relevant or necessary to the research. You can also mention what measures can be taken to gain their consent for the research in order to get a more enthusiastic and unbiased response. Lastly, you should mention where you propose to find this sample audience and any barriers that may occur in finding or engaging them.

12. Research Questions

13. research design.

This section will give the reader a description of what the research stimuli will look like. It gives a background of the different variations you may employ to better help test your hypothesis. It should also showcase the different factors that may vary a person's response to the research problem while you are researching the topic. This is important in a research proposal, because as with method, different factors help show what could affect you by confirming or denying your hypothesis. Keep your design descriptive and show how you will rule out or control factors that may come up.

14. Analysis

Approx. 50-300 words. Once you have collected your data, include details about what you plan to do with it. Again, depending on the nature of your research, this section could be anywhere from one or two sentences to several paragraphs.

If your research is in a survey format, then include the questions to the survey along with the method of collecting the survey. You can also include a few examples of how you plan to present the data, such as in a pie chart format or as a bar graph.

15. Proposed chapter outline

Probably less than 200 words, unless you have a very detailed plan already in mind. Note: this is like the preliminary contents page, but it does not need to be very specific, and can suggest sections rather than chapters at this stage. The academics reading your proposal will be impressed to know that you have some idea how you may wish to present your work, and that you have some way in mind of translating your research to paper.

(title of your first chapter) (explanation of your first chapter contents: one sentence)

(first subsection of your first chapter)

(second subsection of your first chapter)

(title of your second chapter) (explanation of your second chapter contents: one sentence)

(first subsection of your second chapter)

(second subsection of your second chapter)

(smaller section)

(another small section)

(title of your third chapter) (explanation of your third chapter contents: one sentence)

16. Research limitations

Approx 50-300 words. This section states everything you won’t be able to do in your research. It is surprisingly important, as it shows that you can recognise the limited scale of your work. Every project needs distinct limiting factors and clear boundaries in order to be manageable.

Naturally, the scope of this project is limited. This section describes specific limitations. (add limitations here) .

17. Proposed Timetable

Approx 50-300 words. This section is optional, but may be helpful to show your potential supervisors that you are being realistic and recognize that your project has set parameters within which to conduct the study. It also will help you to know the scale of your work in the preliminary stages of planning, and help you to maintain realistic expectations of yourself.

I predict that this research project will take (number) months/years. I propose a rough timeline, as follows:

(Here, include a list of tasks that will need completing as part of your research project, and how long you predict each will take in terms of weeks or months. End with a final count of months. If you have a predicted start date, you can begin with this and work towards a proposed end date.)

You can also use a project schedule table in order to plan out the project for yourself as well as give a better understanding as to the breakup of the project timeline. An example of this is:

18. Funding

For example, your money allocation table can look like this:

19. References/Bibliography

The reference list should always begin on a new page. Depending on your subject, there will probably be a specific format and referencing pattern for written work (Chicago, Harvard, MLA, Social Sciences) . Before you start writing, make sure you know what the convention for your subject area is, learn it and stick to it. There are a wide variety of different referencing conventions so it is important to make sure you find the correct one and stay consistent.

This will make doing your research proposal (and future research) a lot easier. Depending on your subject, your referencing may involve in-text citations or footnotes. Either way, your proposal will need a full reference list or bibliography at the end, including all of the secondary works you have mentioned in your literature review and primary sources (if applicable) .

You do not, however, need to include work that you have read in preparation but not used or mentioned in your work. Make sure this is correctly formatted — plenty of style guides for each referencing style are available online. Also, remember to lay out your reference list in alphabetical order by the authors’ surnames.

​ [Researcher.FirstName] [Researcher.LastName] ​

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How to write a research proposal?

To make a comprehensive research proposal, make sure you answer all the questions your review committee might have, such as who is your sample audience, what kind of questions you plan to ask them, why you are conducting this research, what you think will come out of it, etc. Leave no room for assumptions. Alternatively, you can also use this template to best understand which nitty-gritty details to cover.

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• How to Write a Research Proposal | Examples & Templates

How to Write a Research Proposal | Examples & Templates

Published on 30 October 2022 by Shona McCombes and Tegan George. Revised on 13 June 2023.

A research proposal describes what you will investigate, why it’s important, and how you will conduct your research.

The format of a research proposal varies between fields, but most proposals will contain at least these elements:

Introduction

Literature review.

• Research design

Reference list

While the sections may vary, the overall objective is always the same. A research proposal serves as a blueprint and guide for your research plan, helping you get organised and feel confident in the path forward you choose to take.

Table of contents

Research proposal purpose, research proposal examples, research design and methods, contribution to knowledge, research schedule, frequently asked questions.

Academics often have to write research proposals to get funding for their projects. As a student, you might have to write a research proposal as part of a grad school application , or prior to starting your thesis or dissertation .

In addition to helping you figure out what your research can look like, a proposal can also serve to demonstrate why your project is worth pursuing to a funder, educational institution, or supervisor.

Research proposal length

The length of a research proposal can vary quite a bit. A bachelor’s or master’s thesis proposal can be just a few pages, while proposals for PhD dissertations or research funding are usually much longer and more detailed. Your supervisor can help you determine the best length for your work.

One trick to get started is to think of your proposal’s structure as a shorter version of your thesis or dissertation , only without the results , conclusion and discussion sections.

Download our research proposal template

Prevent plagiarism, run a free check.

Writing a research proposal can be quite challenging, but a good starting point could be to look at some examples. We’ve included a few for you below.

• Example research proposal #1: ‘A Conceptual Framework for Scheduling Constraint Management’
• Example research proposal #2: ‘ Medical Students as Mediators of Change in Tobacco Use’

Like your dissertation or thesis, the proposal will usually have a title page that includes:

• The proposed title of your project
• Your supervisor’s name
• Your institution and department

The first part of your proposal is the initial pitch for your project. Make sure it succinctly explains what you want to do and why.

Your introduction should:

• Introduce your topic
• Give necessary background and context
• Outline your  problem statement  and research questions

To guide your introduction , include information about:

• Who could have an interest in the topic (e.g., scientists, policymakers)
• How much is already known about the topic
• What is missing from this current knowledge
• What new insights your research will contribute
• Why you believe this research is worth doing

As you get started, it’s important to demonstrate that you’re familiar with the most important research on your topic. A strong literature review  shows your reader that your project has a solid foundation in existing knowledge or theory. It also shows that you’re not simply repeating what other people have already done or said, but rather using existing research as a jumping-off point for your own.

In this section, share exactly how your project will contribute to ongoing conversations in the field by:

• Comparing and contrasting the main theories, methods, and debates
• Examining the strengths and weaknesses of different approaches
• Explaining how will you build on, challenge, or synthesise prior scholarship

Following the literature review, restate your main  objectives . This brings the focus back to your own project. Next, your research design or methodology section will describe your overall approach, and the practical steps you will take to answer your research questions.

To finish your proposal on a strong note, explore the potential implications of your research for your field. Emphasise again what you aim to contribute and why it matters.

For example, your results might have implications for:

• Improving best practices
• Informing policymaking decisions
• Strengthening a theory or model
• Challenging popular or scientific beliefs
• Creating a basis for future research

Last but not least, your research proposal must include correct citations for every source you have used, compiled in a reference list . To create citations quickly and easily, you can use our free APA citation generator .

Some institutions or funders require a detailed timeline of the project, asking you to forecast what you will do at each stage and how long it may take. While not always required, be sure to check the requirements of your project.

Here’s an example schedule to help you get started. You can also download a template at the button below.

Download our research schedule template

If you are applying for research funding, chances are you will have to include a detailed budget. This shows your estimates of how much each part of your project will cost.

Make sure to check what type of costs the funding body will agree to cover. For each item, include:

• Cost : exactly how much money do you need?
• Justification : why is this cost necessary to complete the research?
• Source : how did you calculate the amount?

To determine your budget, think about:

• Travel costs : do you need to go somewhere to collect your data? How will you get there, and how much time will you need? What will you do there (e.g., interviews, archival research)?
• Materials : do you need access to any tools or technologies?
• Help : do you need to hire any research assistants for the project? What will they do, and how much will you pay them?

Once you’ve decided on your research objectives , you need to explain them in your paper, at the end of your problem statement.

Keep your research objectives clear and concise, and use appropriate verbs to accurately convey the work that you will carry out for each one.

I will compare …

A research aim is a broad statement indicating the general purpose of your research project. It should appear in your introduction at the end of your problem statement , before your research objectives.

Research objectives are more specific than your research aim. They indicate the specific ways you’ll address the overarching aim.

A PhD, which is short for philosophiae doctor (doctor of philosophy in Latin), is the highest university degree that can be obtained. In a PhD, students spend 3–5 years writing a dissertation , which aims to make a significant, original contribution to current knowledge.

A PhD is intended to prepare students for a career as a researcher, whether that be in academia, the public sector, or the private sector.

