Impact of COVID-19 on the Endocrine System: A Mini-review
Affiliations.
- 1 Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK.
- 2 Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London W6 8RF, UK.
- PMID: 34543404
- PMCID: PMC8500009
- DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqab203
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic continues to exert a significant impact on global health care systems, causing devastating mortality and morbidity. As time passes and our understanding of this novel respiratory virus deepens, it is increasingly clear that its effects extend beyond that of the respiratory system. The coronavirus responsible for COVID-19, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, obtains cellular access through the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor in a process requiring the transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) protein. Both ACE2 and TMPRSS2 are widely expressed in many endocrine glands. This, along with several case reports of thyroid and pituitary disruption in patients with COVID-19, has resulted in significant interest in its impact on the endocrine system. Indeed, as mortality is abated by the increasing availability of effective vaccines, there is increasing focus on the long-term effects on health in COVID-19 survivors. This review summarizes data investigating the effects of COVID-19 on each of the endocrine axes to guide appropriate investigations and optimal management.
Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; adrenal function; adrenal insufficiency; endocrine; thyroid function; thyroid gland.
© The Author(s) 2021. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Endocrine Society.
Publication types
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 / genetics
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 / metabolism
- COVID-19 / metabolism*
- COVID-19 / virology
- Endocrine System / metabolism*
- SARS-CoV-2 / genetics
- SARS-CoV-2 / physiology*
- Serine Endopeptidases / genetics
- Serine Endopeptidases / metabolism
- ACE2 protein, human
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2
- Serine Endopeptidases
- TMPRSS2 protein, human
Grants and funding
- National Institute for Health Research
- NIHR Imperial Clinical Research Facility
- NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust
- MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom
- BB_/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom
- NIHR Clinical Lectureships
- CS-2018-18-ST2-002/NIHR Clinician Scientist Award
- RP-2014-05-001/NIHR Professorship
- NIHR Senior Investigator Award
Principles of Endocrinology and Hormone Action
- Living reference work
- © 2020
- 0th edition
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- Antonino Belfiore 0 ,
- Derek LeRoith 1
Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
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Diabetes and Metabolism Clinical Researc, Clinical Research Institute at Rambam (C, Haifa, Israel
- Provides comprehensive and in-depth coverage of endocrine physiology
- Presents the most up-to-date knowledge of the molecular aspects of hormone action
- Written by leading experts in the field
Part of the book series: Endocrinology (ENDOCR)
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Table of contents (29 entries)
Cytokine receptors.
- Andrew J. Brooks, Farhad Dehkhoda, Birthe B. Kragelund
Endocrine Functions of Bone
- Mathieu Ferron
G Protein-Coupled Receptors
- Hanna Pincas, Javier González-Maeso, Frederique Ruf-Zamojski, Stuart C. Sealfon
Genetic Disorders of Adrenocortical Function
- Fady Hannah-Shmouni, Constantine A. Stratakis
Growth Hormones and Aging
- Changhan D. Lee, Valter D. Longo
Molecular Mechanisms of Thyroid Hormone Synthesis and Secretion
- Noriyuki Koibuchi
Nongenomic Actions of Thyroid Hormones
- Sandra Incerpi, Paul J. Davis, Jens Z. Pedersen, Antonia Lanni
Ovarian Physiology
- M. O. Verhoeven, C. B. Lambalk
Part III: Steroid Hormone Receptors and Signal Transduction Processes
- Carolyn M. Klinge
Principles of Endocrine Diseases
- Elizabeth Lowden, Peter Kopp
Receptor Tyrosine Kinases and the Insulin Signaling System
- Morris F. White
Steroid Hormones: Synthesis, Secretion, and Transport
- Filippo Acconcia, Maria Marino
Synthesis, Secretion and Transport of Peptide Hormones
- Noemi Malandrino, Robert J. Smith
Targeting of Steroid Hormone Receptor Function in Breast and Prostate Cancer
- Shilpa Gupta, Douglas Yee
The Adrenal Glands
- Filippo Ceccato, Carla Scaroni, Marco Boscaro
