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College 101: U.S. Colleges Explained

Updated: June 19, 2024

Published: February 11, 2020

Whether you’re a high school student looking to understand what college or university is all about, or you’re an international student looking to study abroad in the United States, American colleges can seem confusing. There are so many types of degrees, majors, and colleges to choose from. Plus, navigating course codes, credits, and financial aid can seem like you’re learning a whole new language. Just how does college work in the U.S. exactly? All the questions you have about college are answered here.

College is the next step of education after high school for most United States students. College is used interchangeably with the word university ( more on that here ). At United States colleges, there are several degree programs including associate degrees, bachelor’s degrees, master’s degrees and PhDs.

Photo by  Tim Gouw  on  Unsplash

How does college work.

We know that the U.S. college system can be a bit confusing at times. With so many types of schools, ways to earn credits, and financial aid options, it’s no wonder that potential students end up scratching their heads from college websites.

Here’s our all inclusive list of how college works in the U.S.

Degrees and Credits

1. how many credits do i need for a bachelor’s degree.

For a bachelor’s degree, you need to complete 120 credits. Colleges also may have specific education requirements such as 1 math course, 1 English course, and 1 art course. Finally, each major has stipulations about how many credits of each type of course you may need.

2. What Level of Education Do You Need?

To find out what level of education you need, all you need to do is a bit of research. You may be able to get away with a bachelor’s degree now, but to reach your full career potential, a higher degree may be required.

3. What Are General Education Requirements?

General education requirements are what is required from your college or university in order to graduate. They are usually basic courses and you may have the flexibility to choose what you want to take within those gen ed requirements.

4. Bachelor’s of Arts vs. Bachelor’s of Science

A bachelor’s of arts requires more courses from humanities and arts departments, and bachelor’s of science will require more courses from science and math departments. To determine which is the best degree option for you, look at what field you are interested in, and what is commonly accepted or preferred when you will enter the workforce.

What is Dual Credit?

Dual credit is an option for students in high school in the United States to earn college credit and high school credit simultaneously. This can either happen at a high school, or at a local community college.

How Many Dual Credits Should You Take?

Too many dual credits that don’t ultimately work towards your degree will be a waste of time. Be smart about which dual credit classes you decide to take. Taking dual credits will save you from paying for college classes later on, but you may have to take introductory classes in college anyways. Also, before you get too excited signing up for several dual credits, check what is the maximum number of credits you are allowed to transfer into your college.

What’s the Difference Between AP and Dual Enrollment?

Advanced placement (AP) classes are classes for high school students meant to give them college credit after passing a test. At the end of the course, a student can take the test and depending on their score, they can get college credit for the class. The score is the credit, not the class. Students can take the test without taking any classes, but they might not pass.

Dual enrollment, on the other hand, is when high school students take college classes on college campuses during their junior or senior year of high school, and they earn dual credit at their high school.

When Transfer Credits Don’t Transfer

It isn’t uncommon for transfer students to complain that they have lost credit after their transfer. This can be due to the course not being advanced enough, or attempting to transfer duplicate courses. Check out what courses will apply to your new school before you transfer, to avoid loss of time and money.

Transfer Credit Without Losing Credit

You should check out transfer policies before enrollment, and make sure you are able to transfer a majority of your credits. Some colleges are more transfer-friendly than others. For example, some have a cap on the amount of credits they will receive.

Common Course Codes That Transfer

An easy way to check if your credits will transfer is to look at the 3-letter prefix and the numbers. Generally, business (BUS) will transfer to business, and communication (COM) will transfer to communication credits. There is not much wiggle room.

Commonly used number codes are more likely to transfer, such as 101, 201, 301, 100, 200, 300, etc. For example, Psych 101 is likely to transfer, while Graphic Arts 293 might not.

How to Transfer Community College Credits to University

Send your transcript to your new major advisor and ask them which credits will transfer. Sometimes the credits will transfer, but your past classes won’t substitute future classes. This is important to keep in mind when budgeting your time and money after the transfer.

Paying for College

Photo by  caleb minear  on  unsplash, financial aid explained.

The FAFSA, or Free Application for Federal Student Aid, is an application that all U.S. citizens and residents with a green card are eligible to apply for. The application includes questions regarding your income, and your guardians’ income(s), if you are a dependent. Students only receive student financial aid if they are deemed by the U.S. Department of Education to be in financial need. They will then determine whether to hand the student loans or grants. Grants are very difficult to obtain, and federal loans each have different interest levels. Students need to reapply for financial aid every year that they are in school.

The 529 Plan

The 529 plan allows you to pre-pay for college years early. This is often done by parents who want to lock in lower rates before their kids go to school.

Student Debt is a Killer

College sets you ahead in your life in many ways, but one of the ways it sets you far back is financially. The average student debt is $37,172 . There are ways to avoid student debt though, or to be smart about paying it off. Don’t let the fear of student loan debt hold you back from going to college, but make smart financial choices and don’t take the loans lightly.

Things to Consider About Student Loans

Before you apply for a student loan, investigate ways to save on tuition so you can take out less loans. For example, maybe transfer credit is available. If you plan on working part time, you may be able to take out less loans and pay some of your tuition upfront as well.

Calculate your ROI

Before you choose a school or a degree program, look at the school and program’s return on investment. Look at starting salaries for majors you might choose, and if that brand name school is really worth the extra tuition.

College is Expensive, Here’s How to Save

College is expensive, but there are some ways to make is less so. Take full-time credits each semester, as taking part-time can make you ineligible for financial aid. Try not to switch majors as you’ll end up taking extra classes, and take advantage of alternative credit such as dual credits in high school and work-study opportunities.

Choosing a Major

To find out what you should major in, ask yourself the following questions:

1. What kind of lifestyle do you want?

2. What career paths interest you?

3. What experience and knowledge do you need to support your dreams after graduation?

Why Majors Don’t Matter

While majors can help you get certain specific knowledge, a major usually doesn’t matter too much for undergraduate studies. It is more important what you do with your time in college.

The STEM Majors

STEM combines all of its parts (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) into one discipline to create a well-rounded field of study. STEM is much different than majoring in just one of those departments and can be much more challenging as well, as it offers a new way to learn and think.

A STEM major (as opposed to majoring in STEM), is to major in one of those four disciplines of science, technology, engineering and mathematics. Within each of these majors, there may be some overlap but not as much as majoring in STEM itself.

Highest Paying Majors

Across the board, the consistently highest-paying majors are in engineering (mechanical, industrial, materials, aerospace, systems, electrical, nuclear, chemical, computer, and petroleum). Other high-paying majors are in business and political science.

Most Common Majors

1. Accounting: Accountants aren’t just good at finance and math. They also must be highly organized and self-disciplined.

2. Liberal Arts Music: If you love music, why not get a degree in it? There are plenty of music careers where you can pursue your passion.

3. Marketing: Graduates with marketing degrees are in high demand, and this is a great area of business to enter.

4. Communications: This major is not just for those going into journalism, it can be the perfect major for you if you are considering a career of any kind.

5. English: English majors are excellent at writing, love literature and language and have a broad range of careers waiting for them at graduation.

Choosing a College

Photo by  jasmine coro  on  unsplash, is this the best way for you to get an education.

Don’t just go to college because you think you should. Education comes in many forms, and college is only one of them. Do your research and find out if college is the best way to get you where you need to be.

What Every Dropout Should Know

Not going to college is a legitimate option, but know that you are taking a risk by dropping out of college. Remember that you can always go to college later in life, but it may be more difficult.

Should You Go to College?

This is a big question you should ask yourself before you enroll. Check out our full guide to find out if college is right for you.

How College Admission Works

Undergraduate college admissions are based on several factors: SAT scores, personal essays, high school grades/transcripts, and recommendation letters. Check deadlines far in advance to make sure you have enough time to take tests, ask for recommendation letters, and write your essays. Make sure to double check everything before you submit your application.

How Does College Accreditation Work?

What is accreditation .

Accreditation of higher education institutions is done by a private organization to ensure that the school meets acceptable levels of education quality.

The Involvement of the Department of Education

There is a U.S. law that states that any educational institution receiving financial aid must meet certain education quality criteria. This can often be proved through accreditation.

How Colleges and Universities Get Accredited

Getting accredited is optional and may take 1-2 years to show eligibility. Schools may show eligibility by submitting information on faculty, class syllabi, financial viability, graduation and degree requirements, and sample student work.

The Consequences of Attending a Non-Accredited School

When a student attends a non-accredited college or university, they may be ineligible for student aid, may not have credits transferred, other universities may not recognize the degree for further education, and a non-accredited degree may not be taken seriously by employers post-graduation.

How to Find out if an Online School is Accredited

Online schools should have accreditation information posted on their website. From there, you can look into the accreditation organization.

Accreditation Red Flags

Red flags for schools include having a similar name and logo to another university, few graduation requirements, promises completion in an unusually short time, and automatic acceptance.

Types of Colleges: The Basics

Photo by  michael marsh  on  unsplash, community college: truth and fiction.

Check your facts. Common misconceptions about community colleges are that it is a stepping stone to university (it’s not!), your credits will definitely transfer, and that it will help you decide what to do next.