A master’s is a 1- or 2-year graduate degree that can prepare you for a variety of careers.

All master’s involve graduate-level coursework. Some are research-intensive and intend to prepare students for further study in a PhD; these usually require their students to write a master’s thesis . Others focus on professional training for a specific career.

Critical thinking refers to the ability to evaluate information and to be aware of biases or assumptions, including your own.

Like information literacy , it involves evaluating arguments, identifying and solving problems in an objective and systematic way, and clearly communicating your ideas.

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McCombes, S. & George, T. (2023, June 13). How to Write a Research Proposal | Examples & Templates. Scribbr. Retrieved 24 June 2024, from https://www.scribbr.co.uk/the-research-process/research-proposal-explained/

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Research proposals

How to write an effective proposal.

What's it for?

A research proposal explains the nature and extent of your planned or future research. It is written for an academic reader e.g. for your supervisor or an academic with a similar disciplinary background. By thinking through your entire research project from beginning to end, it may also highlight core issues with the feasibility of the project.

W hat's in it ?

There are some disciplinary differences regarding exactly what is included in the proposal. For example, disciplines such as Psychology may include a prominent hypothesis statement, others in the Social Sciences including Education, may expect a set of research questions that the study will answer. However, all research proposals should cover the four basic elements below.

• The research topic addresses a significant problem and, therefore, advances the state of knowledge in that field.
• Identification of an appropriate methodology and underlying theory to address the problem, including data collection methods and equipment (if required).
• Details of how the collected data will be analysed in such a way that useful conclusions can be drawn.
• An organised plan for any proposed work, including a timeframe.

Possible macro-structures

The structure of your research proposal will vary depending on the requirements of your discipline. Nevertheless, certain structural elements will be expected by your reader and these may be presented in the following order. Check with the Research Coordinator in your area for specific requirements.

Identifies the title of the project, your full name, the institution, department, and supervisor details. The title should be brief and descriptive and may use a colon (:) to separate the topic from the focus (i.e. Stormwater Harvesting: Managing the hazards of surface water pollution by run-off ).

Lists the sections of the Research Proposal (headings and indented sub-headings) and corresponding page numbers.

Outlines the essence of the research project. It describes the purpose and motivation for the study, the problem, the data collection methodology and analysis, significant results and implications of the research.

Provides background information for the research (i.e. the problem being addressed) and is typically structured from general information to narrow or focused ideas with your research question/s or hypotheses at the narrow end.

The Introduction should be about 10% of your proposal.

Imagine you are writing for a general reader rather than an expert audience. The Introduction includes a brief review of relevant literature or knowledge in the field, so that you are able to present a gap in existing knowledge and, therefore, the significance and originality of your research.

Finally, articulate the scope of your research (or what you will not be doing) to limit your task. Your research question/s should encapsulate the primary question/s you aim to solve.

Synthesises the literature in your field. Some disciplines will expect to see this in the Introduction but others will want it placed in this ‘stand-alone’ section (especially in more Humanities-based fields). Again, it could be structured from broad to narrow, so literature on the more general aspects of your topic could come first, narrowing down to published work on your particular area of interest. You might end this section by including a short summary of the main themes you have identified from the literature.

Includes a description and rationale for the methods of data collection and analysis, and the materials you will use in your research. Use subheadings if possible ( i.e. Data Collection, Data Analysis, Ethical Considerations etc.) and write with a future aspect, ( i.e. The research will initially examine water treatment processes in... )

Details any results that you may already have resulting from previous Honours or Masters’ research work, or perhaps from a pilot study. It is important to relate these results to the critical framework of your intended new research project.

Lists the stages of the research project in timeline, spreadsheet or tabular format, and the deadlines for completion of these stages or tasks. You should include any anticipated challenges to completion.

Outlines the proposed chapters of the thesis and the content of each chapter in several lines or a paragraph, including a Table of Contents.

Relates the expected outcomes of your research to the aims expressed in the Introduction so that the need for the study and the contribution to knowledge is clear.

Provides all the resources cited in your resource proposal using a referencing format favoured by your faculty or discipline. Do not list resources that are not directly referred to in your Proposal.

Writing the Research Proposal

How much should i write.

A research proposal is usually quite a bit longer than other written academic genres. In the Humanities, it could be around 10,000 words or even longer (excluding the Reference List); whereas those from more Science-oriented disciplines may be shorter.

What should I begin with?

Similar to other academic genres, writing the research proposal is a process. If you are proposing a ‘recycled’ topic that builds on previous assignments already written on the same topic, you might spend some time re-reading these. However, if you are starting a ‘fresh’ project you might consider two key questions:

• What am I really interested in finding out about my research topic?
• How am I going to do this in practice? Brainstorm responses to these questions under a strict time limit – say 30 minutes.

Then leave this ‘free-writing’ for at least 24 hours before reviewing it for a possible more polished second draft.

How should I approach the literature?

Reviewing the academic literature on your topic is one of the most critical stages of your research proposal. This section goes beyond a simple summary of everything written on a subject. Instead, it is a critical synthesis of materials that illuminates selected academic literature on your topic. Your coverage of the literature should reflect the argument or perspective that you have set out in your research question/s.

Try the following techniques for dealing with the literature:

• Develop a theme or series of themes from your broad reading, referencing the work of relevant authors who support your position or who provide counter-arguments against your point/s.
• Limit excessive quoting. Too many direct quotations will dilute your authority over the topic.
• Avoid beginning paragraphs with “Jones argues …”; “Smith states …” This approach risks losing a sense of your writer’s authority to the work of others. Instead, provide an overview of the paragraph in a topic sentence written in your own writer’s voice.

Adapted from Rudestam and Newton (2015) as cited in Paltridge and Starfield (2020). Thesis and dissertation writing in a second language: A handbook for students and their advisers. Routledge.

Tips for writing

• Avoid language that is overly hesitant or tentative (i.e. ‘It seems that…’, ‘It is hoped that …’). Instead, use confident language when you feel able to (i.e. ‘It is clear that…’, ‘I assert that …’).
• Break up large blocks of text into smaller sections using sub-headings and bullet-points.
• Anticipate possible problems with, or limitations of, your research. Address these issues directly for your own benefit as well as to improve the entire proposal.
• Make your proposal is easy for readers to skim read. Never assume your readers will read your work in a ‘logical’ order. Use sub-headings and restate key ideas to guide the reader through your writing.
• Find copies of other Research Proposals in your field and study the way they:
• devise titles.
• structure their proposal.
• use discipline-specific language.
• Take a note of anything else you notice. You might ask your potential supervisor/s for models of previously submitted proposals or search for relevant examples online (look for examples from reputable .edu or .org. web addresses)

Remember, your research proposal should demonstrate:

• the feasibility and logical foundations of your project
• a well-focussed research question, set of research objectives, or hypothesis
• the width and depth of the academic literature on your topic
• understanding of current issues or debates on your topic
• justification of your project through the literature
• a match between the methodology and / or methods and your research question/s

Adapted from Cadman (2002) as cited in Paltridge, B. and Starfield, S. (2020). Thesis and dissertation writing in a second language: A handbook for students and their advisers. Routledge.

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Adb-adbi call for research proposals: learning loss and recovery in asia and the pacific following covid-19 school closures, share this page.

The Asian Development Bank (ADB) and Asian Development Bank Institute (ADBI) are seeking research proposals to study learning loss and recovery following disruptions in education caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. ADB and ADBI will provide up to $100,000 in funding for the implementation of selected proposals. Expressions of interest (EOI) should first be submitted under one of three themes described below by 07 June 2022 , using the form at this link . 

Decisions are on EOIs are expected by early June 2022. The deadline for full proposals for selected EOIs is 30 June 2022 .

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused significant education disruptions globally. Approximately 1.3 billion children have been subjected to the closure of face-to-face schooling in more than 150 countries (UNESCO COVID-19 Education Response tracker). The effects have been particularly severe in developing countries, where hundreds of millions of children have faced closures that have lasted for years, whereas in developed countries, closures have generally lasted months or less.

During classroom closure, there has been great variation in the means of education offered, which has further increased disparities. Better resourced schools have continued to offer synchronous remote learning through internet-based platforms, including video conferencing, whereas schools with fewer resources have often relied on asynchronous use of traditional media (e.g., printed modules) and had limited student-teacher interaction. In the absence of synchronous learning and direct student-teacher interactions, education has become much more reliant on the ability of parents and other family members to serve as teachers. As parents have heterogenous teaching abilities, this has increased student disparities in learning levels both within schools and within broader education systems (Donnelly and Patrinos 2021). For students who have not received effective education during this period, learning has substantially regressed (Patarapichayatham, Locke, and Lewis 2021), whereas students under the most effective teaching arrangements have continued to make substantial progress.

