future of electric vehicles in india essay

The Future of Electric Vehicles in India: Opportunities and Challenges

Raghav Bharadwaj

Head of Strategy and Leadership

As one of the world's largest automobile markets, India's country-wide electrification will be a turning point for the entire world and the country itself. Driven by the  Indian government's push towards sustainable mobility , growing consumer demand for new technologies, and the emergence of private players with an interest in EV technology, the future of electric vehicles in India looks promising.

However, the country continues to grapple with several challenges in its pursuit of full EV adoption, namely with the low number of charging stations and high upfront costs of EVs. 

In this article, we focus on the following three questions:

• What is the state of the Indian EV ecosystem?
• What challenges and opportunities lie ahead? 
• What can India learn from other countries?

India's EV Market Is on a Rapid Growth Trajectory

India is one of the world's largest markets for two- and three-wheeled vehicles, ranking among the global top five for private cars and commercial vehicles. 

According to  JMK Research , a staggering 455,733 EV units were sold in FY2022. India's  Ministry of Road Transport and Highways  also claimed that 1,334,385 electric vehicles in India were on the road as of July 2022. 

These numbers are sure to increase, with central and state governments, as well as private sector players, actively pushing for greater electrification on Indian roads. 

India Sets Ambitious Targets

According to Union Minister Nitin Gadkari, the Indian government intends to achieve the following EV mix in India by 2030:

To reach these ambitious targets, the Indian government has created policies and programs like  the National Electric Mobility Mission Plan (NEMMP) , a broad plan to encourage the adoption of electric vehicles in India. The aim is to reduce India's dependence on crude oil. 

The Indian government has also formulated the Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of (Hybrid &) Electric Vehicles (FAME) scheme. This plan should facilitate greater adoption rates in the coming years. The Finance Minister of India has also  announced a reduction in customs duty and taxes  for the 2023 budget. This will help boost the domestic production of lithium-ion batteries that power electric vehicles. 

Many state governments like Assam, Telangana, Tamil Nadu, and Gujarat have also  created attractive policies and programs  to incentivize EV manufacturing in their respective territories. 

As a result of these strategies, private players have begun entering the EV market, setting the stage for the further adoption of electric vehicles in India. India's success will also have a significant, positive impact on the rest of the world. 

India's EV Adoption Will Be a Global Win

According to the International Energy Agency (IEA),  global EV sales in 2021 doubled from the previous year  to 16.5 million EV units sold worldwide. India also announced that EVs will represent at least 30% of all road traffic by 2023. Though a modest target, a 30% adoption rate will have global ripple effects, both environmentally and economically.

For starters, India is the world's  third-largest oil importer , but the transition to EVs will significantly reduce its oil dependency, disrupting global oil markets. If India can meet its ambitious adoption targets, the country will create a model that other emerging economies can replicate. This, in turn, will have further impacts on oil markets as the dependency on this fossil fuel decreases.

Additionally, with  India's population of 1.4 billion  and its rapidly growing economy, the country is certain to be an influential player in the global EV market today. The full adoption of electric vehicles in India will represent a major step in the right direction toward sustainable development in worldwide mobility.

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Environmental Opportunities for India

The shift towards electric vehicles in India will have a significant impact on the environment. Currently, the transportation sector in India is a major contributor to pollution. Take the capital, New Delhi, for example, where  two- and three-wheelers contribute 50% to the surface PM 2.5  levels. 

India's transportation sector also accounts for  about one-fifth of the country's total energy use . In light of these numbers, EVs can have a huge impact on India's environment in the following areas. 

1. Reducing Air Pollution

Within India alone, vehicular traffic contributes to 27% of total air pollution and  claims 1.2 million deaths  annually. EV adoption in India will therefore significantly reduce the negative global environmental impacts originating from Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) vehicles. 

2. Reducing Noise Pollution

Noise pollution is also a major challenge in India due to the rapid urbanization increasing the need for vehicles. According to the  2022 UNEP report , five Indian cities feature in the world's noisiest cities. Though vehicles are not the only source mentioned in the report, EVs are likely to bring down the noise levels because they don't have the mechanical valves, gears, or fans common to ICE vehicles. 

3. Improving Operational Efficiency

From a fuel efficiency standpoint, petrol or diesel cars convert only  17 to 21% of stored energy while EVs can convert 60% of electrical energy  from the grid. Clearly, this shift to electric vehicles in India can improve the efficiency of fuel production and optimization. It will bring down the operational costs for end-users, thereby increasing demand for EVs. 