Don’t Waste Money on Community College

Community college isn’t guaranteed to save you money. But if you’re smart about it, you may be able to save big by attending a community college for general credits, then transferring to a large public school for your major. However, as some credits may not transfer, you may not be saving in the end.

Public, Private, and For-Profit Colleges

Public colleges are state funded and owned, while private colleges are funded by another organization, such as a religious institution. Some colleges are for-profit. This may mean higher tuition rates and sometimes credits may not transfer to other colleges.

Four-Year and Two-Year Colleges

Four-year colleges offer bachelor’s degrees and include liberal arts colleges and universities. Two-year colleges offer associate’s degrees and certificates and include community colleges, vocational, and technical schools.

Liberal Arts Colleges

Usually private, these colleges tend to focus on the arts and humanities, and are oftentimes smaller than universities.

Universities

Universities usually have a collection of smaller colleges and may offer graduate degree programs, and research programs as well.

Vocational, Technical, and Career Colleges

These kinds of colleges offer specialized training in a particular field and prepare students for entry into that field. Examples include healthcare management, medical assistance, food and beverage management, and office management.

Specialized Colleges

These are colleges that are for specific people or purposes and include:

• Arts Colleges
• Single-Sex Colleges
• Religiously Affiliated Colleges
• Specialized Mission Colleges

Your College Degree Options

• Associates Degree: 2 years
• Bachelor’s Degree: 4 years
• Graduate Degree: 1-4+ years
• Professional Degree: 3+ years
• Joint Degrees: Getting a bachelor’s degree that goes straight into a graduate degree
• Teacher Certification: 1 year

How Does Online College Work?

Photo by  dan dimmock  on  unsplash, what is online college like.

Online college is very similar to on-campus college. They both offer the same coursework, materials, assignments, tests and deadlines. The difference is that online students may watch video lectures instead of in-person lectures.

What Does an Online Classroom Look Like?

For a live classroom, students may use a platform where they log on and can listen live while other online students listen as well, and in-class students are in person. Online college platforms typically include a discussion section, lectures, grades, and groups sections.

Is Online College Hard?

Online college is the same as traditional college in terms of its coursework, assignments, exams, and deadlines. So the course content and requirements is the same level of difficulty. However, online students need to be much more self-motivated and accountable for their grades and participation.

If you are looking for a flexible, fully online, and accredited American university, check out our degree programs from University of the People (UoPeople). Not only is University of the People an accredited online school, but it is also tuition-free! Meaning you’ll get the most value for your education given that the only fees charged are for assessments to help the operation of UoPeople to continue. Degrees offered include associate’s bachelor’s and master’s degrees in fields of Computer Science , Business , Education , and Health Sciences .

Hopefully, we’ve cleared up any confusion there was about U.S. colleges. How does college work? Now you know!

At UoPeople, our blog writers are thinkers, researchers, and experts dedicated to curating articles relevant to our mission: making higher education accessible to everyone. Read More

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American Education and Higher Ed System: The US Higher Education System Explained

US colleges and universities offer life-changing opportunities for international students. Our definitive guide to higher education in the USA answers all your questions.

If you want to study abroad in America, understanding the US higher education system is vital. Whether you plan to get a bachelor’s degree or a master’s degree from one of the many universities in the USA, it is important to learn how it works.

Read on to make the most of your opportunity to pursue post-secondary education in the United States.

What Is the Structure of the US Higher Education System?

As an international student, you may be wondering how colleges and universities fit into the larger US higher education system. Students in America are required to go to school between the ages of six and 18 in what are called grades, which run from first through 12th. (There is also an earlier option, called kindergarten, for the year before first grade, but it is not mandatory in most US states.)

Primary, or elementary, education lasts until fifth grade, middle school or junior high school covers sixth through eighth grade, followed by secondary education in ninth through 12th grades. Secondary education can cover both college-preparatory curriculum or vocational training.

After 12th grade, students have two options for post-secondary education: vocational training (typically a year or two, designed for immediate employment in a trade) or higher ed (typically a two-year associate’s degree or four-year bachelor’s degree in an academic program).

For international students in British-style education systems, you may have had 13 years of education before entering post-secondary studies. Other countries may only have 11 years of pre-university level studies. Typically, for students enrolled in post-secondary education in the United States, US colleges and universities require 12 years of education.

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What Are the Different Types of Higher Education Institutions in the US?

College vs. university.

In many countries, post-secondary institutions are called universities. However, in the US, the words college and university are often used interchangeably . Some are even called institutes (e.g., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, California Institute of Technology). Within larger universities in the United States, there are different colleges or schools that represent different academic areas of study (e.g., College of Engineering, School of Business).

State Colleges and Private Colleges

Depending on where you are from, the best colleges or universities may be public or run by the national or regional/state government. But in the United States, the federal government does not manage any college or university. Instead, the governments of the individual 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and other US territories have the authority to operate, fund, and (in some respects) control public colleges and universities within their boundaries. 

Alternatively, private colleges can operate on their own, without direct control from state or national governments. For instance, hundreds of private colleges in the US were founded by religious denominations or churches, such as the University of Dayton (affiliated with the Catholic church) and the University of the Pacific (a Methodist university). 

According to the National Center of Education Statistics , in 2022 there were 5,916 post-secondary colleges and universities in the United States: 1,892 public, 1,754 private, and 2,270 for-profit. Among the top 20 US universities with the most international students (according to the 2022 Open Doors Fast Facts report ), 13 are public and seven are private. So, remember: quality is not determined by whether a college or university is public or private.  

Tech Colleges and Community Colleges

While most international students come to the United States for higher ed academic programs, some students enroll in technical or vocational colleges designed for job training, like flight school or air traffic control programs. 

Additionally, another option in American post-secondary education is community college. Community colleges offer low-cost education in local communities and provide workforce preparation or credits toward completing a bachelor’s degree. According to the American Association of Community Colleges (AACC), there are “more than 1,000 two-year, associate degree-granting institutions and nearly 12 million students” enrolled in these colleges. Approximately 100,000 international students currently attend community colleges in the United States.

What Are the Different Education Levels and Degree Types at US Colleges and Universities?

Undergraduate .

Undergraduate studies can start immediately after secondary school. There are two main options: a two-year associate’s degree and a four-year bachelor’s degree. 

Generally, associate’s degrees are granted at two-year US community colleges, while bachelor’s degrees are awarded from four-year colleges and universities. In both cases, students choose a focus for their academic studies called a major . In addition to courses in a major, students take required core curriculum or general education classes that develop critical thinking and communication skills.

Graduate studies are only available to students who have completed a bachelor’s degree. In many countries, graduate studies are called post-graduate studies and can take up to five years or more. In the US, the term post-graduate studies can refer to work after a master’s degree program, including studies for a doctoral degree. 

International students who have finished bachelor’s degrees in their home countries, the United States, or third countries have two options for graduate studies in the United States: master’s and doctorate (or doctoral) degrees. 

Master’s degrees can require one to two years of study. In the final term of most master’s programs, students must complete a thesis (a large, well-documented essay) or a project before they will be awarded the master’s degree.

The length of doctorate programs will depend on two things: 

whether students must first complete a master’s degree in a related field, and

how long it takes to complete a dissertation

Generally, if you have finished a master’s degree and are then admitted to a doctoral program, the coursework will take two to three years. After finishing doctoral classes, you typically begin work on a dissertation or research paper/project that serves as the focus of your degree studies. With any paper or project, a faculty member will serve as a director or adviser.

In addition to these degree programs, international students may take various other continuing education or certification courses. Some are in addition to degree studies, while others may count toward meeting licensing requirements to work in certain fields. 

What Should I Know About Courses of Study and Choosing a Major?

The US education system is designed to teach life skills that will serve students well, no matter which career they choose after graduation. So, higher ed students enrolled in colleges or universities will take a variety of courses in order to get a degree. 

For many international students, taking courses outside their intended academic field of study is a foreign concept. But US colleges and universities value liberal arts classes in subjects like history, English literature, and foreign language as well as mathematics, social, and natural sciences. These courses are considered important foundations for critical thinking, logical thought, and communications skills.

Majors, Minors, and Concentrations

When starting college or university, international students should not expect to have more than half their total classes in their intended major. Majors represent what students are most interested in learning to prepare for a career in a related field of study or to go on to graduate school. 

Minors are other academic focus areas in addition to a major, and typically require half as many classes as a major.  

Concentrations are specializations within a given major that allow students to explore a more specific area of study. For example, at the University of South Carolina , the department of history offers regional concentrations (i.e., Latin America, Middle East/North Africa, etc.) as well as 13 different subject areas such as political history, history of slavery, or history of religion. 

BA vs BS vs BFA Degrees

When it comes to bachelor’s degrees in the United States , the three most common are BA (bachelor of arts), BS (bachelor of science), and BFA (bachelor of fine arts). BA degrees focus on liberal arts majors in humanities and social sciences, while BS degrees cover business, math, sciences, engineering, health sciences, and other tech fields. BFA degrees align with the creative arts, such as music or dance.

Accreditation

International students may wonder which US colleges and universities are government-approved. Remember, in America, there is no Ministry of Higher Education, and the federal government does not determine which colleges or universities may operate. 

