psychology compare and contrast essay topics

Compare And Contrast Essay

Compare And Contrast Essay Topics

Interesting Compare and Contrast Essay Topics & Ideas

13 min read

Compare and Contrast Essay - Overview

A compare and contrast essay is a type of essay that explains how two or more subjects are different or similar.

The purpose of this essay is to examine two things and find out how they are similar and different. When writing a compare and contrast essay, it's important to consider the relevance of each characteristic being compared. This will help you decide which characteristics are most worth exploring.

Here’s a video that explains compare and contrast essay in more depth:

If you have not decided on the topic as yet, get inspired by the topic ideas given below:

Compare and Contrast Essay Topics for University Students

Compare the education systems of the United States and the United Kingdom.
Compare and contrast the themes and characters in two classic novels of your choice.
Compare the democratic systems of the United States and European countries.
Compare the impact of Eastern and Western philosophies on modern society.
Compare and contrast the theories of Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung.
Compare the economic systems of capitalism and socialism.
Compare the theories of evolution and creationism in the context of biology.
Compare the impact of World War I and World War II on global politics and society.
Compare the role of women in society in the 19th and 21st centuries.
Compare and contrast classical music and contemporary pop music.

College Level Compare and Contrast Essay Topics

Check out these compare and contrast essay topics for college students.

School vs. College - Which is more difficult?
Employed vs. unemployed students
Research papers vs. Essays
American Culture vs. British
Education vs. employment
IELTS vs. TOEFL
Graduate vs. Postgraduate student
Argumentative vs. Persuasive essays
Android vs. iOS
Online writing vs. traditional writing

Compare and Contrast Essay Topics for High School Students

John Locke against Thomas Hobbes
George Bush vs. Donald Trump
Bill Gates and Steve Jobs
Prince and Michael Jackson
Nelson Mandela and Mahatma Gandhi
Abraham Lincoln and Winston Churchill
Adolf Hitler and Mussolini
Margaret Thatcher and Theresa May
Jon Bon Jovi and Elvis Presley.
Socrates and Plato

Compare and Contrast Essay Topics for Middle School

Playing video games vs. reading a book
Real communication vs. texting
Apple vs. Pear
Giving vs. Getting presents - Which is more pleasant?
Long hair or short hair
Cats vs. Dogs
King Arthur vs. Zeus
Watching a film at home vs. in cinema
Dictators vs. School bullies
Hurricane vs. Tsunami

Compare and Contrast Essay Topics 9th Grade

Comparing the Dangers of On-Screen Screen Time vs Outdoor Activities
Contrasting Ancient Rome and Modern America
Online Classes vs On-campus Classes
School Uniforms vs Casual Dress Code
Homeschooling vs. Public Schooling
Video Games vs. Movies
Reading Books vs Watching Movies
Examining the Impact of Social Media on Teenage Lives
Comparing Private Schools to Public Schools
Exploring the Advantages and Disadvantages of City Life vs Country Life.

Compare and Contrast Essay Topics For 7th Grade

Nighttime vs. Daytime
Sleeping vs. Being active
Running & Walking
Summer & Winter
Comic books and TV shows
Halloween or prom night? - Which one is more fun?
Riding or driving - Which is more difficult?
Swimming vs. cycling
Brazil team vs. Manning team
Evening exercise vs. morning exercise

Easy Compare And Contrast Essay Topics for 6th Grade

Compare quotes from known celebrities
Books of famous writers
Rap songs and Pop Songs
Reptiles vs. Mammals
Shaggy vs. Fred
Renting and owning things
Italy vs. Spain
Is living in a house better than a flat?
Compare and contrast between adulthood and childhood.
Superman vs. Spiderman

Best Compare and Contrast Essay Topics For Elementary Students

Facebook or Instagram
Fast food vs. healthy meal
Public school vs. Private school
Parental control or full freedom
Good teacher vs. a bad teacher
Online vs. Traditional shopping
Chinese vs. American beauty concepts
Rock vs. Classical music
Apartment vs. House
University professors vs. School teachers

History Compare and Contrast Essay Topics

Renaissance and Baroque Art
US President vs. British Prime Minister
Fascism and Totalitarianism
Religious Studies vs. Anthropology
America vs. Soviet Government
Gandhi and Jinnah’s political approaches
Communism vs. Liberalism
Make a comparison between Russian emperors
Iran pre and post monarchy
Karl Marx and Friedrich Hegel

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Science Compare and Contrast Essay Topics

Astronomy vs. Astrology
Chemistry vs. Physics
Nature vs. Nurture in Psychology
Renewable Energy vs. Fossil Fuels
Biotechnology vs. Genetic Engineering
Climate Change vs. Natural Climate Variability
Quantum Mechanics vs. Classical Physics
Space Exploration vs. Ocean Exploration
Animal Behavior vs. Human Behavior
Artificial Intelligence vs. Human Intelligence

Sports Compare and Contrast Essay Topics

Sports vs. Exercise - Which is better for health?
Table tennis vs. Lawn tennis
Football vs. Soccer
Basketball vs. Baseball
Breakdance vs. ballet
Steroids vs. Energy drinks - More harmful to athletes?
Women’s vs. men’s basketball
Australian vs. Indian cricket team
The Bundesliga vs. The English Premier League
Barcelona vs. Real Madrid

Psychology Compare and Contrast Essay Topics

Psychology and Psychiatry
Nature vs. Nurture
Therapy vs. Medication
Rehabilitation Advantages and Disadvantages
Autism vs. Down Syndrome
Suicide and Homicide
Smoking and Vaping
Impact of social media on people and depression
Stress and Depression
Compare Theories of J. Watson and B. Skinner.

Literature & Language Compare and Contrast Essay Topics

Shakespearean Tragedies vs. Comedies
Poetry vs. Prose
Classic Literature vs. Contemporary Literature
Fiction vs. Non-Fiction
First-Person vs. Third-Person Narration
Modern English vs. Old English
The Use of Symbolism in Poetry vs. Prose
Gothic Literature vs. Romantic Literature
Literary Realism vs. Magical Realism
Literary Criticism vs. Reader Response Theory

Education Compare and Contrast Essay Topics

SAT vs. IELTS
Scientific Paper vs. Academic Writing
Science and Art
Professional vs. Skill Degree
Essay Writing and Research Paper
What is the difference between Public and Private School students?
Casual Clothing vs. Uniforms
University and College
Gender studies and Women's Studies
Sociology and Anthropology

Social Sciences Compare and Contrast Essay Topics

Democracy vs. Authoritarianism
Capitalism vs. Socialism
Traditional Education vs. Online Learning
Urban Living vs. Rural Living
Gender Roles in Modern Society vs. Traditional Societies
Individualism vs. Collectivism
Globalization vs. Cultural Diversity
Social Media vs. Face-to-Face Communication
Environmental Conservation vs. Economic Development
Cybersecurity vs. Privacy Rights

Arts and Culture Compare and Contrast Essay Topics

Classical Art vs. Contemporary Art
Film vs. Theater
Traditional Dance vs. Modern Dance
Literature vs. Film Adaptations
High Culture vs. Popular Culture
Museum Exhibitions vs. Art Galleries
Classical Music vs. Contemporary Music
Traditional Architecture vs. Modern Architecture
Fashion Trends vs. Historical Costume
Cultural Festivals vs. Music Festivals

Funny Compare and Contrast Essay Topics

Here are some fun compare and contrast essay topics for light-hearted essays

Moonwalk vs. Gangnam Style
Xbox vs. PlayStation
Growing a tree vs. raising a child
Being single vs. in a relationship
Drugs or Coffee - Which is better to improve performance?
Morse code vs. Beethoven’s fifth symphony
Love or friendship
Apple vs. Samsung
Live-in relationship vs. marriage
Barbie vs. Bratz

Controversial Compare and Contrast Essay Topics

Gun Control vs. Second Amendment Rights
Pro-choice vs. Pro-life
Capital Punishment vs. Life Imprisonment
Censorship vs. Freedom of Expression
Climate Change Denial vs. Environmental Activism
Globalization vs. Protectionism
Legalization vs. Criminalization of Drugs
AI Advancements vs. Job Displacement
Universal Healthcare vs. Private Healthcare
The Role of Government vs. Individual Liberty

Movie Compare and Contrast Essay Topics

Comedy vs. horror movies
Vampires of Twilight vs. Vampire diaries
Avengers vs. Fantastic Four
DC or Marvel
Normal vs. 3D screening
Dumbledore vs. Voldemort
Michael Jackson vs. Prince
Netflix or Youtube
Bollywood vs. Hollywood
Mystery vs. Crime movies

Good Compare and Contrast Essay Topics

Football in 20th vs. 21st Century
Sociology vs. psychology
Bipolar Disorder vs. Epilepsy
Strict Parenting vs. Relaxed Parenting
Ego vs. Superego
Soft Drugs vs. Hard Drugs
Traditional vs. online education
Homeschooling vs. traditional education
Testing or stress-free education
Studying languages vs. sciences

Fun Compare and Contrast Essay Topics

Wizards vs. Witches: Magical Showdown
Summer Festivals vs. Winter Carnivals: Seasonal Celebrations
Metropolis Madness vs. Country Calm: Where to Live?
Adventures in Middle-earth vs. Galaxy Far, Far Away: Epic Journeys
Social Butterflies vs. Snap-happy Explorers: Social Media Stars
Pizza Palooza vs. Burger Bonanza: Foodie Face-off
High School Hijinks vs. College Capers: Student Life
Road Trippin' vs. Jet Settin': Travel Adventures
Campfire Chronicles vs. Hotel Hideaways: Outdoor Escapes
Mozart vs. Morrison: Musical Masterminds

Unique Compare and Contrast Essay Topics

Renaissance vs. Baroque Art
Self-Publishing vs. Traditional Publishing in the Digital Age.
Exploration of Dreams in Psychology vs. Literature.
The Impact of Video Games vs. Literature on Storytelling.
Natural Medicine vs. Conventional Medicine
Shakespearean Sonnets vs. Modern Song Lyrics
Eastern and Western Approaches to Meditation and Mindfulness.
Ancient Greek Democracy vs. Modern Democratic Systems.
The Internet's Effect on Traditional Journalism vs. Citizen Journalism.
Family members vs. Friends in tough life decisions

Deep Compare and Contrast Essay Topics

Paintings vs. photos
Superman vs. Batman
Harry Potter Books vs. Movies
Pride and Prejudice vs. The Great Gatsby
Mission Impossible 1 vs. 6
Game of Thrones vs. The Witcher
Apple or Google Pixel
Free college education.
Silver vs. gold.
Old vs. new: analyzing the similarities

Medical Compare and Contrast Essay Topics

Vaccination or medications
Female vs. male doctors
All-natural cures vs. chemical cures
Alternative medicine vs. traditional medicine
Soft Drugs s. Hard Drugs
Should medical marijuana be approved on the federal level?
Traditional vs. modern medicine
Old-fashioned or unique ways of treatment
Doctor vs. nurse
Medicine vs. herbal

Healthcare Compare and Contrast Essay Topics

Traditional Medicine vs. Modern Medicine
Telemedicine vs. In-Person Doctor Visits
Mental Health vs. Physical Health Care
Vaccination vs. Natural Immunity
Traditional Chinese Medicine vs. Western Medicine
Healthcare in Developed vs. Developing Countries
Public Health vs. Personal Health
Hospital Care vs. Home Healthcare
Healthcare Before and After the COVID-19 Pandemic

Compare and Contrast Essay Topics on Technology

Traditional vs. Online Commerce
Mobile phones vs. tablets
E-readers vs. traditional paper books
iPhone or Smartphone
Artificial intelligence vs. cloud computing
Online photos vs. camera photos
Traditional TV or streaming platforms
Laptops or tablets
Cloud computing vs. traditional computing
Robots vs. humans

Entertainment Compare and Contrast Essay Topics

Live Concerts vs. Music Streaming Services
Hollywood Films vs. Independent Movies
Video Games vs. Board Games
Fiction Books vs. Non-Fiction Books
Stand-Up Comedy vs. Improv Comedy
Theater Plays vs. Movie Adaptations
Cable TV vs. Streaming Services
Action Movies vs. Romantic Comedies
Pop Music vs. Hip-Hop Music
Classical Art vs. Street Art

Compare and Contrast Essay Topics on Economy

Keynesian Economics vs. Supply-Side Economics
Market Economy vs. Planned Economy
Microeconomics vs. Macroeconomics
Economic Development vs. Economic Growth
Fiscal Policy vs. Monetary Policy
Developed Countries vs. Developing Countries' Economies
Income Inequality in Capitalist vs. Socialist Economies
The Great Depression vs. the 2008 Financial Crisis
Trade Protectionism vs. Free Trade
Economic Impact of COVID-19 vs. Other Major Crises

Compare and Contrast Essay Topics on Politics

Different models of democracy
Republicans vs. Democrats
Democracy and communism
The political system of US vs. UK
Margaret Thatcher vs. Barack Obama;
Good vs. bad politics
American politics vs. British politics
Parliamentary vs. presidential
World war I vs. World War II
Rural politics vs. urban politics

How to Choose a Topic for a Compare and Contrast Essay?

Usually, elementary school and college students are assigned topics for their essays. But if not, then it is time to show your creativity by choosing an interesting topic.

Choosing the right topic for your essay is both important and daunting. Choosing an exciting topic is mandatory to make your compare and contrast essay engaging for the readers.

If you want to select an impressive topic for your essay, follow the tips provided below:

Identify Your Interests: Identify the topics you find interesting and are passionate about discussing. Your enthusiasm will enhance the quality of your writing.
Create a List of Ideas: List down all the ideas and choose subjects that can be described in detail with various aspects.
Ensure Coherence: Make sure that the subjects you choose for your essay belong to the same group or category. This ensures a logical and coherent flow of ideas.
Consider Your Audience: Keep in mind the target audience. Structure your writing based on the readers' interests to increase your essay’s readership. Choose a topic that aligns with your audience's preferences.
Explore Current Trends: Choose topics from current trends and controversies. People are more interested in subjects that are new or controversial. This ensures your essay remains engaging and relevant to your audience.

Researching before choosing your compare and contrast essay topic is essential. In this way, you will know if your chosen topic is suitable or not.

To sum up , these are some helpful and fun writing ideas you can use in your compare and contrast essay.

However, sometimes students need more than a list of compare and contrast essay topics to guide them. You should also read some compare and contrast essay examples to get a better understanding.

Whether writing an essay or an academic paper on compare and contrast, it is essential first to pick a good topic. You can easily get help from our essay writing company online.

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Nova Allison is a Digital Content Strategist with over eight years of experience. Nova has also worked as a technical and scientific writer. She is majorly involved in developing and reviewing online content plans that engage and resonate with audiences. Nova has a passion for writing that engages and informs her readers.

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Compare And Contrast Essay Guide

Compare And Contrast Essay Topics

Last updated on: Feb 9, 2023

Compare and Contrast Essay Topics: 100+ Fresh New Ideas

By: Barbara P.

Reviewed By: Melisa C.

Published on: Mar 10, 2020

A compare and contrast essay revolves around finding and analyzing the similarities and differences between two subjects belonging to the same category.

If you have been assigned a compare and contrast essay, then you’re probably looking for interesting topics that you can write on, right?

Steer forward with us!

Following is the list of interesting topics for a compare and contrast essay that you can use for your essay assignments. As you proceed, you will notice that some of the topics are academic, and others are included for interest.

On this Page

Compare and Contrast Essay Topics for Students - 2022 Ideas

A compare and contrast essay is an important academic assignment for school or college students. An essential point that you must keep in mind when choosing a compare and contrast essay topic is to go for the subjects that belong to the same category. For instance, you can’t choose football and 19th-century art.

Compare and Contrast Essay Topics for University Students

At the university level, the essay topics are a little different and unique. Also, with a good essay topic, you will easily create the thesis statement and body paragraphs.

If you want to write on a great topic, you can choose from the below-mentioned essay topics.

Salt vs. sugar
Teacher vs. Doctor
Prose vs. poetry
Short vs. long hair
Psychosis and antisocial disorder
Between soft and hard drugs, which is more dangerous?
Difference between lust and love
Compare methods of normal and abnormal psychology
Silver and gold
Tennis vs. badminton

Compare and Contrast Essay Topics for College Students

When students step into college from high school, they are still used to the concept of teachers assigning essay topics. Sometimes the teacher gives you the topic, but you will have to pick one yourself most of the time. So, be creative and challenge yourself to write on different essay topics.

Topics for college students can be difficult to manage at times because teachers can have higher expectations. In such a case, get help from an online writing service with your academic paper.

The compare and contrast essay topics in college are a bit less complicated than in high school. The following are the easy compare and contrast essay topics for college students.

How does high school differ from college?
Students with or without part-time jobs
Essay Vs. Research Paper: What is more challenging?
Homeschooling Vs. Traditional Schooling
SAT Vs. GRE: What is more difficult?
Masters Vs. PhD: What helps strengthen your career?
Differences between Islam and Christianity
Introverts Vs. Extroverts
Real-life dating Vs. Online dating
How do education and employment compare?

Compare and Contrast Essay Topics for High School Students

Essay topics for high school students are much different than the topics for college students. The topics are a little less technical and difficult.

Here are some great compare and contrast essay topics for your ease.

Friends Vs. Family
Childhood friendship Vs. High school friendship
Bikes vs. cars.
Study abroad Vs. Studying in your country
Living on your own Vs. At home with my parents.
Facebook vs. Twitter In-house employees Vs. Freelance contractors
Texting Vs. In-person conversations
Working out or dieting
Being in a relationship or being single

Compare and Contrast Essay Topics for Middle School Students

The topics for middle school students are quite interesting and creative. Therefore, the students enjoy the writing process.

We gathered some great compare and contrast essay topics for your help.

Basketball Vs. Football
Compare two plays written by Shakespeare
Running Vs. Walking
Reading vs. writing
Doctor Vs. Nurse
Breakdance Vs. Ballet: What is more difficult?
World war I Vs. World War II
Chocolate vs. Ice-cream
Compare two of your favorite movies
Reading books Vs. Watching movies

Compare and Contrast Essay Topics for 6th Grade

The essay topics for grade 6 are very simple and easy. We collected some essay topics for grade 6 students; pick the one that you find interesting.

School exams vs. college exams
Winter holidays vs. summer holidays
Comparative essay vs. argumentative essay
Attending school vs. remote learning
Driving a bike and driving a car
Vegetables and fruits
Christianity versus Judaism
E-books versus textbooks
An experience I agree to attend a party or stay at home.
Steroids and boxing
Handwriting or typing

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Psychology Compare and Contrast Essay Topics

There are certain pros and cons associated with psychology topics. The pros are that the possibilities are endless; one can write as much as possible. This fact is the con as well; since there is so much material to choose from for the essay topic.

Anxiety vs. Depression
Therapy vs. medication
Agoraphobia Vs. Claustrophobia
Compare suicide and homicide
Autism Vs. Down syndrome
B. F. Skinner theory Vs. John B. Watson theory
Anorexia Vs. Bulimia
Social anxiety or fear of public speaking
Nature vs. nurture
Ego Vs. Superego

Sports Compare and Contrast Essay Topics

The best part about the sports-related topic is the accurate data available online with practical examples. This fact can help you write an even more refined essay.

Take a look at these and topics and choose the best one for your essay.

Women’s football team, Vs. Men’s
Chess Vs. Checkers
Football Vs. Cricket: Which is better?
Sachin Tendulkar Vs. Ricky Ponting
Roger Federer Vs. Rafael Nadal
Rugby and Soccer
Wayne Rooney and Lionel Messi
Ice climbing Vs. Traditional climbing
Knicks Vs. Nets
Aikido Vs. Judo

For all the students who are in sports, these are the best kind of topics. As they say, you write best about subjects you are most interested in.

Art & History Compare and Contrast Essay Topics

Writing a compare and contrast essay has its challenges and especially when the topics are art or history-related. Always make sure to gather the necessary data before kick-starting the essay.

Baroque Vs. Mycenaean Period
Mosaic Vs. Raku
Compare the 19th Century Art
Brunelleschi and The Romans
Impressionism and Post-Impressionism
Roxanna and Dorian Gray
Compare Kafka's Metamorphosis and Albert Camus’ The Stranger
Macbeth and Othello
Tapestry Vs. Fresco

Funny Compare and Contrast Essay Topics

Funny topics not only refresh the mind of the students but help in the learning process as well. Below given are some great essay topics that you can use for your essay.

Beyonce Vs. Rihanna
Kim Kardashian Vs. Paris Hilton
Ellen DeGeneres Vs. Oprah Winfrey
Pet dogs Vs. Pet cats
Pasta vs. pizza
Lollipops Vs. Popsicles
Drama Vs. Comedy
Email Vs. Pigeon Post
Credit card Vs. Cash
Star Trek Vs. Star Wars

Medical Compare and Contrast Essay Topics

The medical students are sometimes stuck with selecting the essay topic for their essay assignment. For your help, we compiled some excellent topics that will help in your writing phase.

Religions that are against traditional medical procedures.
Vaccination or Medications.
Operations vs. therapeutic cancer curing.
Should vaccinations be made mandatory?
Morning exercise vs. evening exercise.
Medical history and privacy concerns.
Wheat and corn grain.
Chocolate or candies.
Carrot and pumpkin.
Rest or training.

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Compare and Contrast Essay Topics on Movies

The compare and contrast essay on movies is an interesting type of essay. Look at these topics that will help in your topic-selection phase.

Romeo and Juliet.
Gandalf vs. Dumbledore.
Comedy vs. horror.
Harry Potter: book & movie.
Thrillers and horror movies.
Fantastic Four or Avengers.
Bollywood Vs. Hollywood.
DC or Marvel
Superman vs. batman.
Games of thrones vs. the witcher.

Are these topic ideas helpful? Did you get what you were looking for?

Now that you have chosen a topic for your essay, you can start composing it. For that, you have to follow a structured essay outline.

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Dr. Barbara is a highly experienced writer and author who holds a Ph.D. degree in public health from an Ivy League school. She has worked in the medical field for many years, conducting extensive research on various health topics. Her writing has been featured in several top-tier publications.

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Compare and Contrast Essay - A Complete Guide With Topics & Examples

Good Compare and Contrast Essay Examples For Your Help

Compare and Contrast Essay Outline - Template & Examples

PSY 110: Psychological Well-Being: Introduction

Introduction
Popular Psychology
Empirical Research/PsycINFO
APA Format This link opens in a new window

Library Session Video

Finding a topic.

Make a list of what interests you!
Skim your textbook: Table of Contents and Index
See the APA website for topics
Browse through psychology magazines
Check out the daily news online for topics related to psychology
APA Psychology Topics
APA Dictionary of Psychology
Psychology Today
Scientific American

Help with Compare Contrast Assignment

Compare & Contrast Critique

Assignment Description :

Select a topic related to psychology.
Locate one source of popular psychology and one source of empirical research on the same topic.
Critique the merit of the information using critical thinking concepts and standards. (See "Questions to Consider" in the right column.)

Use basic APA style guidelines (1" margin, 12 point Times New Roman font, double-spaced). See APA Citation Style tab above.

Assignment Description (Syllabus)
Example of Compare/Contrast Essay

Compare & Contrast

Source: John David Harding

Human Brain

Questions to consider.

??????????

Your critique should address the following questions regarding your sources:

What is the main issue, problem, or intention of the article?
Who are the authors of the article (what are their credentials)?
In what way(s) does the article investigate various points of view and assumptions?
What evidence is provided to support the issue?
In what way(s) does the article discuss the consequences and implication of the reasoning provided?
In what way(s) does the information provided help you make an informed decision about the purpose?
SLU Library website

Contact the library:

Phone: 800-359-5945
Email: [email protected]
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Next: Popular Psychology >>
Last Updated: Jan 23, 2024 11:24 AM
URL: https://slulibrary.saintleo.edu/PSY110Critique

psychology compare and contrast essay topics

Compare and Contrast Essay: Full Writing Guide and 150+ Topics

Compare and contrast essays are academic papers in which a student analyses two or more subjects with each other. To compare means to explore similarities between subjects, while to contrast means to look at their differences. Both subjects of the comparison are usually in the same category, although they have their differences. For example, it can be two movies, two universities, two cars etc.

Good compare and contrast papers from college essay writer focus on a central point, explaining the importance and implications of this analysis. A compare and contrast essay thesis must make a meaningful comparison. Find the central theme of your essay and do some brainstorming for your thesis.

This type of essay is very common among college and university students. Professors challenge their students to use their analytical and comparative skills and pay close attention to the subjects of their comparisons. This type of essay exercises observance and analysis, helps to establish a frame of reference, and makes meaningful arguments about a subject. Let's get deeper on how to write a compare and contrast essay with our research writing services .

How to Start a Compare and Contrast Essay: Brainstorm Similarities and Differences

Now that you know what is compare and contrast essay and are set with your topic, the first thing you should do is grab a piece of paper and make a list with two columns: similarities and differences. Jot down key things first, the most striking ones. Then try to look at the subjects from a different angle, incorporating your imagination.

If you are more of a visual learner, creating a Venn diagram might be a good idea. In order to create it, draw two circles that overlap. In the section where it overlaps, note similarities. Differences should be written in the part of the circle that does not overlap.

Let’s look at a simple example of compare and contrast essay. Let one of the subjects be oranges, and the other one be apples. Oranges have thick peel, originally from India, and are tropical fruit. These characteristics pertain only to oranges and should be in the part of the circle that does not overlap. For the same section on apples, we put thin peel, originated in Turkey or Kazakhstan, and moderate to subtropical. In the section that overlaps, let’s say that they are both fruit, can be juiced, and grow on trees. This simple, yet good example illustrates how the same concept can be applied to many other complicated topics with additional points of comparison and contrast.

This format of visual aid helps to organize similarities and differences and make them easier to perceive. Your diagram will give you a clear idea of the things you can write about.

Another good idea for brainstorming in preparation for your comparison contrast essay is to create a list with 2 columns, one for each subject, and compare the same characteristics for each of them simultaneously. This compare and contrast format will make writing your comparison contrast paper argument a breeze, as you will have your ideas ready and organized.

One mistake you should avoid is simply listing all of the differences or similarities for each subject. Sometimes students get too caught up in looking for similarities and differences that their compare and contrast essays end up sounding like grocery lists. Your essay should be based on analyzing the similarities and differences, analyzing your conclusions about the two subjects, and finding connections between them—while following a specific format.

Compare and Contrast Essay Structure and Outline

So, how do you structure this compare and contrast paper? Well, since compare and contrast essay examples rely heavily on factual analysis, there are two outline methods that can help you organize your facts. You can use the block method, or point-by-point method, to write a compare and contrast essay outline.

While using the block structure of a compare and contrast essay, all the information is presented for the first subject, and its characteristics and specific details are explained. This concludes one block. The second block takes the same approach as the first for the second subject.

The point-by-point structure lists each similarity and difference simultaneously—making notes of both subjects. For example, you can list a characteristic specific to one subject, followed by its similarity or difference to the other subject.

Both formats have their pros and cons. The block method is clearly easier for a compare and contrast essay writer, as you simply point out all of the information about the two subjects, and basically leave it to the reader to do the comparison. The point-by-point format requires you to analyze the points yourself while making similarities and differences more explicit to the reader for them to be easier to understand. Here is a detailed structure of each type presented below.

Point-by-Point Method

Introduce the topic;
Specify your theme;
Present your thesis - cover all areas of the essay in one sentence.

Example thesis: Cars and motorcycles make for excellent means of transportation, but a good choice depends on the person’s lifestyle, finances, and the city they live in.

Body Paragraph 1 - LIFESTYLE

Topic Sentence: Motorcycles impact the owner’s lifestyle less than cars.
Topic 1 - Motorcycles
~ Argument: Motorcycles are smaller and more comfortable to store.
~ Argument: Motorcycles are easy to learn and use.
Topic 2 - Cars
~ Argument: Cars are a big deal - they are like a second home.
~ Argument: It takes time to learn to become a good driver.

Body Paragraph 2 - FINANCES

Topic sentence: Cars are much more expensive than motorcycles
~ Argument: You can buy a good motorcycle for under 300$.
~ Argument: Fewer parts that are more accessible to fix.
~ Argument: Parts and service are expensive if something breaks.
~ Argument: Cars need more gas than motorcycles.

Body Paragraph 3 - CITY

Topic sentence: Cars are a better option for bigger cities with wider roads.
~ Argument: Riding motorcycles in a big city is more dangerous than with cars.
~ Argument: Motorcycles work great in a city like Rome, where all the streets are narrow.
~ Argument: Big cities are easier and more comfortable to navigate by car.
~ Argument: With a car, traveling outside of the city is much easier.
Sum up all you wrote in the article.

Block Method

Thesis — cover all areas of the essay in one sentence

Body Paragraph 1

Topic Sentence: Motorcycles are cheaper and easier to take care of than cars.
Aspect 1 - Lifestyle
Aspect 2 - Finances
~ Argument: Fewer parts, easier to fix.
Aspect 3 - City
~ Argument: Riding motorcycles in a big city is more dangerous than cars.

Body Paragraph 2

Topic sentence: Cars are more expensive but more comfortable for a big city and for travelling.
~ Argument: Cars are a big deal—like a second home.
~ Argument: With a car, traveling outside the city is much more comfortable.

Body Paragraph 3 ‍

Use the last paragraph to evaluate the comparisons and explain why they’re essential. Giving a lot of facts can be intense. To water it down, try to give the reader any real-life applications of these facts.

Depending on the structure selected, you can begin to create an outline for your essay. The typical comparison essay follows the format of having an introduction, three body paragraphs, and a conclusion — though, if you need to focus on each subject in more detailed ways, feel free to include an extra paragraph to cover all of the most important points.

To make your compare and contrast essay flow better, we recommend using special transition words and phrases. They will add variety and improve your paper overall.

For the section where you compare two subjects, you can include any of the following words: similarly, likewise, also, both, just like, similar to, the same as, alike, or to compare to. When contrasting two subjects, use: in contrast, in comparison, by comparison, on the other hand, while, whereas, but, to differ from, dissimilar to, or unlike.

Show Your Evidence

Arguments for any essay, including compare and contrast essays, need to be supported by sufficient evidence. Make good use of your personal experiences, books, scholarly articles, magazine and newspaper articles, movies, or anything that will make your argument sound credible. For example, in your essay, if you were to compare attending college on campus vs. distance-based learning, you could include your personal experiences of being a student, and how often students show up to class on a daily basis. You could also talk about your experience taking online classes, which makes your argument about online classes credible as well.

Helpful Final Tips

The biggest tip dissertation writing services can give you is to have the right attitude when writing a compare contrast essay, and actively engage the reader in the discussion. If you find it interesting, so will your reader! Here are some more compare and contrast essay tips that will help you to polish yours up:

Compare and contrast essays need powerful transitions. Try learning more about writing transition sentences using the words we provided for you in the 'Compare and Contrast Structure and Outline' section.
Always clarify the concepts you introduce in your essay. Always explain lesser known information—don’t assume the reader must already know it.
Do not forget to proofread. Small mistakes, but in high quantities, can result in a low grade. Pay attention to your grammar and punctuation.
Have a friend or family member take a look at your essay; they may notice things you have missed.

Compare and Contrast Essay Examples

Now that you know everything there is to know about compare and contrast essays, let’s take a look at some compare and contrast examples to get you started on your paper or get a hand from our essay helper .