Besides the above environmental impacts, the adoption of EVs in India will also present many economic opportunities for the country.

Economic Opportunities for India

In addition to representing significant progress towards a cleaner and greener future, locally, the full electrification of India will benefit businesses, investors, and consumers alike. Below, we highlight several of the most compelling opportunities. 

1. Fleet Operators

Fleet operators like Amazon, DoorDash, and BigBasket can reduce their operating costs by switching to EVs. According to  Weforum.org , the Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) for a two-wheeler in New Delhi is Rs 2/km when it's run on petrol. This cost comes down to Rs 0.52/km when switched to EVs. Undoubtedly, the operating costs go down by more than half for fleet operators. Maintenance costs will go down as well. 

However, shifting to EVs is happening at a much slower pace when compared to Brazil or the US. Electric vehicles in India are still unfavored because of the high upfront costs, unestablished reseller value, and lack of trust in the new technology. 

To address these concerns, the government is providing tax incentives to reduce upfront costs. Meanwhile, first mover companies are providing  robust and reliable charging solutions  that will boost confidence in this new technology.

The EV industry provides enormous opportunities for OEMs to build cost-competitive auto products for India and the rest of the world. Research shows that OEMs can  produce a 5.7% higher value addition to every EV by 2030 . As a result, the Indian government is pushing for indigenization of the supply chain under the Atma Nirbhar plan to support OEMs to develop the EV ecosystem.

Furthermore, efforts from companies in India are underway to help OEMs build a  charging app using SDK development tools , and provide access to features like navigation, vehicle diagnostics, and keyless control. All these measures help OEMs offer on-the-go charging for their drivers and accelerate the shift to EVs.

3. The Real Estate Sector

EVs create multiple opportunities for real estate investors, realtors, and property developers, as this industry requires the  construction of EV manufacturing units, industrial areas, and charging stations . Another key aspect is the development of retail infrastructure around EV charging stations, as it takes an average of 15 to 20 minutes to charge an EV. 

A  report by Colliers  shows that the EV industry will require 1,300 acres to set up 110 GWh battery manufacturing capacity by 2030. The country will also need 13.5 million square feet for charging stations by 2025. These numbers reflect the ample opportunities available for every player in the real estate space.

4. Consumers

India's young and dynamic population is looking forward to embracing new technologies as the country is experiencing a  growing trend in upward mobility . As individuals become more affluent, their socioeconomic status continues to improve, and they are better positioned to purchase EVs.

To meet the growing demand, the government and other innovative players in India's EV space are spearheading efforts to add more charging points to EV charging networks. This includes offering software solutions that make daily charging accessible. 

Multiple players are also  partnering with businesses and government agencies  to build innovative solutions that positively impact the EV industry, leveraging India's qualified talent pool. According to  Nitin Gadkari , the Union Minister of Road Transport and Highways, the EV industry is likely to create five crore new jobs, and India's young talent pool is well-poised to ride this job growth. 

Despite these many opportunities, the country still has to address significant challenges before reaching full adoption of electric vehicles.

The Challenges for India

Realizing India's EV potential is not without its challenges. The journey towards widespread EV adoption in India is slow and plagued with hurdles to overcome. In the following sections, we examine the key challenges hindering EV adoption in India. We also explore possible solutions that can help the country overcome these obstacles to enable a faster, more efficient country-wide adoption of EVs.

1. Lack of Clean Energy

Much of India's  electricity is generated from burning coal . That said, relying on coal to generate power for all the EVs would defeat the purpose of reducing carbon emissions through EV adoption. That's why India is exploring other energy generation sources, like solar, wind, and nuclear energy, as mentioned in Nitin Gadkari's speech in the  7th edition of the ETAuto EV Conclave . The government is also actively pursuing research and development in the areas of biofuel to power EV manufacturing units.

These measures from the Indian government provide trust and opportunities for private players to leverage innovation and technology to build EVs faster and at a lower cost. In turn, this will bring down upfront costs for end-users, thereby leading to greater adoption of electric vehicles in India. 

2. Underdeveloped Charging Infrastructure

Infrastructural issues stand against India's quest for full EV adoption. EVs require different charging and maintenance infrastructure than traditional ICE vehicles because of the differences in engine and other working parts. But India's current charging infrastructure may not be enough to handle the increased demand for EVs. 

At the time of writing this piece, India has  934 charging stations , most of which are located in urban areas. In comparison,  China had 1.8 million electric charging stations  as of 2022. Building bigger batteries and fast-charging stations will mean investing in high-speed, commercial-grade chargers. This, however, requires  significant capital investment . 

