When we write something for school, work, or just for fun, we often use ideas and facts from other places. This makes us ask: what is a citation in writing? Let's find out what this means and why it's really important when we write.
Citation in research refers to the practice of telling your readers where you got your information, ideas, or exact words from. It's like showing them the path to the original information you used in your writing.
When you cite something, you usually give details like who wrote it, when it was written, and sometimes where to find it, like a page number or website address. This helps readers find the original information if they want to check it or learn more.
For example, if you're writing about how the Earth is getting warmer and want to talk about rising sea levels, you might use information from a science study like this:
"A 2021 study by a group of climate scientists says that by the year 2100, the average sea level around the world might go up by 0.28-0.55 meters if we don't produce a lot of pollution (IPCC, 2021)."
Now that we know what citation is let's discuss why it is important that you cite your sources. There are several good reasons:
When you cite your sources, you're giving your readers a way to follow your research. They can look at the original information, make sure what you said is right, and learn more about the topic.
When you cite sources, you must think carefully about which ideas to use and how to incorporate them into your writing. This helps you become a better thinker and writer.
For school or work writing, citing correctly is really important. It lets teachers or coworkers easily check your sources to make sure your work is trustworthy.
When you cite good sources, you show your readers that your ideas come from solid research. This makes your writing stronger and shows that you know a lot about your topic.
Maybe the most important reason is that citation in research helps you avoid copying someone else's work without giving them credit, which is called plagiarism. By giving credit to the original writers, you're being honest and respecting their hard work.
There are many ways to cite sources, and each has its own rules. Here are some of the most common ones:
Each of these styles tells you how to write citations in your text and at the end of your paper.
When should you cite a source within your text? Generally, you should provide an in-text citation whenever you're using someone else's ideas, whether you're quoting directly or putting their thoughts into your own words.
In-text citations are short notes within your writing that point readers to the full citation at the end of your document. For example, in APA style, you might write:
"Recent studies have shown a correlation between social media use and decreased attention span (Johnson, 2022)."
End-of-paper citations, often called a works cited page or bibliography, give all the details of the sources you've mentioned. What is the purpose of a works cited page? It gives readers all the information they need to find your sources so they can learn more about the topic if they want to.
You might ask, "Why are references important besides avoiding copying?" Here are a few key reasons:
Citation is a very important part of writing well and honestly. It's not just about not copying; it's about joining in on bigger discussions, making your work trustworthy, and helping your readers. By understanding and using proper citations, you're making your own work better and helping keep the whole world of writing and research honest.
Remember, why is it important to cite your sources? Whether you're writing a paper for school, a blog post, or a report for work, taking time to cite your sources correctly is always worth it. It shows respect for other writers and researchers, and it makes your own work better and more believable.
If you find the citation process challenging or time-consuming, Aithor could be your solution. Aithor doesn't just write content; it also helps find and suggest relevant citations to support your arguments. It can seamlessly integrate these citations into your text, ensuring your work is well-supported and academically sound.
You might want to try using Aithor for your next writing task. It could change how you handle citations and academic writing.
Can plagiarism be detected on pdf.
Plagiarism has been a challenge for a long time in writing. It's easy to find information online, which might make some people use it without saying where it came from. But plagiarism isn't just taking someone else's words. Sometimes, we might do it by accident or even use our own old work without mentioning it. When people plagiarize, they can get into serious trouble. They might lose others' trust or even face legal problems. Luckily, we now have tools to detect plagiarism. But what about PDF ...
Academic assignments require much knowledge and skill. One of the most important points is rendering and interpreting material one has ever studied. A person should avoid presenting word-for-word plagiarism but express his or her thoughts and ideas as much as possible. However, every fine research is certain to be based on the previous issues, data given, or concepts suggested. And here it's high time to differentiate plagiarism and paraphrasing, to realize its peculiarities and cases of usage. ...