In the US education system, there are six regional accreditation groups that enable nearly all public and private nonprofit colleges and universities to operate. (Most for-profit private colleges are accredited by national accrediting groups.) Within each institution, there may be several academic programs that also have a national program accreditor as well (e.g., ABET , which focuses on the quality of science, technology, engineering, and math — or STEM — programs). Program accreditations are signs of academic quality as well. 

To research the accreditations of the US colleges you are considering, visit the U.S. Department of Education’s online database . When in doubt, only choose accredited US colleges and universities for your academic studies.

As international students, you also will need to check that these universities and colleges are legally able to enroll students who want to study abroad in the USA. The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) requires all US colleges and universities to apply for certification (and recertification every two years) in order to issue the I-20 forms that international students use to apply for student visas . You can research certified colleges on the DHS website  or use the Shorelight School Match tool .

What Do I Need to Know About College Applications and Applying to University in the USA?

When applying to US colleges and universities for higher ed, be ready for a fairly complex, lengthy, and sometimes confusing process. But with the right approach and appropriate guidance, you can find the right place that meets your needs. (Check out our How to Study in the USA article for all the specifics.)

College Application Forms

While most colleges have their own application forms online, prospective undergraduate international students may also be able to use the Common Application to apply to one (or more) of nearly 900 US colleges and universities. If you are applying to Shorelight universities, you can use one online application to apply to multiple institutions for both undergraduate and graduate programs. Whichever form you use, be aware that each college sets its own application deadlines. Additionally, beyond an application form, each university or college will have its own required application checklist .

Standardized Tests

International student applicants will need to take at least one type of test to determine English proficiency (e.g., TOEFL, IELTS, PTE Academic, Duolingo, iTEP). SAT or ACT test scores may be required for undergraduate students, while graduate programs may need a GRE or GMAT score to submit an application. Ask in advance: a growing number of undergraduate colleges and graduate departments are now test-optional (including Shorelight universities) when it comes to SAT/ACT or GRE/GMAT. 

Academic Records

For most colleges in the US education system, your academic records (translated into English) will be the most important piece of the evaluation process. For undergraduate applicants, that means submitting transcripts from every institution you have previously attended: your complete secondary school academic transcripts, external exams, and (for transfer students) any prior colleges or universities. For graduate applicants, it means submitting official copies of undergraduate (and any graduate) degree transcripts of coursework taken. 

Essay and Recommendations

More selective colleges and universities will require an essay (for undergraduate applicants) or statement of purpose (for graduate applicants) and letters of recommendation . Essay topics can be as broad as “What do you want to do with your life?” or as specific as “What event has had the biggest impact on you?” Letters of recommendation should be written by someone who has either taught you in a class and can speak to your academic abilities, or by an advisor who can provide a more well-rounded perspective on the kind of person you are.

Whichever path you choose, the college application process is not meant to be done alone. A dedicated college guidance counselor or advisor can assist you through the college admissions process.

How Do Transfer Credits Work?

If you have already done some undergraduate coursework, you may be considered a transfer student , and this can change application requirements for study in the US. 

Transfer students have a slightly different application process, especially with standardized test requirements and deadlines. Some colleges and universities may only take transfer undergraduate or graduate applicants for the fall term, while others let transfer students start in spring or even summer. 

The classes you have already taken may count toward your bachelor’s degree requirements. These are called transfer credits . Transfer programs at US colleges and universities are designed for students who have not taken more than two years of study and, at many colleges, no more than two years of course credit can be applied toward fulfilling degree requirements. 

How Is the Academic Year Set Up in the USA?

Semesters, trimesters, quarters.

In the American education system, the academic year typically begins in August or September. Depending on the university, the academic year may be divided into quarters, trimesters, or semesters, and will run until May or June. For colleges that follow semesters, the fall term runs from late August or early September to mid-December, and the spring semester runs from January through May.

When to Apply

For new international undergraduate students considering US colleges and universities, applications are generally accepted as early as a year before the academic term you wish to join. For example, if you want to start at the University of Illinois Chicago in Spring 2025, you could have applied for admission as early as January 2024. 

While many selective universities in the USA have regular admissions application deadlines in November or December, some colleges also offer early decision or early action deadlines in January. These earlier deadlines give students the chance to get a decision as far in advance as possible, although it often requires a commitment to enroll if admitted. Other colleges have rolling admissions policies and will accept applications throughout the year for the next academic term (or year).

Typically, early decision or early action applicants find out if they are accepted within a month of the submission deadline. For January or February application deadlines, students will learn if they are admitted in March or early April. International students who apply to rolling admissions colleges, like many of the Shorelight partner universities, generally find out as early as a few days to three to four weeks. 

How to Enroll

After admission, you will be told what your next steps are to accept an offer from a college or university to begin your higher ed journey. Many American universities will set a deadline date for admitted students to send in their deposit (the amount varies by college) to hold their place for the next academic year.

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What is the Classroom Experience Like in the US?

The undergrad classroom.

In US colleges, class sizes can be as large as 400 students in an auditorium or as small as four students around a table. At larger state universities, you will likely find big class sizes in the first two years of study. At liberal arts colleges, smaller class sizes (10 to 20 students) are standard. Colleges and universities must list on their websites their average student-to-faculty ratio (i.e., how many students are on campus for every faculty member and the average class size), so you can easily get a sense of the class sizes at the colleges that interest you.

For instruction , professors and academic experts typically teach college classes. Teaching assistants (often graduate students working for a professor) may teach large lecture classes or smaller lab or discussion sections. In addition to teaching staff, you will have either an academic advisor or faculty advisor (once you declare an academic major) who will help you choose classes and make sure you are on track for graduation.

On the first day of each class at the beginning of an academic term, students receive a syllabus from the professor or instructor, which covers what students can expect during the course — all the scheduled quizzes, tests, papers, and final exam requirements. Additionally, the syllabus will list the required textbooks and the reading that must be done for each class meeting. In many classes, the syllabus will also break down what percentage of your course grade comes from papers, quizzes, tests, group projects, mid-term and final exams, and even classroom participation. (That’s right — in many courses your grade is impacted by your involvement in discussions!)

Campus Jobs and Co-ops

Once you are settled, you may want to explore the opportunity to work on campus. Legally, as F-1 student visa holders, if there are jobs on campus available for international students, you can work up to 20 hours per week while classes are in session and up to 40 hours per week during vacation periods.  

As you progress into your academic major, there may be internships , co-ops, or other work options off campus in jobs related to your program. Keep an eye out for these opportunities and be sure to bring this topic up with your academic/faculty advisor and also with your international student advisor, as there are immigration regulations that you will need to be familiar with and permission you will need to receive before working off campus. Many of these internships or co-ops may also offer credits toward your degree studies.

The Grad Student Experience

For graduate students, similar classroom and work rules apply for both master’s degree and doctorate coursework. Graduate students will have a required master’s thesis/project or doctoral dissertation at the end of a graduate program. These could take anywhere from a few months for a master’s thesis to two or more years for a dissertation.

What Is the Grading System at US Colleges and Universities?

Most US colleges use a combination of a 4.0 grade point average (GPA) scale and a letter grading system from A to F. Grades often look like: 

A = 4.0 Best

F = 0.0 Worst

Many American universities will also use different categories — A, A-, B+, B, B-, C+, C, C-, D+, D, D-, and F — and the +/- will have a different value on the 4.0 scale (e.g., A- = 3.7, B+ 3.3). Some universities offer classes with Pass/Fail or Satisfactory/Unsatisfactory grades, but these will not impact a student’s GPA. 

Students usually take between three and six classes each academic term, and each class is given a certain number of academic credits. As long as you pass a course (i.e., a D grade or better) you will get full credit for that course. 

Most university classes are worth between three and five credits. The number of credits per class varies by the hours of instruction each week. For example, if you have a course that meets a total of three hours a week over the course of a 16-week semester, that course will typically be worth three credit hours. If you have three hours of instruction plus an hour lab section each week, the course will likely be a four-credit class.

So, over one semester, let’s say you have five classes worth three credits each. If you pass each course, you will receive 15 credits. If, over eight semesters (or four academic years), you took that same number of credits each term and passed each class, you would have 120 credits and the end of your program. Most bachelor’s degrees require 120 to 133 credits, depending on the field of study.

How Successful Are International Students Studying in the USA?

More international students choose to study in the USA than in any other country. According to the Institute of International Education (IIE) 2023 Open Doors Report , foreign students make up 5.6% of all college students in the US, and nearly one million students from overseas studied at American colleges and universities. 

For international students who complete degrees in the United States, roughly 60-65% choose to stay in the US for work opportunities. For F-1 student visa holders, that means one to three years of potential paid employment in your field of study, depending on your major. This work permission is called Optional Practical Training (OPT). If you enroll in a STEM major, you can have three years of OPT for each degree level (bachelor’s, master’s, and doctoral) you complete in the United States. Of the million-plus international students in the United States in the 2022-2023 academic year, graduate work experience in OPT increased by 8% .

A 2017 international student satisfaction survey from World Education Services revealed that 92% of current international students and 89% of recent alumni believe their US education was a good investment, and 85% of students and 88% of alumni feel positive about their career prospects.

US Education System Terms to Know: A US Colleges and Universities Glossary

Academic credits: the unit of measure for a student’s progress toward graduation. A typical university-level bachelor’s degree class is worth three credits. Normally, to graduate with a bachelor’s degree, students need to earn between 120 and 133 credits, which equals 40 to 44 classes.