Different countries across the world have diverse cultural practices, and this has an effect on work relationships and development. Geert Hofstede came up with a structured way of comparing cultural dimensions of different countries. The theory explains the impacts of a community’s culture on the values of the community members, and the way these values relate to their behaviors. He gives scores as a way to help distinguish people from different nations using the following dimensions: long-term orientation, individualism, power distance, indulgence, necessity avoidance, and masculinity. Let us examine comparisons between two countries: the United Kingdom and China — based on Hofstede’s Six Dimensions of Culture.

Over the last two decades, the demand from consumers for organic foods has increased tremendously. In fact, the popularity of organic foods has exploded significantly with consumers, spending a considerably higher amount of money on them as compared to the amount spent on inorganic foods. The US market noted an increase in sales of more than 10% between 2014 and 2015 (Brown, n.p). The increase is in line with the views of many consumers that organic foods are safer, tastier, and healthier compared to the inorganic foods. Furthermore, considering the environmental effects of foods, organic foods present less risk of environmental pollution — compared to inorganic foods. By definition, organic foods are those that are grown without any artificial chemical treatment, or treatment by use of other substances that have been modified genetically, such as hormones and/or antibiotics (Brown, n.p).

Still feeling confused about the complexities of the compare and contrast essay? Feel free to contact our paper writing service to get a professional writing help.

Finding the Best Compare and Contrast Essay Topics For You

When choosing a topic for your comparison essay, remember that subjects cannot be drastically different, because there would be little to no points of comparison (similarities). The same goes for too many similarities, which will result in poor contrasts. For example, it is better to write about two composers, rather than a composer and a singer.

It is extremely important to choose a topic you are passionate about. You never want to come across something that seems dull and uninspiring for you. Here are some excellent ways to brainstorm for a topic from essay writer :

Find categories: Choose a type (like animals, films or economics), and compare subjects within that category – wild animals to farm animals, Star Wars to Star Trek, private companies to public companies, etc.
Random Surprising Fact: Dig for fun facts which could make great topics. Did you know that chickens can be traced back to dinosaurs?
Movie vs. Book: Most of the time, the book is better than the movie — unless it’s Blade Runner or Lord of the Rings. If you’re a pop culture lover, compare movies vs. books, video games, comics, etc.

Use our rewrite essay service when you need help from professionals.

How to Choose a Great Compare and Contrast Topic

College students should consider providing themselves with a chance to use all topic examples. With enough revision, an advantage is gained. As it will be possible to compare arguments and contrast their aspects. Also, discuss numerous situations to get closer to the conclusion.

For example:

Choose a topic from the field of your interests. Otherwise you risk failing your paper.
It is a good idea to choose a topic based upon the class subject or specialist subject. (Unless the requirements say otherwise.)
Analyze each argument carefully. Include every detail for each opposing idea. Without doing so, you can definitely lower grades.
Write a conclusion that summarizes both arguments. It should allow readers to find the answer they’re looking for.
It is up to you to determine which arguments are right and wrong in the final conclusion.
Before approaching the final conclusion, it’s important to discuss each argument equally. It is a bad idea to be biased, as it can also lower grades.

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150 Compare and Contrast Essay Topics to Consider

Choosing a topic can be a challenging task, but there are plenty of options to consider. In the following sections, we have compiled a list of 150 compare and contrast essay topics to help you get started. These topics cover a wide range of subjects, from education and technology to history and politics. Whether you are a high school student or a college student, you are sure to find a topic that interests you. So, read on to discover some great compare and contrast essay ideas.

Compare and Contrast Essay Topics For College Students

When attending a college, at any time your professor can assign you the task of writing this form of an essay. Consider these topics for college students from our team to get the grades you deserve.

Attending a College Course Vs. Distance-Based Learning.
Writing a Research Paper Vs. Writing a Creative Writing Paper. What are the differences and similarities?
The differences between a Bachelor’s Degree and a Master’s Degree.
The key aspects of the differences between the US and the UK education systems.
Completing assignments at a library compared with doing so at home. Which is the most efficient?
The similarities and differences in the behavior among married and unmarried couples.
The similarities and differences between the EU (European Union) and ASEAN (The Association of Southeast Asian Nations)?
The similarities and significant differences between American and Canadian English.
Writing an Internship Report Vs. Writing a Research Paper
The differences between US colleges and colleges in the EU?

Interesting Compare and Contrast Essay Topics

Some topics for the compare and contrast essay format can be boring. To keep up motivation, doing a research , have a look at these topics. Maybe they can serve you as research paper help .

Public Transport Vs. Driving A Car. Which is more efficient?
Mandarin Vs. Cantonese: What are the differences between these Chinese languages?
Sports Cars Vs. Luxurious Family Cars
Wireless Technology Vs. Wired Devices
Thai Food Vs. Filipino Cuisine
What is the difference and similarities between a register office marriage and a traditional marriage?
The 2000s Vs. The 2010s. What are the differences and what makes them similar?
Abu Dhabi Vs. Dubai. What are the main factors involved in the differences?
What are the differences between American and British culture?
What does the New York Metro do differently to the London Underground?

Compare and Contrast Essay Topics for High School Students

When writing essays for high school, it is good to keep them informative. Have a look at these compare and contrast sample topics.

Highschool Life Vs. College Life
Paying College Fees Vs. Being Awarded a Scholarship
All Night Study Sessions Vs. Late Night Parties
Teenager Vs. Young Adult Relationships
Being in a Relationship Vs. Being Single
Male Vs. Female Behavior
The similarities and differences between a high school diploma and a college degree
The similarities and differences between Economics and Business Studies
The benefits of having a part-time job, instead of a freelance job, in college
High School Extra Curricular Activities Vs. Voluntarily Community Services

Compare and Contrast Essay Topics for Science

At some point, every science student will be assigned this type of essay. To keep things at flow, have a look at best compare and contrast essay example topics on science:

Undiscovered Species on Earth Vs. Potential Life on Mars: What will we discover in the future?
The benefits of Gasoline Powered Cars Vs. Electric Powered Cars
The differences of the Milky Way Vs. Centaurus (Galaxies).
Earthquakes Vs. Hurricanes: What should be prepared for the most?
The differences between our moon and Mars’ moons.
SpaceX Vs. NASA. What is done differently within these organizations?
The differences and similarities between Stephen Hawking and Brian Cox’s theories on the cosmos. Do they agree or correspond with each other?
Pregnancy Vs. Motherhood
Jupiter Vs. Saturn
Greenhouse Farming Vs. Polytunnel Farming

Sports & Leisure Topics

Studying Physical Education? Or a gym fanatic? Have a look at our compare and contrast essay topics for sports and leisure.

The English Premier League Compared With The Bundesliga
Real Madrid Vs. Barcelona
Football Vs. Basketball
Walking Vs. Eating Outside with Your Partner
Jamaica Team Vs. United States Team: Main Factors and Differences
Formula One Vs. Off-Road Racing
Germany Team Vs. Brazil Team
Morning Exercise Vs. Evening Exercise.
Manning Team Vs. Brazil Team
Swimming Vs. Cycling

Topics About Culture

Culture can have several meanings. If you’re a Religious Studies or Culture student, take a look at these good compare and contrast essay topics about culture.

The fundamental similarities and differences between Pope Francis and Tawadros II of Alexandria
Canadian Vs. Australian Religion
The differences between Islamic and Christian Holidays
The cultural similarities and differences between the Native Aboriginals and Caucasian Australians
Native American Culture Vs. New England Culture
The cultural differences and similarities between Italians and Sicilians
In-depth: The origins of Buddhism and Hinduism
In-depth: The origins of Christianity and Islam
Greek Gods Vs. Hindu Gods
The Bible: Old Testament Vs. New Testament

Unique Compare and Contrast Essay Topics

What about writing an essay which is out of the ordinary? Consider following these topics to write a compare and contrast essay on, that are unique.

The reasons why some wealthy people pay extortionate amounts of money for gold-plated cell phones, rather than buying the normal phone.
The differences between Lipton Tea and Ahmad Tea
American Football Vs. British Football: What are their differences?
The differences and similarities between France and Britain
Fanta Vs. 7Up
Traditional Helicopters Vs. Lifesize Drones
The differences and similarities between Boston Dynamics and the fictional equivalent Skynet (From Terminator Movies).
Socialism Vs. Capitalism: Which is better?
Curved Screen TVs’ Vs. Regular Flat Screen TVs’: Are they really worth big bucks?
Is it better to wear black or white at funerals?

Good Compare and Contrast Essay Topics

Sometimes, it may be a requirement to take it back a notch. Especially if you’re new to these style of writing. Consider having a look at these good compare and contrast essay topics that are pretty easy to start off.

Is it a good idea to work on weekdays or weekends?
Black of White Coffee
Becoming a teacher or a doctor? Which career choice has more of an impact on society?
Air Travel Vs. Sea Travel: Which is better?
Rail Travel Vs. Road Travel: Which is more convenient?
What makes Europe far greater than Africa? In terms of financial growth, regulations, public funds, policies etc…
Eating fruit for breakfast Vs. cereals
Staying Home to Read Vs. Traveling the World During Holidays. Which is more beneficial for personal growth?
Japanese Vs. Brazilian Cuisine
What makes ASEAN Nations more efficient than African Nations?

Compare and Contrast Essay Topics About TV Shows, Music and Movies

We all enjoy at least one of these things. If not, all of them. Why not have a go at writing a compare and contrast essay about what you have been recently watching or listening to?

Breaking Bad Vs. Better Call Saul: Which is more commonly binge watched?
The differences between Dance Music and Heavy Metal
James Bond Vs. Johnny English
Iron Man Vs. The Incredible Hulk: Who would win?
What is done differently in modern movies, compared to old black and white movies?
Dumber and Dumber 2 Vs. Ted: Which movie is funnier?
Are Horror movies or Action Movies best suited to you?
The differences and similarities between Mozart and Beethoven compositions.
Hip Hop Vs. Traditional Music
Classical Music Vs. Pop Music. Which genre helps people concentrate?

Topics About Art

Sometimes, art students are required to write this style of essay. Have a look at these compare and contrast essay topics about the arts of the centuries.

The fundamental differences and similarities between paintings and sculptures
The different styles of Vincent Van Gogh and Leonardo Da Vinci.
Viewing Original Art Compared With Digital Copies. How are these experiences different?
18th Century Paintings Vs. 21st Century Digitally Illustrated Images
German Art Vs. American Art
Modern Painting Vs. Modern Photography
How can we compare modern graphic designers to 18th-century painters?
Ancient Greek Art Vs. Ancient Egyptian Art
Ancient Japanese Art Vs. Ancient Persian Art
What 16th Century Painting Materials were used compared with the modern day?

Best Compare and Contrast Essay Topics

Almost every student at any stage of academics is assigned this style of writing. If you’re lacking inspiration, consider looking at some of the best compare and contrast essay topics to get you on track with your writing.

The United States and North Korea Governmental Conflict: What is the reason behind this phenomenon?
In the Early Hours, Drinking Water is far healthier than consuming soda.
The United States Vs. The People’s Republic of China: Which economy is the most efficient?
Studying in Foreign Countries Vs. Studying In Your Hometown: Which is more of an advantage?
Toast Vs. Cereal: Which is the most consumed in the morning?
Sleeping Vs. Daydreaming: Which is the most commonly prefered? And amongst who?
Learning French Vs. Chinese: Which is the most straightforward?
Android Phones Vs. iPhones
The Liberation of Slaves Vs. The Liberation of Women: Which is more remembered?
The differences between the US Dollar and British Pound. What are their advantages? And How do they correspond with each other?

Easy Compare and Contrast Essay Topics

In all types of academics, these essays occur. If you’re new to this style of writing, check our easy compare and contrast essay topics.

The Third Reich Vs. North Korea
Tea Vs. Coffee
iPhone Vs. Samsung
KFC Vs. Wendy’s
Laurel or Yanny?
Healthy Lifestyle Vs. Obese Lifestyle
Forkes Vs. Sporks
Rice Vs. Porridge
Roast Dinner Vs. Chicken & Mushroom Pie
What’s the difference between apples and oranges?

Psychology Compare and Contrast Essay Topics

Deciding upon good compare and contrast essay topics for psychology assignments can be difficult. Consider referring to our list of 10 psychology compare and contrast essay topics to help get the deserved grades.

What is a more severe eating order? Bulimia or Anorexia
Modern Medicine Vs. Traditional Medicine for Treating Depression?
Soft Drugs Vs. Hard Drugs. Which is more dangerous for people’s psychological well-being?
How do the differences between Lust and Love have an effect on people’s mindsets?
Ego Vs. Superego
Parents Advice Vs. Peers Advice amongst children and teens.
Strict Parenting Vs. Relaxed Parenting
Mental Institutions Vs. Stress Clinics
Bipolar Disorder Vs. Epilepsy
How does child abuse affect victims in later life?

Compare and Contrast Essay Topics for Sixth Graders

From time to time, your teacher will assign the task of writing a compare and contrast essay. It can be hard to choose a topic, especially for beginners. Check out our easy compare and contrast essay topics for sixth graders.

Exam Preparation Vs. Homework Assignments
Homeschooling Vs. Public Education
High School Vs. Elementary School
5th Grade Vs. 6th Grade: What makes them different or the same?
Are Moms’ or Dads’ more strict among children?
Is it better to have strict parents or more open parents?
Sandy Beaches Vs. Pebble Beaches: Which beaches are more popular?
Is it a good idea to learn guitar or piano?
Is it better to eat vegetable salads or pieces of fruit for lunch?
1st Grade Vs. 6th Grade

Funny Compare and Contrast Essay Topics

Sometimes, it is good to have a laugh. As they always say : 'laughter is the best medicine'. Check out these funny compare and contrast essay topics for a little giggle when writing.

What is the best way to waste your time? Watching Funny Animal Videos or Mr. Bean Clips?
Are Pug Dogs or Maltese Dogs crazier?
Pot Noodles Vs. McDonalds Meals.
What is the difference between Peter Griffin and Homer Simpson?
Mrs. Doubtfire Vs. Mrs. Brown. How are they similar?
Which game is more addictive? Flappy Bird or Angry Birds?
Big Shaq Vs. PSY
Stewie Griffin Vs. Maggie Simpson
Quarter Pounders Vs. Big Macs
Mr. Bean Vs. Alan Harper

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How to Write a Psychology Essay

Saul Mcleod, PhD

Editor-in-Chief for Simply Psychology

BSc (Hons) Psychology, MRes, PhD, University of Manchester

Saul Mcleod, PhD., is a qualified psychology teacher with over 18 years of experience in further and higher education. He has been published in peer-reviewed journals, including the Journal of Clinical Psychology.

Learn about our Editorial Process

Olivia Guy-Evans, MSc

Associate Editor for Simply Psychology

BSc (Hons) Psychology, MSc Psychology of Education

Olivia Guy-Evans is a writer and associate editor for Simply Psychology. She has previously worked in healthcare and educational sectors.

On This Page:

Before you write your essay, it’s important to analyse the task and understand exactly what the essay question is asking. Your lecturer may give you some advice – pay attention to this as it will help you plan your answer.

Next conduct preliminary reading based on your lecture notes. At this stage, it’s not crucial to have a robust understanding of key theories or studies, but you should at least have a general “gist” of the literature.

After reading, plan a response to the task. This plan could be in the form of a mind map, a summary table, or by writing a core statement (which encompasses the entire argument of your essay in just a few sentences).

After writing your plan, conduct supplementary reading, refine your plan, and make it more detailed.

It is tempting to skip these preliminary steps and write the first draft while reading at the same time. However, reading and planning will make the essay writing process easier, quicker, and ensure a higher quality essay is produced.

Components of a Good Essay

Now, let us look at what constitutes a good essay in psychology. There are a number of important features.

Global Structure – structure the material to allow for a logical sequence of ideas. Each paragraph / statement should follow sensibly from its predecessor. The essay should “flow”. The introduction, main body and conclusion should all be linked.
Each paragraph should comprise a main theme, which is illustrated and developed through a number of points (supported by evidence).
Knowledge and Understanding – recognize, recall, and show understanding of a range of scientific material that accurately reflects the main theoretical perspectives.
Critical Evaluation – arguments should be supported by appropriate evidence and/or theory from the literature. Evidence of independent thinking, insight, and evaluation of the evidence.
Quality of Written Communication – writing clearly and succinctly with appropriate use of paragraphs, spelling, and grammar. All sources are referenced accurately and in line with APA guidelines.

In the main body of the essay, every paragraph should demonstrate both knowledge and critical evaluation.

There should also be an appropriate balance between these two essay components. Try to aim for about a 60/40 split if possible.

Most students make the mistake of writing too much knowledge and not enough evaluation (which is the difficult bit).

It is best to structure your essay according to key themes. Themes are illustrated and developed through a number of points (supported by evidence).

Choose relevant points only, ones that most reveal the theme or help to make a convincing and interesting argument.

Knowledge and Understanding

Remember that an essay is simply a discussion / argument on paper. Don’t make the mistake of writing all the information you know regarding a particular topic.

You need to be concise, and clearly articulate your argument. A sentence should contain no unnecessary words, a paragraph no unnecessary sentences.

Each paragraph should have a purpose / theme, and make a number of points – which need to be support by high quality evidence. Be clear why each point is is relevant to the argument. It would be useful at the beginning of each paragraph if you explicitly outlined the theme being discussed (.e.g. cognitive development, social development etc.).

Try not to overuse quotations in your essays. It is more appropriate to use original content to demonstrate your understanding.

Psychology is a science so you must support your ideas with evidence (not your own personal opinion). If you are discussing a theory or research study make sure you cite the source of the information.

Note this is not the author of a textbook you have read – but the original source / author(s) of the theory or research study.

For example:

Bowlby (1951) claimed that mothering is almost useless if delayed until after two and a half to three years and, for most children, if delayed till after 12 months, i.e. there is a critical period.

Maslow (1943) stated that people are motivated to achieve certain needs. When one need is fulfilled a person seeks to fullfil the next one, and so on.

As a general rule, make sure there is at least one citation (i.e. name of psychologist and date of publication) in each paragraph.

Remember to answer the essay question. Underline the keywords in the essay title. Don’t make the mistake of simply writing everything you know of a particular topic, be selective. Each paragraph in your essay should contribute to answering the essay question.

Critical Evaluation

In simple terms, this means outlining the strengths and limitations of a theory or research study.

There are many ways you can critically evaluate:

Methodological evaluation of research

Is the study valid / reliable ? Is the sample biased, or can we generalize the findings to other populations? What are the strengths and limitations of the method used and data obtained?

Be careful to ensure that any methodological criticisms are justified and not trite.

Rather than hunting for weaknesses in every study; only highlight limitations that make you doubt the conclusions that the authors have drawn – e.g., where an alternative explanation might be equally likely because something hasn’t been adequately controlled.

Compare or contrast different theories

Outline how the theories are similar and how they differ. This could be two (or more) theories of personality / memory / child development etc. Also try to communicate the value of the theory / study.

Debates or perspectives

Refer to debates such as nature or nurture, reductionism vs. holism, or the perspectives in psychology . For example, would they agree or disagree with a theory or the findings of the study?

What are the ethical issues of the research?

Does a study involve ethical issues such as deception, privacy, psychological or physical harm?

Gender bias

If research is biased towards men or women it does not provide a clear view of the behavior that has been studied. A dominantly male perspective is known as an androcentric bias.

Cultural bias

Is the theory / study ethnocentric? Psychology is predominantly a white, Euro-American enterprise. In some texts, over 90% of studies have US participants, who are predominantly white and middle class.

Does the theory or study being discussed judge other cultures by Western standards?

Animal Research

This raises the issue of whether it’s morally and/or scientifically right to use animals. The main criterion is that benefits must outweigh costs. But benefits are almost always to humans and costs to animals.

Animal research also raises the issue of extrapolation. Can we generalize from studies on animals to humans as their anatomy & physiology is different from humans?

The PEC System

It is very important to elaborate on your evaluation. Don’t just write a shopping list of brief (one or two sentence) evaluation points.

Instead, make sure you expand on your points, remember, quality of evaluation is most important than quantity.

When you are writing an evaluation paragraph, use the PEC system.

Make your P oint.
E xplain how and why the point is relevant.
Discuss the C onsequences / implications of the theory or study. Are they positive or negative?

For Example

Point: It is argued that psychoanalytic therapy is only of benefit to an articulate, intelligent, affluent minority.
Explain: Because psychoanalytic therapy involves talking and gaining insight, and is costly and time-consuming, it is argued that it is only of benefit to an articulate, intelligent, affluent minority. Evidence suggests psychoanalytic therapy works best if the client is motivated and has a positive attitude.
Consequences: A depressed client’s apathy, flat emotional state, and lack of motivation limit the appropriateness of psychoanalytic therapy for depression.

Furthermore, the levels of dependency of depressed clients mean that transference is more likely to develop.

Using Research Studies in your Essays

Research studies can either be knowledge or evaluation.

If you refer to the procedures and findings of a study, this shows knowledge and understanding.
If you comment on what the studies shows, and what it supports and challenges about the theory in question, this shows evaluation.

Writing an Introduction

It is often best to write your introduction when you have finished the main body of the essay, so that you have a good understanding of the topic area.

If there is a word count for your essay try to devote 10% of this to your introduction.

Ideally, the introduction should;

Identify the subject of the essay and define the key terms. Highlight the major issues which “lie behind” the question. Let the reader know how you will focus your essay by identifying the main themes to be discussed. “Signpost” the essay’s key argument, (and, if possible, how this argument is structured).

Introductions are very important as first impressions count and they can create a h alo effect in the mind of the lecturer grading your essay. If you start off well then you are more likely to be forgiven for the odd mistake later one.

Writing a Conclusion

So many students either forget to write a conclusion or fail to give it the attention it deserves.

If there is a word count for your essay try to devote 10% of this to your conclusion.

Ideally the conclusion should summarize the key themes / arguments of your essay. State the take home message – don’t sit on the fence, instead weigh up the evidence presented in the essay and make a decision which side of the argument has more support.

Also, you might like to suggest what future research may need to be conducted and why (read the discussion section of journal articles for this).

Don”t include new information / arguments (only information discussed in the main body of the essay).

If you are unsure of what to write read the essay question and answer it in one paragraph.

Points that unite or embrace several themes can be used to great effect as part of your conclusion.

The Importance of Flow

Obviously, what you write is important, but how you communicate your ideas / arguments has a significant influence on your overall grade. Most students may have similar information / content in their essays, but the better students communicate this information concisely and articulately.

When you have finished the first draft of your essay you must check if it “flows”. This is an important feature of quality of communication (along with spelling and grammar).

This means that the paragraphs follow a logical order (like the chapters in a novel). Have a global structure with themes arranged in a way that allows for a logical sequence of ideas. You might want to rearrange (cut and paste) paragraphs to a different position in your essay if they don”t appear to fit in with the essay structure.

To improve the flow of your essay make sure the last sentence of one paragraph links to first sentence of the next paragraph. This will help the essay flow and make it easier to read.

Finally, only repeat citations when it is unclear which study / theory you are discussing. Repeating citations unnecessarily disrupts the flow of an essay.

Referencing

The reference section is the list of all the sources cited in the essay (in alphabetical order). It is not a bibliography (a list of the books you used).

In simple terms every time you cite/refer to a name (and date) of a psychologist you need to reference the original source of the information.

If you have been using textbooks this is easy as the references are usually at the back of the book and you can just copy them down. If you have been using websites, then you may have a problem as they might not provide a reference section for you to copy.

References need to be set out APA style :

Author, A. A. (year). Title of work . Location: Publisher.

Journal Articles

Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (year). Article title. Journal Title, volume number (issue number), page numbers

A simple way to write your reference section is use Google scholar . Just type the name and date of the psychologist in the search box and click on the “cite” link.

Next, copy and paste the APA reference into the reference section of your essay.

Once again, remember that references need to be in alphabetical order according to surname.

629 Psychology Essay Topics & Examples

Struggle with essay writing on mental health, disorders, or overall well-being? Our team has prepared this list of psychology essay topics for high school and college students.

📃 Aspects to Cover in a Psychology Essay

🏆 best psychology essay examples & topics, 👍 good psychological essay topics, 🎓 simple & easy psychology essay topics, 📌 writing prompts about psychology, 🥇 most interesting psychological essay topics, ✍️ exciting psychology topics to write about, ❓ psychology essay questions.

At the core of every excellent psychology essay are the writer’s comprehensive knowledge and ability to structure it into bite-sized clusters of information.

While it is evident that your topic is your guiding line, you should not limit yourself to focusing only on the information you are including. Instead, you should try to cover all aspects of essay writing in your paper, from facts and their sources to writing strategies.

Psychology Essay Topics

From self-analysis and obedience to nonverbal communication and various mental disorders, most subjects may seem interrelated and reflective of each other.

Your search for an issue that is yours should begin with analyzing psychology essay prompts, such as:

What branch of psychology interests you most?
Which theorists have contributed to this branch?
Which issues and mechanisms have they outlined?
Is there adequate supplementary research on these problems?
What is the opinion of contemporary academia on these subjects?
Do you want to build upon existing arguments or attempt to critique?

After this, you can analyze what resonates with you, for example, a particular theory or a specific personality, and you can begin writing a thesis statement for your paper.

Pre-writing

Doing your research beforehand helps you get an understanding of how to develop your central theme. Your bibliography and your used titles demonstrate not only your credibility but also the approach you have regarding your subject.

A well-versed reader may even draw a correct conclusion regarding which theorists have influenced your work, even if you did not explicitly state them in your paper, judging by your used sources.

Therefore, be selective in choosing what books and journals to use for your essay and include only those that help advance your pre-written thesis statement.

Referencing information from books and journals is an essential aspect of writing an essay, as this demonstrates the soundness of your ideas per the academic viewpoint on your subject.

Psychology Essay Structure

Your essay may only be as good as the outline you create for it. When you divide your work into thematic blocks, you can begin to see which topics are lacking in development and may need extra attention.

Furthermore, when you split your work up, it becomes easier to write and create interconnected paragraphs. Who takes on the role of the appraiser, the used mechanism, and the personal and social implications of it are all examples of dissecting social evaluation into smaller problems.

Addressing each of these blocks in separate paragraphs helps maintain a coherent yet exciting narrative.

Your introduction should give your audience a brief overview of the issue that you will develop throughout the next pages;
Your conclusion should summarize your findings, effectively outlining the outcome of your work per your thesis statement;
The body paragraphs between your introduction and conclusion, as per you outline, should each address a single theme, creating a unique, interflowing narrative.

If you are not sure how to do this, then read an available psychology essay example to gain a better understanding of how to develop your theme.

Sample papers are an excellent way to jump-start your writing, as you can see for yourself, which approaches to essay wiring work and do not, respectively implementing or removing them from your essay.

Need more help before you can get started? Use IvyPanda for all your essay-writing needs!