Learning losses could be amplified, and even become permanent, if changes in student learning levels due to classroom closure are not addressed. Those students who have fallen behind normal patterns of progression will likely lack foundational skills for further learning, deepening losses over time. Greater learning level heterogeneity will increase mismatches between the level of teaching provided and student learning capacity.

There is limited evidence available on how much learning has been lost due to the pandemic and by whom . Research to date mostly provides projections rooted in assumed levels of loss or concerns developed countries that did not have protracted school closures. Large-scale standardized testing has yet to resume in many countries with protracted closures, and those tests are often only administered at specific grade levels, meaning that repeated comparable measurements may not occur for the same cohort. As individual test scores are often only generated through school systems and not made public due to data privacy laws, creative partnerships and solutions may be needed to establish panel data sets to trace individual students.

It is also critically important to understand what alternative learning measures have been taken and how effective they have been in stemming learning loss , which can help to shape policy responses. Although there are data sets available on overall measures taken by governments on schooling during the COVID-19 pandemic, these data are primarily aggregate and national. Within countries, there is substantial variation among schools, as well as among households within schools. Household responses are particularly unknown and likely to strongly shape losses of the most vulnerable children. As many school systems are still in the process of face-to-face reopening or reopening has started recently, data are also lacking on remediation measures accompanying reopening.

There also is a dearth of evidence on the most effective means to recover learning . While there have been impact evaluations of pilot measures taken to help ensure learning continuity during the pandemic (e.g. studies funded under the World Bank’s Strategic Impact Evaluation Fund COVID-19 Emergency Window), and impact evaluations provide evidence on the effects of pre-pandemic interventions (Snilstveit  et al. 2015), the situation as face-to-face schooling resumes will be different. More options can be considered to remediate losses than were possible during classroom closure, while new heterogeneity in student levels will create unprecedented challenges, which need to be addressed with solutions that can be quickly implemented. Understanding the effectiveness of solutions is critical.

Submission Procedure

Interested researchers are requested to first submit a short expression of interest (EOI) via this link describing the research that they wish to conduct. The EOI submission deadline is 07 June 2022. ADB and ADBI will select EOIs that match the interests of ADB’s operations (investment) departments. Decisions are expected by early June 2022.

Authors of selected proposals will be requested to submit a full proposal, to be developed jointly with matched ADB or ADBI staff . The deadline to submit full proposals, using the attached form, is 30 June 2022. 

Authors of selected proposals will be requested to submit a full proposal, to be developed jointly with matched ADB or ADBI staff. The deadline to submit full proposals, using the attached form, is 30 June 2022.

Themes Eligible for Funding

A. Measuring learning loss

Under this theme, studies empirically quantify changes in student learning levels in the wake of the pandemic. These studies can include the use of standardized tests or other types of education and skills measurement that can be compared with pre-pandemic results. Alternatively, a comparison could be made between areas with widespread closures and those where school closure has been more limited. The design could be reflexive (to reflect all changes during the pandemic) or causal (to reflect closure effects).

B. Characterizing and analyzing responses

Proposals under this theme establish datasets on actual measures taken to limit or remediate losses and/or analyze effects of such measures. Reponses can include those taken by governments, schools, other organizations, households, and/or students, which are not captured in existing datasets. Studies in this area may also include activities under the “measuring learning loss” theme to enable identification of the effects of responses on learning outcomes.

C. Testing solutions for learning recovery

As face-to-face schooling resumes, a variety of measures can be used to offset learning losses and respond to increased learning level heterogeneity. These measures might include placing students into “tracks” based on learning levels, providing supplementary instruction through tutors or teaching assistants, using of educational technology or supplemental media, expanding time in school, or prioritizing educational topics. Studies would address issues raised above. Evidence is needed on the effects of these types of measures on learning outcomes and the ability to recover learning loss. Proposals under this theme should use empirical causal designs to isolate the effects of the measures tested.

Conditions for Funding

Research proposals must meet the following conditions:

• It relates to one or more of the three above themes
• The maximum budget requested is $100,000
• Research activities must focus on one or more ADB developing member countries
• Intellectual property from the research (including data) will be jointly owned by ADB, with a working paper and presentation as intended initial outputs
• Researchers to be funded under the research proposal must be citizens of ADB member economies

Selection Criteria

• Relevance of the research proposal to ADB’s operations and/or developing member countries
• Rigor of the research proposal, in terms of identification strategies for causal analysis, sample power, and motivation of the hypotheses to be tested
• Cost-effectiveness, in terms of balance between scale of data/outputs and the funding amount requested
• Demonstrated capacity of the research team to deliver rigorous research on related topics

Inquiries may be directed to Daniel Suryadarma  and David Raitzer

Donnelly, R., and H. A. Patrinos. 2021. Learning Loss During Covid-19: An Early Systematic Review . Prospects (2021).

Patarapichayatham, C., V. N. Locke, and S. Lewis. 2021. Summer Slide Is Bad, COVID-19 Slide Is Even Worse: Online Assessment Perspective [Paper Session]. National Council on Measurement in Education (NCME) Virtual Annual Meeting.

Snilstveit, B., J. Stevenson, D. Phillips, M. Vojtkova, E. Gallagher, T. Schmidt, H. Jobse, M. Geelen, M. Pastorello, and J. Eyers. 2015. Interventions for Improving Learning Outcomes and Access to Education in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review, 3ie Systematic Review 24 . London: International Initiative for Impact Evaluation (3ie).

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Zaha Hadid Architects Reveals Winning Proposal for Sberbank Technopark in Moscow

• Written by Vladimir Gintoff
• Published on April 26, 2016

Zaha Hadid Architects (ZHA) has announced a new project in Moscow , winning a competition to design the Sberbank Technopark at the Skolkovo Innovation Centre . This is the firm’s first announcement of new work since the untimely death of Zaha Hadid late last month . As the market leader of the Russian banking and economic circulatory system since 1841, Sberbank’s new 131,000 square meter facility will accommodate 10,000 to 12,000 workers in the sectors of marketing and information technology.

The project developed out of ZHA’s analysis of the working processes and arrangements of Sberbank’s technology and marketing departments. Elaborating on this, Christos Passas, Project Director at Zaha Hadid Architects , said, “The necessity to innovate and collaborate is fundamental to Sberbank’s operations. Our research into interconnected, multi-function environments has driven the Sberbank Technopark design. It responds to the bank’s requirements for enhanced communication, interaction and diversification. The design reconfigures working relationships and adopts a holistic approach to creating an engaging environment that offers a diversified range of facilities both internally and externally.”

The ZHA design beat out competing proposals from SPEECH , Foster + Partners , Eric Owen Moss Architects , and Fuksas . The project is expected to begin construction in approximately 18 months and will take another two years to complete.

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U.S. Department of the Treasury

Targeting key sectors, evasion efforts, and military supplies, treasury expands and intensifies sanctions against russia.

Actions Taken in Coordination with G7

Metals and Mining Determination Enables Targeting of Putin Revenue Source

Wide Array of Evasion-Related Targets Exposed

WASHINGTON – Today, one year after the Russian Federation launched its unprovoked war against Ukraine, the U.S. Department of the Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) is taking significant action to diminish Russia’s ability to continue its brutal war and to procure the resources used to support it.

In one of its most significant sanctions actions to date, Treasury is announcing a new determination targeting the metals and mining sector of the Russian Federation economy under Executive Order 14024 and is also imposing sanctions on 22 individuals and 83 entities. Today’s action, together with additional measures taken by the Department of State, the Department of Commerce, and the Office of the U.S. Trade Representative, in coordination with allies and G7 partners, further isolates Russia from the international economy and hinders Russia’s ability to obtain the capital, materials, technology, and support that sustain its war against Ukraine, which has killed thousands and displaced millions of people.

Additionally, as Russia searches for ways to evade sanctions and export controls, the U.S. government is ramping up efforts to counter such evasion around the world. Today’s action includes designations of over 30 third-country individuals and companies connected to Russia’s sanctions evasion efforts, including those related to arms trafficking and illicit finance. While Russian banks representing over 80 percent of total Russian banking sector assets are already subject to U.S and international sanctions, OFAC today is designating over a dozen financial institutions in Russia, including one of the top-ten largest banks by asset value. Sanctioned actors have been known to turn to smaller banks as well as wealth-management firms in an attempt to evade sanctions as Russia seeks new ways to access the international financial system.

“As the Ukrainian people continue to valiantly defend their homeland and their freedom, the United States is proud to support Ukraine through economic, security, and humanitarian assistance,” said Secretary of the Treasury Janet L. Yellen. “Over the past year, we have taken actions with a historic coalition of international partners to degrade Russia’s military-industrial complex and reduce the revenues that it uses to fund its war. Our sanctions have had both short-term and long-term impact, seen acutely in Russia’s struggle to replenish its weapons and in its isolated economy. Our actions today with our G7 partners show that we will stand with Ukraine for as long as it takes.”

Dozens of entities and individuals being sanctioned today operate in industries that ultimately support Russia’s war against Ukraine. This includes firms that produce or import specialized, high-technology equipment used by Russian defense entities and companies that make advanced materials used in Russian weapons systems.