Your professor says that it is necessary to avoid plagiarism when writing a research paper, essay, or any project based on the works of other people, so to say, any reference source. But what does plagiarism mean? What types of it exist? And how to formulate the material to get rid of potential bad consequences while rendering original texts? Today we try to answer these very questions. Plagiarism: Aspect in Brief Plagiarism is considered to be a serious breach, able to spoil your successful ...
Creating various topical texts is an obligatory assignment during studies. For a majority of students, it seems like a real headache. It is quite difficult to write a smooth and complex work, meeting all the professors' requirements. However, thanks to modern technologies there appeared a good way of getting a decent project – using AI to write essays. We'd like to acquaint you with Aithor, an effective tool of this kind, able to perform fine and elaborated texts, and, of course, inspiration, i ...
Have you ever thought about whether using your own work again could be seen as copying? It might seem strange, but self-plagiarism is a real issue in school and work writing. Let's look at what this means and learn how to avoid self-plagiarism so your work stays original and ethical. What is self-plagiarism? Self-plagiarism, also called auto-plagiarism or duplicate plagiarism, happens when a writer uses parts of their old work without saying where it came from. This isn't just about copying w ...
Putting ideas into your own words while keeping their original meaning is what paraphrasing is all about. This article will help you understand paraphrasing, from its basic ideas to useful methods. We'll look at what is a paraphrase, explore different paraphrasing meaning and examples, and give you practical tips on how to paraphrase a sentence or even how to paraphrase a paragraph. What is a Paraphrased Sentence? A paraphrased sentence is when you take someone else's idea and say it in your ...
Writing is changing a lot because of AI. But don't worry — AI won't take human writers' jobs. It's a tool that can make our work easier and help us write better. When we use AI along with our own skills, we can create good content faster and better. AI can help with many parts of writing, from coming up with ideas to fixing the final version. Let's look at the top 10 ways how to use AI for content creation and how it can make your writing better. What Is AI Content Writing? AI content writin ...
A correct usage of dialogues in essays may seem quite difficult at first sight. Still there are special issues, for instance, narrative or descriptive papers, where this literary technique will be a good helper in depicting anyone's character. How to add dialogues to the work? How to format them correctly? Let's discuss all relevant matters to master putting conversation episodes into academic essays. Essay Dialogue: Definition & Purpose A dialogue is a literary technique for presenting a con ...
You reach the office at around 9.00 AM, switch on your system, and start working. It’s a usual workday for…
You reach the office at around 9.00 AM, switch on your system, and start working. It’s a usual workday for you until your manager comes to your desk and asks you to create a sales report. That’s the first time you’ve got such a task, and find yourself struggling with basic questions such as, “What’s a report?” and “How do I write one?”
Elements of report writing, importance of report writing.
You must have heard the term ‘report writing’ before.
According to the commonly known definition of report writing, a report is a formal document that elaborates on a topic using facts, charts, and graphs to support its arguments and findings.
Any report—whether it’s about a business event or one that describes the processes of various departments in a company—is meant for a particular type of audience.
But why do you think your manager wants you to create a report?
One simple answer is: an elaborate report prepared with evaluated facts helps solve complex problems. When managers come across certain business situations, they ask for comprehensive and well-thought-out reports that can help them design business plans.
Once you have an idea about what a report is, the next step is to understand how you can write one.
There are different types of reports, and each has a specific structure, usually known as ‘elements of the report’.
While we tell you what the elements of report writing are, if you want detailed guidance, you can go for Harappa Education’s Writing Proficiently course that talks about the popular PREP (Point of starting, Reason, Evidence, and Point of ending) model of report writing.
Every report starts with a title page and a table of contents, after which come the main sections–the executive summary, introduction, discussion, and conclusion.
Do you remember summary writing for English class during school days? You were asked to read a story or passage and write a summary, including the important takeaways. ( ambien )
That’s exactly what you are expected to do in a report’s executive summary section. This section presents a brief overview of the report’s contents. You should present the key points of the report in this section.
But why is it important to write an executive summary at the start of the report?
Firstly, the summary will help readers better understand the purpose, key points, and evidence you are going to present in the report. Secondly, readers who are in a hurry can read the summary for a preview of the report.