Psychological Profile of John Wayne Gacy Gacy was born into a family of a homemaker mother and a father veteran of the First World War and a car repair person. In the course of charging, trialing, and convicting he never admitted […]
The Tell-Tale Heart Psychological Analysis & Critique The outstanding character in the tale, who is also the narrator, attracts a lot of attention from the readers. The narrator forms the basis of the tale.
The Silence of the Lambs Psychological Analysis In the movie The Silence of the Lambs, Hannibal Lecter portrays several traits and behavioral patterns that show he is suffering from a psychological condition.
Six Major Psychological Theories: Strengths and Weaknesses Behavioral psychology is considered a descendant of the animal psychology, which argues that the environment has a lot of influence in the changes that take place in human beings.
The Perception Process Stages – Psychology Perception refers to the process of organizing, identifying, and interpreting sensory information in an effort to understand and make sense of the environment.
Psychological Science: Counseling Essay (Theory of Counseling) Another important aspect is the counseling process; this depends on the individual counselor and client and the urgency of the issue in question.
Psychological Disorders in “American Psycho” Movie The main character, who will be the basis of this paper’s analysis, is Patrick Bateman, who is a young and successful individual.
Comparing Freud, Adler and Jung Psychology Freud did develop the original theories of the conscious and unconscious and subconscious; the ego, id and superego; the libidinal and aggressive drives; the Oedipus and Electra complexes; the defense mechanisms of the mind being, […]
Aileen Wuornos: Biological, Psychological, and Social Control Theories The name of Aileen Wuornos and the story of her life have been popular topics of discussion in mass media and professional literature.
Language in Cognitive Psychology Adult people can preserve 50,000 words of their first language and thousands of words of the second language in the form of lexicons.
Psychology: Change Blindness Experiment The independent variable was the type of change, and the dependent variable was the response to detecting the changes. Broadly, it was established that change blindness varied with the type of change introduced because incongruent […]
The Psychology of Serial Killers These are just a fraction of questions that require answers in order to have a complete understanding of the psychology of serial killers.
Forensic Psychology: Zodiac Killer Case Analysis By looking at the subject matter of the Zodiac Killer, the present paper aims to identify important characteristics related to serial killers and how the domain of forensic psychology could be applied to solve cases […]
“Inside Out”: Riley’s Psychological Analysis This genre of cinematography is mainly aimed at the children’s audience, which means that the task of the screenwriters is to create such material that would be able to tell the severe emotional problems of […]
Psychology and Christianity: “Abnormality” From a Biblical Perspective The Bible as God’s word is right in all religious teachings within the context of Christian setup. How can the Bible’s guidance inform an individual’s notion of abnormality?
Psychological Testing: Ethical and Legal Issues Two of the cases that have had a major impact on the institution of psychological testing are ‘Larry P.v Riles and Crawford v.
Biological Psychology: Development and Theories Therefore, biological psychology is used to examine the behavior of the humans and animals in order to facilitate in the treatment of the brain.
Norms in Psychological Testing Research Paper One of the inherent problems associated with norms and their interpretation in psychological tests is that as time goes on the characteristics by which a particular population/group is defined tends to change and as such […]
The Significance of Lifespan Development in the Practice of Counseling Psychology The physical aspect of lifespan development is one of the important ones: it is related to the growth and development of the body and changes in the body and the brain.
The Role of Hypotheses in Psychological Research A hypothesis is a specified concept about a certain concept which can be tested about the anticipation of the outcome in the study.
Common Criticisms of Psychology It is the application of knowledge in the study of human activity such as the day to day lives and mental illness. Psychology is the study of human mind and behavior.
Psychological Theories of Sophocles’ Oedipus the King One of the greatest tragedies of Sophocles, Oedipus the King touches upon a deep psychological theme of the parents-son relations which lately was called the Oedipus complex and the theme of faith as a main […]
Positive Psychology in “The Pursuit of Happyness” Film Gardner demonstrates perseverance, hope, and social intelligence and illustrates the importance of effectance motivation and the power of social networks, even though the protagonist’s relationship with his wife could be improved.
Physiological and Psychological Needs Differences Both physiological and psychological needs are necessary for the proper development of an individual. However, it is impossible for an individual to survive without satisfying their physiological needs.
The Movie “Blue Velvet”: Psychological Criticism The gist of this paper, therefore, is to offer psychological criticism of the Movie as regards its screenplay, plot, direction, and general presentation, and this is done by applying the Freudian Theory of Psychological Analysis […]
Criminal Psychology Although the above discussed theories indicate that anyone can be a criminal since the development of the behaviour is determined greatly by the environmental factors,Eysenck’s theory of crime indicate that there are heredity factors that […]
Comparison of Codes of Ethics: The American Counseling Association and the American Psychological Association Both the Psychologist and the counselor abide to the same codes of conduct with regard to terminating their services to a client.
Rain Man and Psychological Concepts The concepts of autism, conformity, and trust are described in the movie; and the peculiarity of this story is that one concept is closely connected to another concept, and the consequences of one concept influence […]
Effective Psychological Counselling Dissemination of new information to the client should be the main focus of any counseling session. Reviews are essential and should be done at agreed dates so as to ensure that the trend of the […]
Ethical Issues Associated With Psychological Testing The second case along the line of psychological testing includes the case of Brown V. Reason The above case was used to examine the validity of psychological testing.
Psychological Concept of Learning This article explores the concept of learning by focusing on learning, the role of behavior in relation to learning, types of learning, and the relationship between learning and cognition.
Memory Chart Stages in Psychology For instance, the brain uses the procedural memory to encode procedural skills and tasks that an individual is involved in. The stages of memory are very complex and often pass unrecognized.
Attention Regarding Cognitive Psychology That a person only pays attention to the stimulus they are interested in and ignore the rest of the stimuli. The study of attention in cognitive psychology is not a new phenomenon.
The Psychology of Happiness The psychology of happiness is closely related to philosophy, as the science of happiness is based on three major theories, namely “the emotional state theory, the life satisfaction theory, and hedonism”. As far as happiness […]
Integrating Psychology and Christianity The author introduces the topics of the worldview and outlines the four elements of the Christian worldview beliefs, viz.creation, fall, redemption, and the consummation.
Psychological vs. Physical Continuity Theory In the analysis of psychological continuity theory, there is a variety of views on the roles of the soul and body in a person’s development.
Contribution Ancient Great Thinkers to the Growth and Development of Psychology Then, the relationship between the mind and the body perplexed ancient philosophers and this led to the development of psychology as an independent field of knowledge that considers both philosophy of the mind and physiology […]
Girl, Interrupted (1999): Exploring Four Mental Disorders Apart from the dramatic and the entertaining aspect of this movie, it contains a psychological aspect and this is the major purpose of this paper; exploring the psychological disorders in the movie, giving their causes […]
Shakespeare’s “A Midsummer Night’s Dream” Psychological View As a fact, based on the way the author strategically presents various characters, psychological critics have suggested that some characters in the A Midsummer Night’s Dream can be seen as representations of the ego, the […]
Educational Psychology Theories for Nurses The major educational psychology and learning theories are behaviorism, cognitivism, and constructivism. Educational and learning theories help nursing educators to enhance their students’ learning outcomes through the use of the most effective strategies that improve […]
Social Psychological Concepts in “The Hangover” When Alan wins the money, Phil acknowledges Alan’s skills, as he realizes that it is a form of support to the person in search for a friendship.
Consumer Behaviour and Psychological Motives In this case, it is assumed that the satisfaction of the consumer is dependent on the performance of the product or the perceptions of the consumer in relation to the product, and the motivations that […]
Cognitive Processes – Psychology As a result, memory is seen to be the storage of, and process of recalling what individuals have learned or experienced in the environment.
Critical Thinking Role in the Clinical Psychology These activities and conducts may lead a psychologist to identify the mental activities in the brain of the individual. Clinical psychologists specialization is founded on the framework the individual takes in training to become a […]
The Core Characteristics of Social Psychology Further, scientific methods form the integral part of social psychology in that they aid the development of theories and their validation in order to provide the scientific understanding of human behavior.
Serial Murders Explained by Psychological Theory A serial killer may recognize the law as a deterrent to his or her activities, but not internalize the significance of the ban due to incomplete moral development.
Psychological Impact on Education Therefore, this research examines the impacts of psychology on education, professionals, and relationship success in the education setting. The educational psychology in accordance to the academic description may mean the study of teaching, learning, and […]
Examples of Special Populations in Psychology In professional psychology, particular population defines both children and adults with the following special needs; education, where the majority of the individuals are unable to comprehend and derive full benefits from the curriculum. The special […]
Freud’s Anxiety Neurosis – Psychology The objective of this study is to expose Freud’s anxiety neurosis and to provide a comprehensive approach as to the causes, treatments, and symptoms of the anxiety neurosis.
Definitions of Intelligence in Psychology In this case, there are various items that can be used to test the emotional and physical aspects of an individual.
Definition and Theories of Environmental Psychology The human mind is divided into small sections that can be studied to identify the role played by the brain in the interaction between human beings and the environment.
Humanistic and Sociocultural Psychological Approaches From a sociocultural perspective in psychology, the lack of external influence and the specificity of ethnicity can cause the child’s behavior. In the sociocultural approach, the psychologist has to work with him as a teacher, […]
Mind-Body Debate: Monism and Dualism in Psychology As a result, it is almost impossible to find the answer that can address the views of all philosophers and psychologists who are interested in determining the nature of the mind and body interaction.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder – Psychology This paper mainly addresses some of the characteristics of OCD, what contribute it, the kind of people who are likely to attract the disease, types of treatment of the disorder, and how it affects a […]
Psychological Assessment Tools for Christian Professionals This enables the specialist gathering the data to have a bigger picture of the assessee and thus employ the most effective methods in therapy or other help.
Psychology of Adolescence Development The strategy allows the examination of the significance of adolescence as a standard stage of development. However, she admits that she experienced a period of anxiety and distress upon the death of her mother when […]
Economic Crisis and Its Social and Psychological Constraint The failure of large businesses, decrease in consumers’ wealth and demand, and a considerable decline of economic activities also led to the social, cultural, and moral crisis due to the rise of unemployment.
Combatants: Psychology and Christianity Disciplines Moreover, I can learn from the Secular combatants how to defend the opinion I hold, and this can extend to values as well.
Industrial-Organizational Psychology The vastness of the field requires a practitioner to have a wider knowledge on industrial psychology itself, and also basic knowledge of the company’s operations as well as the cultural background of its employees.
“Turns of the Screw”: The Psychology of the Story The author presents the story as a sequence of events that really existed, however, in this paper we will provide the argument that the reliability of the narrator can be argued and that ghost was […]
The Theories of Social Psychology Furthermore, a person can bask in the accomplishment of group members and feel very good about it due to their similarity.
Conformity as a Social Psychology Concept In that regard, it can be described as the scientific study of people’s feelings, thoughts, and behaviors in the company of others or the context of society.
Role and Importance of Personal Ethics in Psychology The role of personal ethics in psychology in relation to the American psychological association is intended to guide psychologists and standard professionals to guide them in their decision making and conduct at work.
The Psychology of Verbal and Nonverbal Communication On the other hand, one is to keep in mind that the main purpose of the kind of communication is to aid in the formulation of thoughts or ideas, which are expressed through speech.
Psychology: Factors of Success in Life and Career One of the most researched elements about success is the factors that drive people to pursue it. Success is often associated with a positive mental attitude, which triggers the desire to be successful in whatever […]
Psychologists and Assessments Related to Death Sentence The paper aims to explore human rights related to the controversy and the ethical implications associated with the dispute. On the contrary, these psychologists may be ordered to give an evaluation of the psychological retardation […]
Psychological Tests, Their Types and Users The projective test on the other hand is ambiguous and the respondent has to answer unstructured questions. The use of psychological tests in research is divided into three.
Mary Whiton Calkins and Her Impact on Modern Psychology In order to expand her knowledge of psychology, Mary had to take a year’s studies in psychology prior to her teaching in the same field.
Bipolar Disorder Psychological Assessment She is from a nuclear family, both her parents are alive, and she also has two brothers and three sisters. She is the second child in the family.
Adler’s Individual Psychology The paper highlights the most frequent criticisms of Adler’s theory and concludes by reasserting the significance of Adler’s Individual Psychology. This paper will engage in an in-depth review of Alfred Adler and his contributions to […]
The Relationship Between Religion and Abnormal Psychology But whose judgment will we use to separate the two contrasting elements of the psychology of normal and abnormal behaviors? Some religious beliefs permit the use of alcohol and it’s considered normal, yet others find […]
Indian Sex Workers and Psychological Effects of Job The article “Serving The Goddess”: The dangerous life of a sacred sex worker” is a brief account of the life of two devadasis, particularly their experiences as sex workers.
Research Methodologies in Industrial Psychology Also, the matrix clearly illustrates that the choice of a particular methodology is shaped by the type of the research to be undertaken.
Psychology of Happiness in the World Psychology of happiness touches on various fields of social and cultural life and seeks to interfere with the lives of individuals for improving their talents and endowing their normal existence with greater meaning.
Psychological Test Selection Factors and Tools Therefore, this essay explores the concept of psychological testing and assessment in a bid to find out how counselors select the kind of psychological tests to administer, the factors they consider when doing so, and […]
Paraphilias in Men and Women From Psychological Perspective The psychoanalytic theory clearly indicates that paraphilic disorder is a function of psychological abuse and other factors that are yet to be established.
Personalistic and Naturalistic Approach in the History of Psychology Therefore, changes and progress occur due to the goals and charisma of individuals who changed the course of history. In contrast, naturalistic theory implies that social, intellectual, and cultural development depends on the Zeitgeist, the […]
Psychological Perspectives: Jason’s Life Case However, the real self Jason was a man who tended to isolate himself from family and have inferiority complex along with unrecognized homosexual tendencies. Moreover, Jason did not feel parental support because of the conditions […]
Positive Psychology and Academic Stress With the rising cases of academic stress among students in the United States, the federal government has introduced positive psychology programs in schools across the country.
Psychologist William Sheldon: Theories and Methods Sheldon did not belong to the so-called pseudo-scientists, as he put the ancient points of view of the affiliation between the type of body and temperament on sheltered basics. The last type of body and […]
The History Development of Psychology: The Understanding of Human Behavior The aim of the paper is to identify the reasons that have shaped and led to the development of the history of psychology.
Social Psychology in Clinics In this regard, there are many theories that have been advanced to further explain the concept, practical and the validity of the social psychology in clinics.
Violations of Psychological Code of Conduct 8 A psychologist used chimpanzees in his study and paid the staff who cared for the animals. However, the psychologist went on a business trip and forgot to pay his workers.
Psychologists’ Role in Criminal Justice In addition to research, the accumulation, and application of knowledge, psychologists can also participate in assessing the effectiveness of legislation. In this setting, basic scientists conduct theoretical research on the effectiveness of police and court […]
Saddam Hussein Psychological Analysis The following paper provides a summary of some of the relevant points in Post’s political profile of the leader during three periods of crisis in Hussein’s life and in the history of Iraq.
Modern Cognitive Psychology Renaissance philosophers of the seventeenth century attempted to use graphical representations to demonstrate the structure and operations of the human brain.
Psychological and Sociological Theories in Life People tend to behave in a way that is beneficial for the development of the system. This theoretical paradigm explains people’s choice to obtain the higher education as this enables them to contribute to the […]
Personality Psychology: Cinderella’s Personality A lot of Cinderella time is spent working in the house, and she exhibits a high degree of submission. Cinderella behaviour is not linked to her personality but the immediate environment that she lives in.
Psychological Cognitive Analysis on Movie “Memento” In this case, amnesia is seen as a loss of verbal memory-images and a loss of visual memory-images. In the case of Leonard, memory loss or reduction of memory is a main phenomenon, independent of […]
Mahler’s and Winnicott’s Contributions to Psychology Their theories are merely concentrated on the methods of disturbed children treatment through the involvement of psychoanalysis; the theorists are focused on the aspect of mother-infant interrelation and stages of infant’s development through the mother’s […]
Positive Examples of Conformity and Obedience Psychology Social influence refers to the ability of an individual to influence another person or a group of people in according to one’s own will.
A Clinical Psychologist – Dr. Na’im Akbar As a faculty member, he also agitated for the introduction of courses in Black psychology that would also serve the interests of the black minority race.
Love and Memory From a Psychological Point of View The commonly known love types include affection, passionate love, friendship, infatuation, puppy love, sexual love, platonic love, romantic love and many other terms that could be coined out to basically describe love.
Psychological Trauma: Treatment Planning Their mother, Tanya is the sole breadwinner in the family who works in one of the Information Technologies firm while their father is a local driver with one of the truck companies in the city.
Psychology in Everyday life While some individuals may think of psychology as a course that is only important to students, therapists or everyone else that is interested in the field of psychology, knowledge in psychology is actually helpful to […]
History of Psychological Assessment: People’s Behavior in Terms of Their Skills This paper discusses the history, advance and the main events of psychological testing applied in China to select the officials in the civil service.
Psychological Test Design Process There are six steps in total to design a psychological test and the most important aspect is the clarity of thought while framing the question paper.
Posttraumatic Stress Disorders: Psychological Assessment PTSD was adopted by experts in the third revision of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders to replace terms like “shell shock, nervous shock, and combat fatigue” that described the response to traumatic […]
Definition of Positive Psychology in Psychology Positive psychology is the systematic analysis of the strengths and qualities that permit individuals to thrive. From the above analysis, it is advisable that scholars should engage in extensive research to establish the truth as […]
Psychology in Movies: Stephen Chbosky’s Wonder Therefore, this film is a perfect example of how psychology can be integrated into a movie to raise the audience’s awareness and morale.
Psychological Traps in the Human Decision Making They include the anchoring trap, the status-quo trap, the sunk cost trap, the confirming evidence trap, the framing trap, the overconfidence trap, the prudence trap, and the recall-ability trap.
Children’s Psychological Apperception Test The test was designed to determine children’s personality qualities and psychological issues together with the social or intimate problems that bother them on the stages of their lives and developments when the test is conducted.
Psychology and Enduring Relationships In line with this view and drawing on the link between the length and benefits of coupling, it is important to understand the psychology of enduring relationships to predict the extent that people stay together.
Google Inc.’s Organizational Psychology Organizational psychology plays a critical role in the effectiveness of a firm to find candidates which are able to demonstrate high performance on the job while fitting into the workplace culture, thus a complex talent […]
Justine’s Psychological State in “Melancholia” The planet is representation of the anger. The planet is representation of Justine’s anger and the Earth is Justine’s ego.
The Mind-Body Problem in the History of Psychology The crux of the problem is evident from its name: what is the relationship between the mind and the body? A prominent medieval philosopher Thomas Aquinas ties the issue of the body and the soul […]
Theory of Multiple Intelligences – Psychology Binet and Simon later revised their work in 1916 to incorporate the concept of mental age and concluded that intelligence varies depending on mental age.
Human Emotions Psychology: Rooting in Biology or Culture To my mind, both biology and culture play a certain role in human emotions, and it is crucially important to analyze in what way biology turns out to be a root of human emotions and […]
Psychological Effects of Relocation Transfer trauma is one of the psychological effects, which is caused due to relocation.”The condition termed relocation stress or transfer trauma refers to a set of symptoms and outcomes that result from a transfer from […]
Psychology: Diana Baumrind’s Obedience Study The intensity of the electric shocks varied from the mild to the severe and it was Milgrams intention to understand the level of obedience that the experimenters would exhibit in carrying out the shocks, when […]
Psychology in Gilman’s “The Yellow Wallpaper” The reading of Gilman story’s few initial lines suggests that the reason why the narrator and her husband John decided to spend the summer in a secluded mansion is that this was supposed to help […]
Social Psychological Concepts of Bullying and Its Types Some of the factors that contribute to bullying include poor parenting, economic challenges, lack of mentorship, and jealousy among others. One of the main concepts used to explain bullying is that of parenting roles and […]
Serial Killer Psychology: Eileen Wuornos Eileen was a woman without remorse as she was not bothered by the death of her victims. It is said that her intention was to capture the attention of the man she was dating.
Fetishism: Psychological Sexual Disorder To some, however, the use of a fetish object comes once in a while and they are not compelled to do so.
Personal Development: Psychological Difficulties, Sexuality In my opinion the period of adolescence is the most difficult in human life and I think that it would be interesting to discuss the attitude to sexuality with the help of personal development theories.
Psychology in the “50/50” Hollywood Film The terror management theory is a psychological concept to describe the instinct of self-preservation present in all humans which drives motivation and behavior under the threat of mortality. A threatening stimulus in the form of […]
Psychology And Society In conflict resolution, the one heading the exercise has to have an understanding of the psychology of the conflicting parties. This is why a psychology scholar cannot afford to ignore the works of his/her predecessors.
Concept of the Theory of Behaviorism in Psychology According to the theory; there are two main conditioning of human life depending with the situation the person is under, they are: Classical conditioning Under this condition it involves molding of human behavior through naturally […]
Women in Psychology: Karen Horney Many traditionalists were incensed and the principle to instruct boys and girls on the same level, with the same method, with the hope of reaching the same goal, is generally viewed as a psychological and […]
Albert Bandura: An Eminent Psychologist At the school, Bandura notes that most of the learning was left to the initiative of the students as there was lack of teachers as well as resources.
Bowen Family Systems Theory – Psychology In this context, the theory is relevant in demonstrating that the level of stress prevalent in the family due to alcoholism and irresponsible behavior of the family head is directly responsible for the development of […]
Roles and Functions of School Psychologists In addition, school psychologists play a critical role in promoting the personal and social strengths of the students in the institutions they work to enable them to attain a healthier mindset and well-being.
Culturally Informed Psychological Assessment They do not posit a single culture, requiring the assessor to discern these cultures and their influence on a person’s psychological behavior.
Relationship Between Psychology and Christian Faith Truly, I have realized that sincerity is found in Jesus discipleship and the study of persona, but the varying aspects guiding the honesty are the belief in Christ and analytical thinking.
Psychological and Psychosocial Support in Disaster Nursing The paper reviews the presently available literature on the topic, covering the aspects of the significance of psychological and psychosocial support and related education, as well as the perceptions of nursing, existing problems in the […]
Technology in Psychological Assessment The speed in conducting tests with the help of technology and the improved data analysis based on the effective use of statistical procedures make the technology play the important role in the sphere of emotional […]
Industrial/Organizational Psychology Project The management authority of the company approached us to find the causes of these problems and try to find solutions to them.
Abraham Maslow, the Father of Humanistic Psychology From the above pyramid, Maslow contributed immensely to the field of psychology because he impacted people’s perception of psychology by introducing the concept of humanistic psychology.
“The Black Balloon” From a Psychological Perspective It goes without saying that the health of each individual, in particular, depends not only on them but also on the attitude of the surroundings and the action of the governments in corresponding existing situations.
Structuralism, Functionalism and Cognitive Theory in Psychology This was done by Ferdinand de Saussure, the French psychologists firmly believed that the theory of Structuralism was not restricted to linguistics alone and later this theory was also applied to various other subjects. Structuralism […]
Research in Industrial and Organizational Psychology Basic research in I/O psychology can be described as a study or research conducted in an organization with the aim of adding more scientific knowledge.
Psychological Trauma, Development and Spirituality During the growing stages of a child, the brain is also developing and its growth depends on daily experiences. There is a particular stage of brain development in a child when traumatic experiences can gravely […]
Expectancy Theory in Motivation Psychology According to the theory suggested by Vroom, which would later on be called the Expectancy Theory, the behavior of a person is largely predetermined by the consequences that their behavior is going to have.
“Integrative Approaches to Psychology and Christianity” by David N. Entwistle The author looks at the history of the two studies as well as worldviews that arise from these two philosophies. This book has increased my knowledge on the approaches to psychology and theology.
Educational Psychology in Learning and Teaching Thus, this course has significantly helped me as a teacher in studying and applying modern research methodologies and suppositions, practices and plans which emphasize on the use of both quantitative and qualitative methods in improving […]
Psychological Testing in the Workplace In order to ascertain the best candidate for certain positions in an organization, it is important for the organization to carry out an assessment on the personality types of the interviewees.
Industrial and Organizational Psychology Theory Industrial/organizational psychology is a field that applies psychology principles to the workplace.It can be used to solve issues that occur in the organizational context.
Leadership and Organizational Psychology of Vince Lombardi The Meyers-Briggs Type Indicator is one of the most renowned personality tests an individual can use to assess one’s leadership journey.
Psychology of Choice and Decision-Making One of the main ways to improve self-control, according to the author, is the thoughts of happiness and its manifestations. Otherwise, it will be impossible to leave the comfort zone and adequately regard all events […]
Cognitive Psychology: Clarkston Industries Company’ Case This is one of the arguments that she can put forward to justify her decision about Jack’s status in the company.
Inevitable Prejudice in Social Psychology Adorno supposes that the authoritarian personality is hostile to those of an inferior rank and servile to those of a higher rank.
The Psychology of Personality: Counselling Process Therefore, in the session, I did ask her to state goals that she sought to achieve at the end of the counselling.
Human Interaction With the Surrounding Environment However, this paper tries to explain the meaning of environmental psychology with the help of two principal theories; the Learning Theory and the Motivational Theory.
Socio-Cultural Approach to Psychology This is influenced by a transmission of resources from the care givers to the dependencies. The kind of attention and language the child gets is from the surrounding.
Psychology Aspects in Spearman’s, Stenberg’s and Gardner’s Models of Intelligence On the other hand, Gardner unlike Spearman illustrates that it is not accurate to measure intelligence numerically because according to him, it is composed of skills and abilities that are greatly valued in different cultures.
Sports Can Improve the Psychological Well-Being of People with Disability Maresova et al.maintain that viewing the self as a bother and worthless leads to psychosomatic challenges among numerous people with disabilities.
The Psychology of Addictive Behavior This is because of the debilitating effect the activity has on society and the individual. This report will concentrate on the factors of addictions that cause serious harm to society.
Positive Psychology: The Science of Happiness Positive psychology is a science of positive features of the life of a human being, including happiness, welfare, and prosperity. According to him, happiness is freedom from pain in the body and a disturbance in […]
Zeitgeist Influences on the Birth of Gestalt Psychology In this context, it can be seen that Thesis: Gestalt psychology as a discipline has to be viewed as the product of the “Zeitgeist” of a large chunk of the Twentieth Century that was impacted […]
Psychological Theories and Methods Behind Training of Service Animals While the method is easy to comprehend, it needed to be developed further to be applied to the training of service animals.
Psychology in Childcare: Theory and Practice In the given research paper, the theoretical aspects and practical implementation of children’s psychology are studied in regard to challenging behavior in children and their cognitive development.
Atychiphobia, or the Fear of Failure in Psychology Putting it simply, the fear of failure is the incapability to suppress the anxious and irrational feeling of fear that, as a result, affects one’s life.
Forensic Psychology’s Risk Assessment In recent years, the assessment of the risk of violence has been one of the most discussed issues in the medical and legal community.
Industrial Psychology in Employee Selection and Training The importance attached to work has led to the emergence of disciplines such as industrial/organizational psychology that seek to make it a more rewarding experience. According to Aamodt, “industrial/organizational psychology is a branch of psychology […]
Psychological Perspectives and Schools of Thought Among the contemporary perspectives, the neuroscience point of view sees people as organisms with their physiological processes and connects the brain and the nervous system to the behavioral responses.
Industrial and Organizational Psychology: Fundamental Concepts Currently, the study and application of I/O psychology take place in laboratories and in industrial environments in order to understand emerging issues and challenges within organizations and business environments.
Psychology, Theology, and Spirituality in Christian Counseling The author adds that the counselor needs spiritual maturity in a bid to get the client to the same level of maturity.
Definition of Cognitive Psychology The cognitive theory has been found to be a blend of the human and behavioral theories. Past research shows that the origin of cognitive psychology is in the behavior of a human being.
Forensic Psychology: Television v. Reality The qualification of a psychologist in the forensic field to qualify as an expert witness is dependent on the reputation as well as the experience that a psychologist has in this field.
Personality Tests in the Field of Psychology In addition to that, the test’s questions touch on various aspects of a person’s life thus analyzing their personality from different angles.
Psychological Impacts of Sexual Abuse on Ryan
Emerging Issues in Multicultural Psychology
Multicultural Psychology as a Subspecialty of Psychology
Physiological Psychology Definition
Introduction to Psychological Testing
Psychology Issues: Group Survival in Extreme Situations
Psychological Testing Tools: Intelligence Tests
Behaviorism and Its Impact on Psychology
Psychology Development in Mexico
Renee Baillargeon Biography and Her Contribution to the Developmental Psychology
Cognitive Psychology – A Concept of Attention
Interview Research Profile: Psychological Profile
Chaim Potok: Psychological Transformation in “The Chosen”
Adolescent Consumer Psychology and Feedback Loop
Martin Seligman’s “Flourish” and Modern Psychology
Analytical Psychology of Carl Jung
The Psychology of Thinking and Intelligence
Psychological Safety in a Team Environment
Individualism Versus Group Cognition in Psychology
Psychological Reasoning, Decision-Making, Thinking
Humans Behavior: Physical and Psychological Needs
Cognitive Psychology Development Important Milestones
Developmental Psychology: Designing Educational Toys
Influence Physical Environment on Human Psychology
Positive Psychology and Chinese Culture
African American Culture: Psychological Processes
Child Psychology Development
Influence of Heavy Metal Music on Adolescence (Behavior, Identity, Mood, Regulation, Psychology)
Social Psychology: Definition, Aspects and Theories
Statistics and Psychology
The Philosophy of Psychology
Kohut and Self Psychology and the Freudian Classical Model
Psychological Profile: Charles Manson
Obesity: Psychological/ Sociological Issue
Psychological Foundations of Criminal Behavior
Theories of Psychology: Behavioral, Cognitive, Developmental
William James and His Contributions to Psychology
Forensic Psychology: Validating Eyewitness Testimony
Aviation Psychology
The Principles and Theories of Organizational Psychology
Comparison and Contrast of Biological, Psychological, and Social Perspectives of Human Sexuality
Psychological Factors Affecting Sex Workers
Psychological Imbalance: Mental Health Issues
The Phases of a Crime and Their Importance in Psychological Profiling
Sensation and Perception Studies in Psychology
“On Psychological Oppression” by Sandra Bartky
Psychology of Conflict Communication
Socialization of Adolescents in Modern Psychology
Application of Psychology in Workplace Environment
Psychological and Sociological Issues in Australian Tourism
New Psychological Knowledge and Existing Theories
Cognitive Psychology: Culture and Cognition
Decision-Making in Cognitive Psychology
Psychological Theories Explaining Violent Crime
Dimensions of Psychology and Its Specialty Areas
Social Psychology of Attraction
Depression as a Psychological Disorder
Forensic Psychology, Its Tasks and Importance
Psychology Forces in Wilber’s “Spectrum of Consciousness”
Psychology and Its Theoretical Diversity
Learning Journal in the Social Psychology Study
Forensic Psychology: Eyewitness Testimonies’ Unreliability
Psychologist’s Roles in Criminal Justice System
Christine Ladd-Franklin’s Contribution to the Psychology
Jury Selection Process Psychology
Infants’ Psychology and Development
Adolescence and Adulthood Developmental Stages – Psychology
“The Power of Habit” by Charles Duhigg – Psychology
Involvement of Psychologists in Military Interrogations
Cognitive Psychology Definition and Concept
Psychological Issues: Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
Treatment of Psychological Disorders
Psychology Issues in Mark Twain’s “The Lowest Animal”
Psychology Research and Its Methods
How Has the Jungian Theory Contributed to the History and Systems of Psychology?
The Real Father of Psychology
Research Methods in Psychology
Forensic Psychology Role in the Investigation of Crime
Developmental Theories in Psychology
Historical Perspective of Abnormal Psychology
Psychology of Sleep: Article Study
Contemporary Issues in Cultural & Cross-Cultural Psychology
Sex Addiction as a Psychological Disorder
Culture, Emotions, and Psychology Relationships
Mental Disorders: Biological-Psychological Perspectives and Psychotropic Medications
Development of Structuralism as a Systemic Movement in Psychology
Environmental Design Psychology Theory
Purpose and Process of Assessment in Psychology
Functionalism School of Psychology
Forensic Psychology: Media and Crime Relationship
The Future of Humanistic Psychology
Childhood, Adolescence, Young Adulthood Psychology
Gestalt Theory as a Psychological Perspective
Burrhus Frederic Skinner and his Influence on Psychology
Introduction to Clinical Psychology
The Emergence of the New Psychology
Application of Clinical Psychology
Psychological Egoism vs Ethical Egoism
The Psychological Explanation of Terrorism
Psychological Approaches: Applying to Personal Life
Rising Interest in Psychology and Psychology Degree
Self-Assessment Test in Psychology
Character’s Psychology in “Jazz” by Toni Morrison
Abnormal Psychology Case Study: General Anxiety Disorder
Goal Setting in Sport Psychology: Enhancing Athletes’ Performance and Building New Skills
Understanding the Psychological Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Society
High Stakes Testing in Psychology
Psychology of Sexual Response Cycle
Health Psychology: Going Through a Breast Cancer Diagnosis
Cognitive Psychology: Intelligence and Wisdom
Definition of Five Perspectives in Psychology
Alcohol Addiction and Psychological Assistance
Psychology: Drug Impact and Use Prevention
Psychology: Chewing Gum’ Negative Effects
Obesity: Physical and Psychological Consequences
Noam Chomsky’s Contribution to Cognitive Psychology
Academic Dishonesty in Psychologist’s Ethics
Death in Psychological and Personal Understanding
Psychological Definition of Persuasion
The Psychology of Personality: Maya Angelou’s Case
Psychological Characteristics of Jobs
Organizing the Mind and Thinking – Psychology
Ethical Reflection of Psychological Experiments
Systematic Desensitization – Psychology
‘Psychology, Theology and Spirituality in Christian Counseling’ by Mark McMinn
The Effect of HRM Practices on Psychological Contract in Organisation
Is Homosexuality a Psychological Condition?
The Concept of Ego Depletion in Psychology
Assessment and Analysis of a Psychology Related Problem or Challenge in Eastman Kodak
The Mental, Physical and Psychological Impacts of Advertising on Children
Historical Perspectives of Abnormal Psychology
Correctional Psychology and Its Procedures
Bernard Williams The Self and the Future and Psychological Continuity Theory of Personal Identity
Analysis of the History of Biological Psychology and Its Relationship With Other Psychology Branches
Groupthink and Social Psychology
Erik Erikson’s Theory: Competence Stage
Organizational Psychology: Productive and Counterproductive Behaviors
Positive Psychology to Understand the Elderly Population
Retrieval Learning in Cognitive Psychology
The Use of Creativity in Psychology
Cross-Cultural Psychology in Contemporary Psychiatry
Psychology in the Episode of Dr. Phil’s Show
Benefits of Learning Psychosomatics as Branches of Clinical Psychology
Modern Psychological Counseling
Evolutionary Psychology and Christian Worldview
Psychological Concept of Processing Stimuli
Psychological Analysis of Gilman’s The Yellow Wallpaper
Introducing the World of Psychology
The Organizational Project: Psychological Needs Application Development
Amundson on Hedonic Psychology, Disability, and Life Quality
Psychology of Personality: Role Models
Biological Psychology: Lesion Studies and Depression Detection
“Researching and Practicing Positive Psychology…” by Wang
Drug Abuse and Its Psychological Effects
Psychology: Areas of Application
Social Psychology and Personality: Lessons Learnt
Positive Psychology Intervention for Ageing Population
Effects of Different Music on Psychological State
Psychological Conditions in Addition to Highly Superior Autobiographical Memory
Post-Fordism: Industrial and Organizational Psychology
Cognitive Psychology: The Effects of Memory Conformity
Correctional Psychology’s Impact on the Penitentiary System
Psychological Concepts: Nature vs. Nurture
Human Psychology: Fulfilling Internal Needs
Developmental Psychology of an Immigrant Family
Psychological Traits in Consumer Spending Habits
Social Justice in Counseling Psychology
Adulthood and Puberty Psychology
Psychological Concepts in “A Child Called “It” by Pelzer
Vignette: Psychological Child Maltreatment
Psychology: Proposed Implementation and Evaluation Plan
Forensic Psychologist’s Role in Homicide Investigation
Clinical and Counseling Psychology
Psychology: The Aftermath of a Death
Psychological Testing and Assessment
Ethics: Informational and Psychological Security of the Individuals
Test (Gender) Bias in Psychology
The Via Classification Test as a Psychological Tool
The Role of Technology in the Psychology Profession
Psychological Counseling and Psychotherapy
Some Basic Propositions of a Growth and Self-Actualization Psychology
Anorexia as Social and Psychological Disease
The Impact of Technology Development on the Adolescence Psychology
Psychological Determinants of Adolescent Predisposition to Deviant Behavior
SOAP Case-Notes: Psychological Rehabilitation
Testing and Evaluation in Psychological Research
Psychological Theories of Grandfather’s Development
Application of Cognitive Psychology
Psychological Interventions: Becoming a Helper
Screening Survey in Psychological Science
Causes of Premature Termination of Psychological Treatment
Celebrities’ Psychological States: Diagnoses Are Not Cut and Dry
Bipolar Disorder: A Major Psychological Issue in America
The Psychological and Physiological Effects of Cannabis
Socio-Psychological Trust Issues in Youth
Researching of Abnormal Psychology
Developmental Psychology as Scientific Study
Exam Anxiety as Psychological Disorder
Child Psychology Research and Ethics
Historical Impact of Psychology on Human Resource Management
Psychological and Psychiatric Diagnoses in a Patient with Multiple Symptoms
Developmental Psychology Analysis
Psychology Powered HRM Practice: Meteor Cargo Limited
Sexting and Its Psychological Consequences
Psychological Health Issues Among Veterans
The Psychological Well-Being of Nurses During COVID-19
The Role of Psychological Support in Teaching
The Origin of Psychological Disorders: Freud and Adler’s Perspectives
Psychology and the Nature of Human Conduct
Biological and Psychological Factors Influencing Drug Experiences
Adolescent Development: Adolescent Psychology
Childhood Trauma Long-Term Psychological Outcomes
Psychology of Type A and Type B Personalities
Controversial Experiment in Psychology History
Applications of Positive Psychology in Healthcare
Developing a Psychology-Related Career Plan
Stress as an Important Psychological Issue
The Eye-to-Eye Project’s Importance for Psychology
Psychological Health Disparities in Children
Psychologists and Interrogations
Psychology: The Little Albert Experiment
The Consciousness of the Psychological and Physical Effects of Nursing
Stigma and Psychological Distress in HIV Caregivers
Urie Bronfenbrenner, a Psychological Researcher
Psychology in Human Resource Management
Environmental Psychology: The Impact of Interior Spaces on Childhood Development
Socio-Psychological Factors of Abortion in Women of Different Age Groups
Expectations From Psychological-Sociological Course
Psychological Experiments on Videogames and Theater
Psychological Disorders Analysis
Psychology and Personality: The Main Theories
Misconducts and Self-Care in Psychology Professionals’ Activities
Device Use and Psychological Disorders: Regression Model
The Midlife Crisis in Developmental Psychology
Human Consciousness in Philosophy of Psychology
Jury Psychology and Decision Criticism
Psychological Issues of Independent Living
Future Ways for Helping People With Psychology
The Relevance of Relational Self-Psychology
The Psychological Impacts of Rape and Potential Interventions
Evolutionary Psychology and Psychological Anthropology
The Psychology of Evil Analysis
The Psychological Nature of Memory
The Discrepancy Between an Original Psychological Article and Its Representation
Environmental Issues, Psychology, and Economics
Racial Profiling in Cultural Psychology
Humanistic Psychology and Its Main Ideas
Japanese Psychology as World-Renowned School of Thought
Group Influence as a Social Psychology Issue
Using Psychological Tests in the Employer’s Decision-Making Process
Psychology in Sports: Tradition of Stoicism in Sports
Researching of Criminal Psychology
Ethical and Psychological Egoism
Abortion and Its Physical and Psychological Effects
Psychological Practice in Health Centers
Sports Psychologists and Chaplains
Christian Spirituality: Integration Into Sports Psychological Practices
Emotional and Psychological Impact on Illness Outcomes
Sports Chaplaincy and Psychology Collaboration
Physical Health Problems and Psychological State
Criminology and Psychological Profiling Approaches
Sex Offence: The Role of Psychological Disorder
Discussion of Psychological Imbalance
Consequences of Pandemic COVID-19: The Psychological Climate in the Family
Psychological Wellness and Mental Health
My Lot in Life: Psychological Aspects of Education
Vincent van Gogh: A Brilliant Psychologist and Poet of Art
Community Psychologists as Agents of a Social Change
Changing Racial Identity: A Psychological Aspect
Architectural Development Design: Environmental Psychological Implications
“The Social Psychology of Compassion” by Radey and Figley
Psychological Therapy: Borderline Personality Disorder
“Mindset: The New Psychology of Success” by C. Dweck
Astrology as Pseudo-Psychology
Adolescence and Young Adulthood in Educational Psychology
Positive Psychology’s Influence on the Self
Psychological Disorders: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment
How Psychological Science Aligns With Biblical Truth About Self-Handicapping?
Hewlett-Packard: Application of Cross-Cultural Psychology
A Career in Counseling Psychology
Understanding Human Psychology: Brain Stimulation
Career Field in Psychology: Counselor
The Influence of Positive Psychology
Sensation and Perception: Psychological Science
God of the Bible From a Psychological Perspective
Psychological Considerations and Sociological Effects of Drones
The Elderly Abuse: Physical and Psychological Aspects
Is “Candide” Positively Influenced by Psychological Factors
Psychology: Emotional Regulation
The Dying Person: Physical, Psychological, and Social Care
The Field of Psychology: Practice Standards
Implications of Theological and Psychological Reflections on Human Behavior
Psychological Lens Narrative: Personal Experience
Influence of Psychological and Behavioral Aspects of the Individual on Exposure to Herd Investing
Writing Proposal in Psychology
Investigation: Psychology of Sport Fans
Professional Psychology: Importance of Confidentiality and Code of Conduct
Personality Psychology Overview
Psychological Profile of Vladimir Putin
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: Psychological Problems
Deprogramming Cult Members: Religious and Psychological Analysis
Analysis of Plays: Psychological Critical Perspectives
Child Development: Psychological Factors and Theories
Forensic Psychology and Behavioral Analysis
Psychological Disorders: Classification
History of Ethical Principles in Psychology
Research Design in Psychology
A Child’s Psychological Development
Childhood and Adolescence Psychology
Changes in Life and Psychological Stress Assessment
Psychology: Health Behavior Change & Reflection
Psychology Integration: Healthcare Industry
Stuttering Management: Psychological Therapy Effectiveness
Stroke Analysis: Psychology and Causes
A Psychological Perspective on Death and Mourning
Psychological Factors After Officer-Involved Shootings: Officer Needs and Agency Responsibilities
Cyber-Bullying vs. Traditional Bullying: Its Psychological Effects
Ecstasy: Physical and Psychological Effects
Careers in Industrial-Organizational Psychology
Child Pornography: Legal and Psychological Implications
Data Analysis in Psychological Wellbeing Research
Relationship Satisfaction and Psychological Well-Being Among Greek People With Physical Disabilities
Generosity and Psychological Well-Being
Sports Psychology: Zen in the Martial Arts
Aspects of Sport Psychology Overview
Nature of Health and Illness: Biological Psychology
Psychological Aspects of Weightlifting
The Concepts of Nature and Nurture in Modern Psychologist to Explain Juvenile Delinquency
Biological Psychology: Memory
The Impact of Culture on Aging: Psychological and Sociological Analysis
The Psychological Aspect of Logical Fallacies of Technology
The Psychology of Interpersonal Relationships
Psychological Health and Social Environment Correlation
Psychology: Social Media and Bullying
Psychological Aftermath of Illnesses and Injuries
Impact of the Internet on Psychological Wellbeing
Violence and Aggression Between People as Psychological Phenomena
The American Psychological Association: Referencing Style
Neuropsychological and Psychological Disorders
Apple’s Popularity: Consumers’ Psychology
Psychological Theories and Tests of Motivation
Doctoral Program Educational Psychology
Physical and Psychological Trauma in Women
Ethical Practices in Psychological Assessment
Traumatic Brain Injury: Psychological Manifestations
Research Methods in Psychology: Pros & Cons
The Horrific Consequences That Result From Inaccurate Psychological Diagnosis
Management of HR Talent and Teams: Psychological-Contract Perspective
Motivation Theories in Fulfillment of Psychological Needs
Psychological Processes Which Affect Various Techniques and Approaches
Environmental Psychology: Contemporary Educational Institutions
Teenage Depression: Psychology-Based Treatment
Industrial Psychology in Explaining Corporate Behaviors
The Psychological Perceptions of Pain
The Psychology Concepts Review
The Evolutionary Psychology Key Points
History and Evolving Nature of Clinical Psychology
Evaluating Psychological Information on the Web
The Psychological Contract and Motivation
The Hand – The Psychological Personality
Victims of Disasters: Psychological Traumas
Psychological First Aid: Connection With Social Support
What Is Environmental Psychology?
Sigmund Freud: Theories and Contribution to Psychology
Comparing the Psychological Challenges Facing Tom and Laura Wingfield
Health and Health Policy of HIV and AIDS: Physical and Psychological Wellbeing
The Psychological Wellbeing of People in a Working Environment
Job-Oriented Analysis in HR Management
Features of Psychological Research Methods: Application in Practice
Consultative Psychology Skills: Applying Skills to Identify the Problem
The Shifting Gender Composition of Psychology: The Discipline
Feminist Psychology in Canada
Contributors in Psychology as a Science
Personality and Psychology of the Motivation
Psychology Article Analysis: The Shared Reality
Social Psychology and Social Neuroscience Connection
Social Psychology Concepts in News Coverage
Sleep Deprivation: Biopsychology and Health Psychology
The American Counseling Association and the American Psychological Association Websites
Self Concept: Developmental Psychology
Psychological Issues: Self-Identity and Sexual Meaning Issues, and Memory Processing
Practitioner-Scholar Model in Psychology
Psychological Strategies to Understand Literature
Psychology. Brain Structure and Behavior
American Psychological Association Style Manual
Genograms in Family Assessment
Cognitive Psychology and Its Implications
Psychology of Aggression and Violence
Freud’s Impact on Modern-Day Psychology
Free Will and Choice in Islamic Psychology
Ethics in the Field of Psychology
Personal and Social Psychology in Modern Community
Lifespan Variable: Psychological Aspects
Freud’s Impact on Modern Psychology
Psychology of Communication Technology
Psychological Theoretical Positions of Sigmund Freud
Philosophical Origins of Approaches to Clinical Psychology
The Impact of Psychological Problems on a Person
Psychological Concepts in the Streisand’s Movie “Prince of Tides”
Clinical Counseling Psychology: Research and Statistics
Profile Interview: Psychological Assessment
The Concept of Personality in Psychology
Clinical Psychology, Its Issues and Purposes
Media Attention to Psychology
Developmental Psychology: The Impact of Family-Of-Origin on Adulthood
Psychological Testing Article Analysis
Imagery in Sports Psychology and Its Effects
Child Development and Evolutionary Psychology
Child Psychology. “Music Lessons Enhance IQ” by Schellenberg
Child Psychology in a Multicultural Environment
Psychology. “Self-Esteem” Book by Dr. Matthew McKay
Parenting Training Classes: A Psychology Experiment
Ethics in Groups of Psychologists and Counsellors
Positive Psychology Concerns
Schizophrenia: An Abnormal Human Behavior
Psychology Achievement Test
Music and Text Messaging Influence on Social Psychology and Psychosocial Development
Folk Psychology. The Role of Folk Psychology
Environmental Psychology: The Problem of Protection
Observation Paper Psychologist Theories
Clinical Psychology Matrix Structure
Reflection of Personal Learning Style in Psychology
“Careers in Environmental Psychology” by Conaway
Discipline of Environmental Psychology
Criminal Psychological Profiling
“Psychological Response to Athletic Injuries: Gender Differences”: Article Analysis
The Theory of Personality Psychology During Depression
Hebb’s Psychology Theoretical Concepts
Psychological Concepts in My Life
Industrial Psychology. Corporate Social Relations
Group and Individual Thinking: Mob Psychology
Motivation and the Brain: A Psychological Attribute and Activities
Abnormal Psychology and Abnormal Behavior
The Concept of Ego Psychology
Should Psychologists Aid Interrogation?
Psychologists and the Nervous System
Singapore: Scientific Principles of Positive Psychology
Clinical Psychology and Pain Management
The Ethical Dilemma of Practicing Psychology of Acceptable Training
What Can Psychology Teach Us About Human Development?
How Many Years Will It Take To Be a Psychologist?
Who Founded the First Laboratory of Scientific Psychology?
What Does Recent Social Psychology Research Tell Us About?
How Abraham Maslow and His Humanistic Psychology Shaped the Modern Self?
Can Positive Psychology Make Us Happier?
What Way Did Philosophy of Plato Influence Psychology?
What Are the Different Perspectives of Psychology?
Are Psychology Journals Anti-replication?
Does Human Psychology Drive Financial Markets?
Why Are Men More Depressed Than Women in Psychology?
How Can Social Psychology Explain the Behavior of Suicide Bombers?
How and Why Did Psychology Develop as an Academic Discipline?
Can Evolutionary Psychology Explain Individual Differences in Personality?
What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Quantitative and Qualitative Methods in Psychology?
How Both Sociology and Social Psychology Can Help Us to Understand Anti-social Behavior?
What Are the Main Perspectives in the Study of Psychology?
Can Psychology Explain Sexual Violence?
What Have Psychologists Found Out About the Psychology of Testimony?
Why Can’t One Approach to Psychology Describe All Human Behaviour?
Why Do Psychologists Consider Psychology to Be a Science?
Who Benefits From Humor-Based Positive Psychology Interventions?
Does Positive Psychology Ease Symptoms of Depression?
How Art and Psychology Are Related?
How Can Applied Psychology Help Make Societies More Peaceful?
How Behavioral Economics Relates to Psychology?
Do Psychology and Education Have a Link?
What Can Evolutionary Psychology Tell Us About Who We Find Attractive?
What Are the Effects of Bipolar Disorder Psychology?
Does Psychology Place Too Little Emphasis on the Study of Communication?
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101 Compare and Contrast Essay Topics