The Endocrine Control of Human Pregnancy
- Kelly Kuo, David Hackney, Sam Mesiano
The Endocrine Gut
- Jens F. Rehfeld
The Endocrine Heart
- Adolfo J. de Bold, John C. Burnett Jr., Jens Peter Goetze
The Endocrine Pancreas
- Salvatore Piro, Francesca Urbano, Franco Folli, Giovanna Finzi, Lorella Marselli, Piero Marchetti
The Endocrine Regulation of Blood Pressure
- Massimo Mannelli, Gian Paolo Rossi, Paul-Emmanuel Vanderriele, Gabriele Parenti
- Endocrine and metabolic regulation
- Endocrine physiology
- Endocrine system
- Hormone regulation and action
- Molecular endocrinology
About this book
This volume provides comprehensive coverage of the current knowledge of the physiology of the endocrine system and hormone synthesis and release, transport, and action at the molecular and cellular levels. It presents essential as well as in-depth information of value to both medical students and specialists in Endocrinology, Gynecology, Pediatrics, and Internal Medicine. Although it is well established that the endocrine system regulates essential functions involved in growth, reproduction, and homeostasis, it is increasingly being recognized that this complex regulatory system comprises not only hormones secreted by the classic endocrine glands but also hormones and regulatory factors produced by many organs, and involves extensive crosstalk with the neural and immune system. At the same time, our knowledge of the molecular basis of hormone action has greatly improved. Understanding this complexity of endocrine physiology is crucial to prevent endocrine disorders, to improve the sensitivity of our diagnostic tools, and to provide the rationale for pharmacological, immunological, or genetic interventions. It is such understanding that this book is designed to foster.
Editors and Affiliations
Antonino Belfiore
Derek LeRoith
About the editors
Antonino Belfiore is Professor of Endocrinology and Head of the Endocrine Unit at the University of Catanzaro, Italy. He obtained his MD degree at the University of Catania, Italy, and graduated in Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases (University of Catania) and Nuclear Medicine (University of Padoa). He completed a PhD in Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences (University of Naples) and has been visiting research fellow at the University College of London, Clinical Immunology Department, and at the University of San Francisco, Diabetes Research Branch. Dr. Belfiore was Assistant Professor in Endocrinology at the University of Catania from 1986 to 1998, and Associate Professor of Endocrinology at the University of Catanzaro from 1998 to 2006. He has a longstanding interest in the epidemiology, clinical aspects, and biology of thyroid diseases and in endocrine-related tumors. He is head of the Endocrinology research lab at the University of Catanzaro, and the current main interestsof his research group concern the study of IGF system dysregulation in human cancer, with a particular focus on the role of the insulin receptor, its isoforms, and molecular modulators of these receptors in cancer.
Derek LeRoith is Professor of Endocrinology at the Clinical Research Institute at Rambam (CRIR), Haifa, Israel, where he is Director of the Diabetes and Metabolism Clinical Research Center of Excellence, Rambam Health Care Campus. Before joining CRIR in 2010, he was Professor of Medicine and Chief of the Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease at Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, and Chief of the Diabetes Branch at the National Institutes of Health's National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. He has published over 500 original research papers, reviews, and editorials and edited a number of books on diabetes and IGF-related topics.
Bibliographic Information
Book Title : Principles of Endocrinology and Hormone Action
Editors : Antonino Belfiore, Derek LeRoith
Series Title : Endocrinology
DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-27318-1
Publisher : Springer Cham
eBook Packages : Springer Reference Medicine , Reference Module Medicine
eBook ISBN : 978-3-319-27318-1 Due: 29 May 2021
Series ISSN : 2510-1927
Series E-ISSN : 2510-1935
Topics : Endocrinology
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Endocrine cancers are a mixed group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cellular proliferation of the hormone-producing glands of the endocrine system. These include the thyroid, adrenal, pancreas, parathyroid and pituitary glands.
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