Here are some specifics that will help you write a clear and concise summary:
Include the purpose of your report and emphasize conclusions or recommendations.
Include only the essential or most significant information to support your theories and conclusions.
Follow the same sequence of information that you have used in the report.
Keep the summary length to 10-15% of the complete report.
Try not to introduce any new information or point in summary that you haven’t covered in the report.
The summary should communicate the message clearly and independently.
The introduction section should:
Briefly describe the background and context of the research you have done.
Describe the change, problem, or issue related to the topic.
Define the relevant objectives and purpose of the report
Give hints about the overall answer to the problem covered in the report.
Comment on the limitations and any assumptions you have made to get to the conclusion.
This section serves two purposes:
It justifies the recommendations.
It explains the conclusions.
While you are writing the discussion section, make sure you do the following:
Present your analysis logically.
If needed, divide the information under appropriate headings to improving readability and ease of understanding.
Explain your points and back up your claims with strong and evaluated evidence.
Connect your theory with real-life scenarios
The last key element of report writing is the conclusion section. Present the conclusion as follows:
Identify and interpret the major problems related to the case your report is based on.
Relate to the objectives that you have mentioned in the introduction.
Keep the conclusion brief and specific.
Before you start writing a report, it’s important to understand the significance of the report. It’s also crucial to research independently instead of relying on data and trends available on the internet, besides structuring the report properly. Here’s why:
Organizations require a considerable amount of data and information on specific topics, scenarios, and situations. Managers and decision-makers often use business reports and research papers as information sources to make important business decisions and reach solutions.
Another reason that adds to the significance of report writing is that it is a collection of evaluated information.
Different types of activities by different departments define an organization. Think of the departments your organization has–development, sales, distribution, marketing, HR, and more. Each department follows defined processes and protocols that require many small and large activities on a daily basis.
It is impossible for the management to keep an eye on the different activities in each department.
That’s where the reports can help. With every department writing and maintaining periodic reports, keeping a tab of ongoing activities becomes easier for the management.
During the annual appraisal cycle, your manager will ask you to write reports to explain your position, level of work, and performance.
If you have ever wondered how your manager decided to promote your colleague and not you, the answer may lie in his well-presented report.
There’s no denying that managers require accurate information on various topics to make quick decisions. Often due to urgency, managers only rely on business reports as an authentic source of information. Almost every employee would have witnessed a situation that needed the manager’s attention urgently. Reports come in handy during such situations.
Report writing is a significant exercise in many ways for your professional life. If you are not well-versed with it already, you must start working on your report writing skills now. For more help or guidance to learn this new skill, sign up for Harappa’s Writing Proficiently course.
Make the most of your time at home and master this new skill. Work on many assignments, improve your skills, and become a pro at report writing.
Explore our Harappa Diaries section to learn more about topics related to the Communicate habit such as the Importance of Writing Skills and the Cycle of Communication .
A psychologist explains how the ‘lion’s gate portal’ can benefit you.
Days like 8/8 can benefit you regardless of your belief in them as they create the perfect storm of ... [+] positivity, placebo and manifestation practice.
Research has confirmed time and again that the gaps between psychological science and spirituality are wide. While one uses treatment modalities developed through scientific rigor, the other banks on faith, belief and optimism.
Paradoxically, however, psychological healing often intersects with spirituality in the realm of practice. “Manifestation” exercises such as meditation and chanting, positive visualization, journaling and affirmations are prescribed in both spaces regularly and are often rooted in gaining more knowledge of and control over the subconscious and unconscious mind.
Research published in 2023 also indicates that certain psychological constructs, like being in a “flow state,” mirror spiritual experiences. The study further argues that incorporating spirituality into your life may enhance self-understanding and potential through self-belief, a goal therapists often set for clients they treat.
All of this is to say that there are many paths that lead to a desired destination. Whether you are a realist with elaborate plans for the future or you’re a spiritual soul building a deeper connection with the universe, manifestation exercises can help you break substantial ground on the journey you’re already on.