Great Ideas for Essays

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Compare and contrast essays are taught in school for many reasons. For one thing, they are relatively easy to teach, understand, and format. Students can typically understand the structure with just a short amount of instruction. In addition, these essays allow students develop critical thinking skills to approach a variety of topics.

Brainstorming Tip

One fun way to get students started brainstorming their compare and contrast essays is to create a Venn diagram , where the overlapping sections of the circle contain similarities and the non-overlapping areas contain the differing traits.

Following is a list of 101 topics for compare and contrast essays that you are welcome to use in your classroom. As you look through the list you will see that some items are academic in nature while others are included for interest-building and fun writing activities.

Apple vs. Microsoft
Coke vs. Pepsi
Renaissance Art vs. Baroque Art
Antebellum Era vs. Reconstruction Era in American History
Childhood vs. Adulthood
Star Wars vs. Star Trek
Biology vs. Chemistry
Astrology vs. Astronomy
American Government vs. British Government (or any world government)
Fruits vs. Vegetables
Dogs vs. Cats
Ego vs. Superego
Christianity vs. Judaism (or any world religion )
Republican vs. Democrat
Monarchy vs. Presidency
US President vs. UK Prime Minister
Jazz vs. Classical Music
Red vs. White (or any two colors)
Soccer vs. Football
North vs. South Before the Civil War
New England Colonies vs. Middle Colonies OR vs. Southern Colonies
Cash vs. Credit Cards
Sam vs. Frodo Baggins
Gandalf vs. Dumbledore
Fred vs. Shaggy
Rap vs. Pop
Articles of Confederation vs. U.S. Constitution
Henry VIII vs. King Louis XIV
Stocks vs. Bonds
Monopolies vs. Oligopolies
Communism vs. Capitalism
Socialism vs. Capitalism
Diesel vs. Petroleum
Nuclear Power vs. Solar Power
Saltwater Fish vs. Freshwater Fish
Squids vs. Octopus
Mammals vs. Reptiles
Baleen vs. Toothed Whales
Seals vs. Sea Lions
Crocodiles vs. Alligators
Bats vs. Birds
Oven vs. Microwave
Greek vs. Roman Mythology
Chinese vs. Japanese
Comedy vs. Drama
Renting vs. Owning
Mozart vs. Beethoven
Online vs. Traditional Education
North vs. South Pole
Watercolor vs. Oil
1984 vs. Fahrenheit 451
Emily Dickinson vs. Samuel Taylor Coleridge
W.E.B. DuBois vs. Booker T. Washington
Strawberries vs. Apples
Airplanes vs. Helicopters
Hitler vs. Napoleon
Roman Empire vs. British Empire
Paper vs. Plastic
Italy vs. Spain
Baseball vs. Cricket
Jefferson vs. Adams
Thoroughbreds vs. Clydesdales
Spiders vs. Scorpions
Northern Hemisphere vs. Southern Hemisphere
Hobbes vs. Locke
Friends vs. Family
Dried Fruit vs. Fresh
Porcelain vs. Glass
Modern Dance vs. Ballroom Dancing
American Idol vs. The Voice
Reality TV vs. Sitcoms
Picard vs. Kirk
Books vs. Movies
Magazines vs. Comic Books
Antique vs. New
Public vs. Private Transportation
Email vs. Letters
Facebook vs. Twitter
Coffee vs. an Energy Drink
Toads vs. Frogs
Profit vs. Non-Profit
Boys vs. Girls
Birds vs. Dinosaurs
High School vs. College
Chamberlain vs. Churchill
Offense vs. Defense
Jordan vs. Bryant
Harry vs. Draco
Roses vs. Carnations
Poetry vs. Prose
Fiction vs. Nonfiction
Lions vs. Tigers
Vampires vs. Werewolves
Lollipops vs. popsicles
Summer vs. Winter
Recycling vs. Landfill
Motorcycle vs. Bicycle
Halogen vs. Incandescent
Newton vs. Einstein
. Go on vacation vs. Staycation
Rock vs. Scissors
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127 Compare and Contrast Essay Topics

13 December, 2020

13 minutes read

Author: Elizabeth Brown

Crafting a compare and contrast essay is typically much more interesting and fun than working on a dissertation. With this piece of writing, a student gets his chance to be creative. Besides, one doesn’t have to re-invent the bicycle: these essays already have a purpose and a topic. All you have to do is find similarities or differences between specific notions. And yes, there is one more problem to it.

Half of the success of a compare and contrast essay lies in a properly-chosen topic. Now, this can be tricky.

Just think about it: would want to read a piece on a beaten topic like “Books vs. Television”? Or would you rather give a read to an unusual compare and contrast Korean and Vietnam war essay? While you know everything about the first one, the second topic actually sounds interesting.

Choosing compare and contrast essay topics can be time-consuming and daunting. However, with the guide our essay writer prepared, you will find a great title with no problem.

By the way, if you need a reminder of what such writing looks like and what components it consists of, don’t hesitate to read our guide on how to write a compare and contrast essay . It will help you structure and organize your knowledge in this regard.

And here is a short introduction to what this type of academic writing should really look like.

How to write a compare and contrast essay

Depending on the task you received from your tutor, in this particular academic paper you are either to compare several things or notions or contrast them.

Here is what a structure of this type of writing looks like:

An engaging opening with a “hook.”
A thesis statement that explains what is the focus of your writing and whether you’ll be comparing or contrasting the notions.
If you don’t know how to write a thesis statement , here is a guide that will explain you all the details step by step.
An argument #1 that supports the thesis statement.
Evidence proving the author’s position.
A short conclusion.
A short reminder of a problem described in the essay.
A brief overview of the similarities or differences (aka supporting arguments).
A call to action or a interesting question to the audience.

Any A-grade essay would follow this structure. Thus, if you aim to receive better grades, consider taking this structure into account.

Meanwhile, as a student you get tons of other writing assignments. If you’re currently struggling with choosing good argumentative essay topics , don’t hesitate to take a look at our recent guide!

Finally, let’s dive into the search. After all, this is a key to crafting an excellent piece.

What makes good compare and contrast essay topics

Several factors make some topics your best option compared to the rest.

No matter how great the topic of your choice is, the target audience can sense when you genuinely care about what you are writing, and when you’re simply following the structure with no personal interest in the subject. If you write yawning and find it hard to find any evidence to support your position, chances are you’ve chosen a wrong topic. A compare and contrast dog and cat essay might be a good topic for a person deeply loving these furry little creatures. But someone not that much into domestic animals won’t be able to write a single line of an essay comparing dogs and cats. So, choose your topic wisely.

Availability of trusted sources.

In some cases, you have to use trusted sources to prove your point. Otherwise, your position might seem biased and subjective. That is why we strongly recommend you to check whether the compare and contrast essay titles you opted can be supported by evidence found at the trusted sources.

Recommendation of a tutor.

Last but not least, ask for recommendations. With years of experience under his belt, your tutor might have an eye for great topics. So, why not using his experience for your own good? Besides, apart from good topics suggestions, he can also provide you with great sources to explore. So, don’t lose an opportunity to make your life easier with his assistance!

Proper formatting style.

Proper formatting is hard to overestimate when it comes to A-grade essay writing. A great deal of your grade depends on it. That is why we recommend you to check out our essay format guide to figure out what your piece should look like.

These are the criteria that help you pick a good theme for your paper. But where should you look for theme to choose from in the first place? We know the answer.

If you aren’t sure you have the time and energy to craft a piece yourself, we’re here to help. Handmade Writing is a reliable place to order your academic papers from.

Sources of interesting topics

Basically, there are six sources students can go to these days:

Social media.
Scientific journals.

Each one of them is filled with personalities, facts, events, and locations to contrast and compare. Therefore, don’t hesitate to explore these right sources.

By the way, if you are looking for ideas or inspiration on how to write a scholarship essay , we’ve got something for you. We’ve gathered a guide that will walk you step by step through the process of composing a good essay that’ll get you college scholarship!

Easy compare and contrast essay topics for college students

High school vs college.
McDonalds and Burger King: Explain how these two fast food chains similar or different from each other.
Public schools and homeschooling: Which do you prefer?
Basketball and football: Popularity, speed of play, dependency on athleticism, personal preference, etc.
Lamborgini vs. Bugatti.
Virtual vs. Augmented reality: Which technology is the future?
Star Wars vs. Star Trek: Which is better?
Communism vs. Socialism: The good, the bad, and the ugly.
American English vs British English.
Conventional or E-learning: What would you choose?
Computer and video games: Which is more fun?
Inner beauty and outer beauty.
Snapchat and Instagram: What makes them similar (different)?
Stalin or Hitler: Which is a bigger evil? Or what in their management style was similar?
Living in the big city or living in the country: What would you choose?
Italian vs. Spanish cuisines.
Active vacation in the mountains vs. passive rest by the sea.
Facebook vs. Twitter.
Windows vs. Linux.
Android or iOS: Which is the future?

Funny compare and contrast essay topics

Chandler, Joey and Ross: Which one of them is cooler?
Pizza or pasta: If you had to eat one food for the rest of your life, which of these would you choose?
Batman vs. SuperMan; Avengers vs. Justice League.
Soccer vs football: How are they different apart from their name?
Iron Man or Hulk: Which one is the best superhero of his time?
Michael Jackson vs. Elvis Presley.
George and Lennie.
Harry Potter vs. Ronald Weasley: One is way cooler than the other.
Simpsons or the South Park?
Eternal summer or eternal winter: Which is the least of all evil?

Historical topics

WW1 and WW2: Reasons, participants, number of dead and wounded, etc.
Renaissance and Barocco.
Roman and Greek mythology.
Crusaders vs. Saracens.
The European economics before and after WW2.
Abolition of slavery in the USA and Europe.
Japanese and European feudalism essay.
Gender roles in the Roman Empire vs Ottoman Empire.
British colonization and Spanish colonization.
Lincoln and Kennedy.
Reconstruction in America against the Industrial Age.
Mongolian Empire and Persian Empire.
Monaco vs Luxembourg: Countries’ history comparison.
Worker unions history in the USA vs. Great Britain.
Julius Caesar or Alexander the Great.

Compare and contrast essay between two jobs

Marketer vs. Digital Marketer.
Anthropologist vs. Philosopher vs. Psychologist
Software Engineer vs. Software Architect.
Film producer and a Film Director.
Working from home and working at an office.
Linguist and a Grammarian.
Developer or a Coder?
QA Specialist or a Test Engineer.
Dean or a Principal.
Accountant vs. Economist.
Journalist vs. Reporter.
Recruiter vs. HR Generalist.
Copywriter vs. Content Marketer.

Compare and contrast essay between two cultures

Egypt and Mesopotamia compare and contrast essay
Modern European and American culture.
Urbanism and ruralism.
Vegetarianism vs. pescetarianism.
Compare and contrast Mexico and United States essay.
Emo culture and gothic.
Compare and contrast Sparta and Athens essay.
Bookworms vs. Film Buffs.
Culture and ethnicity.
Christianity, Islam and Judaism essay.

Interesting topics about literature

Bible vs. Quran.
1984 vs. Fahrenheit 451.
Chronicles of Narnia: Film or the book series?
The Great Gatsby vs. The Catcher in the Rye.
Fiction against non-fiction.
Divine Comedy vs. Paradise Lost.
Lord of the Rings: The book against the latest film production?
Expository and Persuasive writing.
Harry Potter vs. Lord of the Rings.
Anne Frank’s Diary vs. I am Malala.
Classic poetry against the modern one.
Paper books against the e-books: The never-ending battle.
Anne of Green Gables vs. Pollyanna.
Pride and Prejudice vs. Bridget Jones’ Diary.
Bronte sisters vs. Jane Austen.
Drama and Comedy.
To Kill a Mockingbird or The Help.
Little Women vs. Little Men.
Poetry and prose: What makes them different?

Topics related to movies and cinematography

Wolf of Wall Street vs. Great Gatsby.
Main differences between European and American films.
Horror films and thrillers.
House M.D. against Grey’s Anatomy.
Sherlock Holmes: The old series or the new episodes?
Polyanna: Which is better – a film or the book?
Japanese horror films vs. American.
Home Alone 1 vs. Home Alone 4.
The Wizard of Oz against Gone With the Wind.
The Sound of Music vs. Mary Poppins.
Beverly Hills, 90210 or Melrose Place.
Friends vs. The Office.
Charlie Chaplin and Mr. Bean.
The Pianist or Schindler’s List.
Romeo and Juliet: 1968, 1996, and 2013 productions.
Forrest Gump or The Curious Case of Benjamin Button.
300 or Gladiator.
Lord of the Rings: extended edition vs. director’s cut.
Ben-Hur (1959) vs. Ben-Hur (2016).
Exodus: Gods and Kings (2014) and Prince of Egypt.
Dunkirk vs. Saving Private Ryan.
The Green Mile vs. The Shawshank Redemption.
Les Miserables (2012) vs. The Greatest Showman.

Music and arts-related topics

Beyonce vs. Rihanna.
Whitney Houston against Adele.
Britney Spears against Madonna.
Mona Lisa vs. Girl with a Pearl Earring.
Van Gogh against Picasso.
Impressionism against Expressionism.
Opera and ballet.
Spotify or Deezer.
Records or Live concerts.
Jazz or classical music.
Musical theatre vs. Play with music.
Renaissance and Enlightenment epochs in arts.
African vs. Asian art.
Rock music of the XX century vs. today.
Religious hymns and secular songs about Christmas.
Music people listened to in their twenties in the XX century and now.
Protagonist of the modern pop music culture and that of the 1960s.

We guarantee that you can easily find a good title among the ones we suggested. If you find it hard to compose a good compare and contrast essay even after choosing one of our topics, don’t hesitate to us a line asking for help.

A life lesson in Romeo and Juliet taught by death

Due to human nature, we draw conclusions only when life gives us a lesson since the experience of others is not so effective and powerful. Therefore, when analyzing and sorting out common problems we face, we may trace a parallel with well-known book characters or real historical figures. Moreover, we often compare our situations with […]

Ethical Research Paper Topics

Writing a research paper on ethics is not an easy task, especially if you do not possess excellent writing skills and do not like to contemplate controversial questions. But an ethics course is obligatory in all higher education institutions, and students have to look for a way out and be creative. When you find an […]

Art Research Paper Topics

Students obtaining degrees in fine art and art & design programs most commonly need to write a paper on art topics. However, this subject is becoming more popular in educational institutions for expanding students’ horizons. Thus, both groups of receivers of education: those who are into arts and those who only get acquainted with art […]

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A Research Guide
Essay Topics

120 Compare and Contrast Essay Topics

Compare and contrast health essay topics.