The United States and its allies have imposed sweeping sanctions, export controls, and other measures following the start of Russia’s war against Ukraine. Since February 2022, Treasury has implemented more than 2,500 sanctions in response to Russia’s war of choice. The unprecedented costs imposed on Russia have been closely coordinated with allies and partners, with more than 30 countries having imposed sanctions or similar measures against Russia following the launch of its war.

Russia’s aggressive and unprovoked war will have significant and long-lasting consequences for Russia’s economy and defense base. Sanctions and export controls have caused Russia’s financial sector losses of hundreds of billions of dollars and created major setbacks for Russia’s technological advancement. The United States will continue to impose costs on Russia for as long as this war continues.

FINANCIAL SERVICES SECTOR SANCTIONS

Imposing further sanctions against Russia’s financial services sector impedes the ability of President Vladimir Putin’s regime to raise capital in support of the war against Ukraine and further isolates Russia from the global financial system. Today, Treasury is imposing sanctions on numerous Russian banks and is also targeting wealth management-related entities and individuals that play key roles in Russia’s financial services sector.

Sanctions evasion and other illicit financial activity often involves support from accountants, investment advisors, wealth management and private equity firms, lawyers, and other financial services providers. According to an alert issued by the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN) in March 2022 , sanctioned actors may seek to evade sanctions by using corporate vehicles to obscure ownership or sources of funds, such as shell companies or third-party proxies. FinCEN issued another alert in March 2022 underscoring sanctioned persons’ use of real estate, luxury goods, and other high-value assets, such as precious metals, stones, and jewelry (PMSJ), to store value and evade economic restrictions. In June 2022, FinCEN and the U.S. Department of Commerce’s Bureau of Industry issued an alert urging increased vigilance for export control evasion attempts.

Designation of Multiple Russian Financial Institutions

OFAC today designated the following Russian banks pursuant to E.O. 14024 for operating or having operated in the financial services sector of the Russian Federation economy:

• Credit Bank of Moscow Public Joint Stock Company , one of Russia’s ten largest banks by asset value and located in Moscow, is Russia’s largest non-state public bank. The European Union removed Credit Bank of Moscow from the SWIFT international payment system in June 2022 and fully blocked the bank in December 2022. OFAC previously placed Credit Bank of Moscow on the Sectoral Sanctions Identifications List; it is now also subject to full-blocking sanctions.
• Joint Stock Company Commercial Bank Lanta Bank , a bank located in Moscow, Russia.
• Public Joint Stock Company Commercial Bank Metallurgical Investment Bank (Metallinvestbank), a bank located in Moscow, Russia. Metallinvestbank has used alternative payment routes to facilitate the receipt of payments for Russian exports.
• Public Joint Stock Company MTS Bank , a bank located in Moscow, Russia and Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. The UK also designated this bank today.
• Novosibirsk Social Commercial Bank Levoberezhny Public Joint Company , a bank located in Novosibirsk, Russia.
• Bank Saint-Petersburg Public Joint Stock Company , a bank located in Saint Petersburg, Russia. The UK also designated this bank today.
• Joint Stock Commercial Bank Primorye , a bank located in Vladivostok, Russia.
• SDM-Bank Public Joint Stock Company , a bank located in Moscow, Russia.
• Public Joint Stock Company Ural Bank for Reconstruction and Development (UBRD), a bank located in Yekaterinburg, Russia. UBRD is also sanctioned by Canada and the UK.
• Public Joint Stock Company Bank Uralsib , a bank located in Moscow, Russia. The UK also designated this bank today.
• Bank Zenit Public Joint Stock Company , a bank located in Moscow, Russia. The UK also designated this bank today.

Additionally, Russia-based financial institutions OOO Zenit Finance , OOO Zenit Leasing , and OOO Zenit Factoring MSP were designated pursuant to E.O. 14024 for being owned or controlled by, or for having acted or purported to act for or on behalf of, directly or indirectly, Bank Zenit.

In conjunction with this action, OFAC has issued Russia-related General License (GL) 60 , authorizing the wind down and rejection of transactions involving certain financial institutions designated today through 12:01 a.m. eastern daylight time, May 25, 2023. In addition, OFAC has issued Russia-related GL 61 , authorizing the wind down of certain securities and derivatives transactions involving certain of these financial institutions through 12:01 a.m. eastern daylight time, May 25, 2023. OFAC also issued amended GL 8F , adding certain of these financial institutions to the authorization to process certain energy-related transactions.

Targeting Russian Wealth Management-Related Entities

CONFIDERI Pte Ltd (CONFIDERI) is a Russian multi-family office, a type of financial services firm specializing in high-net-worth individuals, with offices in Moscow and Singapore. Its specialties include asset structuring and wealth management, including on “international projects with Russian roots.” CONFIDERI offers, among other services, PMSJ investment opportunities and investment management through the Caribbean.

CONFIDERI’s founders, Russian Federation-Israel nationals Olga Borisovna Raykes (Raykes) and Marat Maratovich Savelov (Savelov), have also been recognized as private bankers, wealth managers, and investment advisers. Raykes and Savelov own the firm Vend Ore GmbH (Vend Ore), located in Vienna, Austria.

CONFIDERI, Raykes, and Savelov were designated pursuant to E.O. 14024 for operating or having operated in the financial services sector of the Russian Federation economy. Vend Ore was designated pursuant to E.O. 14024 for being owned or controlled by, or for having acted or purported to act for or on behalf of, directly or indirectly, Raykes and Savelov.

Moscow-based investment and wealth management firm IC Veles Capital LLC (IC Veles Capital) also caters to Russian high-net-worth individuals. Its leaders are Russian Federation-Cyprus nationals Dmitry Vitalyevich Bugayenko (Bugayenko) and Aleksei Dmitrievich Gnedovskii (Gnedovskii).

IC Veles Capital, Bugayenko, Gnedovskii, and related financial companies Veles Aktiv OOO , Veles Management Ltd , and Limited Liability Company Veles Trust were all designated pursuant to E.O. 14024 for operating or having operated in the financial services sector of the Russian Federation economy.

Additionally, Bugayenko’s Cyprus-based firms Veles International Limited and Hadlerco Limited , were designated pursuant to E.O. 14024 for being owned or controlled by, or for having acted or purported to act for or on behalf of, directly or indirectly, Bugayenko.

Russian Federation national Ulan Vladimirovich Ilishkin (Ilishkin) is Deputy Chairman of the Management Board of U.S.-sanctioned Public Joint Stock Company Rosbank (Rosbank), which was acquired in 2022 by one of Russia’s richest men, U.S.-sanctioned Vladimir Potanin . Ilishkin also leads Rosbank’s L’Hermitage Private Banking unit.

Russian Federation national Alina Olegovna Nazarova (Nazarova) is the head of A-Club, the private banking department of U.S.-sanctioned Joint Stock Company Alfa-Bank.

Russian Federation national Evgeniya Sergeyevna Tyurikova (Tyurikova) is a long-time finance professional who leads the private banking department of U.S.-sanctioned Public Joint Stock Company Sberbank of Russia (Sberbank).

Ilishkin, Nazarova, and Tyurikova were designated pursuant to E.O. 14024 for operating or having operated in the financial services sector of the Russian Federation economy.

TARGETING RUSSIAN SANCTIONS EVASION

Due to the impact of sanctions and export controls, Russian intelligence services have been directed to find channels for evasion and backfilling. Treasury will continue to impose sanctions on actors inside and outside of Russia that circumvent sanctions and enable Russia to procure resources critical to enabling Russia’s war of aggression against Ukraine. Treasury is imposing sanctions on the following entities and individuals for their roles in sanctions evasion efforts.

Swiss-Italian businessman Walter Moretti (Moretti) and his network of associates and companies have covertly procured sensitive Western technologies and equipment for Russian intelligence services and the Russian military, including hydraulic presses, armament packages, and armor plating. Moretti and his associates have also procured equipment for Russia’s nuclear weapons laboratories. 

Moretti was designated pursuant to E.O. 14024 for having acted or purported to act for or on behalf of, directly or indirectly, the Government of the Russian Federation.

German national Markus Gerhard Mueller (Mueller), Swiss nationals Ronald Eric Cosman (Cosman) and Bruno Koller (Koller), as well as the Switzerland-based company Swisstec 3D AKUS AG (Swisstec) have assisted Moretti in the procurement of sensitive Western technologies and equipment for Russian intelligence services and the Russian military.

Mueller, Cosman, Koller, and Swisstec were designated pursuant to E.O. 14024 for having materially assisted, sponsored, or provided financial, material, or technological support for, or goods or services to or in support of, Moretti.

Moretti also used his UAE-based companies, Taerio Limited and Tamyna FZE , in his covert procurement schemes.