And while there is no perfect time to start this journey, many swear by certain fated days, meant to be more powerful and “bountiful” than others. Today is supposed to be one such day, marking the opening of the “Lion’s Gate portal.” Here’s the lore behind the popular legend.
Harris will propose $25,000 in down payment aid for first-time homebuyers as part of economic agenda, kamala harris releases economic agenda—here’s what to know, the astrological tale behind lion’s gate portal.
Spiritual practitioners claim the eighth of August to be the day the universe supposedly opens a cosmic gateway known as the Lion’s Gate Portal. With Sirius rising and the Sun in Leo, believers claim this is a magical window for transformation and manifestation, as if the universe itself is conspiring to grant all wishes.
For those who believe the lore, it presents a tantalizing chance to harness the universe’s supposed powers. Whether it’s celestial truth or just a fanciful story lacking scientific or cosmic corroboration, the intent to start manifesting in your life is never unuseful. Regardless of these beliefs, manifestation can always help people achieve their best potential.
While they may use vastly different language, construct different arguments and are trying to prove different things—spiritual healing and psychological healing often coincide when it comes to execution. Here’s a psychologist’s take on why manifestation works in both worlds:
Whether ordained by the universe or not, there may not be a better time than now to channelize your mental and spiritual energy toward manifesting the goals you desire to achieve. Here’s why the efficacy of these tools can feel like magic:
While the myths surrounding events like the Lion’s Gate portal may blend astrological assumptions into daily life, the practice of manifestation itself holds significant psychological value at all times in life. The power of intention, belief and structured practice can have profound effects on cognitive health and personal growth. By understanding and harnessing these psychological techniques, individuals can achieve positive transformations, regardless of their spiritual beliefs.
Test your levels of spirituality by taking the science-backed Ego Dissolution Scale, here .
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A title page is required for all APA Style papers. There are both student and professional versions of the title page. Students should use the student version of the title page unless their instructor or institution has requested they use the professional version. APA provides a student title page guide (PDF, 199KB) to assist students in creating their title pages.
The student title page includes the paper title, author names (the byline), author affiliation, course number and name for which the paper is being submitted, instructor name, assignment due date, and page number, as shown in this example.
Title page setup is covered in the seventh edition APA Style manuals in the Publication Manual Section 2.3 and the Concise Guide Section 1.6
Student papers do not include a running head unless requested by the instructor or institution.
Follow the guidelines described next to format each element of the student title page.
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Paper title | Place the title three to four lines down from the top of the title page. Center it and type it in bold font. Capitalize of the title. Place the main title and any subtitle on separate double-spaced lines if desired. There is no maximum length for titles; however, keep titles focused and include key terms. |
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Author names | Place one double-spaced blank line between the paper title and the author names. Center author names on their own line. If there are two authors, use the word “and” between authors; if there are three or more authors, place a comma between author names and use the word “and” before the final author name. | Cecily J. Sinclair and Adam Gonzaga |
Author affiliation | For a student paper, the affiliation is the institution where the student attends school. Include both the name of any department and the name of the college, university, or other institution, separated by a comma. Center the affiliation on the next double-spaced line after the author name(s). | Department of Psychology, University of Georgia |
Course number and name | Provide the course number as shown on instructional materials, followed by a colon and the course name. Center the course number and name on the next double-spaced line after the author affiliation. | PSY 201: Introduction to Psychology |
Instructor name | Provide the name of the instructor for the course using the format shown on instructional materials. Center the instructor name on the next double-spaced line after the course number and name. | Dr. Rowan J. Estes |
Assignment due date | Provide the due date for the assignment. Center the due date on the next double-spaced line after the instructor name. Use the date format commonly used in your country. | October 18, 2020 |
| Use the page number 1 on the title page. Use the automatic page-numbering function of your word processing program to insert page numbers in the top right corner of the page header. | 1 |
The professional title page includes the paper title, author names (the byline), author affiliation(s), author note, running head, and page number, as shown in the following example.