Accreditation: six regional and dozens of program-specific groups, recognized by the U.S. Department of Education, that permit colleges to operate as educational institutions.

Associate degree: the first academic degree possible after completing secondary school. This two-year degree program has an academic focus in one area with a number of other classes in the liberal arts. Associate degrees are normally completed at two-year community colleges.

Bachelor’s degree : typically a four-year degree completed at post-secondary colleges and universities.

College: a post-secondary institution in the United States. It can be a two-year institution for either academic or vocational studies or a four-year academic institution. Within universities, the academic divisions may be called colleges (e.g., College of Arts and Sciences, College of Business, etc.).

Community college: a two-year post-secondary educational institution that primarily offers associate degree programs.

Doctoral degree: often called a PhD (doctor of philosophy) or EdD (doctor of education), this is the highest academic level of study offered in the United States. Doctoral programs are available to students who have either completed a bachelor’s degree or master’s degree in a related subject. The length of the program depends on whether students already have a master’s before entry and the time it takes after completion of coursework to write a required dissertation (between one and four years).

GPA: the academic grade point average students receive from their various classes taken in college or university. Generally, students are graded in each course on a 4.0 scale (4 being high, 0 low). In the US education system, a 4.0 GPA equals an A, 3.0 is a B, 2.0 is a C, 1.0 is a D, and 0.0 is an F.

Graduate studies: academic programs that start after completing a four-year undergraduate degree and generally lead to master’s or doctorate degrees.

Liberal arts: areas of study covering humanities subjects like history, English literature, foreign language, mathematics, social studies, and natural sciences.

Liberal arts college: post-secondary institutions that focus primarily on academic programs in the humanities and social sciences.

Major: the primary focus of an undergraduate student’s degree studies. Majors are similar to the term “course of study” for international students. In US colleges and universities, the major represents anywhere from 33-50% of the total number of classes a student takes to graduate.

Master’s degree: normally a one- to two-year graduate study degree with an intensive focus in a particular academic subject. A master’s thesis or project is often required.

Quarter: An academic calendar variation that divides the year into four 10-week-long periods, with only three required (fall, winter, spring).

School: a US institution that educates students; often refers to places with K-12 learners. Within colleges and universities, “schools” can be considered a sub-division of a university’s academic areas (e.g., School of Engineering, School of Business). It can also be used as a slang term (e.g., “How many schools are you applying to?”).

Semester: a common measurement for an academic term. Typically, colleges and universities have two semesters (fall and spring) in a required academic year. Each semester is approximately 16 weeks long. Many universities also offer a summer semester for students who do not start in fall or for those who may want or need to take additional courses to accelerate or stay on track with their academic programs.

State university: a public four-year institution, funded in part by the state in which it is located. Public state universities tend to have large student body sizes.

Transfer credits: credits for students who have already completed some academic work at a different university that is then applied toward a degree program at a new university where the student is enrolled.

Trimester: an academic calendar that follows three terms – fall, winter, and spring. Each trimester is 12 to 13 weeks long.

Undergraduate studies: the first level of academic studies students take after completing secondary school. Undergraduate studies lead to either associate’s or bachelor’s degrees.

University: a four-year post-secondary educational institution. These institutions can offer all levels of post-secondary degrees (associate, bachelor’s, master’s, and doctorate).

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The Admissions Strategist

How does college work the ultimate guide.

If you’re a high school student, you’ve probably spent a lot of time thinking about college applications. You’ve endlessly considered where to apply, how to make your application as competitive as possible, which scholarships to go for, and the list goes on.

But what happens once you’re enrolled in a college? What are the requirements to earn a bachelor’s degree? Do you know exactly what a college credit is? Or how to meet General Education requirements? And what if you decide to go for a master’s degree, or even a PhD ?

If you’re wondering “Wait—how does college work?”, then we’ve got you covered! In this guide, we’ll break down the process of earning a bachelor’s, a master’s, and a PhD. We’ll even explain all those confusing terms that people just assume you already know. We have a lot to talk about, so let’s get started!

Click above to watch a video on what is college.

Undergraduate (Bachelor’s Degree)

The bachelor’s degree is an undergraduate degree that typically takes four years to complete. When you apply to colleges during high school, you’re applying for bachelor’s degree programs. In these programs, you select a major and meet credit and course requirements for that major to graduate. You will need 120 credits to earn a bachelor’s degree.

The two most common bachelor’s degree are the Bachelor of Arts (B.A.) and the Bachelor of Science (B.S.). Some students also choose to pursue a Bachelor of Fine Arts (B.F.A.).

College Majors

Your college major is the area of study you’ll focus on as you pursue your bachelor’s degree. It determines your program of study, or the courses you’ll have to take to earn your degree. The major you choose should prepare you for the career you’d like to go into in the future. Examples of popular college majors include Business, Engineering , Biology, Psychology , and Communication & Journalism.

Some colleges require you to select a major when you apply. Others require you to apply to a specific undergraduate college (like the College of Arts and Sciences). And some schools don’t ask you to make any of these decisions during the application process.

In most cases, these early choices are not binding. Most colleges ask students to declare their major by the end of sophomore year at the latest. You declare your major by filling out a simple form, either online or in the school’s advising center. If you realize the major you chose isn’t a good fit for you, you do have the option to change it later. (But don’t wait too long—changing your major late in your undergraduate career can delay the completion of your degree.)

College Credits

Regardless of your major, you will need to complete 120 credits to earn a bachelor’s degree. Most college courses last for one semester and are worth three credits. This means you’ll need to take about 40 classes to earn your degree, at a rate of around five classes per semester.

You earn credits by passing your classes. If you fail a class, of course, you don’t earn those credits. In college, the concept of “passing” gets a bit complicated. Some schools require you to earn a C or better to pass a class. Others accept a D as passing, but may require a C or higher for the class to count toward your major. And you typically need to have an overall GPA of 2.0 (C average) or better to graduate. Simply put, it’s best not to earn below a C.

It’s important to note that you can’t graduate by passing 40 classes at random. You will have to follow a program of study based on the major you declare. The program of study is generally divided into three parts:

General Education Requirements

• Major Requirements

All colleges require General Education courses , which are designed to give you a broad and well-rounded education. You will spend most of your first two years of college completing these requirements.

Also known as “Gen Ed,” these are low-level courses in subjects like Composition, Humanities, Natural Sciences, and Social and Behavioral Sciences. Your school may require additional subject areas.

You will have to earn a certain amount of credits in each required subject area, as determined by your school. Typically, you’ll need around 36-60 credits total of Gen Ed courses. High scores on AP and IB exams can count toward some of your General Education requirements, meaning you won’t have to take as many Gen Ed classes.

Your college will make it easy to identify which courses can count toward your General Education requirements. For instance, if you can earn Humanities credits for a course, you might see an “H” next to the course’s name in parentheses.

Although you do have to stick to the categories your school requires, you can choose any class you want within those guidelines. Usually, you’ll have plenty of interesting options to choose from!

Degree Requirements

Degree requirements are the specific courses required by your major. For instance, Psychology majors may be required to take classes like Introduction to Psychology, Abnormal Psychology, Statistics, Developmental Psychology, Research in Experimental Psychology, etc. in order to earn their degree.

Many of these degree requirements are upper-level classes. That means you can’t take them right away; you’ll need to earn a certain amount of credits first. Some of these classes will also have prerequisites , or other classes you must pass first. For example, you’ll likely be required to pass Introduction to Psychology before you can sign up for Abnormal Psychology.

Similar to Gen Ed requirements, you can expect your degree requirements to total about 40-60 credits. You can use leftover credits for free electives , which basically translates to “whatever you want.” That means even a Physics major can take Basket Weaving, History of Jazz, and Introduction to Popular Film to get the last of those 120 credits (as long as there are no prerequisites keeping you out).

If this all sounds complicated, don’t worry. Your college will clearly outline the General Education requirements, degree requirements, and free electives you need to earn your degree. Most likely, you’ll also have access to an online portal that shows you which requirements you’ve completed, and which classes you still need to take. And if you ever have questions, professors and advisors are there to help.

Once you’ve met all the necessary requirements, you’ll graduate with your bachelor’s degree! Then, you can start your career or continue with your education.

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Graduate (master’s degree).

After you finish your bachelor’s, the next degree you can choose to earn is a master’s degree . The application process for master’s programs is very similar to the application process for bachelor’s programs and may involve an interview. It’s worthwhile to earn a master’s degree if it’s required for your dream job, or if you’ll earn significantly more money in your future career with a higher degree.

Master’s programs build upon the foundational knowledge you learned in your bachelor’s degree program. You gain the in-depth skills and knowledge needed to become an expert or specialist in your field. Most master’s degrees require 30-40 credits and take about two years to complete.

Since the master’s program is more accelerated, all or most of these credits will consist of specific degree requirements. You may also be required to complete practicums, internships, and/or research projects. Some programs require you to present your research at seminars or submit it for publication in journals and periodicals. During graduate school, you can expect smaller class sizes, more discussions, and significantly more reading.