OFAC designated Taerio Limited and Tamyna FZE pursuant to E.O. 14024 for being owned or controlled by, or for having acted or purported to act for or on behalf of, directly or indirectly, Moretti.

The Malta-based company, Stratton Investment Group LTD , is owned by Taerio Limited. OFAC designated Stratton Investment Group LTD pursuant to E.O. 14024 for being owned or controlled by Taerio Limited.

The Swiss Italian national Frederic Pierre Villa (Villa), along with Moretti, are on the board of directors of Stratton Investment Group LTD. OFAC designated Villa pursuant to E.O. 14024 for being a leader, official, senior executive officer, or member of the board of directors of Stratton Investment Group LTD.

The Switzerland-based company Tamyna AG has sent numerous large wire transfers to Moretti’s company, Taerio Limited. Tamyna AG was designated pursuant to E.O. 14024 for having materially assisted, sponsored, or provided financial, material, or technological support for, or goods or services to or in support of Moretti.

Swiss nationals Hans-Peter Bomatter (Bomatter) and Lutwin Schommer (Schommer) are the senior managers of Tamyna AG. OFAC designated Bomatter and Schommer pursuant to E.O. 14024 for being a leader, official, senior executive officer, or member of the board of directors of Tamyna AG.

The Sofia, Bulgaria-based company Taerio International LTD EOOD (Taerio International) and the Saint Petersburg, Russia-based company Interpolytrade Limited Company (Interpolytrade) are owned or controlled by Mueller. OFAC is designating Taerio International and Interpolytrade pursuant to E.O. 14024 for being owned or controlled by, or for having acted or purported to act for or on behalf of, directly or indirectly, Mueller.

Arms Dealer Supporting Russia and Belarus

Nurmurad Kurbanov (Kurbanov) is a Russian-Turkmen arms dealer who has represented Russian and Belarusian defense firms abroad. Kurbanov has facilitated military and technical cooperation efforts between Russia and foreign countries. Kurbanov has additionally represented U.S.-sanctioned Belarusian firm OKB TSP Scientific Production Limited Liability Company (OKB TSP), which is involved in the production of a short-range air defense system, in its sales efforts abroad. Kurbanov also owns Cyprus-based firm Stella Leone Limited .

Kurbanov was designated pursuant to Belarus-related E.O. 14038 for having acted or purported to act for or on behalf of, directly or indirectly, OKB TSP. Stella Leone Limited was also designated pursuant to E.O. 14038 for being owned or controlled by, or for having acted or purported to act for or on behalf of, directly or indirectly, Kurbanov.

Russian Elite-Linked Businessman Tied to Illicit Financial Activity

Russian businessman Aleksandr Yevgenyevich Udodov (Udodov) is the former brother-in-law of Russian Prime Minister Mikhail Mishustin (Mishustin) and has been linked to business dealings with both Mishustin himself and Mishustin’s sister. Udodov has also been investigated for manipulating value-added tax revenues and money laundering.

Udodov and his Moscow-based management consulting firm, Limited Liability Company Aforra Management , were designated pursuant to E.O. 14024 for operating or having operated in the management consulting sector of the Russian Federation economy.

The following Udodov-owned, Russia-based companies were designated pursuant to E.O. 14024 for being owned or controlled by, or for having acted or purported to act for or on behalf of, directly or indirectly, Udodov:

• Limited Liability Company Aforra Development
• Limited Liability Company Aforra Engineering
• Limited Liability Company Aforra Property
• Limited Liability Company Aktiv R
• Limited Liability Company Arendoff
• Limited Liability Company Atlas Real Estate
• Limited Liability Company Ayaks
• Limited Liability Company Garantiya
• Limited Liability Company Mushroom Rainbow
• Limited Liability Company New City
• Limited Liability Company Nikoliya
• Limited Liability Company Optima Invest
• Limited Liability Company Russul
• Limited Liability Company Stork

Udodov’s business interests also extend outside of Russia’s borders. Udodov owns Avrora Capital SRO (Avrora Capital), located in Prague, Czechia. Udodov also has control over Leading Capital Investment Ltd (Leading Capital), a real estate holding company registered in the British Virgin Islands, and Bahamas-based Caliber Wealth Management Ltd (Caliber Wealth Management).

Avrora Capital, Leading Capital, and Caliber Wealth Management were designated pursuant to E.O. 14024 for being owned or controlled by, or for having acted or purported to act for or on behalf of, directly or indirectly, Udodov.

SANCTIONS TARGETING RUSSIA’S MILITARY SUPPLY CHAINS

Treasury is taking additional steps to impose costs on and further restrict key entities that support Russia’s military capabilities. Since the start of Russia’s full-scale war, Treasury has targeted Russia’s defense industries. Treasury will continue to designate Russian Federation persons connected to Russia’s defense industries to degrade Putin’s ability to wage war against Ukraine or against any other country in the future. In October 2022, Treasury, the Department of Commerce, and the Department of State issued an alert highlighting the impact of sanctions and export controls on Russia’s military-industrial complex.

Designations of Russian Entities that Produce Carbon Fiber and Related Advanced Materials for Russia’s War Machine

Russia’s military-industrial complex is the largest consumer in Russia of carbon fiber and other related advanced materials. Carbon fiber and related materials are critical to the development and production of Russian defense systems. They are used in almost all defense-related platforms including aircraft, ground combat vehicles, ballistic missiles, and military personal protection gear, as well as other weapons systems. Today, Treasury is designating numerous Russia-based entities involved in the production of carbon fiber and related materials.

UMATEX Joint-Stock Company (UMATEX) is Russia’s largest producer of a wide range of carbon fibers and fiber-based items. UMATEX manages a division focused on promising materials and technologies, and focuses on the production of high-technology carbon fiber and other high-technology products. UMATEX was designated pursuant to E.O. 14024 for operating or having operated in the technology sector of the Russian Federation economy.

OFAC also designated three UMATEX subsidiaries pursuant to E.O. 14024 for being owned or controlled by, or for having acted or purported to act for or on behalf of, directly or indirectly, UMATEX:

• UMATEX Group Europe S.R.O. , a Czechia-based subsidiary of UMATEX.
• Argon , a Russia-based company that produces carbon fiber materials used by aircraft-building companies.
• Zavod Ulgerodnykh I Kompozitsionnykh Materialov , a Russia-based company that produces carbon fiber used in the aerospace industry.

Treasury also designated UVICOM LTD , a Russia-based company that produces carbon fibrous materials and that develops technologies for carbon fiber materials. UVICOM LTD was designated pursuant to E.O. 14024 for operating or having operated in the technology sector of the Russian Federation economy.

Designations of Entities that Operate in Russia’s Aerospace Sector

OFAC today designated the following entities pursuant to E.O. 14024 for operating or having operated in the aerospace sector of the Russian Federation economy:

• Joint Stock Company Prepreg Advanced Composite Materials , a Russia-based company that produces an assortment of materials used in aircraft engineering.
• Limited Liability Company Alabuga-Fibre , a Russia-based company that produces various types of carbon fibers used in aerospace and aircraft engineering.
• Limited Liability Company Prepreg-Dubna , a Russia-based company that produces an assortment of materials used in aircraft engineering.
• Joint Stock Company Research Institute of Graphite-Based Materials NIIGRAFIT (NIIGRAFIT), a Russia-based research institution and company that was created for the study and development of special types of carbon materials and products. NIIGRAFIT also produces materials used in rocket and space technology and the aviation industry.
• Joint Stock Company the Urals Scientific Research Institute of Composite Materials , a Russia-based research institution and company that specializes in research, development, and fabrication of composite goods for rocket-and-space hardware.

OFAC today designated the following entities pursuant to E.O. 14024 for operating or having operated in the defense and related materiel sector of the Russian Federation economy:

• Perm Scientific Research Technological Institute , a Russia-based research institute that provides solutions related to the development and application of modern equipment including artillery mounts and missile systems.
• Joint Stock Company Military-Industrial Corporation NPO Mashinostroyenia , a Russia-based company that develops and fabricates weapons and military hardware that was first designated in 2014 pursuant to E.O. 13662

Designations of Persons Operating in Russia’s Technology and Electronics Sectors

Russia’s defense industry is reliant on imported microelectronics and other technology both produced domestically and imported from abroad. Today, Treasury continues to target firms and individuals in Russia’s technology and electronics sectors, including persons who produce or import specialized or high-tech equipment used by Russia’s defense entities.