Follow the guidelines described next to format each element of the professional title page.
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Paper title | Place the title three to four lines down from the top of the title page. Center it and type it in bold font. Capitalize of the title. Place the main title and any subtitle on separate double-spaced lines if desired. There is no maximum length for titles; however, keep titles focused and include key terms. |
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Author names
| Place one double-spaced blank line between the paper title and the author names. Center author names on their own line. If there are two authors, use the word “and” between authors; if there are three or more authors, place a comma between author names and use the word “and” before the final author name. | Francesca Humboldt |
When different authors have different affiliations, use superscript numerals after author names to connect the names to the appropriate affiliation(s). If all authors have the same affiliation, superscript numerals are not used (see Section 2.3 of the for more on how to set up bylines and affiliations). | Tracy Reuter , Arielle Borovsky , and Casey Lew-Williams | |
Author affiliation
| For a professional paper, the affiliation is the institution at which the research was conducted. Include both the name of any department and the name of the college, university, or other institution, separated by a comma. Center the affiliation on the next double-spaced line after the author names; when there are multiple affiliations, center each affiliation on its own line.
| Department of Nursing, Morrigan University |
When different authors have different affiliations, use superscript numerals before affiliations to connect the affiliations to the appropriate author(s). Do not use superscript numerals if all authors share the same affiliations (see Section 2.3 of the for more). | Department of Psychology, Princeton University | |
Author note | Place the author note in the bottom half of the title page. Center and bold the label “Author Note.” Align the paragraphs of the author note to the left. For further information on the contents of the author note, see Section 2.7 of the . | n/a |
| The running head appears in all-capital letters in the page header of all pages, including the title page. Align the running head to the left margin. Do not use the label “Running head:” before the running head. | Prediction errors support children’s word learning |
| Use the page number 1 on the title page. Use the automatic page-numbering function of your word processing program to insert page numbers in the top right corner of the page header. | 1 |
Welcome to the Money blog, a hub of personal finance and consumer news/tips. Leave a comment on any of the stories we're covering in the box below - we round them up every Saturday.
Friday 16 August 2024 16:00, UK
Each week we feature comments from Money blog readers on the story or stories that elicited most correspondence.
Our weekend probe into the myriad reasons for pub closures in the UK prompted hundreds of comments.
Landlords and campaigners, researchers and residents revealed to Sky News the "thousand cuts" killing Britain's boozers - and what it takes to survive the assault.
Here was your take on the subject...
I've been a publican for 19 years. This article is bang on! It's like you've overheard my conversations with my customers - COVID, cost of living, wages - the traditional British boozer going out of fashion. (My place: no food, no small children). Hey Jood
I own a small craft ale bar or micropub as some say. The current climate is sickening for the whole hospitality sector. This summer has been ridiculously quiet compared to previous ones. Micropubs were on the rise pre-COVID, but not now even we're struggling to survive… Lauren
I am an ex-landlord. It's ridiculous you can buy 10 cans for £10 or one pint for £5 now. It's not rocket science, it's a no-brainer: reverse the situation. Make supermarket beer more expensive than pub beer, then people will start to go out and mix again rather than getting drunk at home. Ivanlordpeers
Bought four pints of my regular drink at a supermarket for less than one pint in our local pub. It's becoming a luxury to go to a pub these days. Torquay David
Traditional pubs are being taken over by conglomerates who don't sell traditional beer, only very expensive lager, usually foreign, and other similar gassy drinks. How can they be called traditional pubs? Bronzestraw
The main reason for pubs closing is twofold! 1: The out-of-reach rents that the big groups charge landlords. 2: Landlords are told what stock they can hold and restrict where they can purchase it from. Strange, but most pubs belonged to the same groups! A pub-goer
Less pubs are managed now, pub companies are changing them to managed partnerships, putting the pressure onto inexperienced young ex-managers. Locals complain that their local pub has gone. but they don't use them enough. Can government regulate rents and beer prices for business owners? John Darkins