The government is working with private players to boost the presence of charging stations. The  Ministry of Power  is providing a slew of financial and non-financial incentives to build EV charging stations. For example, the ministry is adopting a revenue-sharing model for land use and setting affordable charging rates for both operators and users.

In addition, private entities in the sector are working with municipal, state, and central entities to help  install EV stations and charging points . They are also collaborating with operators to create a Charger Management System (CMS) to monitor the operations of these stations and streamlining the entire charging process. 

3. Suboptimal Battery Technology

An EV's driving range is limited, making it difficult for drivers to travel long distances without recharging. Besides limited charging stations, battery capacity, aerodynamic drag, and vehicle weight also compound the problem. This is because current batteries are small, and have low voltage capacities, so they aren't enough to increase EV propulsion and travel longer distances.

To address this problem, private players must innovate to create batteries made of lightweight materials, with higher energy density, and that use renewable sources for charging. The government is providing the necessary impetus in the form of  tax credits . 

The national government is also promoting the manufacturing of batteries in India with the  National Mission for Transformative Mobility and Battery Storage, 2019 . It is also providing companies with the technical know-how and business environment to improve the battery technology for EVs.

4. Persistent Resistance to Change

Indian consumers are still resisting the adoption of EVs, despite their long-term economical and environmental benefits. This stems from a lack of awareness of EVs and a general reluctance to embrace new technologies, especially in rural areas.

But players in the Indian market must come together to address consumers' concerns. They should also build a supportive ecosystem to promote the widespread adoption of EVs in India. This can be done through the development of more affordable EVs, the expansion of charging infrastructure, and the creation of awareness and education programs to educate consumers about the benefits of switching to EVs. 

What Can India Learn from Other Countries' Success?

Power, infrastructure, and financing all are primary antagonists in India's EV adoption story. But the country can take cues from others already making inroads towards full EV adoption. The countries leading global EV adoption paint an interesting picture.

The top countries in the graph above are all wealthy countries in northern Europe. Combined, they don't even represent 3% of India's population. This may lead us to believe that their success will be impossible to replicate in a much more diverse and densely-populated country, like India. 

However, China comes in second and turns that argument on its head. Let's delve into what different regions have done for EV adoption and what India can learn from these efforts. 

The EU, EFTA, & UK

In 2021,  electric car registrations  in the EU-27 region was 1,729,000, up from 1,061,000 in 2020, representing a 17.8% increase. All EU countries, including Norway, which has the highest number of registrations in a year, offered financial incentives like tax reductions and exemptions. 

India is also offering tax incentives along the same lines. And with favorable government policies and the presence of first-mover companies, the country will be able to  improve the adoption of EVs in the next three to five years . 

According to the China Association of Automobile Manufacturers (CAAM),  China sold 6.89 million EVs in 2022  alone. It also boasts the largest electric car fleet in the world: 4.6 million + electric cars on roads in China. This  success story  is attributed to generous government support as well as intense domestic competition, both of which fueled innovation and reduced car prices. 

In comparison, India is also offering support, but the domestic market is not robust and competitive yet. But that is expected to change in the coming years as the impact of the current policies becomes more widespread. In the meantime, the government must continue to encourage innovation and investments. 

EV car sales in the US represent 5.8% of all vehicles sold , up from 3.2% a year ago. However, the overall sales fell by 8% in 2022 when compared to 2021. Experts believe that stricter requirements for claiming federal incentives, high car prices, and concerns about raw materials for batteries were the cause of the decline. That said, the EV car industry is still huge in the US, and it grew due to government investments and policies. Innovation by leading players like GM and Tesla also added to the appeal.

In comparison, the Indian government is significantly pushing towards greater adoption of EVs, with incentives and investments. However, it must enhance the pace of innovation and technical expertise. To do that, the government should create more educational centers of excellence. It must also stop federal funding in a phased manner after considering the macroeconomic factors. 

With the right mix of policies, awareness, investments, infrastructure, and technology, India will certainly take key lessons from these countries to drive full EV adoption.

Smart Digital Solutions Will Be A Key Driver for India's EV Ecosystem

The future of electric vehicles in India holds great promise and is poised for significant growth in the coming years. With supportive government policies, increasing consumer awareness, and advancements in EV technology, the country is well-positioned to embrace this shift toward sustainable transportation. 

The increasing demand for EVs is also leading to an expansion of charging infrastructure and the development of locally produced battery technologies. The automotive industry in India is also poised to play a major role in the global shift towards EVs, with the country having the potential to become a leader in this space. 