Final Projects

Many master’s programs require you to submit an extensive final research paper known as a master’s thesis . You may have the option to choose between a “thesis track” and a “non-thesis track.” If you choose the non-thesis track, you’ll still have a final project, but it may be a field experience or a capstone project instead.

Capstone project is a broad term for a culminating assignment that requires you to apply what you’ve learned during the master’s program. Depending on your area of study, it might involve creating a portfolio, conducting original research, or presenting your solution to a common problem in the field.

When you’ve completed the requirements for your master’s degree, it’s time to graduate! This time, you get to wear a fancy hood in addition to the traditional cap and gown. Then, you’re once again faced with the decision to launch your career or continue down the path to academia.

Doctoral Degrees

Doctoral degrees are called terminal degrees, meaning they’re the highest degree you can earn in the field. Most careers do not require this level of education, but you may need a PhD for a career in academia or research. PhD programs vary widely, with most requiring 60-120 credits and taking 5-8 years to complete. This time is typically divided between coursework and the dissertation.

The application process is again similar. Requirements may include a resume, three letters of recommendation, competitive scores on graduate exams, a statement of purpose, and an interview. These programs admit a small number of applicants and are highly competitive.

There are two main types of doctoral degrees: applied doctorates and research-based doctorates. Here, we’ll focus on research-based doctorates (PhDs), as each applied doctorate has its own unique path.

In general, the first 2-3 years of a PhD program are spent on highly specialized coursework. You can expect even more discussion and reading than you experienced in your master’s program.

Many PhD students also work as Teacher Assistants , or TAs. They assist professors with teaching classes and grading papers. Depending on your subject area, you may also conduct research and spend time in labs for the duration of the program.

Most PhD programs require students to pass exams at various points in the program. At the end of the first year, students may take a comprehensive exam to test their knowledge. They must pass this exam before they can be admitted to the next level of the program. Some schools give students a certain number of chances to pass this exam, while others have a time limit.

Later in the program, students will take a candidacy exam to progress to the dissertation. This exam is sometimes known as a “qualifying exam.” The exam generally includes both a written and oral portion and is evaluated by a committee. Students must pass the exam to continue to the dissertation portion of the PhD program. Many programs give students two opportunities to pass; if they do not, they are removed from the program.

Dissertation

The dissertation is the final requirement of the PhD program. It takes 2-3 years to complete, and sometimes even longer. It’s a book-like document that contributes new research to the PhD candidate’s field and demonstrates expert knowledge.

After extensive research and writing, candidates present the dissertation to a committee. This is called “defending” the dissertation. Defending the dissertation also involves answering questions from the committee, thus defending that the assertions in the dissertation are valid and stand up to examination.

Once you’ve completed required coursework, passed the candidacy exam, and successfully defended your dissertation, you earn your PhD. At this graduation, you’ll wear an elaborate gown, typically with velvet trim. Now that you’ve earned the highest degree possible, you can work in research, academia, or a highly paid position in another field.

Final Thoughts: How Does College Work?

Whether you’re planning to earn a bachelor’s, master’s, or PhD, we hope we’ve cleared up any confusion about how college works.

It’s not as complicated or as overwhelming as you might think. Your school will help you navigate requirements and ensure you’re able to successfully travel the path to graduation!

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From Associate to Doctorate: A Complete Guide to College Degree Levels

Are you ready to discover your college program?

Considering a college degree? First, you’ll need to understand the types of degrees and college degree levels.

Different degrees set you up for different career paths. For example, you can’t become a psychologist with just a bachelor’s degree — you’d need a master’s or doctorate in psychology. And you usually can’t become an engineer without at least a bachelor’s degree.

Typically, as your university degree level rises, your earning potential increases and the unemployment rate decreases. That’s one more reason it’s important to understand the different types of degrees.

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What Types of Degrees Are There in College?

There are many types of degrees you can earn in college. College degree levels can be broken down into two categories: undergraduate degrees and graduate degrees.

Here are the college degrees in order from lowest ranking to highest:

• Associate degree (undergraduate)
• Bachelor’s degree (undergraduate)
• Master’s degree (graduate)
• Doctoral degree (graduate)

While a doctorate is the highest education level, some fields may stop at a master’s. The phrase “terminal degree” refers to the highest degree in a field.

A professional degree is a type of graduate degree — often a doctorate — that prepares you for a professional career in fields like law and medicine.

Associate Degree

• Typical Program Length : 1-2 years
• Typical Number of Credits : 60

Most associate degree programs prepare you to enter the workforce immediately upon graduation. These programs can be found at community and technical colleges and typically last 1-2 years.

An associate degree can also serve as the foundation for a bachelor’s program. You may even be able to transfer some of the credits you earned for your associate degree toward a four-year degree.

Some associate degrees require you to complete an internship or practicum in addition to taking classes. This is particularly common among healthcare and tech degrees.

To apply for an associate degree program , you’ll need a high school diploma or equivalent, like a GED certificate. Some schools may require you to submit standardized test scores, such as the ACT or the SAT, as well.

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What can you do with an associate degree.

An associate degree prepares you for vocational, allied health, and support roles. For example, you can become a medical assistant , paralegal, or vet tech with an associate degree.

The highest-paying careers with an associate degree pay over $80,000 per year. See the table below for popular jobs that require associate degrees and their salaries.

Source: BLS

Types of Associate Degrees

Colleges can offer three kinds of associate degrees:

• Associate of Arts (AA)
• Associate of Science (AS)
• Associate of Applied Science (AAS)

Arts, humanities, and creative fields typically offer an AA, whereas social sciences and natural sciences often award an AS. Many applied and vocational programs offer an AAS degree.

The type of degree matters if you’re planning to transfer into a bachelor’s program. Colleges normally offer fewer transfer credits for an AAS degree.

Popular Associate Degrees

• Business Administration
• Business Management
• Computer Science
• Criminal Justice
• Cybersecurity
• Early Childhood Education
• Graphic Design
• Healthcare Management
• Information Technology
• Medical Assisting
• Medical Billing and Coding
• Pre-Nursing
• Social Work

Bachelor’s Degree

• Typical Program Length: 4 years
• Typical Number of Credits: 120

A bachelor’s degree program prepares you for many career paths. You’ll generally spend four years earning a bachelor’s degree at a college or university. You’ll take general education classes and courses in your major . You can also choose a minor.

Some colleges offer accelerated bachelor’s programs , which take less time — often 2-3 years. Degree-completion programs can also speed up the timeline by awarding you credit for previous college coursework.

You can earn your bachelor’s degree online as well. An online degree from an accredited college meets the same standards as an in-person degree.

You’ll need a high school diploma for admission and may also need to submit SAT or ACT scores.

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What can you do with a bachelor’s degree.

In diverse industries like business, tech, and education, a bachelor’s degree can prepare you for many entry-level careers. Some of the highest-paying jobs with a bachelor’s degree include roles in finance, management, and tech.

Graduates with a four-year degree can also benefit from high demand in many lucrative fields, like software development and engineering. See the table below for roles you can apply for with a bachelor’s degree and their salaries.

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS)

Types of Bachelor’s Degrees

You can earn a bachelor’s degree in many fields. Some of the most common types of bachelor’s degrees you’ll see include:

• Bachelor of Arts (BA)
• Bachelor of Science (BS)
• Bachelor of Applied Arts (BAA)
• Bachelor of Applied Science (BAS)
• Bachelor of Architecture (B.Arch.)
• Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA)
• Bachelor of Fine Arts (BFA)
• Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN)

The two most popular degrees are a BA and a BS. These degrees cover all arts and sciences majors and some education and engineering degrees.

Popular Bachelor’s Degrees

• Civil Engineering
• Communication
• Computer Programming
• Health Informatics
• Health Sciences
• Human Resources
• Mathematics
• Organizational Psychology
• Political Science
• Public Policy
• Supply Chain and Logistics

Master’s Degree

• Typical Program Length: 1-3 years
• Typical Number of Credits: 30

A master’s degree can help you gain specialized skills and qualify for higher-paying roles. As a graduate student, you’ll work closely with experts in your field to explore advanced topics.

While a master’s degree typically takes two years, some universities offer accelerated one-year master’s programs. You can also enroll in a bachelor’s-to-master’s program to earn both a bachelor’s and master’s degree in less time.

Most master’s programs require students to complete a minimum of 30 credits. Admission and graduation requirements vary depending on the program. For example, many arts and sciences master’s programs require GRE scores , while business programs typically require GMAT scores .

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What can you do with a master’s degree.

With a master’s degree, you can qualify for management-level careers and specialized roles in industries like healthcare, research, and social services. The highest-paying master’s degrees include MBAs and nurse practitioner degrees.

Learn more about the earning potential and demand for popular master’s degree jobs below.

Types of Master’s Degrees

Here are some of the most common types of master’s degrees you can earn:

• Master of Arts (MA)
• Master of Science (MS)
• Master of Business Administration (MBA)
• Master of Education (M.Ed.)
• Master of Fine Arts (MFA)
• Master of Laws (LL.M.)
• Master of Public Administration (MPA)
• Master of Public Health (MPH)
• Master of Public Policy (MPP)
• Master of Science in Nursing (MSN)
• Master of Social Work (MSW)

An MA and an MS are among the most popular master’s degrees. Humanities, social sciences, and natural sciences fields typically award an MA or an MS. Other popular options include an MBA and an M.Ed.