I was a brewery tenant in Scotland for many years and sequestrated because of the constant grabbing at my money by greedy brewers who wanted more and more. I made my pub very successful and was penalised by the brewery. James MacQuarrie
The only reason pubs are closing is locals only use them on Boxing Day, New Year's Eve, and one Sunday a year. Plus breweries don't need pubs, they sell enough through supermarkets! Use them or lose them. Peter Smith
The closing of pubs is a terrible shame. I still go to my local and have great memories of getting drunk in many in my hometown. They are important places in society. As someone once said: "No good story ever started with a salad." Kev K
It's the taxman killing pubs. £1 of every £3 sold. Utter disgrace. Stef
I go with my girlfriend, Prue, every day to my local. It's a shame what's happening to prices. It used to be full of people and joy but now it's a ghost town in the pub since prices are too high now. I wish we could turn back time and find out what went wrong. Niall Benson
Minimum wage is around £11 and the tax threshold is £12,600 per year. How can you possibly afford a night in a pub out when a pint costs between £3 and £8 a pint on those wages? Allan7777blue
Unfortunately, the very people who have kept these establishments going over the years (the working man) have been priced out, and they're paying the price. Dandexter
The pubs are too expensive for people to go out regularly as we once did a decade or so ago. People's priorities are on survival, not recreation. Until the living wage increases beyond an inflation that wages haven't risen above in years, then we will see shops, pubs, etc. close JD
Who wants to spend hard-earned money going into a pub that's nearly always empty. It takes away one of the main attractions - socialising. Michael
Monzo has been named the best bank in the UK for customer satisfaction, according to a major survey.
More than 17,000 personal current account customers rated their bank on the quality of its services and how likely they would be to recommend to friends or family.
Digital banks made up the top three, with Monzo coming out on top, followed by Starling Bank and then Chase.
Some 80% of Monzo customers said they would recommend the bank.
The digital banking app said topping the tables "time and time again" was not something it would "ever take for granted".
Royal Bank of Scotland (RBS) was bottom of the ranking for another year.
The banks with the best services in branches were Nationwide, Lloyds Bank and Metro Bank.
Gail's bakery chain has come under fire for repurposing unsold pastries into croissants and selling them for almost £4 the next day.
The retailer lists the "twice baked" chocolate almond croissants as part of its "Waste Not" range, which means it is made using leftover croissants that are then "topped with almond frangipane and flaked almonds".
The scheme has been hit with criticism online, with many pointing out the £3.90 price tag is 95p more than the original croissant.
One X user said: "The audacity of bragging about it being part of their 'Waste Not' range like we should be grateful to them and proud of ourselves for contributing to reducing food waste when they could just sell it for less money – not one pound more than yesterday.
"Unsure whether to be impressed or horrified that someone has come up with a concept to capitalise on yellow sticker goods to make more profit."
It should be added, however, that the practice was not invented by Gail's - and almond croissants were originally created by French boulangeries to reuse day-old croissants and stop them going stale.
When factoring in the extra ingredients (almond frangipane and flaked almonds) and baking time, the bakery chain would likely defend the increased price by pointing to the additional costs incurred.
It comes as locals in a trendy London neighbourhood signed a petition against a Gail's bakery setting up shop in their area.
After (unconfirmed) rumours began circulating that the chain was looking to open a site in Walthamstow village, more than 600 have signed a petition opposing the plans.
The petition says the village "faces a threat to its uniqueness" should Gail's move into the area (see yesterday's 11.54am post for more).
Gail's has been contacted for comment.
British retailers saw a rise in sales last month after a boost from Euro 2024 and summer discounting, according to official figures.
High street retailers said sales of football shirts, electronics such as TVs, and alcoholic drinks were all stronger amid the Three Lions' journey to the final.
Total retail sales volumes rose by 0.5% in July, the Office for National Statistics (ONS) said. It was, however, slightly below predictions, with economists forecasting a 0.7% increase.
It followed a 0.9% slump in volumes in June as retail firms blamed uncertainty ahead of the general election and poor weather.