The impact of physical exercise vs sedentary lifestyle on overall health
Comparing the benefits and drawbacks of vegetarian and omnivorous diets
The effects of smoking vs vaping on respiratory health
Comparing the effectiveness of traditional medicine and alternative therapies in treating common ailments
The impact of stress vs relaxation techniques on mental health
Comparing the benefits and risks of prescription medications and natural remedies for common illnesses
The effects of regular sleep patterns vs irregular sleep patterns on cognitive function
Comparing the benefits and drawbacks of traditional gym workouts and outdoor activities for physical fitness
The impact of excessive sugar consumption vs artificial sweeteners on overall health
Comparing the benefits and risks of cosmetic surgery and natural aging processes on self-esteem and body image
The effects of regular meditation vs medication on managing anxiety and depression
Comparing the benefits and drawbacks of traditional medical treatments and holistic approaches for chronic diseases
The impact of regular dental care vs neglecting oral hygiene on overall health
Comparing the benefits and risks of consuming organic vs conventionally grown foods
The effects of regular social interactions vs isolation on mental and emotional well-being

Compare and Contrast Education Essay Topics

Traditional Education vs Online Education
Public Schools vs Private Schools
Homeschooling vs Traditional Schooling
Single-Sex Education vs Co-education
Standardized Testing vs Alternative Assessment Methods
Montessori Education vs Traditional Education
Vocational Education vs Academic Education
Inclusive Education vs Special Education
Charter Schools vs Magnet Schools
Online Learning vs Classroom Learning
International Baccalaureate (IB) vs Advanced Placement (AP) Programs
Project-Based Learning vs Lecture-Based Learning
Public Education vs Private Education
Early Childhood Education vs Primary Education
Education in Developed Countries vs Education in Developing Countries

Compare and Contrast Psychology Essay Topics

Nature vs Nurture
Classical vs Operant Conditioning
Freudian Psychoanalysis vs Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
Social Learning Theory vs Social Cognitive Theory
Developmental Psychology vs Social Psychology
Psychodynamic vs Humanistic Approaches
Implicit vs Explicit Memory
Individualism vs Collectivism
Nature of Intelligence
Psychopathy vs Antisocial Personality Disorder
Emotional Intelligence vs IQ
Behaviorism vs Cognitive Psychology
Attachment Theory vs Social Exchange Theory
Gender Differences in Psychology
Abnormal Psychology vs Positive Psychology

Compare and Contrast Environment Essay Topics

Urban vs Rural Living
Renewable Energy Sources vs Fossil Fuels
Natural vs Artificial Lighting
Forest Conservation vs Deforestation
Organic Farming vs Conventional Agriculture
Public Transportation vs Private Vehicles
Coastal Ecosystems vs Inland Ecosystems
Traditional vs Modern Waste Management Systems
National Parks vs Urban Parks
Water Conservation vs Water Consumption
Natural Disasters vs Human-Induced Disasters
Environmental Policies in Developed vs Developing Countries
Air Pollution in Industrialized Cities vs Rural Areas
Wildlife Conservation vs Urban Expansion
Environmental Education in Schools vs Community Initiatives

Compare and Contrast Technology Essay Topics

Smartphones vs Traditional Cell Phones
Online Shopping vs Traditional Shopping
E-books vs Printed Books
Virtual Reality vs Augmented Reality
Social Media vs Face-to-Face Communication
Laptops vs Tablets
Online Learning vs Traditional Classroom Education
Streaming Services vs Cable TV
Artificial Intelligence vs Human Intelligence
Electric Cars vs Gasoline Cars
Cloud Storage vs Physical Storage
Wearable Technology vs Traditional Accessories
Video Games vs Outdoor Activities
Online Banking vs Traditional Banking
Drones vs Manned Aircraft

Compare and Contrast Philosophy Essay Topics

Dualism vs Materialism
Rationalism vs Empiricism
Determinism vs Free Will
Objectivism vs Subjectivism
Idealism vs Realism
Hedonism vs Stoicism
Existentialism vs Nihilism
Utilitarianism vs Deontology
Egoism vs Altruism
Pragmatism vs Essentialism
Relativism vs Absolutism
Skepticism vs Dogmatism
Aesthetics vs Ethics
Epistemology vs Metaphysics
Feminism vs Masculism

Compare and Contrast History Essay Topics

Ancient Egypt vs Ancient Mesopotamia
The American Revolution vs the French Revolution
The Roman Empire vs the Han Dynasty
The Industrial Revolution in Britain vs the Meiji Restoration in Japan
The Civil Rights Movement in the United States vs Apartheid in South Africa
The Byzantine Empire vs the Islamic Caliphates
The Renaissance in Italy vs the Golden Age of Spain
The Russian Revolution vs the Chinese Revolution
The Age of Exploration in Europe vs the Silk Road in Asia
World War I vs World War II
The Cold War in the United States vs the Cold War in the Soviet Union
The French Revolution vs the Haitian Revolution
The Mongol Empire vs the Aztec Empire
The Protestant Reformation vs the Counter-Reformation
The American Civil War vs the Spanish Civil War

Compare and Contrast Sociology Essay Topics

Traditional gender roles vs contemporary gender roles in society
Individualism vs collectivism in Western and Eastern cultures
Social media’s impact on interpersonal relationships vs face-to-face communication
The effects of urbanization on rural communities vs urban communities
The role of religion in shaping social norms in Western and Middle Eastern societies
The impact of globalization on cultural diversity vs cultural homogenization
The influence of socioeconomic status on educational attainment in developed vs developing countries
The portrayal of race and ethnicity in the media in Western societies vs non-Western societies
The impact of immigration on social cohesion in multicultural societies vs homogeneous societies
The role of family structure in shaping child development in single-parent households vs two-parent households
The effects of social class on access to healthcare in developed vs developing countries
The influence of technology on social interactions in rural communities vs urban communities
The impact of social media on political activism in democratic vs authoritarian regimes
The role of religion in shaping attitudes towards gender and sexuality in conservative vs liberal societies
The effects of income inequality on social mobility in capitalist vs socialist economies

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Psychology Compare and Contrast Essay Topics

Psychology Compare and Contrast Essay Topics: Psychology is a wide field that often comes with various topics that you can write about in your academic essay. In this article, we have put together the best Compare and Contrast Essay Topics related to psychology.

1. Operant conditioning theory compared and contrasted with classical conditioning Theory

2. Similarities and differences between cognitive versus behavioral therapies.

3. Nature versus nurture in psychology

4. Compare and contrast the theories of perception and sensation in psychology.

Compare and Contrast Psychology Essay Topics

5. Compare and contrast the theories of developmental Theory and cognitive psychology theory

6. Compare and contrast the theories of social learning and social cognitive psychology.

7. Compare and contrast these psychology theories: Trait vs cognitive-behavioral personality.

8. Down syndrome Vs Autism

9. Depression Vs Anxiety

Read: Compare and Contrast Essay Topics for College Students

10. Bulimia Vs Anorexia

11. Claustrophobia Vs Agoraphobia

12. John B. Watson’s theory Vs. B. F. Skinner’s theory

13. Bipolar Disorder Vs Epilepsy

14. Compare suicide vs homicide

15. Ego Vs. Superego

16. Lust vs Love; how does each affect on person’s mindset?

17. Stress Clinics Vs Mental Institutions

18. Traditional Medicine vs Modern Medicine in Treating Depression?

19. Nurture vs Nature

20. Parental Advice Vs. Peers Advice among children and teenagers.

21. Social anxiety or fear of public speaking

22. Hard Drugs vs Soft Drugs: Which son more dangerous for people’s psychological well-being?

23. Strict Parenting Vs. Relaxed Parenting

Read: Controversial Psychology Topics

Compare and Contrast Psychology Essay Topics

1. Medication vs Therapy

2. Bulimia or Anorexia; Which one has more psychological effects a more severe eating order

3. Cyberbullying vs office bullying; which one has more effects on mental well being

4. In person Harassment vs cyberbullying and how they affect kids emotionally

5. Kids with no sibling vs Kids with many siblings; Their level of emotional intelligence

6. Yoga vs Aerobics; which one is better at reducing depression?

7. Jogging vs Rigorous workouts in promoting psychological health

8. Apps vs Fitness instructors, which one is better at managing weight problem

9. Gay parents’ vs Heterosexual parents on the mental stability of their kids

10. Online counseling session vs in person

11. Food addiction vs Soft drug addiction which one is worse

12. Fat shaming in Doctor’s office vs Weight based bullying

13. Obesity in kids vs Obesity in Adults; effects on mental health

Read: Cheap Online Psychology Degrees

Betty is a qualified teacher with a Bachelor of Education (Arts). In addition, she is a registered Certified Public Accountant. She has been teaching and offering part-time accounting services for the last 10 years. She is passionate about education, accounting, writing, and traveling.

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100 Compare and Contrast Essay Topics

Can you name 10 catchy compare and contrast essay topics? If you can, that’s great! But as practice shows, most students struggle with thinking of this many themes, and when they have to write an essay, they waste days on figuring out what it should be about. Comparing and contrasting something is a frequent task professors of various colleges assign. It entails choosing two or more objects of a common nature and exploring their differences as well as similarities.

The goal of such essays is to stimulate writers’ critical thinking and make them learn the basics of analysis. As time goes on, you’ll be facing more and more complex academic assignments where you’ll have to conduct many-layered research and look into the core of a subject. Comparison & contrast is one of the first stages of work that help develop these skills, so it’s extremely important. But before you proceed, you must settle on an interesting topic. We’re going to assist you in doing that.

Tips for Selecting Topics for Compare and Contrast Essay

So, how to find what to write about? You could always brainstorm with your friends or classmates. Even professors could be of great help — in many cases, they provide lists with topics, so your choice is already limited. But if you’re given an option of researching your own idea, there are some tips that could help you make a decision.

Think back on your interests. The first rule of essay writing is, choose a topic you like. If you have no interest in the subject, it’s doubtful that you’ll be able to evoke any enthusiasm in your readers. So consider your hobbies or things that make your eyes light up in excitement. Maybe you love reading and feel frustrated because your friends choose computer games over books. Comparing and contrasting these activities could be interesting. Or perhaps you love a country few people know about: compare it against one of the tourists’ favorites. Opportunities are never-ending here.
Choose the nature of your subject. For this kind of essay, you’ll need objects that fall roughly into the same category. For example, you cannot compare an animal with a fruit because they represent two different spheres with no real similarities. Your topic has to make sense, so select between activities, books, movies, approaches, music styles, etc. You could choose compare and contrast essay topics for kids, high schoolers, or adults — there is virtually endless space for explorations.
Check your objectivity. An important thing is that you shouldn’t write about a topic that’s too abstract, generic, or personal. The last point seemingly contradicts the first tip (about choosing something you love), but all depends on a good balance here. Being invested in your subject is a must, but being intensely passionate about it might not be the best idea. For instance, if you want to compare two different versions of Sherlock Holmes adaptation, where you hate one but love another, you might lose objectivity. Remember that essays should be academic and evidence-based — your feelings shouldn’t take precedence.
Look through inspirational lists. You could always consult online lists for getting more tips. You’ll find different ideas there — even if you don’t locate something that fits your interests 100%, you could twist these ideas until they work for you.

100 Unique Compare and Contrast Essay Topics for College Students

We brainstormed and made up 100 possible topics for your exploration. For helping you narrow them down, we further broke them into 10 various categories, so check them all out carefully. Feel free to pick anything you like and change it in accordance with your own preferences.

Compare and Contrast Essay Ideas For College Students

Education has different levels of complexity. If you are a college student, then you might be interested in the following comparison topics.

Cockney vs. Received Pronunciation: What Makes Them Different?
How Does College Differ From High School?
Why Do Some Authors Write Short Stories While Others Prefer Long Ones?
Difference Between Argumentative and Persuasive Essays: Which Are Easier to Write?
Tea or Coffee: What Drink Is Healthier
American vs. Australian System of Education in Terms of Efficiency
Learning Foreign Language with a Tutor versus By Oneself
High School and College Parties: What Differentiates Them?
Funeral Traditions in Different Countries
Two Cars Competing for the Title of the Safest

Topics For High School Students

Now let’s regard some compare and contrast essay topics for high school students. They are a bit easier than the ones for college level.

Living with Father or Mother: What Differentiates Such Upbringings?
How Male Communication Tactics Differs From Female Ones
What Do Love and Hatred Have in Common & How Are They Different?
Ice-cream or Cake: Tastier and Healthier Choice
Using Cars or Riding a Bicycle?
Academic vs. Fictional Kinds Essays: Common and Different Aspects
Should Elders Get a Dog or a Cat?
Adopting Pets versus Buying Them
Travelling by Car or by Bus: Advantages & Disadvantages
Chinese vs. Japanese Culture: Intricacies and Stereotypes Surrounding Them

Medical Field

Medicine is a complex and fascinating sphere, especially now, when it’s so relevant. If you like it, check these college level compare contrast essay topics.

Life Before & After Coronavirus: Main Common and Opposite Features
Old-Fashioned or Unique Ways of Treatment?
Medical Education in Australia and US: Complexities and Length
Eating Ice-Cream During a Cold versus Staying Away From It
How Doctors Work in Real Life vs. How Their Actions Are Portrayed in Fiction
Surgeons Operating on Humans & Animals: How Does Their Work Differ?
Being a Nurse or a Doctor: Scope of Responsibilities & Payment
Working as a Doctor in Third-World versus First-World Countries
Compare & Contrast Two Different Medical Universities
Injections Done by Nurses versus Family Members

Art and Literature Compare and Contrast Essay Topic Ideas

If you are an art lover, look through these ideas for compare and contrast essays. Maybe something will resonate with you: after all, there are billions of books and paintings in the world.

Bella Swan and Katniss Everdeen: What Makes These Characters Similar & Different?
Art History of France and Italy: What Unites Them?
What Helps to Differentiate Between Biography and Autobiography?
Fiction vs. Nonfiction: What People Prefer Which Genre?
Art Created by Able and Disabled People
Popular Artists Now vs. In the Past: What Determined People’s Love for Them?
Writing by Following a Prompt vs Focusing on One’s Own Ideas
What Is Constructive & Cruel Criticism?
Movie and Book With the Same Plot: How Are They Different?
Working Daily vs. Working Only When Inspiration Strikes

History Compare and Contrast Essay Prompts

There are so many events in history that you could choose practically any good compare and contrast essay topics.

WW1 Against WW2: What Different and Similar Reasons Did They Have?
Communism and Fascism: Are There Any Significant Differences or Similarities?
Obama or Trump: What Was Their Presidency About?
Two Most Influential Kings in the World: How Could They Be Defined?
Fascist Germany with the US: What Do These Giant Countries Have in Common?
How Homosexuality Was Treated Before 2010 and After It
Female Rights in First-World vs. Third-World Countries
Queen Victoria vs. King Louis XIV: Differences in Governments
How Propaganda Worked in 20th & 21st Centuries: Methods and Degrees of Effectiveness
Two Most Cruel Punishments of the Past and In Modern Times: What Unites Them?

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Sports and Games

This sector has lots of funny compare and contrast essay topics. If you like having a good time and want to explore something in this sphere, you might like these options.

How Sport Was Performed Before & After Covid
Selling Players versus Buying Players: Principle of Operations
Teens Who Committed Crimes After Playing Violent Video Games & Those Who Did Not
Playing Online Games or Physical Ones: Key Linking Elements
Online sport vs. Physical Sport: How Are They Classified?
Football in the US & Argentina: Are They the Same?
Professional Boxing versus Amateur Boxing: Dangers and Rewards
Chess or Baseball Matches: Levels of Excitement
Running or Swimming: Ways of Becoming Healthy
Being a Sportsman or a Fan: Which Is More Exciting?

Psychology Compare and Contrast Topics

Understanding people or reasons for their behaviour is extremely captivating, so if you feel passionate about this sector, choose a similar topic for compare and contrast essay.

Getting Married & Getting Divorced: Two Natural Life Occurrences
Children Growing Up in Abusive Households vs. Those From Healthy Families: Life Adjustment
Mindsets of People Choosing to be Doctors & Killers: What Motivates Them?
How Poor versus Rich View Life
What People Think That Dark Fiction Should Be Banned & Which Ones Welcome It
People Who Quit Their Work versus Those Who Stay No Matter What
How Girls Treat Their Mothers & How Boys Do That
Parents Who Punish Children Physically and Those Who Use Psychological Methods
Bad & Good Psychologists: What Harm They Could Cause
People Who Scream When Angry vs. People Who Cry Under the Same Circumstances

Philosophical Ideas

Check these compare and contrast topic ideas: philosophy is so full of possibilities that exploring them never gets old.

Loving Rain & Hating It
Staying Home or Going to Paris? Pros & Cons
Fans of Escapism & Those Who Despise It
Compare & Contrast Two Known Philosophers, Their Ideas, & Beliefs
People Who Choose Love and Those Choosing Hatred
Forgiveness & Rejection: Describe Everything That Unites and Differentiates Them
Real Differences Between People & Animals
How Philosophy Is Defined in Greece & Russia
Contrast and Compare Any Three People From Philosophical Viewpoint
Compare the Most Dangerous Philosophies

Business and Economics Compare and Contrast Essays Topics

Business is a vast as well as controversial sector. We’ve chosen the best compare and contrast essay topics that students could explore.

Benefits Coming From Honest vs. Dishonest Business Strategies
Compare Two Economic Principles
Starting Company in Ukraine & in Britain
Poor & Good Economy: How to Tell a Difference?
Going to Business School or Self-Teaching Oneself?
Strategies Used by the Poorest vs. the Richest Firms
Contrast & Compare Two Prominent Businessman : How They Reached Success
Compare How Old & New Economics Function
Analyze Two Different Business Models
People Interested in Economy and Those Bored By It

Technology and Social Media Ideas

It is difficult to find a person who wouldn’t be using technology or social platforms these days. Look at these easy compare and contrast essay topics — you might like some of them!

iPhone or Smartphone: What Is More Popular & Convenient?
Facebook or Twitter: Compare Their Target Group
Possibilities Offered by Tumblr vs. Facebook
Having Friends Online or Having Them in Real Life?
Writing Essay by Yourself & Having Someone Do It Instead
Online Editions of Newspapers & Their Physical Copies
Calling or Texting: Which Way Is Better & More Useful?
People Working from Home & Those Working in Offices: Who Is More Satisfied?
Paying for Discs or Pirating Movies: Advantages & Disadvantages
Paying for Online or Physical Ads: Benefits

Choose Among Good Compare and Contrast Topics

Writing an essay could be interesting as long as you enjoy your research. With how many things surround us, choosing a topic for an essay is far easier than it seems. Look around yourself: what are your hobbies? What are things that you argued about or wanted to explore? Make them into a topic. If you’re feeling you cannot cope on your own, turn to the Internet: this platform is vital because it could boost your creativity together with inspiration. Find a comparison and contrast topic you love and you’ll see how enjoyable essay writing could be.

Can’t come up with a topic for you paper? We’ve prepared a collection of essay topics for you

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160+ Compare and Contrast Essay Topics: Best Ideas

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Sometimes you just need a jumpstart to start writing your essay – a list of compare and contrast topics. You came to the right place! We’ve got a lot of awesome ideas to choose from! Feel free to pick one of them or compare them with your own experience and generate even better ideas. This way you can be sure your school or college teacher appreciates your creativity!

What Is a Compare and Contrast Essay?

Let’s start with defining a meaning of compare and contrast essay . Such types of writing are typically built around some outstanding or controversial subject which can be viewed from many sides. A subject can also be analyzed in comparison with other options of that kind. In this type of paper, you should highlight the contrasting aspects of a topic or the differences between some options.

Compare and Contrast Essay Topics: How to Choose?

Picking appropriate topics for compare and contrast essay can sometimes be challenging for students. A good way to do that is making a list of several things you know well so that you would be able to say a lot about differences between them. E.g., cats vs dogs or ‘boomers’ vs. the Generation Z. Then choose the one which matches your academic field best and go on!

Compare and Contrast Essay Topics

You are lucky as we’ve done this first step for you! Here you can find lots of topics to compare and contrast for an essay. These ideas are picked from good books or from best student works available on the Web. They are divided into different topic categories, so you can choose one and then check it for worthy ideas. Another great idea is paying someone to write your essay . Don't forget to give StudyCrumb a look! Keep in mind that we have different lists of topics for various essay types. Looking for classification and division essay topics or problem solution topics ? You will find them here.

Best Compare and Contrast Essay Topics

Regardless of which field you are best in, history or math, we’ve got a few universal ideas for you to write an excellent essay. Check out these best compare and contrast essay topics and pick one – or come up with your own great idea.

Being famous vs being wealthy.
Forced lockdown versus recommended quarantine.
Traditional classes versus online education.
Your current home vs a house of your dreams.
Working at home or in the office.
Similarities between human beings & chimps.
Plato & Socrates: their similarities & differences.
Sociology versus psychology.
Fiction or non-fiction books.
British vs American English.

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Funny Compare and Contrast Essay Topics

Some good laugh would never harm the acceptance of your writing. Be it summer or winter, most people love having fun, so take a look at these funny compare and contrast essay topics.

Harry Potter vs Ronald Weasley: who is cooler?
Doing laundry or washing dishes: what would you drop?
Elders vs young people: differences in lifestyle.
Selfies versus traditional photos.
Email vs pigeon post.
Receiving or giving presents: which is more satisfying?
Life in a big city versus living on a farm.
Simpsons vs the South Park.
Texting or talking to friends?
Hulk vs Superman: who would win?

Coudn't find a topic for compare and contrast essay? Give our Topic Generator a try.

Good Compare and Contrast Essay Topics

Do you need some universal ideas for a winning essay? Here you can find a number of good compare and contrast essay topics which can be utilized for nearly any academic field. They focus on general life problems and follow some general ideas of renowned writers or philosophers. Let's explore them in detail.

Unique Compare and Contrast Essay Topics

Pick one of these unique compare and contrast essay topics to talk about some special contrasting occurrence in your life or some other subjects different from traditional problems of our society.

Best day vs worst day in my life.
Best job & worst job choices.
Living with parents vs living alone.
My experience with iPhones or Android phones.
My favorite romantic movie vs my favorite comedy.
Advantages & disadvantages of self-education.
My daytime vs nighttime activities.
Low carb diet versus vegetarian diet (or any other diet of your choice).
My best friend versus my worst enemy.
Online vs real-life interaction, according to my experience.

Compare and Contrast Essay Topics for Students

If you are a student, your topic of choice may vary depending on what class you are in. At each age students have different life interests and study in different academic fields. We have collected a set of pre-selected compare and contrast essay topics for different age groups. You can choose to write about education and maybe you would prefer talking about your hobbies – such subjects can be found below.

Compare and Contrast Essay Topics Middle School

Let’s take a look at these compare and contrast essay topics for middle school. Check them out carefully and pick one best related to your field of studies or the one your teacher would like. As a student, you don’t have to write about education only: the subject also can be your family, nature, your dreams, etc. Pay attention to compare and contrast essay outline as it is very crucial for writing such kind of task.

Compare and Contrast Essay Topics for 6th Grade

Let’s start with compare and contrast essay topics for 6th grade. If you are in this grade, you could write about your life or lives of your ancestors, family members, friends or historical figures you’ve read about. You could also discuss some well-known problems of the world.

Pursuing your life goals or following others?
Selfish or selfless.
Advantages & disadvantages of migrating to a new country.
Feeling different vs feeling the same as others.
Your best & your worst moment(s) in life.
Protagonist & antagonist in your favorite book.
Homework or leisure time after school.
Wartime & peaceful times (you can pick a period from your country's history).
Your first & your last day in elementary school.
Talking to a friend vs talking to a stranger.

7th Grade Compare and Contrast Essay Topics

Here are several 7th grade compare and contrast essay topics. At this age students are usually expected to write about people, history, video games or other leisure activities. Pick one and write your essay without spending too much time.

Starting & ending your typical school day.
Your favorite movie vs the book it was based upon.
Your mom & your dad (you may describe their daily routines).
Your favorite cookie vs your favorite soup.
Daily outfit versus holiday outfit.
Walking along a familiar path vs discovering new places.
Compare your house today & your house 100 years ago.
Sunny weather vs rain (or snow).
Riding a school bus vs going to school by car.
Walking in a forest vs walking by the seaside.

Compare and Contrast Essay Topics for 8th Grade

Check out our pre-selected compare and contrast essay topics for 8th grade. Such subjects can be picked when doing research in modern media or analyzing popular books. Feel free to choose among them.

Being a part of a community vs being an outcast.
Natural science vs liberal arts: what is more useful for your career?
Accomplishments vs failures.
Celebrating historical events: pros & cons.
Adventure or attention: what would you prefer?
AI technology: pros & risks.
Half-empty or half-full glass?
Being fast learner vs being naturally gifted at something.
Pros & cons of getting older.
Career in a private corporation or in the government sector?

Compare and Contrast Essay Topics for High-School Students

Here you can find several suggestions for compare and contrast essay topics for high school. You can pick one that is most closely related to your area of interest. Use that idea to write an excellent work your teacher would love.

Having a bike vs having a car.
Studying at home or studying abroad.
Childhood friendship or high school friendship.
Diet or workout: which approach is better?
Facebook or Twitter.
Office work vs freelance.
Living in poverty or being rich.
Childhood & adulthood.
Tea or coffee.
Science or superstitions.
Family traditions or national traditions.

Compare and Contrast Essay Topics for College

Finally let’s check out what senior level students would write about. We have several categories of pre-selected compare and contrast essay topics. College level essays are typically discussing more complicated matters as students are entering adult life. This can be about making money, pushing your career in a selected academic field, household problems, making food and so on.

Psychology Compare and Contrast Essay Topics

We will start with Psychology compare and contrast essay topics. You could use them for writing texts where you voice and prove your opinion about important psychological problems. Besides, you can just describe some phenomena that are similar to each other.

Anthropologist vs psychologist (or sociologist).
Anxiety vs depression.
Ego vs superego.
Anorexia vs bulimia.
Agoraphobia vs claustrophobia.
Panic attack vs phobia.
Suicide vs homicide.
Affection vs infatuation.
Autism vs Down syndrome.
B. F. Skinner theory Vs. John B. Watson theory.
Physical vs mental needs of a human.

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Sports Compare and Contrast Essay Topics

This section contains some compare and contrast essay topics about sports. Sport plays an important role in students’ life, not only improving their fitness and preparing them for health tests but also helping to build social connections. Let’s see if you find here a proper topic for yourself:

Chess vs Checkers.
Aikido or judo.
Snowboarding vs surfing (you might also choose skiing or other related sports).
Ice climbing vs traditional climbing.
Baseball or cricket.
Rugby vs soccer.
Cristiano Ronaldo or Lionel Messi.
Roger Federer Vs. Rafael Nadal.
Women’s football or men’s football.
Tennis or badminton.

Biology: Topics for Compare and Contrast Essay

This section contains a few biology topics for compare and contrast essay you could use. They include health related subjects which are relevant for all people. Besides you could write about life of organisms in general:

Drugs vs herbs (or other natural alternatives).
Warm blooded vs cold blooded animals.
Surgery or therapy.
Vaccination vs medications.
Plastic surgery or cosmetic surgery.
Cell replication vs cell division.
Autoimmune disease vs autoinflammatory disease.
Bacteria or viruses.
Antibiotics vs antiviral drugs.
Clinic vs hospital.
Morning exercise vs evening exercise.

Topics to Write Compare and Contrast Essay About Computer Science

Let’s conclude our series of suggestions with a list of compare and contrast essay topics on computer science. Such essays could describe your work, how to do program or just talk about the place of technologies in your life.

Programming vs testing.
HTML or CSS.
Windows or Mac.
Computer-generated imagery vs computer animation.
GIF versus video format.
Chrome or Opera (or other browsers).
Fiber optic cable or coaxial cable.
Desktop vs laptop.
SSD hard drive vs SSD.
Windows 8 vs Windows 10 (you can also pick older operations systems).

Easy Compare and Contrast Essay Topics

Why not start from something simple and understandable for anyone in the world? Here you can find easy compare and contrast essay topics. They could help you with writing a simple essay very quickly. How about starting with such easy things like pets, games or movies? Let's dive into this list of ideas and see if you could pick anything nice here.

Compare and Contrast Essay Topics for Kids

Subjects that juniors would like to write about are not similar to those for college students. Here are some compare and contrast essay topics for kids - the things in the world that kids like. Time to explore them!

Reading books vs watching movies.
Superhero movies or comedies.
Do you prefer Marvel or DC comics?
Chocolate or ice-cream.
Do you prefer cold or hot weather?
What do you prefer for breakfast: cereal or bacon & eggs?
Coke vs Pepsi (or choose your own favorite drinks).
Fruits or vegetables: what is your choice?
Pencil drawing vs painting.
Compare two of your favorite movies.

Compare and Contrast Essay Topics for Elementary Students

School children are expected to choose more complicated subjects. Let's take a look at compare and contrast essay topics for elementary students. They typically include some reflections on studying or detailed descriptions of the behavior of a dog (or some other animal).

Best pets: cats or dogs.
Animal behavior: wild or domesticated.
Winter holidays vs summer holidays.
Studying remotely or going to your class.
Family or friends.
Sweet vs salty food.
Compare your two favorite kinds of sports.
Happy end vs sad end in books (or movies).
Short hair vs long hair.
Going to seaside or camping in forest.

Compare and Contrast Essay About Animals: Topics

One of the best choices for a winning essay is picking up a good animal related subject. Here are a few ideas on compare and contrast essay (of animals) topics that you could use. There are lots of curious creatures aside from dogs and cats, and writing about one of them could help to captivate your audience.

Northern versus southern animals.
Tiger vs bear: who would win.
Plants versus mushrooms.
Visual differences between edible and inedible mushrooms.
Insects vs spiders: who is the worst roommate.
River versus marine animals.
Apes versus monkeys.
Bees versus wasps.
Migratory versus resident birds.
Parrot or canary, which one is a better pet?

Interesting Compare and Contrast Essay Topics

A key success factor for a writer is captivating their audience. The first step towards that is picking a subject that would fuel their curiosity. We have found some really interesting compare and contrast essay topics which step away from traditional school subjects. These ideas are a result of various successful books as well as online research. Feel free to pick one that you find contrasting enough.

Controversial Compare and Contrast Essay Topics

It is natural for people to argue about things. And sometimes a great idea can be born from an argument. Below are several controversial compare and contrast essay topics. Feel free to pick one if you would like to invite your audience to an argument:

Pros & cons of being alone.
Being an only child versus having many siblings.
Creationism against atheism.
Meat diet or veganism.
Participating in political activities vs staying neutral.
Positive & negative aspects of nuclear weapon.
Free speech vs censure in the Internet.
Pros & cons of death penalty.
Private vs state-owned schools.
Progressive tax system vs flat tax system.

Art History: Compare and Contrast Essay Topics

If you are fond of history and prefer to write about beautiful examples made by humans, consider picking from these art history compare and contrast essay topics. After all, art is immortal so you don’t need to collect only the most up-to-date data for such a subject.

Shakespeare: a real person or a myth?
Roman or Greek mythology.
Eastern or western architecture in Mediterranean (you can also pick any other region with different cultural influences).
Impressionism vs Expressionism.
Opera or ballet.
Mosaic or Fresco.
Medieval or Renaissance art.
Baroque or Neoclassicism.
19th vs 20th century music.
Classical music vs jazz.
Rock vs pop music.

Final Thoughts on Compare and Contrast Essay Ideas

Sure thing, these are far from all compare and contrast essay topics available out there. But hopefully, you have found at least one good idea to get started. Use any of these topics to generate a more specific idea for your assignment.

Remember, these topics are just a small taste of what we have to offer. Whether you need evaluative essay topics or cause and effect topics , we've got you covered.

Buy college essay online from our writers to prevent yourself from stressing out tonight. Our academic experts are always there to help you craft a unique compare and contrast essay on any topic.

FAQ About Compare and Contrast Essay Ideas

1. what are some compare and contrast essay topics for the 4th grade.

You can use the following compare and contrast essay topics for the 4th grade:

Some children like to play outdoors while others prefer indoors.
Literature is your favorite subject while you dislike Mathematics.
You love visiting your relatives during vacations but you don’t like guests in your own house.

2. What are the compare and contrast essay topics for teenagers?

Here are some helpful examples of compare and contrast essay topics for teenagers:

Online tuitions or home tuitions.
Getting a college degree or getting a job.
Spending money on education vs spending money on fun.

You can also come up with similar topics related to the problems of that age.

3. What are some compare and contrast essay topics on history?

Here are several examples of compare and contrast essay topics of history:

Democracy vs. monarchy.
World War I & World War II.
Renaissance vs. Baroque epoch.

Pick a proper topic for your essay and try to explain your point to your audience as plain as possible.

4. What are some compare and contrast essay topics on culture?

A few compare and contrast essay topics on culture:

The difference between a marriage & a civil union.
The difference between living on campus & living off campus.
Two most profitable goods & services markets.

You need to include details into your text and explain the differences using examples.

Daniel Howard is an Essay Writing guru. He helps students create essays that will strike a chord with the readers.

5 Compare and Contrast Essay Examples (Full Text)

A compare and contrast essay selects two or more items that are critically analyzed to demonstrate their differences and similarities. Here is a template for you that provides the general structure:

A range of example essays is presented below.