Popular Master’s Degrees

• Creative Writing
• Data Science
• Engineering
• Healthcare Administration
• Library and Information Science
• Network Security
• Public Health
• Supply Chain Management

Doctoral Degrees

• Typical Program Length: 2-10 years
• Typical Number of Credits: Varies

In many fields, a doctorate is the terminal degree. There are a few types of doctoral degrees you can earn.

Professional doctorates train you for a professional career. For example, law school and med school are two common professional paths. A Ph.D., on the other hand — the most common type of doctorate — emphasizes theory and research.

In a doctoral program, you’ll take graduate-level seminars and courses, take comprehensive exams, conduct original research, and defend a dissertation in front of a faculty committee.

Most applied doctorates take 3-5 years to earn, while a Ph.D. typically requires 4-6 years of coursework. In certain fields, you can earn your doctorate online.

Some doctoral programs require a master’s degree for admission, whereas others admit applicants with just a bachelor’s degree. You may need to submit standardized test scores depending on the program.

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What can you do with a doctorate.

If you want to become a physician , professor , or lawyer, you’ll need a doctorate. In many fields, a doctorate translates into higher salaries. Lawyers, pharmacists , and physicists all report median salaries of over $125,000 per year, according to the BLS.

The following table shows the earning potential and demand for popular doctoral degree jobs.

Types of Doctoral Degrees

A doctorate is the highest education level, but there are still several types of doctoral degrees. Here are some of the most common ones you can get:

• Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.)
• Doctor of Business Administration (DBA)
• Doctor of Education (Ed.D.)
• Doctor of Medicine (MD)
• Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP)
• Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm.D.)
• Doctor of Psychology (Psy.D.)
• Juris Doctor (JD)

A Ph.D. is the most popular doctorate. You can earn a Ph.D. in many arts and sciences fields. Other doctorates take their names from the career path associated with the degree.

Popular Doctoral Degrees

• Curriculum and Instruction
• Educational Administration
• Educational Leadership
• Human Services
• Legal Studies
• Organizational Leadership
• Public Administration

Frequently Asked Questions About College Degree Levels

What are the four types of college degrees.

The four types of college degrees are associate degrees, bachelor’s degrees, master’s degrees, and doctoral degrees. Colleges classify associate and bachelor’s degrees as undergraduate degrees and master’s and doctoral degrees as graduate degrees .

Within those categories, you can earn many types of degrees. For instance, at the bachelor’s level, you could earn a BA, BS, or BFA degree, to name a few.

What is a four-year college degree called?

A four-year college degree is called a bachelor’s degree. Another term for this degree type is a baccalaureate degree.

Many careers require a bachelor’s degree for entry-level roles. For example, most careers in business call for you to hold a bachelor’s degree. Many roles in tech, education, the public sector, and engineering also require you to have a four-year degree.

Some career paths require a specific major. In many states, you’ll need a bachelor of science in nursing (BSN) to become a registered nurse . In other fields, your specific major matters less than the quality of your skills.

What is the highest degree?

The highest degree is a doctorate, also called a doctoral degree. In terms of university degree levels, both master’s and bachelor’s degrees rank below doctorates.

You can earn a doctorate in a wide array of fields, including the social sciences, business, the humanities, education, engineering, and healthcare.

In some fields, however, a master’s degree represents the terminal, or highest, degree. For instance, a master of fine arts (MFA) is the terminal degree for creative writing.

What is the hardest college degree?

Most would agree that the hardest college degree is a doctorate. As the highest education level, a doctorate requires significant expertise in the field.

Many Ph.D. programs take six years or more and require you to write a book-length dissertation based on original research.

Because a doctorate represents the top of the university degree levels, it’s a relatively uncommon degree. Only around 2% of U.S. adults held a doctorate in 2023, according to the U.S. Census Bureau .

What is the quickest degree?

The fastest degree you can get is either a one-year associate degree or a one-year master’s degree. While other types of degrees typically take a minimum of two years, you can earn a master’s degree in one year with an accelerated or fast-track program.

You can sometimes add a master’s degree to your bachelor’s through a 4+1 program, also known as a bachelor’s-to-master’s program . In this case, some of your coursework counts toward both your undergraduate and graduate degrees, meaning you’ll spend an additional year in college to leave with a master’s degree.

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• The State of American Jobs
• 5. The value of a college education

Table of Contents

• 1. Changes in the American workplace
• 2. How Americans assess the job situation today and prospects for the future
• 3. How Americans view their jobs
• 4. Skills and training needed to compete in today’s economy
• Acknowledgments
• Methodology

An extensive body of research has argued that obtaining a college diploma is a good deal for graduates on almost any measure – from higher earnings to lower unemployment rates. By the same token, those without a college degree can find their upward mobility in the job market limited by a lack of educational credentials: This survey finds that one-third of Americans who lack a four-year college degree report that they have declined to apply for a job they felt they were qualified for, because that job required a bachelor’s degree.

But despite the potential benefits and opportunities available to college graduates – and the potential challenges faced by those who lack a college diploma – Americans have somewhat mixed attitudes about the effectiveness of traditional four-year colleges and other higher education institutions. On a personal level, many college graduates describe their own educational experience as having a generally positive impact on their personal and professional development. Roughly six-in-ten (62%) college graduates with two- or four-year degrees think their degree was very useful for helping them grow personally and intellectually, while roughly half think it was very useful for opening up job opportunities (53%) or for providing them with useful job-related skills and knowledge (49%).

Yet even as many college graduates view their own educational experience in positive terms, the public as a whole – including a substantial share of college graduates – expresses reservations about the extent to which various higher education institutions prepare students for the workforce more generally. Just 16% of Americans think that a four-year degree prepares students very well for a well-paying job in today’s economy, and 51% say this type of degree prepares students “somewhat well” for the workplace. Some 12% think that a two-year associate degree prepares students very well (46% say somewhat well), and 26% feel that certification programs in a professional, technical, or vocational field prepare students very well (52% say somewhat well).

The purpose of college: Americans view workforce-relevant skills and knowledge as more important than personal and intellectual growth

Americans’ views of what a college education should be tend to prioritize specific, workplace-related skills and knowledge rather than general intellectual development and personal growth. Half of Americans say that the main purpose of college should be to teach specific skills and knowledge that can be used in the workplace, while 35% think its main purpose should be to help students grow and develop personally and intellectually and 13% volunteer that these objectives are equally important. The public’s views on this issue have shifted slightly in favor of skills development since the last time Pew Research Center asked this question in 2011. At that point, 47% said main purpose of college should be to teach specific skills and knowledge and 39% said it should be to promote personal and intellectual growth.

Americans who have engaged in additional schooling beyond a bachelor’s degree are especially likely to say that the main purpose of college should be personal and intellectual growth, rather than the acquisition of specific skills and knowledge. Some 47% of those with a postgraduate or professional degree think the main purpose of college should be personal and intellectual growth, while 35% think it should be teaching workplace-relevant skills.

In contrast, those with limited college experience (or no college experience at all) are more likely to prioritize the development of specific skills over general intellectual improvement. For instance, 56% of Americans with a high school diploma or less say college should be primarily a place to develop specific work-oriented knowledge and skills, while just 31% see it primarily as a place for personal and intellectual growth.

There is also a partisan element to these views, with Republicans and Democrats expressing highly differing opinions on the purpose of college. Democrats (including Democratic-leaning independents) are about evenly split on which of these objectives is more important: 42% say colleges should prioritize personal and intellectual growth, while 43% say they should prioritize the development of workforce-relevant skills. But among Republicans and Republican leaners, 58% say that the main purpose of college should be teach specific skills – while just 28% feel that the main purpose should be general personal and intellectual growth.

These partisan differences hold true even after accounting for differences in educational attainment. Democrats and Democratic leaners with high levels of educational attainment are more likely to prioritize personal and intellectual growth relative to Democrats and Democratic leaners with lower levels of educational attainment.

But Democrats and Democratic-leaning independents at all educational levels are more likely than Republicans and Republican-leaning independents with similar levels of education to believe that personal and intellectual growth should be the main purpose of college.

Along with Democrats and those who have progressed beyond a bachelor’s degree, younger adults (those ages 18 to 29) are more likely than older adults to feel that personal and intellectual growth should be the primary purpose of college: some 43% of 18- to 29-year olds feel this way, compared with roughly one-third of those in older age groups.

In addition, Americans who themselves work in the education field tend to place a greater emphasis on personal and intellectual growth as the primary purpose of college: 46% believe that this should be the main purpose of a college degree, while 35% believe that college should mainly be a place to develop specific skills and knowledge (19% of those who work in the education industry consider them equally important).

Most college graduates regard their college experience as very useful for intellectual growth; views are more mixed when it comes to job opportunities and marketable skills

When asked to assess certain aspects of their own educational experience, about six-in-ten (62%) college graduates (including those who graduated from a two-year degree program) feel that their time in college was very useful in helping them grow personally and intellectually. About half say their college experience was very useful in helping them access job opportunities (53%) or in helping them develop skills and knowledge they could use in the workplace (49%).