ONS director of economic statistics, Liz McKeown, said: "Retail sales grew in July led by increases in department stores and sports equipment shops, with both the Euros and discounting across many stores boosting sales.
"These increases were offset by a poor month for clothing and furniture shops, and falling fuel sales, despite prices at the pump falling."
The data showed that non-food stores saw a 1.4% rise, driven by a strong performance from department stores, where sales grew by 4% for the month as summer sales helped to stoke demand.
However, clothing and footwear shops saw a 0.6% dip, whilst homeware retailers also saw volumes fall 0.6%. Food stores, meanwhile, saw sales remain flat for the month.
There are fears that the £2-cap on single bus fares could be scrapped after the government declined to say whether the policy would continue past December.
Bus companies said it was vital the cost of using their services is kept low for young people to "enhance their access to education and jobs".
Alison Edwards, director of policy and external relations at industry body the Confederation of Passenger Transport, said: "Bus operators are working closely with the government so that together we can find a way to avoid a cliff edge return to commercial fares.
"Analysis has shown that supporting fares, which can be done in a range of different ways, is great value for money and can support many other government objectives.
"For example, keeping fares low for young people would enhance their access to education and jobs, while also encouraging them to develop sustainable travel habits to last a lifetime."
Transport Secretary Louise Haigh said in a recent interview with the PA news agency that her officials were "looking at various options" in relation to the cap, including whether they could "target it better".
It's been a busy week on the economic front.
There was no major shift in the overall outlook - since Monday we've had it confirmed that the UK economy has lower inflation and more growth than the last two years, while wages have grown faster than the overall pace of price rises.
On the back of all that news the pound is at the highest rate since early this month against the dollar, worth $1.2882, and the highest since July when it comes to buying euro with one pound equal to €1.1733.
Signs of a recovery from the global market sell-off of Monday last week can be seen in the share prices of companies listed on the London Stock Exchange.
Share prices have grown among the most valuable companies on the stock exchange, those that comprise the Financial Times Stock Exchange (FTSE) 100 list of most valuable companies.
Today though, this benchmark UK index fell 0.19% but finishes the week higher than the start.
Also finishing the week higher than the start are the more UK-based companies of the FTSE 250 (the 101st to the 250th most valuable firms on the London Stock Exchange).
On Friday morning that index was up 0.08%.
With tensions in the Middle East and Eastern Europe high as Iran mulled a retaliatory strike on Israel and Ukraine made incursions into Russian territory, there had been concern about energy price spikes.
But the benchmark oil price has remained steady at $80.13 dollars for a barrel of Brent crude oil.
Gas prices have remained below the Monday high of 100 pence a therm (the measurement for heat) and now are 94.50 pence a therm.
A Cabinet Office minister has said it is "unfair" to suggest other public sector workers will be queuing up for a pay rise after the government's offer of a 15% increase for train drivers and junior doctors.
"I think that's an unfair characterisation as well," paymaster general Nick Thomas-Symonds told Times Radio.
"I think what is absolutely crucial here is we are a Government again that is sticking to the promises we made in opposition.
"We promised we would sit down and find solutions, and people expressed scepticism about that, but actually that is precisely what we have done in Government."
Last month, the government and the British Medical Association struck an improved pay deal for junior doctors in England worth 22% on average over two years.
Meanwhile, train drivers will vote on a new pay deal following talks between representatives of drivers' union ASLEF and the Department for Transport.
The new offer is for a 5% backdated pay rise for 2022/23, a 4.75% rise for 23/24, and 4.5% increase for 24/25.
The Dartford Crossing is the highest-earning toll road in the UK, new data shows.
The Kent to Essex route raked in £215.9m in the last year - 2,159 times more than the Whitney toll bridge in Hereford.
The crossing, which was supposed to stop charging customers in 2003, costs between £2 and £6 to use (depending on the vehicle you're driving) between 10am and 6pm every day.
Car finance company Moneybarn found it earned just over £209m in 2022.