OFAC today designated the following persons pursuant to E.O. 14024 for operating or having operated in the technology sector of the Russian Federation economy:

• 0Day Technologies , a Moscow-based cybersecurity consulting firm, has provided databases of western nation citizens’ personally identifiable information to Russian intelligence.
• OOO Iteranet (Iteranet), a Russia-based technology company, has helped the Government of Russia circumvent U.S. sanctions by purchasing U.S.-origin equipment on behalf of sanctioned end-users.
• OKB Spektr OOO (OKB Spektr), one of the largest manufacturers in Russia of spectral analytical instruments. OKB Spektr develops electronic-printed circuits. In addition, OKB Spektr provides telemetry support for ballistic missile flight testing at Russia’s missile test ranges.
• Limited Liability Company Maxtech (Maxtech), a Moscow-based technology company specializing in server hardware.
• Russian Federation nationals Anastasiya Olegovna Eshstrut (Eshstrut) and Maksim Valeryevich Safonov , co-owners of Maxtech. Eshstrut is also Maxtech’s general director.
• Novilab Mobile, LLC , a Moscow-based software developer, has worked with U.S.-designated Russia-based company Advanced System Technology, AO (AST) on a project to enable mobile device monitoring. In April 2021, OFAC designated AST pursuant to E.O. 14024, E.O. 13694, E.O. 13382, and Section 224 of CAATSA for providing support to the FSB.
• Limited Liability Company Promtekhekspert , a Moscow-based technology equipment and consulting firm formerly partially owned by Eshstrut that shares an address with Maxtech.
• PSV Technologies LLC (PSV), a Moscow-based technology company that delivers high-tech equipment into Russia and has distribution relationships with both Russia-based and foreign technology and equipment manufacturers. PSV has attempted to procure export-controlled equipment from the United States for an entity associated with the Russian defense industry.
• Sergei Valentinovich Petrov (Petrov), the owner of PSV.
• Svetlana Alekseyevna Moretti (Svetlana Moretti) owner and CEO of the technology company Tamimed. 
• Tamimed , a Moscow-based technology company, designated for operating or having operated in the technology sector of the Russian Federation economy, and for being owned or controlled by, or having acted or purported to act for or on behalf of, directly or indirectly, Svetlana Moretti.
• AO Russian High Technologies , a Russia-based information technology company, has worked on behalf of Russian intelligence services.
• Forward Systems, R&DC , a Moscow-based computer programming and information technology company, has developed specialized software and algorithms in support of contracts with the Russian Federal State Unitary Enterprise (FGUP) 18th Central Scientific Research Institute (TsNII), which is part of the Russian Main Intelligence Directorate’s (GRU) efforts in offensive cyber operations.
• ZAO Akuta , a St. Petersburg-based computer programming company, provided programming services for a telecommunications system for a new GRU facility in Russia.

Joint Stock Company Vakuum.ru (Vakuum.ru), a Russia-based company specializing in the sale of manufacturing and technological equipment to Russia-based customers. Continuing at least through 2021, Vakuum.ru worked with the Russian intelligence-linked procurement network of U.S.-sanctioned Malberg Ltd. (Malberg) to obtain advanced equipment with applications in the microelectronics and quantum industries. On April 15, 2021, OFAC designated Malberg pursuant to E.O. 14024 for being owned or controlled by, or for having acted or purporting to act for or on behalf of, directly or indirectly, the Government of the Russian Federation.

By Trade OU (By Trade) facilitated hundreds of thousands of dollars of shipments by Malberg to Russia, continuing at least through 2020. In 2019, By Trade attempted to illegally ship a U.S.-made precision jig grinder with nuclear applications to a Russian entity.

Vakuum.ru was designated pursuant to E.O.14024 for operating or having operated in the technology sector of the Russian Federation economy. By Trade was designated pursuant to E.O. 14024 for having materially assisted, sponsored, or provided financial, material, or technological support for, or goods or services to or in support of, Malberg.

OOO Lavina Puls (Lavina Puls) and AO Inforus (Inforus) have provided technical support to malign influence operations conducted by the GRU, including the management of false social media personas. The Kremlin has used these tools of malign covert influence to attack democracy in the United States, Ukraine, and around the world. Andrey Igorevich Masalovich (Masalovich), the head of Lavina Puls and Inforus, has worked to sell the internet monitoring and influence technology he designed for the GRU internationally. The United States and its allies will continue to take action to ensure that those who seek to export the Russian government’s brand of authoritarianism cannot do so with impunity. Lavina Puls, Inforus, and Masalovich were designated pursuant to E.O. 14024 for operating or having operated in the technology sector of the Russian Federation economy.

Russia-based Open Joint Stock Company Ilyenko Elara Research and Production Complex (AO Elara) is a manufacturer of electronic equipment and devices. AO Elara produces such electronic instruments for Russian amphibious and military aircraft, and has additionally worked with one or more sanctioned Russian firms. AO Elara was designated pursuant to E.O. 14024 for operating or having operated in the electronics sector of the Russian Federation economy. Treasury also designated AO Elara’s General Director, Andrey Aleksandrovich Uglov (Uglov), a former Government of Russia official. Uglov was designated pursuant to E.O. 14024 for being or having been a leader, official, senior executive officer, or member of the board of directors of AO Elara.

UVICOM LTD was also designated pursuant to E.O. 14024 for operating or having operated in the technology sector of the Russian Federation economy.

Designations of Other Entities Supporting Russia’s War against Ukraine

Treasury designated Federal State Unitary Enterprise Central Scientific Research Institute of Economics , Informatics and Management Systems (TsNII EISU), a Russia-based enterprise that performs a system-forming role in the further development of the command and control systems of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. TsNII EISU was designated pursuant to E.O. 14024 for operating or having operated in the defense and related materiel sector of the Russian Federation.

Treasury designated Independent Insurance Group LTD (IIG) pursuant to E.O. 14024 for operating or having operated in the defense and related materiel sector of the Russian Federation economy. IIG provides insurances services to companies in Russia’s defense sector.

Treasury also designated Private Military Company Redut (PMC Redut), a Russian mercenary force fighting in Ukraine that purports to provide security services. PMC Redut is linked to the GRU as well as the broader Russian Ministry of Defense. PMC Redut was designated pursuant to E.O. 14024 for being owned or controlled by, or for having acted or purported to act for or on behalf of, directly or indirectly, the Government of the Russian Federation.

EXPANDING SANCTIONS: METALS AND MINING SECTOR

OFAC is enhancing and expanding its use of Russia-related sanctions authorities by issuing a determination that identifies the metals and mining sector of the Russian Federation economy pursuant to section 1(a)(i) of Executive Order (E.O.) 14024. This determination allows for sanctions to be imposed on any individual or entity determined to operate or have operated in that sector and expands the United States’ ability to swiftly impose additional economic costs on Russia for its war of choice in Ukraine. This action complements existing provisions for sanctions against those that operate or have operated in the quantum computing, accounting, trust and corporate formation, management consulting, aerospace, marine, electronics, financial services, technology, and defense and related materiel sectors of the Russian Federation economy.

Pursuant to today’s determination, OFAC designated four entities for operating or having operated in the metals and mining sector of the Russian Federation economy:

• Joint Stock Company Burevestnik Central Scientific Research Institute , a Russia-based arms and artillery manufacturer that is also involved in manufacturing metals.
• OOO Metallurg-Tulamash , a Russia-based steel manufacturer that also manufactures armaments for Russia’s navy.
• TPZ-Rondol OOO , a Russia-based company that specializes in coating metals and is a subsidiary of one of Russia’s leading ammunition manufacturers.
• Mtsenskprokat , a Russia-based company that produces unique metal alloys and products for Russia’s aviation and defense industries.

For Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) related to this determination, click here.

SANCTIONS IMPLICATIONS

As a result of today’s action, all property and interests in property of the persons above that are in the United States or in the possession or control of U.S. persons are blocked and must be reported to OFAC. In addition, any entities that are owned, directly or indirectly, 50 percent or more by one or more blocked persons are also blocked. All transactions by U.S. persons or within (or transiting) the United States that involve any property or interests in property of designated or blocked persons are prohibited unless authorized by a general or specific license issued by OFAC, or exempt. These prohibitions include the making of any contribution or provision of funds, goods, or services by, to, or for the benefit of any blocked person and the receipt of any contribution or provision of funds, goods, or services from any such person.

For identifying information on the individuals and entities sanctioned or property identified today, click here.

• Educational Leadership

Call for Community Based Research Proposals

The Center for Public Education and Community Engagement (CPECE), housed in the College of Education at Texas Christian University (TCU), invites community organizations and academic researchers to submit community-based research proposals for three-year project funding.

• Year 1 Budget: Up to $5,000
• Year 2 and 3 Budget: Up to $8,000 per year

These projects aim to foster collaboration between TCU and local communities, focusing on creating positive social change and addressing issues faced by marginalized communities. This initiative is based on the belief that everyone can contribute to positive social change.

Faculty and community-based organizations, including non-profit organizations, grassroots initiatives, schools, community groups, and social enterprises are encouraged to apply jointly.

Proposals require equal partnerships, co-creation of knowledge, and the importance of centering the knowledge and experiences of marginalized communities.

Successful proposals will challenge traditional models of academic research, build long-term partnerships, and ensure lasting community benefits beyond the three-year funding period.

For more information regarding proposal criteria and to submit proposals visit CPECE Call for Community-Based Research Propsals . 