Private companies play a critical role in offering smart digital solutions that will contribute to infrastructure development while acting as a bridge between government agencies and end-users. Initiatives from these companies will help fleet operators make the shift to EVs and OEMs to provide seamless driving experiences to their customers. 

Collaboration with local governments will also help expedite the construction of charging stations, along with creating greater awareness among Indian customers. This will contribute to the rapid growth of the EV industry. 

It is therefore up to both the public and private sectors to continue working together to make India's ambitious goals a reality. The right combination of innovation and investment has the potential to accelerate the adoption of electric vehicles in India, transforming the country's transportation landscape and contributing to a cleaner, greener future.

For more information about the future of electric vehicles in India, please see the  FAQ  and  Resources  sections below.

Bureau of Energy Efficiency: E-Mobility

Learn more about the general E-Mobility space from the  Ministry of Power . 

E-Amrit: Accelerated E-Mobility Revolution for India's Transportation 

See  what the government is doing  to support the transition to electric vehicles in India. 

SECTION 80EEB: Tax Deductions 

Find out  which tax deductions are available  for electric cars in India. 

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Rise of Electric Vehicles in India: Is it the future of transportation?

The future of electric vehicles in India

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Essay on Electric Vehicles in India

Students are often asked to write an essay on Electric Vehicles in India in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on Electric Vehicles in India

Introduction.

Electric Vehicles (EVs) are a revolutionary technology in India’s transportation sector. They are vehicles powered by electricity, instead of petrol or diesel.

Benefits of EVs

Challenges in india.

India faces challenges in adopting EVs. These include lack of charging infrastructure, high costs, and limited driving range.

Government Initiatives

The Indian government is promoting EVs. They have introduced subsidies and are planning to create charging stations.

250 Words Essay on Electric Vehicles in India

Electric Vehicles (EVs) are rapidly emerging as a sustainable alternative to traditional fossil fuel-based vehicles. In India, the adoption of EVs is driven by the urgent need to curb air pollution and reduce dependency on oil imports.

The Indian government has shown a strong commitment to promoting EVs. The National Electric Mobility Mission Plan (NEMMP) and Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Hybrid and Electric Vehicles (FAME) schemes have been instrumental in providing subsidies and incentives for EV adoption.

Challenges and Opportunities

Despite the positive outlook, several challenges persist. The lack of charging infrastructure and high upfront costs of EVs are significant barriers. However, these challenges also present opportunities. The development of charging infrastructure can stimulate job creation, while reducing EV costs can be achieved through local manufacturing and economies of scale.

Future Prospects

The future of EVs in India looks promising. With a growing middle-class population, rising environmental awareness, and proactive government policies, the adoption rate is expected to rise. Technological advancements such as battery swapping and fast charging are further expected to boost the EV ecosystem.

In conclusion, while the journey of EVs in India has just begun, it holds immense potential for transforming the country’s transportation landscape. The key to success lies in addressing the challenges head-on and leveraging the opportunities that this transition presents.

500 Words Essay on Electric Vehicles in India

The advent of electric vehicles in india, policy framework and government initiatives.

The Indian government has been instrumental in driving the EV revolution. The National Electric Mobility Mission Plan 2020 and the Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Hybrid and Electric Vehicles (FAME) schemes are key initiatives that provide financial incentives for manufacturing and deploying EVs. The government has also reduced the Goods and Services Tax (GST) on EVs from 12% to 5% to encourage adoption.

Challenges to EV Adoption

Despite these positive steps, the adoption of EVs in India faces several challenges. The high upfront cost of EVs, lack of charging infrastructure, and range anxiety are significant barriers. Additionally, the Indian consumer’s preference for high-speed and long-range vehicles, coupled with the limited availability of such options in the EV segment, has further slowed down adoption.

The Role of Battery Technology

Battery technology plays a pivotal role in the EV narrative. Lithium-ion batteries, currently the most widely used in EVs, are expensive and have a limited lifespan. However, advancements are being made in battery technology, such as solid-state batteries, which promise higher energy density, longer lifespan, and safer operation. India must invest in such technologies and establish local manufacturing to reduce dependency on imports.

Opportunities in the EV Ecosystem

Electric vehicles are the future of transportation in India. While the road to electrification is fraught with challenges, the potential benefits in terms of environmental impact, energy security, and economic opportunities are immense. The success of the EV revolution in India hinges on a holistic approach that addresses policy, technology, and consumer behavior. As the country embarks on this transformative journey, it will require the collective effort of government, industry, and citizens to ensure a sustainable and inclusive electric mobility future.