Compare and Contrast Essay Examples

#1 jean piaget vs lev vygotsky essay.

1480 Words | 5 Pages | 10 References

(Level: University Undergraduate)

Thesis Statement: “This essay will critically examine and compare the developmental theories of Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky, focusing on their differing views on cognitive development in children and their influence on educational psychology, through an exploration of key concepts such as the role of culture and environment, scaffolding, equilibration, and their overall implications for educational practices..”

#2 Democracy vs Authoritarianism Essay

Thesis Statement: “The thesis of this analysis is that, despite the efficiency and control offered by authoritarian regimes, democratic systems, with their emphasis on individual freedoms, participatory governance, and social welfare, present a more balanced and ethically sound approach to governance, better aligned with the ideals of a just and progressive society.”

#3 Apples vs Oranges Essay

1190 Words | 5 Pages | 0 References

(Level: 4th Grade, 5th Grade, 6th Grade)

Thesis Statement: “While apples and oranges are both popular and nutritious fruits, they differ significantly in their taste profiles, nutritional benefits, cultural symbolism, and culinary applications.”

#4 Nature vs Nurture Essay

1525 Words | 5 Pages | 11 References

(Level: High School and College)

Thesis Statement: “The purpose of this essay is to examine and elucidate the complex and interconnected roles of genetic inheritance (nature) and environmental influences (nurture) in shaping human development across various domains such as physical traits, personality, behavior, intelligence, and abilities.”

#5 Dogs vs Cats Essay

1095 Words | 5 Pages | 7 Bibliographic Sources

(Level: 6th Grade, 7th Grade, 8th Grade)

Thesis Statement: “This essay explores the distinctive characteristics, emotional connections, and lifestyle considerations associated with owning dogs and cats, aiming to illuminate the unique joys and benefits each pet brings to their human companions.”

How to Write a Compare and Contrast Essay

I’ve recorded a full video for you on how to write a compare and contrast essay:

Get the Compare and Contrast Templates with AI Prompts Here

In the video, I outline the steps to writing your essay. Here they are explained below:

1. Essay Planning

First, I recommend using my compare and contrast worksheet, which acts like a Venn Diagram, walking you through the steps of comparing the similarities and differences of the concepts or items you’re comparing.

I recommend selecting 3-5 features that can be compared, as shown in the worksheet:

Grab the Worksheet as Part of the Compare and Contrast Essay Writing Pack

2. Writing the Essay

Once you’ve completed the worksheet, you’re ready to start writing. Go systematically through each feature you are comparing and discuss the similarities and differences, then make an evaluative statement after showing your depth of knowledge:

Get the Rest of the Premium Compare and Contrast Essay Writing Pack (With AI Prompts) Here

How to Write a Compare and Contrast Thesis Statement

Compare and contrast thesis statements can either:

Remain neutral in an expository tone.
Prosecute an argument about which of the items you’re comparing is overall best.

To write an argumentative thesis statement for a compare and contrast essay, try this AI Prompts:

💡 AI Prompt to Generate Ideas I am writing a compare and contrast essay that compares [Concept 1] and [Concept2]. Give me 5 potential single-sentence thesis statements that pass a reasonable judgement.

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Take action! Choose one of the following options to start writing your compare and contrast essay now:

Best Compare and Contrast Essay Topics & Ideas to Get Started

By: Donna C.

11 min read

Reviewed By: Melisa C.

Published on: Jun 8, 2021

When it comes to making decisions, we all do a lot of comparing and contrasting. It is a natural way to make decisions in our everyday lives. But when drafting a compare and contrast essay , students often find it challenging.

One of the first challenges students face when drafting a compare and contrast essay is choosing an interesting topic. The more engaging your paper's subject matter is, the higher grade it will likely earn from its instructor!

The process of choosing the best topic for your essay writing can be daunting. We have gathered some great compare and contrast essay topics to make the selection process easier. We'll let you choose which one suits your needs best!

On this Page

Simple Compare and Contrast Essay Topics for 2nd Grade

Daytime vs. Nighttime
Comic books vs. TV shows
Living in a house or flat: which is better?
Sleeping vs. Being active
Spiderman vs. Superman
Compare quotes of known celebrities
Summer vs. Winter
Italy vs. Spain
Shaggy vs. Fred
Rap vs. Pop Songs
Reptiles vs. Mammals
Renting and owning things
Running vs. Walking
Famous writers books
Adulthood vs. childhood

Excellent Compare and Contrast Essay Topics for Middle School

Parents vs. Celebrities - Who influences more?
Getting vs. Giving presents - Which is more pleasant?
In-person meeting vs. texting
Apple vs. Grapes
Short vs. long hair
Dogs vs. Cats
King Arthur Vs. Zeus vs. King Arthur
Watching a film in cinema vs. at home
School bullies vs. Dictators
Tsunami vs. Hurricane
Prom night or Halloween? - Which one is more enjoyable?
Male vs. Female - Who is a better friend?
Riding or driving - Which is more difficult?
Reading a book vs. playing video games
5-star vs. 3-star hotel

Outstanding Compare and Contrast Essay Topics High School

George Bush vs. Donald Trump
Prince and Michael Jackson
Bill Gates vs. Steve Jobs
Abraham Lincoln and Winston Churchill
Nelson Mandela and Mahatma Gandhi
Adolf Hitler and Mussolini
Jon Bon Jovi and Elvis Presley
Margaret Thatcher and Theresa May
Good teacher vs. a bad teacher
Socrates and Plato
Instagram vs. Facebook
Healthy vs. Fast Food
Private school vs. Public school
Parental control vs. full freedom
John Locke against Thomas Hobbes

Best Compare and Contrast Essay Topics for College Students

School vs. College - Which is more difficult?
Essays vs. Research paper
Smart vs. traditional house
Employment vs. Education
British vs. American English
Graduate vs. Postgraduate student
TOEFL vs. IELTS
Traditional vs. Online writing
Classical vs. rock music
House vs. Apartment
School teachers vs. University professors
American vs. Korean beauty concepts
Employed vs. unemployed students
iOS vs. Android
Traditional vs.Online shopping

Compare and Contrast Essay Topics for University Students

Teacher vs. Doctor
Masters vs. Ph.D. thesis
Prose vs. poetry
Psychosis and antisocial disorder
Two famous historical leaders
Difference between lust and love
Cola and Pepsi: management techniques
Geology and mineralogy
Silver and gold
Tennis vs. badminton
Introverts Vs. Extroverts
Swimming vs. flying
Online dating vs. real-life dating
Salt vs. sugar

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Current Compare And Contrast Essay Topics IELTS

Major vs. minor crime
Language and culture
News vs. reporting
Saving vs. spending
Children and exploitation
Hospitals and treatments
Exercise and health
Prevention vs. cure
Traditional vs. modern diets
Government vs. individual roles
Family business vs. non-family business
Cash vs. credit cards
Skills vs. knowledge for business
Face to face vs. long-distance communication
Change or Moving vs. Stability and Constancy

Psychology Compare and Contrast Essay Topics

Fantasy vs. elusive dreams
Psychology and Psychiatry
Ego vs. Superego
Nature vs. Nurture
Rehabilitation advantages and disadvantages
Medication vs. Therapy
Homicide and Suicide
Autism vs. Down Syndrome
Impact of social media on people and depression
Smoking vs. Vaping
Relaxed vs. Strict Parenting
Depression and Stress
Compare Theories of J. Watson and B. Skinner.
Sociology vs. psychology
Epilepsy vs. Bipolar Disorder

Entertaining & Fun Compare and Contrast Essay Topics

Gangnam Style vs. Moonwalk
PlayStation vs. Xbox
Growing a tree as opposed to raising a child
Being single versus being in a relationship
Which is better for performance enhancement: drugs or coffee?
Beethoven's fifth symphony vs. Morse code
Love or friendship
Apple versus Samsung
Marriage vs. live-in relationship
Bratz vs. Barbie
Bugs Bunny vs. Tom & Jerry
Teacher of mathematics or English
Greek Mythology vs. Roman Mythology
Grandparents vs. Parents
Pizza vs. Pasta

Compare and Contrast Essay Topics Sports

Football vs. Basketball
Breakdance vs. Ballet
Swimming vs. cycling
Baseball versus basketball
Lawn tennis vs. table tennis
Formula One racing vs. Off-road racing
Football in 20th vs. 21st Century
Team Manning vs. Team Brazil
Men's basketball vs. women's basketball
Exercise in the evening vs. exercise in the morning
Cricket match between India and Australia
The Bundesliga vs. The English Premier League
Barcelona vs. Real Madrid
Sports vs. exercise: Which is better for your health?
Steroids vs. energy drinks: Which is more dangerous for athletes?

Art History Compare and Contrast Essay Topics

Mycenaean Period vs. Baroque Period
Raku vs. Mosaic
2D versus 3D
The Romans and Brunelleschi
Impressionism and Post-Impressionism
Dorian Gray and Roxanna
The evolution of sarcasm and irony since ancient times with the advent of animation technology.
How does historical literature differ from modern literature regarding its impact on our thinking?
We can connect to ancient art now because a piece of art is never outdated in society. Comment
Can we say that the role of musical instruments and skills is almost extinct due to rapid advances in new technology?
Can we say that painting art is limited to landscapes and animals because humans strongly prefer modern photography?
Artistic glimpses from ancient sculptures and pillars reveal contemporary socio-economic conditions.
Why is the Mona Lisa still considered the best painting in the world today?
How can the Egyptian pyramids be considered the most difficult man-made creation in architecture art?
Why do many people still prefer traditional art forms to those made possible by technology?

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Movie Compare and Contrast Essay Topics

DC or Marvel?
Print advertisements and television commercials
Contrast traditional and contemporary Caribbean music.
Bollywood versus Hollywood
Gandalf vs. Dumbledore
Comedy films vs. action films
Love stories or comedic films. Which one sticks out in the minds of the audience?
Hollywood vs. Bollywood
Which era has better movies, the 1990s or the 1920s?
Horror and thriller films
Compare and contrast two musical films from different eras.
The Avengers vs. The Fantastic Four
Contrast and contrast two films that elicit the same emotion in you.
Game of Thrones vs. the Witcher
Horror vs. comedy

Politics Compare and Contrast Essay Topics

Is Wikileaks beneficial to democracy?
Is gerrymandering legal?
Is it ever appropriate to govern in an autocratic manner?
Could a third-party candidate ever win the presidency of the United States?
Roe v. Wade's Origins
Pros and cons of a united Korea
The advantages and disadvantages of direct democracy versus representative democracy
Should Congress's terms be limited?
Republicans vs. Democrats: How to mend the political gap?
Do Iowa voters wield disproportionate power in the presidential nomination process?
What are the differences and similarities between the Democratic and Republican Parties?
What caused the demise of the United States Whig Party?
What are the characteristics of a truly transparent government?
Discuss the tangled relationship between the United States and Russia.
Will Iran's theocratic government ever be deposed?

Environmental Compare and Contrast Essay Topics

Incandescent vs. halogen
How can developing countries use renewable energy to benefit the environment?
The world's endangered and endemic species
What is the environmental impact of paper and plastic?
The causes and consequences of glacier melting
The Crisis of Orangutan Palm Oil
The Consequences of the Gulf Pork Spill
Plastic Albatross Crisis and Marine Pollution
Nanopollution and nanotoxicology in the future
Ecology of seagrass and patch reefs
Plant biofuels and biomass
Which is more important: the preservation of animal life or protecting the environment?
Is it better to have a better economy or a better environment?
Does the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty help to protect the environment?
Recycling vs. landfilling

Medical Compare and Contrast Essay Topics

Religious beliefs that oppose traditional medical procedures.
Vaccines or medications
Mental Institutions vs. Stress Clinic
Cancer operations vs. cancer treatment
Soft Drugs vs. Hard Drugs. Which is more dangerous?
Should vaccinations be mandated?
Female vs. male doctors
Exercise in the morning vs. exercise in the evening
Concerns about medical history and privacy
Operations vs. therapeutic cancer-curing
Free Health Care and Paid Health Care
Rest or exercise
The similarities and differences between osteopathic and allopathic medicine
Bipolar Disorder vs. Epilepsy
Canada Health Care vs. United States Health Care

Tips to Choose a Compare and Contrast Essay Topic

When writing an essay, school and college students are mostly assigned a specific topic. But if not, then show off your creativity by choosing something that will be interesting and engaging!

When you decide on a topic for your essay, it can be difficult to know which one will keep readers' attention.

If you want to make your essay stand out from the rest, follow these useful tips:

A good way to ensure that you are passionate about the subject is by identifying what topics interest you. The more passionate and interesting the topic is, the better you will discuss it in body paragraphs.
The more information you can give on a subject, the better. List down all of your ideas and choose subjects that will allow different aspects to be discussed in great detail!
The chosen subject must be within a similar category or group of knowledge.
It's important to keep in mind the targeted audience when writing a compare and contrast essay. To increase the readership of your essay, you need to structure it according to what interests those who will be reading. So choose a topic that is also interesting and relevant for them!
To keep your audience engaged, you must choose topics from current trends and controversies. This is because people are more likely to want some knowledge on new or controversial topics.

In closing, we hope that these topic ideas are helpful and that you're able to find what you’re looking for.

Are you still struggling to find an interesting compare and contrast essay topic?

It’s completely understandable; it can be tough to decide what topic or how best to compare and contrast.

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Compare and Contrast Essay: Step-by-Step Guide With Samples

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Interesting Compare and Contrast Essay Examples

617 Psychology Essay Topics & Questions + Examples

Are you looking for interesting psychology topics to research? StudyCorgi has got you covered! On this page, you’ll find plenty of topics to write about in psychology. Do you want to explore the issues in child development? StudyCorgi has psychology assignment topics for that! Read on to discover the most engaging questions and topics in psychology for your project. As a bonus, you’ll find A+ essay examples for your inspiration.