It topped the chart of 13 toll roads in the country, making over £100m more than the second highest-earning road in 2023 - the M6 Toll in the West Midlands.
In third place was the Mersey Gateway Bridge between Halton and Cheshire, which made £48.9m.
You can see how the other toll roads fared below...
Fines for parents who take their children out of school will increase this upcoming term as the government continues with plans to improve attendance.
From next week, fines for unauthorised absences will go up by as much as £40.
Under the new system, the cost of a penalty charge notice will rise from £60 to £80 if paid within 21 days, and from £120 to £160 if paid within 28 days .
This marks the first increases since the system was introduced in 2013.
So, when do parents get fined?
Children are only allowed to miss school if they are unwell, or they have been given permission from the school in advance.
Parents can make an absence request to take their children out of school, but there needs to be "exceptional circumstances" and the headteacher needs to authorise it.
Currently, it's the responsibility of the local authority to decide when to issue fines, meaning the process varies from council to council.
But, under the new rules which were created by the Conservative government, all schools will be required to consider a fine when a child has missed at least five days of school for unauthorised reasons.
What happens if you keep getting fined?
If a parent receives a second fine for the same child within any three-year period, this will be charged at the higher rate of £160.
A parent can only receive two fines within any three-year period, and once this has been met, other actions can be considered.
This includes a parenting order or prosecution.
Parents who are prosecuted and attend court because their child hasn't been attending school, can be fined up to £2,500.
Where is the money spent?
Government guidance states any money collected from fines should be used by the local authority to cover the costs of administering the system.
Any surplus after that should be spent on "attendance support".
Any cash remaining at the end of the year must be paid to the education secretary.
A Department for Education spokesperson said: "High and rising school standards are at the heart of our mission to break down barriers to opportunity and give every child the best start in life. Strong foundations of learning are grounded in attendance in the classroom.
"Tackling the root causes of absence is a major priority for the government.
"Our support-first approach outlined in our guidance is designed to help parents to meet their responsibility to ensure their child attends school.
"However, in some cases, including term-time holidays, it may be necessary to issue penalty notices."
Every Friday we take an overview of the mortgage market, speaking to those in the industry before getting a round-up of the best rates courtesy of the independent experts at Moneyfactscompare.co.uk .
Over recent months and years, the release of monthly inflation data has had a big impact on forecasts for interest rate cuts - but not this week.
Following a slight uptick in inflation to 2.2% in July, announced on Wednesday, markets were pretty unmoved at pricing in a 63% chance of a base rate cut next Monday.
Investors still think there will be two further cuts this year, bringing the base rate down to 4.5% by Christmas.
On the high street, rate cuts we've mentioned for a month or two now continued this week, with the lowest five-year fixed available now 4.83% - with NatWest, Barclays and Nationwide all settling there for now.
Moneyfacts finance expert Rachel Springall said: "Nationwide Building Society was one of many mutuals to cut fixed rates this week - it now offers a five-year fixed as low as 3.83%. NatWest also cut rates by up to 0.20% and Virgin Money made similar reductions."
Looking specifically at home movers, Springall has some data that shows the difference between now and this point five years ago.
"Home movers who want to lock into a longer-term fixed mortgage will find the average overall five-year fixed rate is much higher than it was back in August 2019, which was 2.84%. Week on week, the overall average two-year and five-year fixed rate mortgage fell to 5.66% and 5.29% respectively."
Away from rate changes from some of the big lenders, one of the most telling insights into the mortgage market this week came with statistics about the average shelf-life of mortgage products.
Springall said: "The volatility within the mortgage market was made clear by the notable drop in the average shelf-life of a mortgage to just 17 days, down from 30 in June.
"There are expectations for rates to fall further in the weeks to come, particularly as the market reflects on the 0.25% base rate cut, the first cut in over four years."
Here's a look at the look at the best rates currently on offer for house purchases...
Moneyfacts also looks at what it calls "best buys" - which considers not just the rate, but other costs and incentives. These are their top picks this week...
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