Apart from these, you can look at all the essays by clicking here .

Happy studying!

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Electric Vehicles: The Advantages and Challenges

• 23 May 2023
• 15 min read
• GS Paper - 3
• Achievements of Indians in Science & Technology
• Mobilization of Resources
• GS Paper - 2
• Government Policies & Interventions

This editorial is based on EVs are crucial for decongesting our cities which was published in The Hindu Business line on 21/05/2023. It talks about importance of Electric Vehicles and their potential benefits.

For Prelims: Lithium , Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Electric Vehicles (FAME) scheme , Vehicle Scrappage Policy , Production Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme

For Mains: EVs: Advantages, Challenges, Way Forward and Government policies

There can be no denying that the era of electric vehicles (EVs) is well and truly upon us. With zero tailpipe emissions, EVs are a direct cure for air pollution and will also help reduce oil imports .

There has been a significant rise in the production and sales of electric vehicles in recent years. Many major automobile manufacturers have invested heavily in EV technology, launching a wide range of electric models to cater to the growing demand. This increased availability and diversity of electric vehicles contribute to the notion that the era of EVs is indeed underway.

Advancements in battery technology and infrastructure have played a crucial role in accelerating the adoption of EVs. The development of more efficient and affordable batteries has extended the driving range of electric vehicles, reducing range anxiety for consumers. Additionally, the expansion of charging infrastructure, including public charging stations and home charging solutions, has improved the convenience and accessibility of EVs for drivers.

Furthermore, governments and policymakers around the world have shown a strong commitment to promoting electric vehicles as a means to address climate change and reduce emissions.

Why are EVs crucial?

• Unlike fossil fuel engine vehicles, EVs produce zero tailpipe emissions.
• EVs help reduce carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and other pollutants that contribute to air pollution, smog, and global warming.
• This has a direct positive impact on public health, as cleaner air reduces the risk of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases.
• This reduces vulnerability to fluctuations in oil prices and enhances energy security by reducing reliance on fossil fuel imports.
• These advancements not only benefit the automotive sector but also have broader applications, such as energy storage for renewable energy sources and grid stability.
• Electric mobility creates jobs and innovation in battery manufacturing, renewable energy , and charging infrastructure.
• Moreover, EVs have fewer moving parts and require less maintenance, resulting in reduced servicing and repair expenses over time.
• Shared mobility refers to the use of vehicles as a service rather than as a personal asset. This can reduce the number of vehicles on the road and the need for parking space.
• Compact design refers to the use of smaller and lighter vehicles that can fit more easily in urban spaces. This can also reduce congestion and emissions.
• Innovative and futuristic smart EVs for shorter intra-city distances, day- trips, and the like would not need a bigger battery. That means less time to recharge and lower cost.

What are the challenges for EVs?

• This cost difference is primarily due to the expensive battery technology used in EVs.
• The lack of a robust and widespread charging network makes it inconvenient for EV owners, especially for those living in apartments or without dedicated parking spaces.
• Although EV ranges have been improving, there is still a perception that EVs may not offer sufficient range for long-distance travel, particularly in a country with vast distances like India.
• The batteries in EVs degrade over time, which can lead to a decrease in range.
• India currently relies heavily on imports for battery manufacturing, leading to supply chain challenges.
• The charging time of EVs is longer than the refuelling time of conventional vehicles, which affects their convenience and usability.
• Limited Model Options: Currently, the availability of electric vehicle models in India is relatively limited compared to conventional vehicles. The market needs more options in various segments, including affordable EVs, to cater to diverse consumer preferences and requirements.

What are some government initiatives to promote EV adoption?

• The Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Electric Vehicles (FAME)scheme II, which provides incentives for EV manufacturers and buyers. These incentives include subsidies, tax rebates, preferential financing, and exemptions from road tax and registration fees.
• The National Electric Mobility Mission Plan (NEMMP), which sets out the target to achieve 6-7 million sales of hybrid and electric vehicles year on year from 2020 onwards by providing fiscal incentives.
• The National Mission on Transformative Mobility and Battery Storage, which seeks to create a comprehensive ecosystem for the adoption of EVs and support the establishment of giga-scale battery manufacturing plants in India.
• The Production Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme , which provides incentives for the manufacturing of electric vehicles and components.
• The Vehicle Scrappage Policy , which provides incentives for the scrapping of old vehicles and the purchase of new electric vehicles.
• The  Go Electric campaign aims to create awareness on the benefits of EVs and EV charging infrastructure.
• India is among a handful of countries that support the global  EV30@30 campaign , which aims for at least 30% new vehicle sales to be electric by 2030.
• The Ministry of Power, in its revised guidelines on charging infrastructure (MoP Guidelines), has prescribed that at least one charging station should be present in a grid of 3 km and at every 25 kms on both sides of the highways.
• The Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs has also amended the Model Building Bye-laws, 2016 (MBBL) to mandate setting aside 20% of the parking space for EV charging facilities in residential and commercial buildings.