🏆 Best Psychological Topics for Essay

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Psychological Assessment: Dr. Gregory House Case
Erikson’s Psychological Theory and Personal Experience
Psychology in The Pursuit of Happyness Film
Biological and Psychological Theories of Crime
Abnormal Psychology: Case Studies
Developmental Psychology Theories by Piaget, Vygotsky, and Erikson
Albert Bandura Social Learning Theory Essay
Humanistic Psychology vs. Psychoanalysis & Behaviorism Among the most common attempted explanations of human behavior are psychoanalysis, behaviorism and humanistic psychology.
Biological, Psychological, and Sociological Explanations of Behavior In this paper, specificities of the major approaches to the explanation of human behavior, such as biological, psychological, and sociological aspects, will be discussed.
Maslow’s and Freud’s Psychological Theories Abraham Maslow carried out research on the hierarchy of needs. Sigmund Freud is best known for his theories of repression/defense mechanism and unconscious mind.
Informal Assessments in Psychology Informal assessments are assessment procedures that are used in informal situations. These settings include settings that are not structured in nature.
Three Components of Memory in Psychology This paper provides an overview of the Three-Component Model of Memory, and information about the things that can affect memory.
Social Psychology as a Science Social psychology is a scientific field that studies factors that influence an individual’s behavior, thoughts, and feelings in a social setting.
“The Tell-Tale Heart” by Edgar Allen Poe Through a Psychological Lens E. A. Poe is one of the masters of psychological stories, and his masterpiece “The Tell-Tale Heart” combines psychological, detective, and horror elements to impress readers.
Investigative Psychology and Other Approaches Investigative psychology focuses on evidence at the crime scene and how the offender’s behavior when committing a crime makes it different from other approaches.
Cognitive Psychology Role in People’s Life Cognitive psychology plays a vital role in people’s everyday life: mental processes occur based on thorough decision-making, and cognitive functions are behind these processes.
Psychology: Sensation and Perception Sensation and perception are fundamental physiological processes whose effect transcends beyond comprehending the occurrences in the surroundings.
Rocking Horse Winner: Psychological Criticism Horse winner symbolizes “desire” of a family to prosper and become wealthy, but at the same time “desire” is subconscious ego of the characters unable to organize their life and family life.
Industrial-Organizational and Social Psychology Industrial psychology is a branch of psychology that studies how an individual behaves and cooperates in work settings.
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in Psychology This paper discusses the history of the cognitive-behavior theory and notes that it is an important model for treating mental disorders and restoring the mental health.
Nature vs. Nurture: Psychological Theory In this paper, the debate of the nature-nurture psychological idea will be extended by analyzing the historical aspects and the opinions of different people.
Big Ideas of Social Psychology: Essay Example Social psychology studies have helped to build societal thinking about life. There are many ideological thoughts about people’s behaviors.
The Psychology of Music Despite the numerous and often contradictory findings regarding the phenomenon of music, there are no doubts about the powerful connection it has with a human mind, emotions, feelings, and actions.
The Film “The Fisher King” by Terry Gilliam: Psychological Analysis The film “The Fisher King” by Terry Gilliam, showcases a possible permutation of symptoms that people suffering from schizophrenia and post-traumatic stress disorder may adopt.
Applying Psychological Principles to Girl Interrupted Film The Girl Interrupted film’s psychodynamic perspective is clearly portrayed through the different characters’ behavior, feelings, and actions.
Comedy Movies: Positive Psychological Effects Comedy movies make people feel relaxed, especially after stressful events or when they are extremely exhausted.
Private Speech in Psychology Private speech is the act of communicating with oneself for the purposes of self-guidance and self-regulation.
Psychology. Ernest Hemingway and His Personality This paper analyzes Ernest Hemingway’s personality using Alfred Adler’s theory, Erik Erikson’s theory, and Albert Bandura’s theory.
Psychological Effects of Embalming on the Bereaved This research proposal aims to determine the emotional and mental conditions that the bereaved experiences in associated to the death of a loved one.
Psychological Testing: Beneficial or Harmful? Psychological tests can, at times, be harmful when they delve into topics that are considered taboo, illicit a certain degree of discomfort from certain individuals.
Three Developmental Theories in Child Psychology This research paper focuses on the three main development theories, their main concepts, major differences and similarities.
Behavioral and Humanistic Approaches in Psychology Both behavioral and humanistic approaches are drivers for the formation of a specific picture of society and contribute to a better understanding of the motives of certain actions.
Psychologists Erik Erikson, Gordon Allport and Raymond Cattell The three prominent psychologists, Erik Erikson, Gordon Allport, Raymond Cattell, contributed greatly to the understanding of personality development.
Historical Perspectives in Psychology Theoretical perceptions about the historical perspective in hedonic psychology made breakthroughs for a lot of experiential results.
Psychological Trauma Assessment: Jenny Curran’s Case Jenny Curran has developed a complex traumatic stress disorder due to traumas obtained in her childhood. Jenny’s alcoholic father physically and sexually abused Jenny and her sisters.
Theories of Crime in Forensic Psychology Forensic psychology as a discipline has become closely correlated with the broad theories of crime that aim at defining the reasons behind the offender’s decision to act.
The Impact of Divorce on Children’s Psychological Wellbeing One of the major challenges of divorcing is ensuring that the children are not affected so that their mental and psychological wellbeing remains intact.
Psychology: Does a Criminal Mind Exist? Various concepts have been developed in relation to the need to establish the causes of antisocial and criminal behaviors in general.
Psychological Research Methods: Behavior and Mental Processes Psychology relies on scientific methods to understand human behavior and mental processes. There is no consensus on the main specific research methods used by psychologists.
Mother Teresa’s Analysis in Humanistic Psychology Mother Teresa was a missionary and nun in the Catholic Church, born in Albania, Macedonia, in 1910 to the family of Nikola and Dranafile Bojaxhiu.
Montessori Method in Educational Psychology The paper concentrates attention on the method by Maria Montessori. The features and the standpoints raised by her correlate to the flow of the main discussion.
American and Romanian Cross-Cultural Psychology The study finds some differences between Romanian and American student stress response mechanisms despite an overall similarity in how they handle it.
The Role of Psychology in Othering of Disability This article will define and theorize the concept of “discernment” and also question the role of psychology in social interaction of people with disabilities.
Serial Killer Ted Bundy: Background and Psychological Theories Ted Bundy entered the U.S books of history for being one of the most abundant killers in the entire country. It is not well known where and when he started this massacre of killing.
Voluntarism, Experimental and Gestalt Psychology Experimental psychologists were the first researchers to try to study mental processes by utilizing the experimental method to understand the influence of the physical world on the mind.
”Max and Ruby” Through the Lens of a Developmental Psychological Perspective This paper covers the features of the language in the cartoon “Max And Ruby” and its impact on the development of children’s speech, and also the cultural and gender stereotypes.
The Uninvolved Parenting Style and Its Effect on the Psychological Development of a Child Approaches to parenting and child care can vary significantly based on the parents’ characteristics and their preferred style.
Forensic Psychology Analysis: Ethical Dilemmas and Principles Psychologists working in this sphere assess defendants’ ability to stand trial, evaluate credibility of witness testimonies, provide recommendations for the defendants’ treatment.
Gerald Stano’s Psychological Analysis Stano had murdered about 41 women. Most of the murders associated with his activities were reported in Florida and New Jersey.
Role of Dreams in Psychology In the scientific world, the study of dreams is called Oneirology that regards the dreams as the ones referred to different things as argued by various authors.
Physiological Psychology as a Branch of Psychology The research paper focuses on some of the contributors to the field of physiological psychology, the relationship between the human nervous system and behavior.
Breaking the Law: Psychological Reasons By studying human psychology, scientists were able to conclude that anxiety and depression have a significant influence on the possibility of a crime.
Industrial and Organizational Psychology Often known as Industrial and Organizational psychology, the discipline seeks to look at how psychology can be applied at the workplaces in various organizations.
The Stroop Test Applications Within Cognitive Psychology The Stroop test is used in cognitive psychology precisely to reveal the degree of automation of transition from verbal to sensory-perceptual functions.
Analysis of Reverse Psychology Used by Lago in Shakespeare’s “Othello” The essay explores the uniqueness of the character through the focus on how Iago uses reverse psychology in telling the truth within his lies to fool other characters of the play.
“Psychology, Theology, and Spirituality in Christian Counseling” Book by McMinn “Psychology, Theology, and Spirituality in Christian Counseling” is a book that reflects the professional experience and the wisdom of the author as a teacher and practitioner.
Developmental Psychology History and Application Developmental psychology is a branch of psychology that targets the development of people and their behavior over time. The research in this field touches upon various theoretical areas.
Profiling Approaches in Investigative Psychology Driven by the use of investigative tools, evidence, and data, forensics can provide characteristics that can aid in the identification, apprehension, and conviction of an offender.
Supermarkets: Psychology of Marketing The aim of this report is to point out how the psychology of marketing tends to distribute the place, visibility, type and popularity of a product in supermarkets.
Professional Philosophy in Sports Psychology Sports consultancy is a relatively young field, which explains the absence of an overarching consensus in regards to approaches to practice.
Psychology Behind the Movie “Trading Places” by Landis The psychological trends of society are usually described with the help of various concepts, theories, literary works and movies.
Forensic Psychologist’s Role in Death Penalty Trial Forensic psychologists play critical roles in court cases. They help the judges to investigate the claims from a professional dimension.
Psychology and Theology: Worldview Issues, and Models of Integration The model views theology and psychology as valid disciplines that should not be in conflict as both contribute to the contemporary understanding of human nature.
Statistics in Psychological Research Statistical tools and techniques aid the organization of data into a more interpretable form, saving time and money for psychological researchers.
Multicultural Psychology and Biopsychosocial Model Biopsychosocial Model of Behavior is a holistic approach to behavior explanations because it acknowledges the influence of multiple factors on a person’s behavior.
Organizational Psychology: Definition, Evolution, and Comparison With Related Disciplines The paper defining organizational psychology and offers an account of the evolution of the field, then it compares and contrasts with other related fields.
Power of the Subconscious Mind in Managing Nic Sheff’s Psychological Distress Humans have levels of awareness that profoundly determine our perspective on the nature of reality. The conscious and subconscious minds determine the decisions.
Psychological Concepts in Real-Life Situations This paper will discuss psychological concepts contained in five different news articles and propose real-life applications of theories based on the provided examples.
Psychology as a Science About Human Behavior Psychology is a science that studies a human being. It focuses on the study of the mental state of a person and how to deal with emotion.
Attitude in Social Psychology This paper discusses one and two component attitude model, three components attitude model, behavioral approach, cognitive approach, and heuristic-systematic model.
Social Media and Their Psychological Effects The overuse of social media results in low self-esteem, anxiety, depression, loneliness, and other psychological issues.
Nature vs. Nurture in Child Psychology The nature versus nurture discourse concerns the relative impact of a person’s natural qualities in the establishment of personal differences in behavioral characteristics.
Ethical Dilemmas in Psychology Forensic psychologists face numerous ethical dilemmas as they write reports and testimonies related to therapeutic interventions or evaluations in court proceedings.
Social Psychology Influences on Personal Life Social psychology affects my life through various activities such as violence and aggression. Social psychology affects prosocial behavior in my life.
Abraham Maslow Theory of Motivation & Hierarchy of Needs Maslow is still one of the most influential people in the field of psychology. He was a professor in four major institutions of higher learning in America.
Criticism of Medical Model of Psychological Disorders Even though the medical model of mental disorders has long been accepted and widespread, some scientists consider it inappropriate.
Psychological Criticism in Allende’s “The House of Spirits” The novel called The House of the Spirits by Isabel Allende gained immediate attention from the reading audience at the international level.
Van Gogh’s Art Psychological and Esthetic Analysis Vincent Van Gogh was a prolific artist in the 19th century. His impressionist forms were influenced by his close collaborations with Mantic, Gauguin, Lautrec and Cezanne.
Child Psychology: Playing with Cash Register Toy A toy cash register can lay the foundation for children’s math abilities. In the form of play, they can learn social talents, such as understanding the meaning of money.
Human Development Psychology The Notebook novel is told in two versions; first, when Noah reads the notebook to a woman by the name Allie. He reads to her how Allie and Noah fall in love young.
A Psychological Perspective on the Choice of Partners This integrative essay will theorize patterns and critically explain several well-known mechanisms for choosing partners, whether in friendships or love relationships.
Psychodynamic Perspective of Psychology The paper aims to present a psychodynamic approach of psychology that focuses on childhood and the unconscious mind to help persons recognize who they are.
Forensic Psychology for Police Recruitment and Screening The quest for competitive and effective police officers led to the introduction of some measures to help in the recruitment of individuals.
Self Concept in Social Psychology The present paper reviews and evaluates the works of the most respected thought leaders in social psychology about the concept of self and identity.
Consumer Purchase Decision Psychology A consumer purchase decision is impacted by external factors used as motive in-store design that enhance the consumer’s ability to assess the meaning and respond to more purchases.
Psychology. Memory Disorder in “Fifty First Dates” Film The paper discusses the memory disorder of Lucy from the movie “Fifty First Dates” with reference to the different kinds of memory classification.
Psychological Development of a School-Aged Child The process of monitoring young patients’ progress through the developmental changes allows clinicians to see whether children are meeting their age-related milestones.
The Image in Cognitive Psychology The image in cognitive psychology combines the metaphors of the external and internal when the external influences the internal and vice versa.
Forensic Psychology: Quantitative vs Qualitative The comparison of the quantitative and qualitative research designs used in psychology is important to conclude when the actual statistical data are expected to be found.
Defense Mechanisms in Psychological Practice Psychological defense mechanisms protect individuals from experiencing unpleasant emotions, such as anxiety and guilt.
Psychology: Working vs. Procedural Memory Memory is a complex interconnection of mechanisms serving a wide variety of purposes. This paper discusses the differences between working memory and procedural memory.
Music Therapy and Its Positive Psychological Impact Music therapy is defined as an evidence-based and clinical use of interventions related to the musical experience.
The Gendered Psychology of Gratuity: A Case Study of Tipping Behaviors Between Men and Women The paper discuss are the sexual differences between men and women innate or products of cultural socialization?
The Significance of Sports Psychology The sports psychologist’s purpose is to support athletes block the mental distractions they face and to identify distractions that impede their achievement.
Forensic Psychology and Criminal Profiling The paper seeks to explore insight into the nature of criminal investigative psychology and a comprehensive evaluation of the practice in solving crime.
Correlational Design in Forensic Psychology Correlational designs are actively used in forensic psychology research in order to determine the meaningful relations between different types of variables.
Korean Culture From the Psychological Perspective The Korean culture is not exempt from having a broad spectrum. However, there are some elements that immediately give us a clue on how the culture works.
Carl Rogers Biography and His Psychology Contributions This paper provides a biography of Carl Rogers and his contributions into the field of psychology. The essay will provide an overview of Carl Rogers theories of personalities.
Correlation and T-Test in Psychological Statistics The paper describes usage of Spearman’s correlation test and paired-samples t-test to analyse data collected in two psychological research works.
Positive Psychology in Other Related Areas Positive psychology is one of the areas contributing to the task since it is directly connected to the increase in the effectiveness of interventions in other related fields.
“A Monster Calls” by J. A. Bayona, within the Concepts of Trauma Psychology A Monster Calls, directed by J. A. Bayona, is a young-person fantasy movie that has received widespread acclaim and several accolades.
“Psycho”: A Psychological Thriller by Alfred Hitchcock Psycho is a 1960 American psychological thriller. The film is universally considered to be iconic for film culture and a staple of the thriller or horror genre.
Psychology and Mass Communication Theories Several mass communication theories try to explain various influences as well as dynamics surrounding the diverse types of mass media and their effects on the public.
What Is the Psychological Contract? Schein described it as “a set of unwritten reciprocal expectations between an individual employee and the organization”.
Psychology: When We Should Trust Our Senses Many examples prove that senses cannot be always relied on as sometimes they are not accurate. A mirage in a desert is one of the most obvious examples.
Validity and Reliability of Psychological Tests Validity is the effectiveness of a scale score giving a sound and meaningful reflection of what it is intended to measure.
Social Psychology Theory in “American Beauty” The movie “American Beauty” reveals a social psychology theory revealing dissonance in roles distribution in the stereotyped American society.
Psychological and Physiological Influences on Behavior The research question is as follows: “to what extent do psychological factors, and physiological factors influence a person’s character, reactions, and behavior?”
Psychological Attitudes, Their Nature and Origins Many theories have been developed to try to understand what makes people have attitudes toward different things. This paper will cover the nature and the origin of attitudes.
The Twenty Statements Test – Social Psychology The Twenty Statements Test helped people understand the correlation between culture and self-concept. The research design contained many flaws that had to be rectified.
Psychology: Happiness as a Way of Living While discussing the topic of happiness and people’s attitudes to this concept, it is possible to speak about many individuals who view the idea of happiness differently.
Ethical and Professional Issues in Psychological Testing Within the scope of the question of voluntary participation, it is difficult to reason when tests are taken by people who are under care because of their mental state.
Everything Psychological Is Simultaneously Biological Myers & Dewall identified the beginning of psychology history in 387 B.C.E. when Plato identified the brain to be a centrum for the mental process.
Psychology Case Study: Phenomenology Phenomenology has been defined as Stumpf’s introspective method that examined experience as it occurred and did not try to reduce experience to elementary components.
The Role of Psychology in Everyday Life As Zimbardo states, some aspects of psychology have become so common for people that they take them for granted and utilize them in multiple spheres.
How Psychology Contributed to the Legal System The present linkage between psychology and law remains intertwined. Psychology underpins several legal decisions. It remains at the foundation of several legal principles.
Modern Psychology Overview and Analysis Psychologists’ various efforts to explore the intercultural application of psychology have attracted a lot of attention. The theoretical constructs in the field of psychology.
Happiness, Positive Psychology and Counselling The paper defines happiness, discusses theories of happiness, measurement of happiness, promoting happiness in counselling, and the role of positive psychology in counselling.
Experimental Psychology and Forensic Psychology Psychology is a powerful field of study aimed at addressing a wide range of human problems. The field can be divided into two specialties. These include experimental and forensic psychology.
The Psychological Effects of Violent Media on Children In contemporary society, children spend a lot of time-consuming different forms of media such as video games, the Internet, television, and movies.
Psychology of Leadership Theories The paper encompasses and discusses the psychology of three leadership theories: relational, transactional, and behavioral.
Psychological Aspects of Desdemona’s Death: The Power of Deceptions and Racial Differences Desdemona’s death at her husband’s hands proves that jealousy seeds are easy to sow because they are reinforced by the outside psychological and racial means.
The Use of Animals in Psychological Experiments The method of experimentation is of great significance for multiple fields of psychology, especially for the behaviorist branch.
The Psychology of Seeing – Color Blindness Color Blindness as a defect in the perception of one or more colors: definition, manifestation, theory of occurrence.
The Psychology of Consciousness Conscious is a word that has been adapted from the Latin word conscious, which is translated to mean self-knowledge. Consciousness is a state of alertness and awareness.
Serial Killers: Patient Groups Investigated by Psychology and Psychiatry Serial killers are characterized as people with psychosis and dissocial personality disorders. The murder of a stranger is not seen as motivated by prior interpersonal frictions.
Doubt and Certainty in Psychology This paper argues that doubt is an inevitable constituent of human thought and belief system, but only when it is combined with a particular level of certainty.
Human Trafficking and Psychological Impacts Human trafficking amounts to a crime against humanity. The perpetrators of the felony infringe on the rights of their victims.
Educational Psychology and Learning Teachers make a difference. Nowadays people pay more and more attention to qualities of the teacher and the educator.
Self-Disclosure in Psychological Therapy Self-disclosure is revealing personal information to others. In the context of counseling, the implementation of this principle may significantly assist the client.
Research Methods in Psychology Such a research method as a case study is widely used by modern psychologists. One can describe examples of this technique; one of them is the famous case of Susan presented by Irving Kirsch.
Psychology of Feeling and Thinking In the Schachter-Singer theory, the occurrence of an event causes a physiological change. The cause of the physiological change is identified before the emotion is experienced.
Joy Definition: Psychological Issue Some individuals require psychological help to become happy and enjoy every day. The following paper is intended to provide a definition of joy in a broad context.
Domestic Violence Effects – Psychology This paper seeks to examine the principles of critical thought in relation to domestic violence. It considers the importance of ethics and moral reasoning.
Social Psychology Concepts: The Belief That Cognition and Behavior Are Linked Together It is important to understand social psychology as a sub-field of psychology. The focus is on the thought process and how it is linked to behavior.
Functionalistic Theory of Edward Lee Thorndike – Psychology The social world can be studied objectively if behaviors of individuals are considered as a result of social stimulation. This is concerning the procedural concept of functionalism.
Intelligence Testing in Professional Psychology The widely accepted Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) method was developed in the 1930s to measure nonverbal and verbal skills.
Nature vs. Nurture in Psychology Scholars have been debating for many centuries which of the two factors, namely genetic inheritance, and the environmental surroundings, affect a person’s development more.
Literary and Psychological Prowess of Shakespeare’s “Othello” Shakespeare uses Othello’s weaknesses to justify his sad conclusion that people such as Othello and his ilk are unfit to rule because of their inherent flaws.
Ethical Issues in Forensic Psychology Psychologists face many moral dilemmas in law due to the field’s nature because they are responsible for deciding people’s fates, which puts pressure on them.
Qualitative And Quantitative Research Methods In Psychology This work will describe quantitative and qualitative research methods, compare and contrast them, and evaluate the use of each technique in sexual psychology.
Cognitive Psychology: Processes of the Brain This essay concentrates on how the information travels in the three components and on how the brain process the information. It discusses the prototype theory of categorization.
Psychological Therapy: Analysis of Covariance This paper provides an analysis of covariance of a data set describing the effects of two types of psychological therapy on a group of stalkers.
Analysis of Forensic Psychology Practice The important feature of the whole sphere of forensic psychology practice is the ability to testify in court, reformulating psychological findings into the legal language, etc
The Cultural and Psychological Aspects of Marriage Recognizing the cultural and psychological aspects of marriage and the shifts these aspects are currently experiencing is also important.
Psychological Perspectives of Behaviorism John Watson, B.F. Skinner, Edward Tolman contributed to the psychological perspective of behaviorism. Their approaches had many similarities and some radical differences.
Health Psychology: Influence of Thought on Body Through research, the overall problem regarding human health originates from the head of the patient as will be illustrated in this paper.
Psychology and Personality: Jung Typology Test Jung Typology Test discovers a personality type characterized by certain strengths and inclinations and establishes an individual’s learning and communication styles.
Social Psychology: Developing an Aggression Questionnaire Social psychology is the scientific study of how human behavior is influenced by external factors such as the environment.
Domestic Violence: The American Psychological Association The American Psychological Association (APA) style is a set of rules that describe different components of scientific writing.
Creativity: Flow and the Psychology of Discovery and Invention Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi is a renowned professor of psychology and the author of the book “Flow and Psychology of Discovery and Invention” and is the latest book by the professor.
Psychology of Gratitude and Appreciation Gratitude is a warm feeling of thankfulness, which involves being appreciative and thankful towards specific individuals or the world.
Reflection on God’s Work: Psychology and Christianity As more concerns are arising on the relationship between Christianity theology and psychology, it has led to increased research, and inventions.
Who Am I? American Psychologist Profile This paper aims at discussing the professional motives and accomplishments of one of the most outstanding figures in psychological science.
How the Main Theoretical Perspectives in Psychology Explain Human Behavior Examining psychological views on the nature of behavior in such approaches as Neuroscientific or Biological, Cognitive, Behavioral, Psychodynamic, and Humanistic.
The Nature of Current Psychological Contracts Relational contracts are long-term as it aims to create a good relationship between the employer and workers. The purpose of this paper is to analyze whether this change is happening.
Education Psychology, Learning and Motivation Besides the differences that concern culture, language and social diversity, there are also such differences as concern individual student personalities.
The Many Faces of Psychology Psychology is a multi-faceted social science that finds itself useful in all human situations. It involves the study of the mind and behavior and covers many aspects worthy of study.
The Psychological Effects of Downsizing on Employee When productive employees, through no fault of their own, lose their jobs, they, along with their families, experience a very high degree of stress on the psychological level.
Gender Roles and Psychological Health The emergence of traditional gender roles and the images of masculinity and femininity can be regarded as an attempt to organize society and create stable social structures.
Leadership Psychology and Behaviors
Andreas Lubitz’s Suicide from Psychological Aspect
Psychological Assessment: Psychology and Testing
The Psychology of Physical Attraction
Childhood Psychological Trauma: Rape
Animal Behavior and Psychology
Understanding of Motivation: Motivation and Personality Psychology
School Refusal as a Psychological Problem
Psychological Program Evaluation and Assessment
Pyromania as a Psychological Disorder
Crime Explanation Using Biology and Psychology
Premise and Origins of Business Psychology
Psychology: Professional and Personal Development
Psychology: Anxiety Coping Strategies
Learning Types Through the Lens of Psychology
Psychology: Teenage Sexual Behavior and Education
Psychology Branches and Future Career Perspectives
Evolution Psychology: “Is Anatomy Destiny?”
The McMartin Preschool and Forensic Psychology
American Psychological Association (APA) Citations
Institutional Violence – Psychology
Major Depression’ Symptoms and Treatment – Psychology
Psychology Issues: Stress Management Skills
Ethical Principles in Psychology
Leadership in Sports: Sport Psychology
Biological, Social, and Psychological Variables of Mental Health
History and Influence of Feminist Psychology
The Change Process in Psychological Counseling
Psychology and Christian Theology Integration
What Are the Medical and Psychological Advantages of Using RFID Chips?
Analysis of Social Psychology Concepts
Schizophrenia. Abnormal Psychology
Psychology of Relationships: Case Analysis
Educational Psychology in Teaching
The Chronic Psychological Stress
Applying Psychology to One’s Life: Memory and Behavior
Forensic Psychology: Subspecialties and Roles
Statistical Significance and Effect Size in Forensic Psychology
American Psychological Association Code of Ethics
Psychology in the Study of Physical Security
The Psychology of Emotions, Feelings and Thoughts by Pettinelli
Cognitive Psychology and Addiction
Identity and Self in Counseling Psychology
HRM Strategies and Psychological Atmosphere of the Team
Culture and Diversity in the Field of Psychology
Child Psychology Peculiarities and Erickson’s Perspective of Psychosocial Development
Emotional Contagion in Facebook: Psychological Research
Language Development from Psychological Perspective
Psychology: Personal and Career Development
“Perspectives on Psychology” Documentary
Psychology Coursework Ideas: How to Find Them?
Psychological Personality Tests: Objective Judgment
Logotherapy’s Role in Psychology and Counselling
Psychodynamic Approach to Psychology
Psychological Distress in Healthy First-Time Mothers
Educational Psychology: Bloom’s Taxonomy
Is Islamic Spirituality a Key to Psychological Well-Being?
Social Psychology and Health Issues
Emotional and Behavioral Disorders – Psychology
The Concept of Modeling Behavior in Psychology
Psychological Model of Student Departure
Psychological Trauma in Woman Who Lost Husband
Christianity and Psychology: Article Analysis
Types of Assessment in Psychology
Psychology of Children with Incarcerated Parents
Nature vs. Nurture: Psychological Issue
Psychological and Theological Perspectives on Anthropology
Ethical Implications of the Early Studies in Psychology: Milgram’s Experiment
Forensic Psychology and Its Essential Feature in the Modern World
Fantastic Psychology in the Casares’ “Invention of Morel”
Effects of Music Therapy on the Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia
The Documentary “Origins of Us”: Environmental Psychology
Health Psychology and Activists’ Views on Obesity
High-Risk Behaviors and Psychological Disorders Affecting Teenagers
The Psychological Underpinning of True Crime Obsession
Health Psychology and Stress: Correlations
Abnormal Psychology: Bipolar Disorder
Integrative Approaches to Psychology and Christianity
Psychological Perspectives and Behaviours in Childhood
Adlerian Psychology: A Powerful Counseling Model
Psychological Androgyny Positive Effects on Personality
Nature and Nurture in Developmental Psychology
Juvenile Forensic Psychology: Contemporary Concern
Aspects that Play a Role in Psychology of the Self
Key Issues in the Psychology of Education
Sigmund Freud and Psychological Functioning
The Employment of Industrial, Organizational Psychologist
Psychology: A Child’s Cognitive Development
Psychology. Objective Knowledge and Experience
Psychology. Stress Management Approaches
Issues in Health Psychology
Psychological Traits in Consumer Behavior
Medical and Psychological Genetic Counseling
Abnormality and Mental Illness in Social Psychology
Buddhist Spirituality: Contribution to Psychological Well-Being
Psychology: Christian Counseling
Psychology Issues: Stop Time
Psychology: Mothers’ Learning and Its Impact on Children
Psychology: Humor Theory Concept
Social Psychology: Self-Serving Bias
“Psychology and COVID-19” Article by Pillay & Barnes
Evidence-Based Methods in Industrial-Organizational Psychology
Risk in Psychological Research
Behaviorism and Behavioral Psychology
The History of Psychology: Theorists
Diagnosing Abnormal Psychology in Media: “One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest”
Psychological Statistics and Research Design
Psychological Well-Being of Captive Animals and Types of Enrichment
Psychologist B. F. Skinner’s Historical Impact
Psychologists’ Role in Selecting Jurors
Personality Psychology: Relation to Nursing Home Residents
Disaster, PTSD, and Psychological First Aid
Motorcycle Safety and Its Psychological Aspect
Workplace Psychology Theories: Human Relations
Forensic Psychology: Graham v. Florida and Sullivan v. Florida
“On Killing”: Killer Psychology Review
Speciality Guidelines for Forensic Psychology
Psychology: Online Consumer Behavior
The Psychology Laboratory at the Turn of the 20th Century
Developmental Psychology: Developmental Milestone
Social Psychology Experimental Hypothesis: Effects of Watching TV on Children
Multiaxial Approach in Abnormal Psychology
An Injured Player’s Psychological Interview
Development Psychology: Personality Development Theories
Psychological and Causal Explanation: Accept or Deny?
Positive Psychology for Military Leadership
Reassessing Personal Life After Psychology Course
Statistics for Professional Psychologists
Loss and Grief Studies in Psychologist’s Career
Differential Psychology as a Future Career Field
“Psychology, Theology, and Spirituality in Christian Counseling” by Mark McMinn
Definition of Psychological Terms and Creating Sentences
Long-Term Space Travel and Psychological Issues
Urban Poor Teenagers’ Psychology and Activities
Biological Psychology and Human Nature
History of Assessment and Ethical Issues – Psychology
Psychology: The Science of Mind and Behavior
Aging Process: Developmental, Psychological, and Social Issues
General Psychology: Mental Health and Wellness
Child Psychology Among Career Paths
The Aspects of the Critical Psychology
Social Media’s Impact on Psychological Distress
Human Vision: Physiological and Psychological Bases
Schizophrenia: Chapters 15-16 of Psychology by Spielman et al.
Psychology of Long-Term Explicit Learning
Psychological Assessments of Childhood Anxiety
Angel’s Treatment Plan: Psychosocial and Psychological Interventions
Poverty: An Interplay of Social and Economic Psychology
Political Psychology: Conspiracy Theories
The Psychology of International Politics
Applied Psychology: Social Alliances for Fundraising
Integrative Literature Review in Developmental Psychology
Nursing Management and Psychological Science
Cognitive Load Theory in Psychology
Psychology of Work in a Coronavirus World
Adolescence as a Stage of Psychological Development
Changes of Organizations: Work and Organizational Psychology
Aspects of the Developmental Psychology
Multicultural Competency in Psychology
Aspects of Psychological Counseling
Psychological Assessments and Intervention Strategies for Depression
A Critical Review of Psychological and Behavioral Responses to Coronavirus Disease 2019
Psychology: Zimbardo Prison Experiment
The Teaching of Developmental Psychology
High School Bullying: Psychological Aspects
Gilman’s “The Yellow Wallpaper”: A Psychological Approach
Eco-Entrepreneurship Characteristics and Psychology
A Post-Shooting Tragedy Psychological Program
Cognitive Psychology, Neuroscience, and Neurophilosophy
Nature vs. Nurture Parenting Styles in Psychology
Graduate Debt in Psychology: A Qualitative Analysis
Psychological Attachment to Ideological In-Groups
New Developments and Current Challenges in Psychology
Confirmation Bias and Cognitive Psychology
Methodology of a Collective Psychological Inquiry
Mental Stability and Psychological Health
Past Prediction on Future Psychology Profession
Profile of Psychologist Sigmund Freud
Psychology: Milgram Obedience Experiment
Abnormal Psychology: Think Abnormal to Deal With It
World War I and Its Psychological Consequences
Tolerance: Racial-Cultural Psychology
Psychological Theories in Personality Studies
Psychology of Recruitment, Selection and Retention
Psychology, Climate Change and Ecological Problems
Positive Psychology Impact on Language Proficiency Level
Psychological Perspectives on Racism
Psychological Experience of COVID-19 Patients
Nutrition and Depression: A Psychological Perspective
Psychological Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Social Psychology in Media
Social Psychological Interventions for Reducing Educational Disparities
Social Media Negatively Impacts Psychological Well-Being
Approaches to Psychology. Discrimination of the Islamic Religion
Human Psychology and Physiology Relationship
Social and Psychological Studies of Genocides
High-Risk Behaviors and Psychological Disorders in Adolescents
Physio- and Psychological Causes of Obesity
Psychological Effects COVID-19 Pandemic Leading to Hospital Nursing Shortage
Healthy Eating Behavior: Psychological Factors and Motivation
Biological and Psychological Trait Theories and the Criminal Justice System
Discussion of Abnormal Psychology
Psychological Stressors Affecting Emotional State
Effect of Racial Oppression on Psychological Development
Monitor on Psychology Article for Covid-19 Study
Genogram and Forms of Therapy. Educational Psychology Practice
Psychology and Its Importance for the Sports Team
Online Social Media Fatigue and Psychological Wellbeing
Social Influence Psychology Summarization
Schizophrenia as the Most Challenging Psychological Disorder
Cognitive Psychology Discussion: Long-Term Memory
Developmental Psychology: Nature or Nurture?
The Psychology of Faith in False Sources
Self-Esteem: Comparing and Contrasting Main Psychological Approaches
Physical Activity Impact on Psychological Health During COVID-19 Pandemic
The American Psychological Association’s Code of Ethics
Social Psychology: Race, Racism, and Discrimination
Pursuing a Diploma in Psychology
Psychological Disorders and How They Promote Crime and Conduct Problems
The Importance of Psychological Terms of Behavior
Sensorimotor, Cognitive and Psychological Changes of Aging
Managing an Employee With Psychological Issues
Landmark Studies in Psychology and Ethical Concerns
Criminal Behavior in Juveniles: Psychological Factors
Emotional Intelligence and Psychological Health
Recovery Model at a Psychological and Biomedical Level
Forensic Science: Psychological Analysis
Postpartum Psychological Disorders
Herpes: Psychological, Physical, and Behavioral Effects
Do People Have Free Will? Psychologists Answer
Terrorists’ Motives: The Psychology of the Individual
Research Methods in Psychology. Methods against Racism
Reflecting on Types and Sources of Data in Psychology
Social Psychology of Human Beings
Phones Overuse Caused by Psychological Problems
Why Technostress Is Harmful to Psychological Well-Being and Ways to Reduce It
Industrial Psychology and Labor Interviews
The Theories of James, Wundt, and Jung in Psychology
Piaget’s and Erikson’s Developmental Psychology
Forensic Psychology Practice Standards for Inmates
Psychology and Mass Media Technology
Cognitive Psychology: Emotions and Anxiety
The Survivor, the Psychologist, and the Story by Adrianne Aron
History of Psychology and Its Theories
Child Psychology: Attachment Theory
Psychological Effects of Pandemic Control Measures
Human Psychological and Physical Development
Psychometric Approach and Discourse Analysis in Psychology of Laughter
Future of Social Psychology: Social Media Impact
Forensic Psychology, Its History and Evolution
Psychologists’ Involvement in Civil Court Area
The Role of Forensic Psychology in the Investigation
Forensic Psychology in the Police Subspecialty
American Psychological Association’s View on Court Judgments
Psychology and Media Interconnections
“Industrial-Organizational Psychology” by Eno
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ORIGINAL RESEARCH article

Imagining a better world: assessing the immediate and delayed effects of imagined contact on attitudes toward refugees in elementary school.

1 Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
2 Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland

Introduction: Preparing host-society children for contact with refugees coming into their classes poses a new and important challenge for countries with little prior experience in integration. Imagined contact is a prejudice-reduction intervention that can be particularly useful in this context. However, its long-term effects and potential age-related variations in its efficacy among primary school children remain understudied.

Methods: This study investigated the short-term and long-term effects of an imagined contact school intervention on the change in attitudes and contact intentions of 1,544 children aged 7–15. Of these, 827 participated in a four-session-long intervention delivered by their teachers within their regular classes, while 717 served as a comparison group. Short-term effects were assessed approximately one week after the last intervention session, with long-term effects evaluated around two and a half months later.

Results: Our findings indicate that the imagined contact intervention instigates positive changes in intergroup attitudes and contact intentions in both the short term and long term, but only for the children in the lower grades of primary school.

Discussion: While the durability of these effects among younger participants holds promise for future use of imagined contact in schools, we also scrutinize potential developmental and methodological explanations of the absence of expected intervention effects among older children.

1 Introduction

Prejudice toward refugees not only poses serious challenges to the well-being and integration of refugees but also hinders the social fabric of host communities. As the global refugee crisis continues to escalate, it becomes crucial to address this pressing concern through evidence-based interventions. Schools are the best place to implement interventions aimed at reducing prejudice toward refugees because they provide a nurturing and inclusive environment where students can learn, interact, and gain a deeper understanding of diverse cultures and experiences.

This study aims to shed light on the importance of researching the effectiveness of prejudice-reduction interventions in Croatia, a small European country with no prior experience in refugee integration. Due to this inexperience, Croatian schools lack the means and developed procedures to address the challenges connected to refugee integration. At the time we conducted this study, the number of refugees in the country was still relatively small, and most of the refugee children came from Middle Eastern countries. The arriving children were situated in only several schools in four different cities, meaning that most Croatian children have never had the opportunity to meet a refugee child. However, the geopolitical situation worldwide, as well as international agreements pertaining to the relocation of refugees on the basis of European solidarity and Dublin III regulation, suggested that the issue of refugee integration could become more pressing in the coming years. Qualitative studies conducted in Croatian schools attended by refugees have shown that, while instances of negative contact and discrimination against refugee children are rare, positive contact between refugee children and their peers is also not common ( Perić and Merkaš, 2020 ; Vrdoljak et al., 2024 ). Furthermore, children are usually not prepared for the arrival of a refugee peer in their classes, which sometimes leads to reluctance to accept and socializing with a refugee child ( Vrdoljak et al., 2024 ). With the rising number of refugees in Europe, especially after the outbreak of the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the need to prepare children for positive initial interactions with refugee peers becomes even more evident.

Furthermore, from a developmental standpoint, school age is the most appropriate period for the implementation of interventions aimed at prejudice reduction. According to the social-cognitive approach to prejudice development, after approximately the age of seven, children enter the stage of concrete operations and develop the cognitive capacities necessary to participate in prejudice-reduction interventions ( Aboud and Steele, 2017 ). The theory of social identity development considers this period to be crucial for the emergence of negative attitudes but also for the possibility of acting on children’s prejudices ( Nesdale, 2004 ). After the age of seven, children who strongly identify with their group, whose group endorses norms of negativity toward the outgroup, who perceive the outgroup as a threat to the ingroup, or assume that the ingroup will profit from the expression of a negative attitude, may enter a phase of negativity toward the outgroup. This can lead to different patterns of prejudice development for different children during and after middle childhood, and it also suggests that children’s attitudes during school age can change under the influence of parents, teachers, and peers, as well as specific interventions ( Nesdale, 2004 ). Typically, school interventions aimed at promoting intergroup contact rely on well-confirmed Allport’s contact hypothesis ( Allport, 1954 ), which assumes direct positive intergroup contact as necessary to improve intergroup attitudes and consequent behaviors. Nevertheless, more contemporary developments in the contact hypothesis have proved that using indirect contact (e.g., Vezzali et al., 2015d ) or even imagining positive intergroup contact can aid in achieving the same goal. Imagined contact refers to “a mental simulation of interaction with a member or members of an outgroup” ( Crisp and Turner, 2009 , p. 234). The use of this method does not require the real presence of an outgroup member, and it can be used even when there have been no instances of prior direct contact with an outgroup ( Crisp and Turner, 2012 ). The intervention is often regarded as a pre-contact tool, and when the characteristics of the outgroups were explained before the imagination task, it was effectively applied with children without direct contact experiences ( Vezzali et al., 2020 ; Ginevra et al., 2021 ). Therefore, imagined contact can be used before the inclusion of refugee child(ren) in the class as a preparatory and preventative activity which could foster a positive initial attitude toward refugee classmates and prepare host-society children for direct intergroup contact.

In an imagined contact intervention, participants are first presented with a scenario in which a situation of contact with an unknown outgroup member is described and then asked to continue imagining that meeting by themselves for several minutes. The period of imagining can be followed by some form of “reinforcement” of the effect of imagining, such as writing, drawing, discussing, or retelling the imagined content ( Crisp and Turner, 2009 ; Miles and Crisp, 2014 ). The main goal of imagined contact studies is usually focused on the change in intergroup attitudes, and most evaluations of imagined contact include at least one measure of attitudes. The effect of imagined contact on attitudes has been well established in a meta-analysis, which yielded an effect size of d = 0.36 for measures of explicit attitudes ( Miles and Crisp, 2014 ), and it is also often found in studies conducted with children (e.g., Cameron et al., 2011 ; Birtel et al., 2019 ; Vezzali et al., 2020 ; Ginevra et al., 2021 ).

Furthermore, in the context of preparing host-society children for future interactions with refugees, their intention for contact is a particularly important outcome. Contact intention refers to children’s readiness to engage in interaction with a refugee child, their openness to intergroup friendships, and their preparedness to welcome a refugee child into their class. Previous research has shown that both children and adults who imagined intergroup contact reported more positive intentions for contact with an outgroup member (e.g., Husnu and Crisp, 2010 ; Cameron et al., 2011 ; Birtel et al., 2019 ). Meta-analysis of imagined contact effects has confirmed these effects, yielding an effect size of d = 0.46 for the measures of behavioral intentions ( Miles and Crisp, 2014 ).

Studies of imagined contact conducted with children have produced promising results and highlighted the potential for school intervention development ( Crisp and Turner, 2012 ), showing stronger effects than those conducted with adults ( Miles and Crisp, 2014 ). However, the meta-analysis included a small number of studies conducted with children and adolescents, and some more recent studies were not able to replicate the effects of imagined contact on the measures of attitudes and contact intentions (e.g., Fleva, 2014 ; Mazure, 2016 ; West and Greenland, 2016 ; Kinghan, 2019 ; Constantin and Cuadrado, 2021 ), Study 1; see also studies by Smith and Minescu (2022a) and Vezzali et al. (2015c) , which found significant effects only for some varieties of imagined contact.

In two separate studies, Smith and Minescu (2022a , 2022b) demonstrated the efficacy of an enhanced, norm-framed imagined contact intervention executed within a typical school classroom. Their studies highlighted the intervention’s potential to enhance attitudes and intentions for contact with refugees among primary school children in Ireland. The first study found the immediate effects of norm-framed imagined contact on intergroup warmth and stereotyping bias. However, this was not established for a standard imagined contact procedure, which did not differ from a control group ( Smith and Minescu, 2022a ). The subsequent study revealed that the impact of norm-framed imagined contact on contact intentions persisted for a two-week period following the intervention, although this effect was not observed for the measures of intergroup warmth and stereotyping bias ( Smith and Minescu, 2022b ). The latter study also lacked a control group, focusing on the comparison between an enhanced norm-framed scenario and the standard imagined contact scenario instead.

The present study aims to expand upon the findings of previous research by investigating the effectiveness of an imagined contact intervention conducted within a real school environment. Our approach involved teachers facilitating the intervention, encompassing the entire class simultaneously and incorporating a mix of collective class-level activities and individual tasks. We believe that employing intervention in such a way is necessary for establishing the external validity of imagined contact and transitioning from tightly controlled laboratory settings to more practical, real-world scenarios. The intervention proposed in this study is designed for easy integration into daily school routines and can be seamlessly incorporated into curriculums with minimal adjustments. This study also included a larger sample, spanning various age groups across the entire primary school spectrum and situated within a country with limited experience in refugee integration, where preparatory interventions like the one examined are particularly important. Moreover, we have extended the follow-up period significantly beyond the time frame observed in prior studies.

Examining the duration of imagined contact effects is one of the most frequently mentioned challenges in the field. If the results reflected only short-term changes, despite all the advantages, this intervention would be less significant as a part of prejudice-reduction programs ( Brown and Paterson, 2016 ). A couple of longitudinal studies conducted with students and adults suggest that the effects might persist for some time after the intervention—from 1 month ( Falvo et al., 2014 ) up to 7 months ( Vezzali et al., 2015a ). However, most imagined contact studies include much shorter post-test periods.

In studies conducted with children, researchers typically examine the effects of imagined contact either immediately after the intervention (e.g., Smith and Minescu, 2022a ) or 1 week later (e.g., Vezzali et al., 2012a , 2012b , 2015b , 2020 ; Stathi et al., 2014 ). However, some studies have found effects persisting up to 2 weeks after the intervention ( Vezzali et al., 2015c ; Ginevra et al., 2021 ; Smith and Minescu, 2022b ). While the persistence of effects for two weeks suggests that they are more than just immediate reactions to imagined scenarios, it is difficult to consider them genuinely long-term effects. Few studies that examined longer time lags (three to seven months) were unable to detect imagined contact effects ( Mazure, 2016 ; Kinghan, 2019 ). However, it is important to note that neither of these studies succeeded in eliciting effects even during immediate post-tests. To provide more information on the issue, this study included two post-test observations—one examining short-term (approximately 1 week after the last intervention session) and one long-term effects of imagined contact (approximately two and a half months after the last session).

The goal of this study is to provide schools with an effective, widely applicable and easily adaptable imagined contact intervention. However, results of a recent systematic review suggest that imagined contact interventions conducted with younger children might be more effective than those conducted with children older than 11 ( Vrdoljak et al., 2023 ). These differences in intervention effectiveness could stem from differences in developmental stages, or they could point to differences in methods used. Namely, interventions conducted with children over 11 are often more similar to those conducted with adults; they usually include fewer sessions of imagining contact and less creative scenarios and reinforcement techniques. Therefore, we examine the effects on younger and older children separately. We tried to provide different age groups with engaging and age-appropriate intervention activities, which would include only minimal adaptations for different age groups, expecting that this approach would prove appropriate for both older and younger children.

The division of children into younger and older age groups follows the education system worldwide, and here we briefly describe the system in the current research context, i.e., the schools in Croatia. Primary education in Croatia is organized into eight grades, divided into two stages. The first stage consists of grades one to four (children aged from 6 to 10). They are commonly referred to as the lower grades, and each class is taught by a single teacher who covers various subjects. In contrast, the upper grades include grades five to eight (children aged from 11 to 15). In these grades, specialized teachers are assigned to each subject. These teachers instruct different classes in the same subject, with their expertise primarily focused on the subject matter rather than on child development and education practices.

To summarize, in this study, we focus on both short-term and long-term effects of imagined contact intervention on two dependent variables—attitudes toward refugees and intention of intergroup contact. To assess the effectiveness of imagined contact interventions, it is important to explore outcomes that align closely with the goals of these interventions and are likely to be influenced by them. As the intervention is focused on envisioning contact and positive interaction with the refugee child, we focused on the two most obvious criteria—attitudes and contact intention toward the refugee children. We also examine these effects separately for children in lower and upper grades of elementary school. Thus, the main research question is to assess the short-term and long-term effectiveness of the imagined contact intervention conducted in lower and upper grades of elementary schools in Croatia on the change in children’s attitudes and contact intentions toward refugee children.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 description of an imagined contact intervention.

The imagined contact intervention applied in this study consisted of four sessions. Each session was conceptualized as a four-step process (based on Vezzali et al., 2020 ) and lasted approximately one school hour (45 min).

In the first step, the concept of refugees was discussed and clarified using a slideshow with age-appropriate definitions and photographs of children from different ethnic backgrounds. Since our participants did not have prior experience with refugees, this step was particularly important in the first session. In the following sessions, intervention facilitators made sure that children remembered the definition.