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Russian Attack on Ukraine’s Kharkiv Kills Two – Rescuers

A Russian strike on a residential building in Ukraine's second-largest city of Kharkiv killed two people and injured more than 50, rescuers said on Sunday, revising down a previous death toll.

Russia has stepped up attacks in the northeastern Kharkiv region after launching a new offensive there last month, seeking to break a largely static front line as the invasion grinds through its third year.

A five-storey residential building was damaged when guided bombs hit Kharkiv city on Saturday, Ukrainian officials said, with the State Emergency Service announcing the completion of rescue work by Sunday morning.

"As a result of this aerial bomb strike, 2 people have been killed and 53 others were injured, including 3 children," it wrote on Telegram.

President Volodymyr Zelensky on Saturday had announced three deaths and condemned Russia's "calculated terror."

An engineer wounded in a Russian strike on an energy facility in the southern Zaporizhzhia region died in hospital, regional governor Ivan Fedorov said on Sunday.

… we have a small favor to ask. As you may have heard, The Moscow Times, an independent news source for over 30 years, has been unjustly branded as a "foreign agent" by the Russian government. This blatant attempt to silence our voice is a direct assault on the integrity of journalism and the values we hold dear.

We, the journalists of The Moscow Times, refuse to be silenced. Our commitment to providing accurate and unbiased reporting on Russia remains unshaken. But we need your help to continue our critical mission.

Your support, no matter how small, makes a world of difference. If you can, please support us monthly starting from just $ 2. It's quick to set up, and you can be confident that you're making a significant impact every month by supporting open, independent journalism. Thank you.

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Ukraine Says Destroyed Russian Missile Defense System in Crimea

Russia Says It Destroyed Second Ukrainian Boat in Black Sea in Hours

Russian Pop-Rock Star Visits Soldiers in Occupied Ukraine, Deletes Past Anti-War Posts

EU adopts 14th package of sanctions against Russia for its continued illegal war against Ukraine, strengthening enforcement and anti-circumvention measures

The Commission welcomes the Council's adoption of a 14th package of sanctions against Russia. The new package responds to the needs and findings on the ground, and tackles enforcement issues. As the Russian aggression against Ukraine continues, the EU remains determined to keep acting to further reduce Russia's sources of revenue and capacity to wage war. Today's measures send a clear and strong signal of EU unity and of our support to Ukraine and its people.   

The package contains important new energy-related measures targeting liquified natural gas (LNG), and measures targeting vessels which support Russia's war. As regards LNG, the package prohibits all future investments in, and exports to, LNG projects under construction in Russia. It will also prohibit, after a transition period of 9 months, the use of EU ports for the transshipment of Russian LNG. Moreover, the package prohibits the import of Russian LNG into specific terminals which are not connected to the EU gas pipeline network.

For the first time, the EU has adopted a measure targeting specific vessels contributing to Russia's warfare against Ukraine, which are subject to a port access ban and ban on provision of services. These vessels can be designated for a broad array of reasons such as their support through the transport of military equipment for Russia, the transport of stolen Ukrainian grain and support in the development of Russia's energy sector, for instance through the transport of LNG components or transshipments of LNG. This measure also targets tankers part of Putin's dark fleet which circumvent the EU and Price Cap Coalition's caps, while adopting deceptive shipping practices in complete disregard of international standards. In this first round of listings, the EU has placed 27 vessels on this list. This list can be updated as regularly as needed to address the ever-evolving involvement of those vessels helping Russia to wage war against Ukraine.

Moreover, the package introduces new listings targeting individuals and entities responsible for actions undermining or threatening the territorial integrity, sovereignty and independence of Ukraine. A total of 116 additional listings of 69 individuals and 47 entities are subject to asset freezes, and – in the case of individuals – also to travel bans.

Today's package significantly strengthens our financial sanctions by introducing a ban for EU banks outside Russia to use the financial messaging system SPFS, which is the Russian equivalent of SWIFT. It also allows the Council to draw up a list of non-Russian third country banks connected to such system; those banks will be banned from doing business with EU operators. Last, it introduces a ban on transactions with banks and crypto assets providers, in Russia and third countries, that facilitate transactions supporting Russia's defence-industrial base. These new sanctions will curb the ability of the Kremlin to channel funds to finance its war machine.

One of the key objectives remains to continue limiting Russian revenues, and to reinforce export restrictions on industrial goods and advanced technology. The package restricts export of nine additional dual-use and advanced technology items (e.g. microwave and aerial amplifiers, flight data recorders and All-Terrain Vehicles) and extends the export bans on certain types of industrial products chemical, plastics, vehicle parts and machinery goods (EUR 5 billion of EU exports prior to the invasion, in 2021). In addition, the export as well as the transfer of manganese ore are now prohibited.

The package also imposes stricter restrictions for the export of dual-use and advanced technology items to 61 entities – established in Russia (28) and in third countries (33) – which are directly or indirectly associated to Russia's military complex and thus contribute to supporting the Russia's war of aggression. In addition, the package also extends the import ban to helium which generates significant revenues for Russia.

As Russia is constantly looking for ways to circumvent sanctions, the EU has reassessed and adjusted its strategies. To further limit Russia's ability to access restricted goods and technology, this package contains several measures meant to boost private sector compliance, support enforcement by national competent authorities, and hamper sanctions circumvention, including by keeping in check the foreign subsidiaries of EU operators.

It moreover includes specific initiatives to protect EU operators from expropriation and to respond to other illegitimate actions of the Russian state, including the theft of intellectual property.

The package also finetunes the import ban on Russian diamonds already agreed in the 12 th sanctions package. It clarifies that the ban does not apply to diamonds that were located in the EU or in a third country (other than Russia), or were polished or manufactured in a third country, before the ban on Russian diamonds entered into force (so-called ‘grandfathering'). It also allows temporary imports or exports of jewellery, for example for trade fairs or repairs. Furthermore, the package prolongs by six months (until 1 March 2025) the sunrise period after which the full-traceability scheme for imports of rough and polished natural diamonds will become mandatory. In addition, it postpones the ban on jewellery incorporating Russian diamonds processed in third countries other than Russia until the Council decides to activate the ban in the light of action taken within the G7 to pursue that measure.

Furthermore, the new package includes measures that protect our democratic processes and combat Russian interference, such as prohibiting political parties from receiving funding from the Russian state. It also includes measures strengthening existing transport restrictions, and in particular the flight ban and the road transport prohibition.

A complete overview of the package is available in our Q&A .

The EU stands firmly with Ukraine and its people, and will continue to strongly support Ukraine's economy, society, armed forces, and future reconstruction. EU sanctions are at the core of the EU's response to Russia's unjustified military aggression against Ukraine, as they degrade Russia's military and technological capability, cut the country from the most developed global markets, deprive the Kremlin from the revenues it is financing the war with, and impose ever higher costs on Russia's economy. In this respect, sanctions contribute to fulfilling the EU's key objective, which is to continue to work for a just and lasting peace, not another frozen conflict. Their effects grow over time as the sanctions erode Russia's industrial and tech base. The EU also continues to ensure that its sanctions do not impact energy and agrifood exports from Russia to third countries. As guardian of the EU Treaties, the European Commission monitors the enforcement of EU sanctions by EU Member States.

Anomalous, growing trade figures for some specific products/countries are hard evidence that Russia is actively attempting to circumvent sanctions. This calls for us to redouble our efforts in tackling circumvention and to ask our neighbours for even closer cooperation. EU Sanctions Envoy David O'Sullivan continues his outreach to key third countries to combat circumvention. The first tangible results are already visible. Systems are being put in place in some countries for monitoring, controlling, and blocking re-exports. Working with like-minded partners, we have also agreed a list of Common High Priority sanctioned goods to which businesses should apply particular due diligence and which third countries must not re-export to Russia. In addition, within the EU, we have also drawn up a list of sanctioned goods that are economically critical and on which businesses and third countries should be particularly vigilant.

For More Information

• Link to Q&A ( will be available after publication of the new measures in the Official Journal) )
• Link to Official Journal
• More information on sanctions

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'It's not over until it's over': England gives Rishi Sunak hope of glorious comeback

After England's glorious last-minute comeback - Rishi Sunak has sent a message to the country as he tries to snatch victory from the jaws of defeat in this general election.

Sunday 30 June 2024 23:04, UK

• General Election 2024

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• England gives Sunak hope of a glorious comeback
• Reform candidate disowns party amid racism row - and backs Tories | Which comes after party dropped three candidates
• Farage says he 'doesn't want to know' racists | And finally rules out joining Tory party after election
• Rob Powell:  With more coverage comes more scrutiny
• Sunak insists he can still win election
• Has Labour chosen wealthy pensioners over children in poverty?
• 'Extremely troubling' footage emerges of Tory association students singing Nazi song | But party says group 'not affiliated' to them
• Live reporting by Ben Bloch  and (earlier)  Faith Ridler

Election essentials

• Manifesto pledges: Conservatives | Greens | Labour | Lib Dems | Plaid | Reform | SNP
• Trackers:  Who's leading polls? | Is PM keeping promises?
• Campaign Heritage:  Memorable moments from elections gone by
• Follow Sky's politics podcasts:  Electoral Dysfunction | Politics At Jack And Sam's
• Read more:  Who is standing down? | Key seats to watch | What counts as voter ID? | Check if your constituency is changing | Guide to election lingo
• How to watch election on Sky News

Thank you for joining us on the Politics Hub for live coverage of events on the general election campaign trail today.