What should be the Way Forward for India to adopt EVs?

• Reduce the initial cost of owning an EV by providing subsidies, tax incentives, and financing schemes for both consumers and manufacturers.
• Increase the choice of EVs by encouraging innovation, competition, and collaboration among Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) , start-ups, and other stakeholders.
• Encourage domestic manufacturing of EVs and related components through incentives and supportive policies.
• Raise the awareness among the public by launching campaigns, portals, and platforms to educate them about the benefits and incentives of EVs.
• Improve the electricity distribution and supply by investing in renewable energy sources, smart grids, and energy storage systems.
• Reduce the charging time of EVs by developing fast-charging and battery-swapping technologies and standards.
• Expand the EV charging infrastructure by creating a network of public and private charging stations across the country with adequate quality and accessibility.
• Enhance the service centre and repair options for EVs by training and certifying technicians, mechanics, and dealers for EV maintenance and servicing.
• Encourage government institutions, including public transport authorities, to adopt EVs in their fleets. This would create a significant demand for EVs, stimulate the market, and demonstrate the viability of electric mobility.
• Recent, lithium discovery in Rajasthan could be crucial for this.

India has set a very ambitious target to achieve net zero by 2070 at UNFCC COP26. To achieve this goal, EVs have a crucial role to play. While EVs themselves produce zero tailpipe emissions, the overall environmental impact of electric vehicles depends on the source of the electricity used to charge them. If the electricity is generated from renewable sources like solar or wind, the environmental benefits are maximized.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs) 

Q. In the cities of our country, which among the following atmospheric gases are normally considered in calculating the value of Air Quality Index? (2016)

• Carbon dioxide
• Carbon monoxide
• Nitrogen dioxide
• Sulfur dioxide

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

(a) 1, 2 and 3 only (b) 2, 3 and 4 only (c) 1, 4 and 5 only (d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5

• National Air Quality Index (AQI) is a tool for effective communication of air quality status to people in terms which are easy to understand. It transforms complex air quality data of various pollutants into a single number (index value), nomenclature and colour.
• There are six AQI categories, namely Good, Satisfactory, Moderately Polluted, Poor, Very Poor, and Severe.
• Carbon Monoxide (CO), hence, 2 is correct.
• Nitrogen Dioxide (NO 2 ), hence, 3 is correct.
• Sulphur Dioxide (SO 2 ), hence, 4 is correct.
• Ozone (O 3 ),
• Ammonia (NH 3 ),
• Therefore, option b is the correct answer.

Q. With reference to the Agreement at the UNFCCC Meeting in Paris in 2015, which of the following statements is/are correct? (2016)

• The Agreement was signed by all the member countries of the UN and it will go into effect in 2017.
• The Agreement aims to limit the greenhouse gas emissions so that the rise in average global temperature by the end of this century does not exceed 2ºC or even 1.5ºC above pre-industrial levels.
• Developed countries acknowledged their historical responsibility in global warming and committed to donate $ 1000 billion a year from 2020 to help developing countries to cope with climate change.

(a) 1 and 3 only (b) 2 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3

Q. Describe the major outcomes of the 26th session of the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). What are the commitments made by India in this conference? (2021)

• IAS Preparation
• UPSC Preparation Strategy
• Electric Vehicles (EV)

Electric Vehicles (EV) - An Overview

Electric Vehicles can play a vital role in combating climate change across the globe by helping to cut down the emissions and reducing dependence on fossil fuels. This article throws light on the different types of electric vehicles, environmental advantages, various initiatives of Government and the future impact of electric vehicles on employment and economy.

Aspiring civil servants needs to stay updated with the latest advancements in the field of science and technology and it is an important component of the IAS Exam.  