In the second step, participants were presented with a scenario describing how contact with a refuge child began and continued to imagine the contact on their own. They were encouraged to imagine a pleasant interaction (i.e., a conversation or socializing) with a refugee child. Imagined scenarios used in the intervention incorporate different ways of strengthening the effects of imagined contact in each of the four sessions—including norm-framed imagined contact scenarios ( Smith and Minescu, 2022a , 2022b ), scenarios with an elaborated description of the setting in which the contact takes place (e.g., Husnu and Crisp, 2010 ), those that include working together with an imagined child on a common goal ( Kuchenbrandt et al., 2013 ) and scenarios in which the participant imagines to be a part of the same group as the imagined refugee child ( Vezzali et al., 2015c ). The scenarios were designed based on previous research and in cooperation with teachers who assessed their suitability for children of different ages. Accordingly, they were slightly different for children in the lower (second to fourth) and upper (fifth to eighth) grades of primary school, but they were designed based on the same principles. Thus, although the scenarios were not identical at the manifest level, they should have led to comparable psychological processes in children of different ages (see Table 1 for scenarios used in lower and upper grades).

Table 1 . Content of imagined contact scenarios for children in the lower and upper grades.

In the third step, children were asked to draw what they had imagined or describe the imagined scenario in their own words as a form of individual reinforcement of the effect of imagined contact. Methods of reinforcement also differed for children in lower and upper grades. In lower grades, children have drawn the encounter in all four sessions, followed by a short written description of the drawing. Children in upper grades have written short essays describing the contact with a refugee child during the first, second and fourth sessions, and they have drawn a comic in the third session. During this step, participants responded to four additional questions about their experience with imagining contact in each session. Questions are described in the Measures subsection.

The last step was a class discussion aimed at reinforcing the effect of imagined contact. In this step, students could volunteer to retell to the class what they had imagined or could show their drawing and explain what it depicted (for more details such as materials used and precise guidelines for the intervention implementation, see Jelić et al., 2023 ).

Finally, in developing the intervention, we have tried to ensure it is easy to apply in the school context. Therefore, the intervention was led by school staff instead of researchers. This was a necessary condition for the intervention to be as widely applicable as possible because some studies show that the effects of various school interventions on intergroup attitudes are significant only when conducted by researchers and not by teachers ( Ülger et al., 2018 ), while others suggest that imagined contact interventions can be successfully applied by teachers ( Vezzali et al., 2015c ). Similarly, it was conducted in a group setting, i.e., all students in the class participated in the intervention simultaneously. A recent meta-analysis ( Ülger et al., 2018 ) found greater effects when prejudice-reduction interventions were done individually than at a group level. However, the classroom is a group context by definition and interventions performed at a group level are much easier to implement in these conditions.

To sum up, the key features of this intervention, which all together represent a unique contribution to imagined contact literature, are as follows:

a. It was conducted by school staff instead of researchers,

b. It was conducted on a group level,

c. It consisted of multiple sessions,

d. It incorporated elaborated scenarios,

e. It included reinforcement methods,

f. It was adapted to the children’s age group.

2.2 Participants

A total of 1,544 children from seven Croatian primary schools that were not attended by refugee children at the time participated in the study. They were divided into an intervention group ( N i = 827 children from 48 school classes) and a comparison group ( N c = 717 children from 50 classes). Children from the lower (second to fourth; N L = 645) and upper grades (fifth to eighth; N U = 899) took part in the study. A total of 767 participants identified themselves as girls, 759 as boys and 18 did not state their gender. The average age of participants was M = 10.73 (SD = 2.039). Intervention and comparison groups did not differ in terms of age ( t (1489.7) = 1.03, p = 0.303) or gender distribution ( χ 2 (1) = 0.66, p = 0.417).

2.3 Procedure

The study was approved by the IRB of the Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, and the data collection procedures were conducted from September 2021 until February 2022. All measures used in the study were piloted on a sample of 231 children from the second, third, fourth, sixth, and eighth grades from a school that was not included in the main study. We also wanted to ensure that all children understood the items in the questionnaire, so all measures were refined based on the quantitative data and qualitative feedback from two focus groups of children from the second and third grades.

Before the intervention started in the treatment group, participants from both the intervention and comparison groups filled out a paper-and-pencil questionnaire with the measures described in the Instruments chapter. The testing was carried out in a group setting within the existing classes. Before filling out the questionnaire, the researchers made sure that the children knew who the refugee children were and gave them a uniform, age-appropriate explanation. On top of that, psychology students accompanied the researchers to help with the distribution of questionnaires and to offer additional individual explanations when necessary.

Following the pre-test, four intervention sessions were carried out in existing classes by trained members of the school staff. Intervention facilitators have received handbooks with a description of the theoretical basis of the intervention and detailed preparation for each of the sessions, as well as guidelines for reacting in potentially challenging situations (if the child refuses to imagine, imagines a negative contact with a refugee child, if no one wants to share what they imagined with the class, etc.). These guidelines were prepared in consultation with teachers of the schools involved in the development of the intervention. Furthermore, each class that is part of the intervention group had its own set of worksheets, in which the intervention facilitator wrote down notes about children’s reactions and important events during the implementation.

In line with the results of the recent meta-analysis ( Miles and Crisp, 2014 ), which show that the effect of the imagined contact does not depend on whether the control group has an alternative task or not, the comparison group did not engage in any specific task.

After the intervention, a post-test and a follow-up assessment were conducted in both intervention and comparison groups. The dates of each measurement occasion were recorded since we expected some variation in time lags between classes due to the COVID-19 pandemic and school scheduling conflicts. The first post-test was administered, on average, 6 days after the last session (range from 0 to 38 days), while the follow-up assessment took place on average 82 days after the last session (range from 63 to 118 days). To ensure consistency, post-tests in the comparison classes were coordinated with those in the intervention classes.

2.4 Measures

Since the analyses were performed on latent factors to account for the measurement error, the following measures were used as indicators of two factors or outcomes of interest: intergroup attitudes and contact intentions.

Intergroup attitudes . The latent factor of intergroup attitudes was based on three indicators:

Positive stereotypes about refugee children . A measure of positive stereotypes consists of three positive adjectives (polite, tidy, and friendly; adapted based on Cameron et al., 2006 ). Participants rated how much they agreed that each of the described characteristics applies to refugee children on a scale of 1 ( not at all ) to 5 ( completely ), and a total score was calculated as an average of the three items.

Negative stereotypes about refugee children . A measure of negative stereotypes consists of three negative adjectives (lazy, unkind, and mean; adapted based on Cameron et al., 2006 ). Participants rated how much they agree that each of the described characteristics applies to refugee children on a scale of 1 ( not at all ) to 5 ( completely ). A total score was calculated as an average of the three items.

General evaluation of refugee children . Attitude was further assessed using a single item asking participants for their general opinion of refugee children on a scale of 0 ( very bad ) to 10 ( very good ).

Intentions for contact with refugee children . To measure the latent contact intentions factor, we used a translation and adaptation of three items previously used in similar studies ( Cameron et al., 2006 ; Vezzali et al., 2012b ), which served as indicators. The children answered how they would act if they met a refugee child they did not know—would they approach him/her and get to know him/her, would they hang out, and would they go for ice cream together? The participants expressed their agreement on a scale of 1 ( not at all ) to 5 ( completely ). For each of the items, a higher score indicates a greater intention to contact refugee children in future.

In addition, participants provided information on sociodemographic data and their experiences during the imagined contact tasks. In each of the four sessions, children from the intervention group provided ratings of the ease of imagining the encounter ( I found it easy to imagine meeting a refugee child ), the positivity ( I have imagined hanging out nicely with a refugee child ) and level of detail ( I have imagined hanging out with a refugee child in detail ) in their imagined scenarios, and how much they enjoyed the task ( I liked this task ), on a scale from 1 to 5. Averages across all sessions were calculated for each participant and each of the four characteristics of the imagined experience.

2.5 Statistical analysis method

Six participants were excluded from further analysis, either because they did not participate in any of the imagined contact sessions or because they had issues understanding the questionnaire. One additional participant was excluded from the analyses concerning contact intentions since they did not answer any item related to that construct. Therefore, the final sample for analyses conducted from this point onward consisted of 1,538 participants, with the outcome being intergroup attitudes and 1,537 for contact intentions. Descriptive statistics for children in the lower and upper grades are shown in Table 2 . All analyses were conducted in R (version 4.1.1; R Core Team, 2021 ).

Table 2 . Descriptive statistics on manifest variables in the intervention and comparison group through three measurement points for children in lower and upper grades separately (total N = 1,538).

Multigroup latent change score analyses ( McArdle and Prindle, 2008 ; McArdle, 2009 ) were used to compare the change in intergroup attitudes and contact intentions between the intervention and comparison groups separately for children in lower and upper grades. Latent change variables have their own mean (i.e., intercept) and variance, providing information about the average change in the sample and whether these changes occur equally for all participants ( McArdle, 2009 ). Latent change scores used in this study were derived from latent factors, ensuring that they capture differences without the accumulation of measurement error ( McArdle, 2009 ; Cáncer et al., 2021 ; Matusik et al., 2021 ). Analyses were conducted using package lavaan ( Rosseel, 2012 ).

For each of the outcome variables in this study, two latent variables describing change were used—first, a variable describing change between the pre-test and post-test (ΔT1T2), which represents a more immediate effect of an intervention, and second, a variable describing change between the pre-test and a delayed follow-up (ΔT1T3), representing a more long-term effect. Furthermore, we controlled for the effects of the baseline level on the latent changes by including proportional change parameters ( McArdle and Prindle, 2008 ; McArdle, 2009 ). The same model was estimated in the intervention and comparison group. Differences in the model parameters were examined by constraining them to be equal across groups and comparing the fit of the unconstrained and constrained models with a Satorra–Bentler scaled chi-square difference test. Effect sizes were computed for each of the eight combinations of the variables (attitudes vs. contact intentions, younger vs. older children, short-term vs. delayed change). If the variances of change scores in intervention and comparison groups did not differ significantly, Cohen’s d was calculated based on the latent change scores. However, if the variances of the two groups differed significantly, Glass’ delta was calculated.

3.1 Preliminary analyses

We compared participant’s experience during the intervention between the lower and upper grades. The results showed that children from the lower grades reported it was easier for them to imagine contact with a refugee child ( t (797.10) = 8.17, p < 0.001), their imagined interactions were perceived as more positive ( t (807.54) = 8.12, p < 0.001) and detailed ( t (766.78) = 9.62, p < 0.001), and they enjoyed the activity more ( t (813.52) = 12.90, p < 0.001) than children from the upper grades (see Table 2 for average results).

Robust maximum likelihood and full-information maximum likelihood were used in the main analysis to account for the absence of multivariate normality and handle missing data. In addition, we calculated intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) using the lme4 ( Bates et al., 2015 ) and misty ( Yanagida, 2023 ) packages. While the majority of the ICC values were small, several indicators exhibited ICCs greater than 0.10. These indicators were few, but they were found in both the younger and older subsample, in all three time-points and in both the intervention and comparison groups. The highest ICC value was 0.18, which suggests that 18% of the variance in the said indicator can be attributed to classroom membership. While this indicates that children who share a classroom have somewhat more similar attitudes than children from other classes, ICC values did not reach excessively high levels (>0.30; McNeish et al., 2017 ). Since we focused primarily on the effectiveness of an intervention on an individual level in this study, we decided to use clustered standard errors to accommodate the nested data structure ( McNeish et al., 2017 ).

Finally, to scale the latent factors, the mean and variance of the baseline in the comparison group were set to zero and one, respectively. Scalar invariance across the two groups (intervention and comparison) and the three time-points was established both for attitudes and contact intentions and separately for different age groups. Model fit evaluations were based on χ 2 , CFI, RMSEA and its 90% confidence interval, and SRMR, while model comparisons employed criteria for large samples with equal sample sizes, as proposed by Chen (2007) .

3.2 Main analysis

In the text below, we focus on the differences in intercepts of latent change factors, which indicate the short- and long-term effectiveness of an intervention.

3.2.1 Intergroup attitudes

In the lower grades, the multigroup model allowing the groups to differ in change scores fits the data well ( χ 2 (50) = 51.97, p = 0.397, CFI = 1.000, RMSEA = 0.000 [0.000–0.042], SRMR = 0.039). The unconstrained multigroup model is shown in Figures 1A , B , and all parameters which differed significantly across the two groups in a series of constrained model comparisons are shown in bold.

Figure 1 . Multigroup LCS model illustrating change in intergroup attitudes between the comparison and intervention group for lower and upper grades separately. Unstandardized parameters are presented, with dashed arrows representing paths that do not differ from zero. Standard errors are indicated within brackets, and parameters that significantly differ between groups are shown in bold.

The results indicate that the intercept of short-term change in attitudes was positive and significantly different from zero in the intervention group (ML estimate = 0.206, std. error = 0.073, p = 0.005). In the comparison group, the intercept of short-term change is negative (ML estimate = −0.090, std. error = 0.111, p = 0.417) but not significantly different from zero. Constraining the change scores describing the short-term change to be equal across intervention and comparison groups suggested that they differ significantly (Δ χ 2 (1) = 10.52, p = 0.001). The short-term change in intergroup attitudes was more positive in the intervention than in the comparison group. Cohen’s d calculated on the latent change scores was d = 0.36.

Focusing on the delayed effect of the intervention, the intercept of the long-term change in attitudes in the intervention group was positive but not significantly different from zero (ML estimate = 0.131, std. error = 0.096, p = 0.171), while an intercept of the same change in the comparison group was negative and also not significantly different from zero (ML estimate = −0.128, std. error = 0.120, p = 0.288). However, constraining the two intercepts to be equal across groups yielded a significant chi-square difference test (Δ χ 2 (1) = 5.61, p = 0.018), suggesting that intervention had significant long-term effects on the attitudes of the children in the lower grades of primary school. Cohen’s d calculated on the latent change scores was d = 0.26. Significant differences in other parameters are depicted in Figure 1 .

In the upper grades, the unconstrained model also had a good fit to the data ( χ 2 (50) = 78.04, p = 0.007, CFI = 0.992, RMSEA = 0.039 [0.019–0.056], SRMR = 0.037), and the parameters of the model are shown in Figures 1C , D .

The results indicate that none of the latent changes have an intercept, which significantly differs from zero for either of the groups. Furthermore, multigroup comparisons suggest there are no significant differences between the intervention and comparison groups, both in short- (Δ χ 2 (1) = 0.51, p = 0.474) and long-term (Δ χ 2 (1) = 0.10, p = 0.752). Glass’ deltas were Δ = 0.12 and Δ = 0.05 for the short- and long-term change, respectively. However, variances of latent changes are significantly larger in the intervention group (Δ χ 2 (1) = 9.09, p = 0.003 for short-term and Δ χ 2 (1) = 8.09, p = 0.004 for long-term change). This suggests that different children who participated in the intervention experienced different amounts of change.

Overall, the analyses suggest that an imagined contact intervention leads to a positive short-term and long-term change in intergroup attitudes, but only for children in the lower grades of primary school.

3.2.2 Contact intentions

In the lower grades, an unconstrained multigroup model had a good fit to the data ( χ 2 (50) = 70.66, p = 0.029, CFI = 0.994, RMSEA = 0.037 [0.000–0.059], SRMR = 0.037). The unconstrained multigroup model for contact intentions is shown in Figures 2A , B . As with the intergroup attitudes, an intercept of short-term change in contact intentions was positive and significantly different from zero in the intervention group (ML estimate = 0.187, std. error = 0.092, p = 0.042) and negative but not significantly different from zero in the comparison group (ML estimate = −0.129, std. error = 0.068, p = 0.058). Constraining the two change scores to be equal across groups indicated that short-term change in contact intention was more positive in the intervention group (Δ χ 2 (1) = 10.59, p = 0.001). Cohen’s d calculated on the latent change scores was d = 0.42.

Figure 2 . Multigroup LCS model illustrating change in contact intentions between the comparison and intervention group for lower and upper grades separately. Unstandardized parameters are presented, with dashed arrows representing paths that do not differ from zero. Standard errors are indicated within brackets, and parameters that significantly differ between groups are shown in bold.

The intercept of the long-term change in contact intentions was positive but not significantly different from zero in the intervention (ML estimate = 0.118, std. error = 0.068, p = 0.086) and negative but not significantly different from zero in the comparison group (ML estimate = −0.063, std. error = 0.069, p = 0.365). However, constraining the intercepts of long-term change to be equal across groups suggested that intervention had significant long-term effects on the contact intentions of the children in the lower grades of primary school (Δ χ 2 (1) = 4.63, p = 0.031). Cohen’s d calculated on the latent change scores was d = 0.24.

In the upper grades, the unconstrained model fits the data well ( χ 2 (50) = 80.49, p = 0.004, CFI = 0.995, RMSEA = 0.040 [0.021–0.057], SRMR = 0.025), and it is shown in Figures 2C , D . The results indicate that intercepts of all latent changes in both intervention and comparison groups were negative, indicating a reduction in contact intentions. However, only an intercept of long-term change in the intervention group was significantly different from zero (ML estimate = −0.179, std. error = 0.066, p = 0.007). Nevertheless, multigroup comparisons suggest there are no significant differences between the intervention and comparison groups, either in the short-term change (Δ χ 2 (1) = 0.16, p = 0.690) or in the long-term change (Δ χ 2 (1) = 3.15, p = 0.076). Glass’ deltas were Δ = −0.04 and Δ = −0.18 for the short- and long-term change, respectively. As was the case with intergroup attitudes, variances of latent changes are significantly larger in the intervention group (Δ χ 2 (1) = 8.06, p = 0.005 for short-term and Δ χ 2 (1) = 6.32, p = 0.012 for long-term change). In line with the results on the measures of intergroup attitudes, imagined contact intervention also leads to positive short-term and long-term changes in contact intentions. However, once again, this effect is present only in children in the lower grades.

3.2.3 Additional analyses

In addition to the main findings, the analyses offer information on each of the LCS model parameters, which can be interpreted using Figures 1 , 2 . For example, incorporating regressions of change scores on the baseline in all analyses allowed us to control for the initial differences in levels of attitudes and contact intentions shown in T1. Figures 1 , 2 also show that these effects of the baseline were predominantly negative (i.e., children with more positive initial attitudes have exhibited less increase), and the regression coefficients did not differ between the groups (i.e., the baseline predicted change equally in intervention and comparison group, suggesting there was no interaction).

4 Discussion

Previous research showed that preparatory interventions that could help facilitate the integration and adaptation of refugee children to their new schools are needed, especially in countries with no prior experience with refugee integration ( Vrdoljak et al., 2024 ). Our aim of this study was to assess the short-term and long-term effectiveness of the imagined contact intervention conducted in lower and upper grades of elementary school on the change in children’s attitudes and contact intentions toward refugee children. We designed an imagined contact intervention in a way that tried to respond to previously established obstacles ( Husnu and Crisp, 2010 ; Miles and Crisp, 2014 ; Vezzali et al., 2015c ; Ülger et al., 2018 ; Smith and Minescu, 2022a , 2022b ; Vrdoljak et al., 2023 ) that could be the reason why the intervention is sometimes effective in changing attitudes toward outgroup members, and sometimes not. Specifically, we tried to amplify the vividness of the imagined interaction in intervention by developing modified scenarios, using multiple sessions, and incorporating reinforcement techniques after imagining positive interaction with the refugee child.

Results of this study show that the intervention had a significant positive short-term and long-term impact on intergroup attitudes and contact intentions for children in the lower grades, meaning that it effectively improved their attitudes toward refugees. This suggests that engaging younger pupils (up to the age of 11) in imagining positive encounters with refugee children can immediately impact their attitudes and contact intentions in a positive way. Furthermore, we also confirmed the potential of this intervention to foster long-term attitude change and thus cultivate a more inclusive and accepting school environment. This is particularly important since the follow-up period used in this study was much longer than previous successful imagined contact interventions (e.g., Stathi et al., 2014 ; Vezzali et al., 2015c , 2020 ; Ginevra et al., 2021 ; Smith and Minescu, 2022b ). Since imagined contact is fairly easy to implement in the school context, especially in contexts which have only a small community of outgroup members, intervention effects lasting up to two and a half months are particularly encouraging for future use in prejudice-reduction programs. However, the intervention did not have a significant effect on changing the attitudes and contact intentions of the upper-grade students.

While the influence of imagined contact on children’s intergroup attitudes and contact intentions has been observed quite consistently in prior experimental research (e.g., Stathi et al., 2014 ; Vezzali et al., 2015b , 2020 ; Ginevra et al., 2021 ), some studies have not found the expected effects, especially with the age groups which correspond to upper grades in our study (11 years or older; e.g., Fleva, 2014 ; Mazure, 2016 ; Kinghan, 2019 ). Therefore, these findings are not entirely surprising, and they imply that the effectiveness of the intervention may be influenced by the age or developmental stage of the children. In addition, for both outcome measures, older children who participated in the intervention showed more variability in the changes than those who did not. This suggests that different children possibly responded to the intervention in different ways, and potential moderators of the intervention effectiveness could shed additional light on these results. These could include, for example, prevention goals (participants who focus on covering their prejudice during imagined contact could respond negatively to the task; West and Greenland, 2016 ), previous intergroup contact ( Hoffarth and Hodson, 2016 ) or perceived difficulty of imagined contact task ( West and Bruckmüller, 2013 ).

In addition, the experiences of children in the lower and upper grades differed. Younger children found it easier to imagine intergroup interaction; they perceived the interaction as more positive and detailed and enjoyed the task more. All of these characteristics of the imagined experience could potentially lead to larger effects ( Husnu and Crisp, 2010 ; West et al., 2011 ; West and Bruckmüller, 2013 ). Differences in the participant’s reactions to the imagined contact task could stem from factors related to the child’s development, or the differences in the tasks themselves.

Overall, our findings highlight the importance of considering both methodological and developmental factors underlying age differences in the effectiveness of the intervention. Considering age differences in the effectiveness of the intervention, one possibility is that younger children exhibit a greater openness to various interventions within the school context. Developmentally, they are not yet in the rebellious years and tend to show less resistance toward authority figures. In other words, younger pupils possess a higher level of respect for the authority of their teachers, and they are more inclined to follow instructions and participate in various activities with enthusiasm. This is also evident from the greater enjoyment they reported during the intervention. Moreover, their malleable attitudes may stem from their limited understanding of complex concepts, such as refugees. As their comprehension of these subjects is still developing, it becomes easier to shape and change their attitudes through education and guidance. Overall, the general receptiveness and willingness of younger children make them more receptive to interventions in schools than adolescents.

Another possibility is that younger children are more susceptible to the authority of the teacher who carried out the intervention because, in their case, it was the teachers who are central figures in their schooling, who normally teach them most of the school subjects, who know them well, and who in this sense can more easily establish authority in the class. Adolescents are already in subject classes, and the intervention in the upper grades was led by the teachers of one of the subjects, whom they see only a few times a week and do not necessarily develop strong ties with, as is the case with younger children and their class teacher. Teachers who conduct an intervention communicate their own positive attitude toward refugee children and shape a positive teacher norm regarding contact with refugees. If younger children are closer to their teachers, their perception of the teacher’s positive stance on refugees could contribute to the effectiveness of the intervention ( Jones and Rutland, 2018 ). Conversely, if children in the upper grades do not feel as close to the teacher, they could dismiss the intervention more easily.

On the other hand, as stated earlier, younger and older children did not receive completely identical interventions, so these differences in the procedure might also be the reason why the intervention was more effective for younger children. For instance, we aimed to ensure psychological similarity of imagined scenarios for children in lower and upper grades, rather than focusing on providing identical stories. The scenarios were quite similar, created based on the same theoretical criteria and inspected and approved by primary school teachers. Nonetheless, it is still possible that the scenarios used with children in lower grades were more effective in establishing the intervention effects.

Furthermore, the reinforcement methods used were different depending on the age group, with younger children drawing their imagined interaction with the refugee child, whereas older children had three sessions in which they were writing a short essay and only one session in which they were drawing a cartoon. It is possible that drawing is a more engaging activity for all children, regardless of their age, because it is less like other activities for which they are usually evaluated in schools (such as writing). In fact, teachers’ qualitative feedback collected during the intervention suggests that the writing task used as a form of reinforcement in upper grades was met with more apprehension than the drawing task used in lower grades, which is corroborated by children’s quantitative feedback. This apprehension could be related to the lower levels of enjoyment reported by older children during the task and may have had a negative influence on the study results. Children who did not enjoy the intervention were likely less inclined to imagine a positive interaction and provide detailed scenarios, both of which have been found to impact the effectiveness of imagined contact ( Miles and Crisp, 2014 ). So, if the choice of the reinforcement method plays an important role in the effectiveness of interventions, it is essential to engage children in activities that are well-suited to their developmental stage but are also interesting enough. Furthermore, it is possible that it is generally easier to draw the imagined experience than to describe it in words or that drawing increases the vividness of the representation of an imagined interaction in the memory more effectively, all of which could contribute to different perceptions of the activities by children in the lower and upper grades ( Husnu and Crisp, 2010 ). In that sense, incorporating drawing instead of writing can make the activities more interactive, effective, and enjoyable for all children, thus increasing their participation and understanding. Further research is needed to explore potential factors contributing to the varying effects observed between different grade levels.

Overall, the findings of this study highlight the effectiveness of imagined contact intervention in shaping positive attitudes toward refugees among elementary school children, with both immediate and sustained impact. These conclusions support the continued implementation of such interventions in educational settings to promote inclusivity and the importance of introducing interventions targeting attitudes toward refugees in an age-appropriate manner to achieve maximum effectiveness.

4.1 Limitations and suggestions for future studies

Several limitations of this study need to be mentioned. First, in order to compare the results of younger and older children, we used Likert-type scales to assess their explicit attitudes and contact intentions. Our measures have been pre-tested to ensure they are age appropriate, but future studies could also benefit from including visual analog scales with children. Similarly, the field could benefit from more thorough exploration of imagined contact’s effects on children’s automatic (implicit) prejudice. Implicit attitudes are generally regarded as less susceptible to demand characteristics ( Greenwald and Banaji, 1995 ). They are only weakly correlated with explicit measures ( Hofmann et al., 2005 ), have different developmental pathways ( Baron and Banaji, 2006 ; Degner and Wentura, 2010 ), and differently predict behaviors ( Rydell and McConnell, 2006 ). Only one study examined and detected the effects of imagined contact on implicit attitudes using an Implicit Association Test ( Vezzali et al., 2012a ). However, different patterns of automatic prejudice development are found using measures, which do not depend on forced categorization, such as affective priming tasks ( Degner and Wentura, 2010 ), and studies focusing on imagined contact’s influence on these measures are particularly needed.

Furthermore, this study aimed to explore the effectiveness of imagined contact in realistic conditions, where the intervention was regarded as a part of the regular school activities. This increased the ecological validity of the findings, but it has also led to variability in the time elapsed between the intervention and post-intervention measurements.

Since this study employed somewhat different approaches in lower and upper grades, it is challenging to determine whether the characteristics of the children (developmental stage), the intervention (facilitator role, differences in scenarios, and reinforcement techniques), or their interaction are accountable for the age differences. For example, it is possible that older children quickly get bored by repetitive activities, while younger children need more repetitions in order to consolidate the imagined experience. Therefore, a more systematic examination of age differences, where intervention procedures are the same for younger and older children, is needed. Furthermore, these procedures could be varied in order to establish the optimal way in which imagined contact can be employed with different age groups.

Nevertheless, imagined contact proved to be a useful tool to reduce prejudice in children and thus pave the way for positive future interactions and successful integration in a context where the number of refugees is small, and opportunities for contact are scarce. However, the researchers and practitioners should bear in mind that the effectiveness of the imagined contact intervention depends on choosing the age-appropriate approach/method. Future studies should consider developing more efficient imagined contact interventions specifically tailored for adolescents. This age group may require different approaches to maintain engagement and motivation. One potential approach when the intervention consists of several sessions could be making the later sessions more impressionable according to their age and interests to avoid repetition and fatigue. Additionally, diversifying the sessions, such as incorporating drawing comics and role-playing activities, could further enhance the effectiveness of the interventions for adolescents. In summary, further analysis is required to better understand these differences and tailor interventions accordingly to suit the specific needs and cognitive development of children at different grade levels.

Finally, it is also possible that children in the upper grades could profit more from activities which include more substantial discussions on matters of prejudice and discrimination. Indeed, imagined contact could also be used as a part of more complex interventions that would be based on different approaches to reducing children’s prejudices. It is thus possible to integrate the imagined contact with multicultural curriculum or anti-prejudice programs. Instead of just passively learning about cultural differences, tolerance and prejudice, students could imagine that they learn information about the country that a refugee child comes from through interaction with a refugee child, or they could imagine talking about how it feels to be discriminated against based on refugee status ( Crisp and Turner, 2012 ). These recommendations are along the lines of a recent study by Ginevra et al. (2021) , who combined imagined contact with specific instructions on how to act during initial contact situations. This intervention provided children with specific and detailed information on what to expect and how to communicate with children with developmental disabilities before taking part in imagined contact, which led to improved attitudes and contact intentions among the majority of children compared to using imagined contact on its own. Future studies could further examine the potential for incorporating imagined contact in more complex intervention programs.

5 Conclusion

In conclusion, the study suggests that the intervention had positive and lasting effects on shaping intergroup attitudes and contact intentions in the lower grades but did not yield significant changes in these measures for students in the upper grades of elementary school. These findings highlight the importance of considering the age and developmental stage of students and the methods of reinforcement of the imagined contact effects when designing interventions to promote positive intergroup attitudes in educational settings. Further analysis is required to better understand these differences and tailor interventions accordingly to suit the specific needs and cognitive development of children at different grade levels.

Data availability statement

The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation.

Ethics statement

The studies involving humans were approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb. The studies were conducted in accordance with the local legislation and institutional requirements. Written informed consent for participation in this study was provided by the participants’ legal guardians/next of kin.

Author contributions

AV: Writing – original draft, Visualization, Project administration, Methodology, Investigation, Formal analysis, Data curation. DB: Writing – review & editing, Methodology, Investigation, Funding acquisition, Conceptualization. NS: Writing – review & editing, Methodology, Investigation. RF: Writing – review & editing, Methodology. FB: Writing – review & editing, Methodology, Funding acquisition, Conceptualization. MJ: Writing – original draft, Supervision, Project administration, Methodology, Investigation, Funding acquisition, Conceptualization.

The author(s) declare that financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. This work was supported by the Swiss Enlargement Contribution in the framework of the Croatian-Swiss Research Programme (project number IZHRZ0_180568).

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Publisher’s note

All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

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Keywords: imagined contact, refugee integration, school intervention, long-term effects, intergroup attitudes, contact intentions

Citation: Vrdoljak A, Čorkalo Biruški D, Stanković N, Fasel R, Butera F and Jelić M (2024) Imagining a better world: assessing the immediate and delayed effects of imagined contact on attitudes toward refugees in elementary school. Front. Psychol . 15:1294208. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1294208

Received: 14 September 2023; Accepted: 29 March 2024; Published: 29 April 2024.

Reviewed by:

Copyright © 2024 Vrdoljak, Čorkalo Biruški, Stanković, Fasel, Butera and Jelić. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) . The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

*Correspondence: Antonija Vrdoljak, [email protected]

Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

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