Polls open in 3 days and 8 hours - and the campaign is about to enter a frantic phase as politicians spend every last moment fighting for your vote.

Scroll down for all of today's developments - and we'll be back from 6am with the very latest.

Pledges and promises are coming thick and fast from every party as the general election approaches. 

Struggling to keep up with who is saying what?

Here is a summary of where the main parties stand on major issues.

For a more in-depth look at what each party has pledged, scour our  manifesto checker ...

The final weekend of the general election campaign is over, with three days and nine hours left until polls open.

Today has seen a slight lull in the pace of campaigning ahead of the frantic final days as the politicians fight for every last vote.

Here's what you need to know about what happened today:

• Nigel Farage held a vast Reform UK rally in Birmingham as he tries to stabilise his party's position after a slew of racism allegations this week;
• Speaking to Sky's political editor Beth Rigby , Mr Farage described homophobic remarks by a close aide of his as "crass, drunken, vulgar, rude, wrong" - but also that "people say all sorts of things when they're drunk";
• Also in his interview with Beth, he finally ruled out joining the Tories after the election if he enters parliament, saying they are "ghastly";
• But the racism row engulfing the party continued, with one of his candidates quitting to back the Tories, citing "widespread racism and sexism" in the party, and "the failure of the party's leadership to not only take this matter seriously, but also to fundamentally address it".
• Rishi Sunak  started the day with a tough interview in which he was challenged on his party's record in power;
• He insisted on BBC's Sunday with Laura Kuenssberg show that the UK is "a better place to live than it was in 2010", despite a "difficult" last few years;
• He also insisted that his party can still win the general election;
• In the afternoon, he visited a synagogue in north London and met community members;
• He pledged that a Conservative  government under his leadership would show "steadfast" support for Israel, and said he was "proud" that British forces helped defend Israel from Iran's attack in April;
• The PM hit out at the "sickness" of antisemitism, and pledged to "lead a long term effort" to tackle, and "change our culture so we tackle the root causes of this hatred";
• Speaking to Sky's Trevor Phillips this morning, Mr Sunak's deputy, Oliver Dowden , warned that Russia is using bots to boost Reform UK on social media (a spokesman for the party said Mr Dowden must think voters are "stupid").
• Sir Keir Starmer  was not seen on the campaign trail today, but his national campaign coordinator Pat McFadden was challenged by Sky's Trevor Phillips  about whether they would owe a potential victory on Thursday to Reform UK;
• He replied that the power is in the hands of the electorate, and dismissed any questions over the legitimacy of a potential Labour win;
• SNP  leader John Swinney  told Sky News that Scots have been "disenfranchised" by the timing of the election, because school holidays in Scotland have already started in large parts of the country;
• The first minister also made the case for independence with the SNP - but did concede his party has had a "tough time" in recent months.

Follow along for the latest political updates throughout the evening.

TV presenter Rylan Clark has said he would "love" to become a politician - and replace the party system with a "Power Rangers of government" model.

The TV personality, 35, joined political editor Beth Rigby and former Scottish Conservative leader Baroness Ruth Davidson for this week's Sky News Electoral Dysfunction podcast.

Asked if he would ever consider the career change, he said: "If I wasn't in the job that I was in, I would love nothing more."

Rylan, who won Celebrity Big Brother and also appeared on the X Factor, appeared on the podcast in place of Labour candidate Jess Phillips after tweeting his praise for Rigby on the day Rishi Sunak announced the general election.

Sharing a clip of her and Sky presenter Sophy Ridge outside a rainy Downing Street waiting for Mr Sunak to appear at the lectern, he said: "Obsessed with the Rigby."

Speaking to her and Davidson, he said his "obsession" with politics began with Brexit - "as we've seen so many promises which weren't fulfilled" since then.

He added: "I lie there at night sometimes, and I think about [Volodymyr] Zelenskyy. He hosted one of the same shows I've hosted in Ukraine."

The TV presenter also shared his idea of abandoning political parties altogether.

Read the full story here: 

Our live poll tracker collates the results of opinion surveys carried out by all the main polling organisations - and allows you to see how the political parties are performing in the run-up to the general election.

With under a week to go, the Tories and Labour have taken a drop, while support for Reform UK and the Liberal Democrats is on the rise.

Read more about the tracker  here .

Avid football fan Sir Keir Starmer has tweeted his reaction to England's win over Slovakia to reach the quarter-finals of the Euros.

Although England came a matter of minutes from losing before Jude Bellingham's stunning overhead kick in added time took it to extra time, the Labour leader tweeted that the win was "never in doubt".

Labour would definitely want to steer us away from inferring any commentary about the general election from that tweet as they fight for every last vote - unlike Rishi Sunak's more pointed message ...

The Financial Times (FT) announced today that it is backing the Labour Party at this general election, and on Politics Hub With Ali Fortescue , we spoke to the paper's Whitehall Editor, Lucy Fisher, about that decision.

She is, of course, employed by the paper as a journalist, and does not sit on the Editorial Board that decided the endorsement.

But she told Ali that it is "really significant" that the board has backed Labour, adding that it's "the first time since 2005" the paper has done so.

"The FT doesn't have a natural political allegiance, and in fact, being a very pro-free trade and private enterprise newspaper, wanting to see a very open, outward-looking Britain - [it] has more often supported the Tories than Labour.

"So it does feel significant. And the op-ed... makes clear the FT views this as a sea change moment in British politics akin to 1979 when [Margaret] Thatcher swept to power, or 1997 when Tony Blair came in."

Finally, we ask Treasury minister Bim Afolami if the Conservative Party can still defy the polls and win the election on Thursday.

He replies: "Of course we can. And, you know, we will see what happens

"But what I do know is on speaking to constituents... there are higher than normal numbers of undecided people.

"This is the fourth general election I've fought - a large number of people are still saying they don't know which way to go.

"And my message to them on the doorsteps and here today is if they want to lower their taxes, secure the borders, make sure that we have a thriving, prosperous economy going forward in the future, a Conservative vote is what they need to do."

Ali Fortescue points out to the minister that the overall tax burden will continue to rise under the Conservative Party - but he does not accept that, saying the tax cuts they want to make are targeted at ordinary working people, and the overall number factors in the wider economy.

"We are cutting taxes for working people and for pensioners as well," he insists.

In the last hour, we've had the breaking news from the French parliamentary elections that Marine Le Pen's far right National Rally party appears to have come out on top in the first round of voting, according to exit polls.

We ask minister Bim Afolami if he is worried about that at all, and he replies: "I must confess that I haven't really been following the French election as closely as I might have done because I've been focusing on my own in this country."

Asked if a Conservative government would work with Ms Le Pen and her party, he replies that "Britain has to work with whoever is chosen as the leader of other countries".

He says "of course" they would work with whoever is elected in France.

Sky's Ali Fortescue puts it to him that Rishi Sunak has previously said Nigel Farage would work with Ms Le Pen, implying it would be a bad thing to do.

Mr Afolami replies: "We're not advocating for Marine Le Pen to win.

"What I'm saying to you is you cannot choose... who leads other countries."

The first UK political guest on tonight's edition of Politics Hub With Ali Fortesue  is Treasury minister Bim Afolami, and we start by asking for his reaction to the Reform candidate in Erewash disowning his party to back the Tories.

Mr Afolami says: "Well, I'm glad he's seen the light."

He also says that he's glad that the candidate, Liam Booth-Isherwood, has made the point that only the Conservative candidate can stop Labour winning, which has been the Tory party's argument for weeks.

Asked if he would be glad if Nigel Farage decided to back the Tories, Mr Afolami says the Reform leader has "no intention" of switching sides.

He goes on: "I do find it quite curious, you know, this idea that Farage is somehow a Conservative. He spent 25 years trying to destroy the Conservative Party."

He adds that Reform is "designed to increase the power of a Labour".

Challenged on the fact that senior Conservatives like Suella Braverman and Sir Philip Davies have said they would welcome Mr Farage into the party, the minister says they are "in a small minority".

Here is the full list of candidates standing in Erewash:

• James Martin Archer, Liberal Democrats
• Liam Dane Booth-Isherwood (was Reform UK, but has quit party to back Tories)
• John William Kirby, Independent
• Brent Poland, Green Party
• Adam Thompson, Labour Party
• Maggie Throup, Conservative Party

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