Electric Vehicles – UPSC Notes:- Download PDF Here

Electric Vehicle (EV) – Meaning

• An electric vehicle (EV) is one that operates on an electric motor, instead of an internal-combustion engine that generates power by burning a mix of fuel and gases. 
• Electric Vehicles (EV’s) include, road and rail vehicles, surface and underwater vessels, electric aircraft and electric spacecraft.
• Though the concept of electric vehicles has been around for a long time, it has drawn a considerable amount of interest in the past decade amid a rising carbon footprint and other environmental impacts of fuel-based vehicles.
• An electric vehicle may be powered through a collector system by electricity from off-vehicle sources, or may be self-contained with a battery, solar panels, fuel cells or an electric generator to convert fuel to electricity.

Electric Vehicles – 8 Different Types

Electric Vehicles can be broadly classified into 8 different types.

• Plug-in Electric Vehicle 
• On- and Off-road Electric Vehicles
• Space Rover Vehicles
• Seaborne Electric Vehicles
• Airborne Electric Vehicles
• Electrically Powered Spacecraft
• Range-extended electric vehicle
• Railborne Electric Vehicles

Plug-in Electric Vehicle (PEV)

A plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) is any motor vehicle that can be recharged from any external source of electricity, such as wall sockets, and the electricity stored in the Rechargeable battery packs drives.

Plug-in Electric Vehicles can be further categorized into 

•   Plug-in Hybrid Electric vehicles, (PHEVs)
•  Battery electric vehicles (BEVs)

Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV)

• A plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) is a hybrid electric vehicle whose battery can be recharged by plugging it into an external source of electric power, as well as by its on-board engine and generator. 
• Most PHEVs are passenger cars, but there are also PHEV versions of commercial vehicles and vans, military vehicles, utility trucks, trains, motorcycles, buses and mopeds.

Battery Electric Vehicles

• A battery electric vehicle (BEV), pure electric vehicle, only-electric vehicle or all-electric vehicle is a type of electric vehicle (EV) that exclusively uses chemical energy stored in rechargeable battery packs, with no secondary source of propulsion. 
• Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV) thus have no internal combustion engine, fuel cell, or fuel tank.
• Some of the broad categories of vehicles that come under this category are trucks, cars,buses, motorcycles, bicycles, forklift etc.

Advantages of Electric Vehicles

Electric Vehicles – Environmental Advantages

Electric cars (or electric vehicles, EVs) have several environmental benefits compared to conventional internal combustion engine cars.

• Have the potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions
• Reduce dependence on petroleum
• Reduce health effects from air pollution
• They produce little or no tailpipe emissions

Electrical Vehicles – Better Energy Efficiency

• Internal Combustion engines will consume fuel even when the vehicle is stationary, whereas in electrical vehicles, the energy is not consumed when it is stationary.
• Electrical Vehicles ‘tank-to-wheels’ efficiency is about a factor of 3 higher than internal combustion engine vehicles

Electric Vehicles – Mechanical Advantages

• They can be finely controlled and provide high torque from rest, unlike internal combustion engines, and do not need multiple gears to match power curves. Hence it removes the requirement for gearboxes and torque converters.
• Lesser vibration
• Lesser noise
• Electric motors are mechanically very simple and often achieve 90% energy conversion efficiency over the full range of speeds and power output and can be precisely controlled. 

Electric Vehicles in India – Government Schemes and Initiatives for Promotion of Electric Vehicles

• In February 2019, the Union Cabinet cleared a Rs 10,000-crore programme under the FAME-II scheme. This scheme came into force from April 1, 2019. The main objective of the scheme is to encourage faster adoption of electric and hybrid vehicles by offering upfront incentives on the purchase of electric vehicles and also by establishing necessary charging infrastructure for EVs.
• In 2017, Transport Minister Nitin Gadkari made a statement showing India’s intent to move to 100 percent electric cars by 2030. However, the automobile industry raised concerns over the execution of such a plan. The government subsequently diluted the plan from 100 percent to 30 percent.
• In 2013, India unveiled the ‘National Electric Mobility Mission Plan (NEMMP) 2020’ to make a major shift to electric vehicles and to address the issues of national energy security, vehicular pollution, and growth of domestic manufacturing capabilities. The scheme was to offer subsidies and create supporting infrastructure for e-vehicles.

Impact of Electric Vehicles on Employment and Economic Growth

• The battery manufacturing industry in India can become bigger than the total amount spent on import of crude oil. This would provide a huge boost to the Indian economy.
• There needs to be a careful plan to hand-hold mini and micro auto component industries, which employs large numbers of people. Many of these companies won’t survive as Electric Vehicles replaces petrol/diesel vehicles. Hence it is imperative to help them during the transition phase to EV components manufacturing.
• European Climate Foundation has estimated that through reducing oil demand by more efficient electric cars, employment will increase by 5,00,000 to 8,50,000 by 2030.
• As per one of the studies, net private and social benefits are estimated between $300 and $400 per Electric vehicle.
• The revenue loss for governments from the taxes on the oil sector is expected to be replaced by higher tax revenues in other economic sectors.
• EVs will create opportunities in durable and lightweight thermoplastics, higher demand for electricity, storage, and many others.

Know more about EV penetration in India in the linked article.

Electric Vehicle Policy (EV) 2020

The Delhi Government has announced the Electric Vehicle Policy 2020 where the emphasis will be given on replacement of two-wheelers, public transport and shared vehicles and goods-carriers instead of private four-wheelers, with Electric Vehicles (EVs).

Given below are the features of the Electric Vehicle (EV) Policy 2020:

• As per this policy, the focus will be shifted to e-mobility, including e-autos, e-buses, etc. The Government will also offer low-interest rate loans to buy electric vehicles
• A state EV fund will be introduced to cover up the expenditure of the EV Policy
• The main objective of the Electric Vehicle Policy is to reduce air pollution and curb the health emergency issues in the state of Delhi
• These e-vehicles will also reduce the expense of buying motor vehicles

Steps to shift from fossil fuel to EVs:

• For the country to transition to electric mobility, there is a need for longer-term government backing and more financing for organisations and end customers.
• The government’s support for start-ups and original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) in an import-dependant segment could play a significant role in the effort to electrify 70 per cent of all commercial cars, 30 percent of private cars, 40 percent of buses and 80 percent of two- and three-wheelers by 2030.
• To cut emissions in the transport sector there is a need to shift as fast as possible from fossil-powered vehicles to electric vehicles (EVs).
• At present, there are barely 5,000-6,000 charging units. Innovative models for private and public charging, and on-the-go charging stations at fuel stations are needed.

Frequently Asked Questions on Electric Vehicle (EV)

Q 1. what are electric vehicles, q 2. what is the need for electric vehicles, q 3. what are the different types of electric vehicles.

Ans. There are eight types of Electric Vehicles:

• Plug-in Electric Vehicle

Q 4. What are the advantages of Electric Vehicles?

Ans. Given below are the advantages of Electric Vehicles:

• Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions
• Reduce Air Pollution and health issues caused by it
• Reduced Noise Pollution
• Electric Vehicles do not consume energy when stationary

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Watch | Are Electric Vehicles India’s future?

A video on india’s electric vehicle market.

Updated - April 01, 2022 03:25 pm IST

Published - April 01, 2022 01:01 pm IST

B y 2030, 80% of two and three-wheelers, 40% of buses, and 30 to 70% of cars in India will be electric vehicles, says the NITI Aayog. As the nation gears towards its ‘Zero-emission’ 2070 dream, funds and focus are directed towards electric mobility

In March 2022, Minister for Road Transport and Highways, Nitin Gadkari mentioned in the Parliament that between 2019-2020 and 2020-2021, the two–wheeler EVs rose by 422% ; three–wheelers by 75% and four–wheelers up by 230%. The number of electric buses also increased by over 1,200%.

India’s road to a fully-electric ecosystem still has a few hurdles - High cost, inadequate infrastructure, lack of high performing EVs The electric variants of the 2 and 4 wheelers are often priced much higher than regular fuel options. This is the most important reason for the slow adoption of electric mobility.

Over 60% of consumers believe that an EV is beyond their budget.

The maintenance costs are high mainly due to the lack of necessary amenities. There are more than 65,000 petrol bunks in India but only 1640 EV charging stations.

The EVs in India so far have only been variants of the already available fossil-fuel driven 2 and 4 wheelers. High performing luxury variants or supercars like the Teslas are yet to hit the Indian markets.

Hoping to convert more consumers into Electric Vehicle owners, the government is offering subsidies for purchasing electric vehicles. A tax exemption of Rs 1.5 lakh is also given for people buying electric cars on loan. The GST for the purchase of EVs is set at just 5% with zero cess.

Under two phases of the FAME or faster adoption and manufacturing of hybrid and electric vehicles scheme, the government has been trying to improve the infrastructure for electric vehicle manufacturing in the country. There is also a plan for 22,000 EV charging stations to be set up by Oil Marketing Companies across the country.

In the 2022 budget, a battery swapping policy was announced as an easier way to charge EVs. Last year, the government also announced a Production Linked Incentive scheme for automakers, a part of which aims to boost electric vehicles manufacturing.

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