The further people have progressed in their college career, the more likely they are to consider their experience very useful. Those with a postgraduate or professional degree are more likely to say that their college education was very useful in each of these respects compared with four-year degree holders, who are in turn more likely than those with a two-year associate degree to say that their education was very useful across each of these measures. For example, while two-thirds of those with a postgraduate or professional degree say their college education was very useful in opening doors to job opportunities, 56% of those with a four-year degree, and an even smaller share (40%) among those with a two-year degree, say the same. And while 57% of those with more than a bachelor’s degree say college was very useful in helping them develop marketable skills, about half or a smaller share among those with a four- or two-year degree hold this view (49% and 43%, respectively).

When it comes to helping them grow professionally and intellectually, majorities of those with a postgraduate or professional degree (77%) and those with a bachelor’s degree (64%) say college was very useful, compared with 46% of those with a two-year college degree.

Americans have mixed views about the extent to which college prepares students for a well-paying job in today’s economy

When asked a broader set of questions about the impact of college more generally, the public expresses somewhat mixed views about the extent to which a college education prepares students for success in the workforce.

Two-thirds of Americans (67%) think that a traditional four-year degree prepares students for a well-paying job in today’s economy at least somewhat well, but just 16% think it prepares them very well, and 29% think it does not prepare them well. A somewhat smaller share of Americans (58%) think that a two-year community college degree prepares students for a well-paying job either very (12%) or somewhat (46%) well, while 38% think that these programs do not prepare students well.

Interestingly, Americans with a four-year college degree are generally no more positive – or negative – than those with less education about the relationship between a four-year degree and a well-paying job: 13% of those with a bachelor’s degree or more education say a four-year degree prepares people very well, as do 11% of those with a two-year associate degree, 12% of those with some college experience but no degree, and 17% of those with a high school diploma. Among those who did not complete high school, however, 40% believe that a four-year college degree does a very good job of preparing people for a well-paying job.

When it comes to assessments of a two-year college degree, about one-in-six (16%) Americans who hold this type of degree say it prepares workers very well for a well-paying job. This is considerably larger than the share of those with at least a bachelor’s degree (7%) who say a two-year degree prepares people very well, but not necessarily more positive than the views of those with less education.

Blacks and Hispanics are more likely than whites to say four- and two-year degrees prepare people very well for a job in today’s economy. For example, about three-in-ten (29%) Hispanics and about a quarter (24%) of blacks say this about a four-year degree, compared with 12% of whites. And while about one-in-five blacks and Hispanics (18% each) say a two-year associate degree prepares people very well, one-in-ten whites share this view.

These findings are consistent with previous Pew Research Center surveys that found that black and Latino parents view college as more essential for their children’s success than do white parents.

A substantially larger share of the public has positive attitudes towards certification programs in a professional, technical or vocational field in the context of workforce development. Some 78% of Americans think that these programs prepare students well for a job in today’s economy, including 26% who think they prepare students very well. Just roughly one-in-five (19%) think they do not prepare students well. It is important to note, however, that respondents were not asked about the effectiveness of certification programs instead of a college education.

Positive assessments of certificate programs as a way to prepare workers for jobs in today’s economy are particularly widespread among those who did not complete high school; 44% in this group say these types of programs prepare people very well, compared with about a quarter (27%) of those with a high school diploma and a similar share of those with some college, but no degree (22%), a two-year degree (28%), or a four-year degree or more education (22%). Certificate programs are also particularly well-regarded among Hispanics, 39% of whom say they prepare people very well for a good job in today’s economy. About a quarter of blacks (25%) and whites (23%) say the same.

One-third of Americans without a bachelor’s degree have elected to not apply for a job they felt they were qualified for because it required a four-year degree

Recent research has argued that there is a “ credentials gap ” in today’s workforce, as employers increasingly require a bachelor’s degree for positions that did not demand this level of schooling in the past. And the survey finds that 33% of Americans who do not have a four-year college degree report that they have declined to apply for a job they felt they were qualified for, because it required a bachelor’s degree.

Americans who have engaged in some type of formal education beyond high school (short of obtaining a bachelor’s degree) are particularly likely to believe they’ve been adversely affected by credentialing requirements as they work their way up the educational ladder. Some 25% of Americans with a high school diploma or less and no additional schooling beyond that have not applied for a job because of a bachelor’s degree requirement. But that figure rises to 34% among those with a high school diploma plus additional vocational schooling, to 38% among those with some college experience but no degree, and to 44% among those with a two-year associate degree. Put somewhat differently, as people receive additional formal education without actually obtaining a bachelor’s degree, they may develop relevant skills without the on-paper credentials to match.

In addition, adults younger than 50 are much more likely than older adults to have refrained from applying to a job they felt they were qualified for because they didn’t meet the formal educational requirements. About four-in-ten non-college graduates ages 18 to 29 (41%) and ages 30 to 49 (44%) say this has happened, compared with 31% of those ages 50 to 64 and just 12% of those 65 and older.

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How Does College Work? Everything You Need To Know (Helpful Guide)

Estimated reading time: 25 minutes

This is the number one guide to how college works! From types, Degrees, Majors, ROI, Pros & Cons, we’ve got you covered!

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You’ve come to the right place to learn everything you need to know about how college works.

From choosing between a college and university to understanding the different types of schools, degree levels, and majors, we’ve got you covered.

We’ll even dive into the pros and cons of going to college and explore the return on investment (ROI) of a college degree.

Follow these recommendations on how to navigate this guide and you’ll be well on your way to understanding everything you need to know about how college works.

Sections Covered In This Post

College vs. university, the different types of schools.

The Cost of College

Why Should I Go to College?

Pros and Cons of Going to College

What Is the Difference Between a School and a Department?

Majors in College

College ROI

Degree Levels

How do college years work, college credits.

When choosing between a college and a university, it’s important to think about what you want to achieve and what you’re interested in.

These terms are sometimes used in the same way, but they mean different things…

A college is usually smaller and more focused than a university. They usually offer undergraduate degrees and provide education in specific fields of study.

• They give associate and bachelor’s degrees, and sometimes also offer professional certifications.

UNIVERSITIES

A university is bigger than a college and has more programs to offer. It includes several colleges and schools and provides both undergraduate and graduate programs.

• They have a wide range of academic offerings, research facilities and graduate schools. They offer a variety of degrees such as bachelor’s, master’s, and doctoral.
• Universities tend to have a more comprehensive curriculum and are often known for their research and academic resources.

College: Focuses on undergraduate education. University: Offers a wider range of programs, including research opportunities and graduate schools.

There are different types of colleges to choose from when considering higher education:

• Ivy League schools are selective and prestigious, providing exceptional resources and opportunities for high-achieving students.
• Community colleges focus on two-year associate degree programs and vocational training, making higher education more affordable and accessible.
• Liberal/private colleges prioritize a well-rounded education, exposing students to diverse subjects and fostering critical thinking skills.
• Technical/vocational colleges offer hands-on training that focuses on practical skills for specific careers.

Knowing about these different types of colleges can help you choose the educational path that aligns with your goals and aspirations.

How Much Does A 4-Year College Cost?

The cost of going to college varies depending on the school, program of study, and location.

In the United States, the average annual cost of going to a four-year public college or university is around $20,000 for in-state students and $35,000 for out-of-state students. The average annual cost of going to a private college or university is around $50,000.

However, these costs can differ a lot based on things like financial aid, scholarships, grants, housing, and other expenses. When deciding where to go to college, it’s important to research different schools and consider the full cost of attending.

Feeling Overwhelmed? Here are some action items that may be helpful:

• Create a budget to determine how much you can afford to spend on college expenses, including tuition, housing, and other expenses.
• Research financial aid options , such as scholarships, grants, and loans, that can help you pay for college.
• Talk to academic advisors to determine which courses are required for your major and which courses are electives.
• Consider taking general education courses early on in your college career to get a better idea of what subjects interest you and what you might want to major in.
• Explore different housing options , such as traditional dorms, suite-style housing, apartment-style housing, or Greek housing, and consider factors such as cost, location, and lifestyle preferences.
• Attend career fairs and networking events to meet professionals in your desired field and learn about potential job opportunities.
• Join clubs, organizations, or sports teams to meet other students with similar interests and get involved in campus life.
• Develop time management skills to balance coursework, extracurricular activities, and personal responsibilities.

These action items can help you prepare for and make the most of your college experience.

Why Should I Go To College?

When learning about how college works, one of the great ways is to focus on the positives … a.k.a. the benefits.

There are many benefits to getting a higher education degree. Here are a few:

1. BETTER JOB OPPORTUNITIES

Having a college degree can open up more job opportunities and increase your earning potential. Many employers require a college degree for certain positions, and having one can put you ahead of other candidates.

2. HIGHER EARNING POTENTIAL

While a college degree is not always necessary to make a great living, it can provide access to higher-paying salaried roles. In many industries, having a degree is becoming a standard requirement.

Pursuing a college education is a safe and practical option, providing a solid foundation for career advancement and financial stability.

3. PERSONAL GROWTH

College is not just about academics; it’s also a chance to learn and grow as a person. You’ll have the chance to explore new interests, meet people from different backgrounds, and gain independence.

4. NETWORKING

College is a great place to meet people who can help you in your future career. Professors, alumni, and fellow students can all offer valuable connections and advice.

5. LEARNING AND DEVELOPMENT

College provides a structured environment for learning and development. You’ll be challenged academically and will have access to resources and support to help you succeed.

6. COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT

Colleges often offer opportunities for community involvement and service. This can help you develop leadership skills, make a positive impact, and give back to your community.

Overall, getting a college degree can be a great investment in your future, offering personal and professional growth, new opportunities, and a sense of accomplishment.

• Career Advancement: In understanding how does college work, it’s important to think about how college can improve you. A college degree can help you find better jobs and earn more money. Some employers require a college degree for certain positions, so having one can give you an advantage over other candidates.
• Higher Earning Potential: Going to college can be a good investment in your future. You can get better jobs and earn more money with a college degree. However, you don’t always need a college degree to make a good living.
• Personal Growth: College is a great time to learn new things, meet new people, and become more independent.
• Networking: College is a good place to meet people who can help you in your career. Professors, alumni, and other students can give you advice and help you find job opportunities.
• Learning and Development: College is a place where you can learn a lot and get support to help you succeed.
• Community Involvement: Colleges often offer opportunities to give back to their community and develop leadership skills.
• Cost: College can be expensive, and you may have to pay for tuition, books, and living expenses.
• Debt: Many students have to take out loans to pay for college, which can take a long time to pay off.
• Time: College can take a lot of time and effort, and you may feel overwhelmed.
• Uncertainty: Getting a college degree doesn’t guarantee you a job, and you may have trouble finding a job in your field.
• Alternative Education Paths: Going to college isn’t the only way to get a good job. You can also go to vocational school or do an apprenticeship.

Overall, going to college can be a good choice for some people. It can help you learn new things, meet new people, and get better jobs. But it can also be expensive and take a lot of time and effort. So it’s important to think carefully about your goals and what you want to achieve before you decide whether or not to go to college.

What Is The Difference Between A School And A Department?

In the context of higher education, there is a distinction between a school and a department. So how does college work specifically in terms of organizational structure?

A school is a larger organizational unit within a college or university that encompasses multiple departments or academic disciplines.

It often represents a broader field of study, such as the School of Engineering, School of Business, or School of Arts and Sciences. A school typically consists of various departments, each focusing on a specific area of expertise or discipline.

Departments are more specialized and narrower in scope, focusing on a particular subject or academic field within the larger school.

For example, within the School of Business, there may be departments such as:

Departments are responsible for designing and delivering courses, conducting research, and providing academic support within their specific area of specialization.

Overall, schools provide a framework for organizing and administering multiple related disciplines, while departments focus on specific academic fields within those broader areas.

Majors In College

What major should i choose.

Choosing a major that’s right for you can feel overwhelming, but you can use the following factors to help you decide:

• Personal interest: Think about what subjects or fields excite you. Consider your hobbies, values, and areas of curiosity. Studying something you’re passionate about can make your academic and career pursuits more fulfilling.
• Career prospects: Look into the job market and employment trends related to different majors. Consider the demand, growth potential, and salary prospects for careers associated with each field of study. Balancing your interests with practicality can help ensure long-term financial stability.
• Work-life balance: Research how much time and stress different majors demand. Some fields may require longer hours or higher stress levels, while others offer more flexibility and better work-life integration. Consider how your desired major aligns with your desired lifestyle and values.
• Goal alignment: Think about your short-term and long-term goals when learning about how college works and if it’s right for you. How does each potential major align with your career aspirations, personal ambitions, and overall life goals? Evaluate whether a particular major can provide the knowledge and skills you need to achieve your objectives.
• Practical skills: Consider the practical skills and knowledge you’ll gain from each major. Look for programs that offer real-world applications, internships, hands-on experiences, or opportunities to develop transferable skills like communication, problem-solving, and critical thinking. Practical skills acquired during your studies can enhance your employability and adaptability in various domains.

Remember, this guide is just a starting point, and you can assign different importance to each factor based on your individual preferences and circumstances.

College ROI – What Is ROI?

You might be wondering during your search process, “What majors are worth studying?”

Let’s talk about R.O.I.

What is ROI?

College ROI, or Return on Investment , refers to the financial value and benefits gained from a college education in relation to the cost of obtaining that education.

It involves assessing the return, both monetary and non-monetary, that individuals can expect to receive over their lifetime as a result of their college degree.

• The ROI of college takes into account factors such as tuition expenses, potential scholarships or financial aid, future earnings, career advancement opportunities, and the overall value of the education received.

By evaluating the ROI of college, individuals can make informed decisions about their educational investment, weighing the potential financial and professional benefits against the costs involved.

It helps students and their families understand the long-term value and economic impact of pursuing higher education and assists in planning for a successful future.

WHAT IS A GOOD ROI FOR COLLEGE?

Getting a degree from college can be worth it if you consider your personal situation and things like what job you want, where you live, and what you want to achieve.

Here are some things to think about:

• You might make more money
• You could have more job options
• You may be able to get promoted more easily.

There’s no set rule for what makes a good ROI, but it’s a good idea to pick a college that gives you a good return on investment. That means you should be able to make a good salary when you start working and earn enough to make up for the cost of your degree.

Also, it’s a good idea to think about things that aren’t related to money, like how college can help you grow as a person, make connections, and learn new things that could be useful in your life.

Is A College Degree Still Worth The Investment?

It’s definitely an interesting topic and one that many people are interested in.

In understanding how college works we need to think about how it is an investment.

Nowadays, college can be quite expensive, and it’s no surprise that people are exploring other options, such as vocational training or entrepreneurship.

Still, earning a college degree can be incredibly valuable.

Studies consistently show that people with college degrees earn more money, have better job prospects, and experience less unemployment than those with only a high school diploma.

Plus, college provides opportunities for personal growth, critical thinking skills, and a better understanding of the world around us.

Of course, it’s important for students to carefully consider the investment of time and money involved in pursuing a college education.

It’s also important to explore alternative options that align with their personal and professional goals.

The world of higher education offers a variety of degree levels, each serving different purposes and opening doors to various opportunities.

Let’s explore the different types of college degrees to understand how college works:

• Associate’s Degree: An associate’s degree is typically earned from a community college or a two-year college program. It is often pursued to gain practical skills for entry-level positions or as a stepping stone toward further education.
• Bachelor’s Degree: A bachelor’s degree is the most common undergraduate degree. It is typically earned after four years of full-time study at a college or university. It offers in-depth knowledge and specialization in a particular field. It also provides a broader educational experience and prepares students for a wide range of careers or graduate studies.
• Graduate Degree: Graduate degrees, such as master’s degrees and doctoral degrees , are pursued after completing a bachelor’s degree. A master’s degree involves advanced study in a specific field. This provides specialized knowledge and expertise that can lead to career advancement or further research. Doctoral degrees, on the other hand, are the highest level of academic achievement. They require significant research and original contributions to a specific field.
• Certificates and Vocational Programs: In addition to traditional degree programs, colleges and vocational schools offer certificates and vocational programs. These programs focus on specific vocational skills and provide practical training for a particular trade or industry. They are often shorter in duration and can be a valuable pathway for those seeking specialized skills and quick entry into the workforce.

How To Choose The Right Degree

Choosing the right degree level depends on your career goals, personal interests, and time commitment. While higher degree levels generally offer more opportunities for advancement and specialization, it’s important to consider the specific requirements and expectations of your chosen field. Whether you opt for a two-year program, a four-year bachelor’s degree, or pursue advanced studies, each degree level provides a unique educational journey with its own set of benefits and opportunities for personal and professional growth.

Understanding the structure of college years can help students make the most of their academic journey. Here’s a breakdown of how college years typically work:

• Freshman Year: The first year of college is often referred to as freshman year. It serves as a transitional period for students entering college from high school. During this year, students become familiar with campus life, adjust to new academic expectations, and explore different areas of study. General education requirements are usually completed in the freshman year, allowing students to sample a variety of subjects before deciding on a major.
• Sophomore Year: By this time, students have gained some experience and are more accustomed to college life. They continue to take a mix of general education courses and begin to delve deeper into their chosen major or area of interest. Sophomore year is an opportunity to further explore academic and extracurricular pursuits, build relationships with professors, and consider potential internships or study abroad opportunities.
• Junior Year: At this stage, students typically have a clearer sense of their academic goals and have declared a major. Junior year focuses on more advanced coursework within the major, honing specialized skills, and delving into more complex subject matter. Students may also start considering potential career paths and networking opportunities, such as internships or research projects.
• Senior Year: The final year of college is senior year. During this time, students complete their remaining coursework and requirements for their major. Seniors often have the opportunity to engage in capstone projects, research, or internships that showcase their knowledge and skills.

HOW MANY CREDITS TO GRADUATE WITH A BACHELOR’S DEGREE

So how doe s college credits work?

The number of credits required to graduate from college varies depending on the institution and the program of study. Typically, a bachelor’s degree requires 120-130 credits, which can be completed in four years of full-time study.

However, some programs may require more or fewer credits, and the time to complete a degree may vary depending on factors such as course load and transfer credits. It’s important to consult with academic advisors and program requirements to determine the specific credit requirements for your chosen degree.

DO COLLEGE CREDITS EXPIRE?

Whether or not college credits expire depends on the institution and program.

In most cases, college credits do not expire and can be used towards a degree at any time.

However, some institutions may have time limits on how long credits can be applied towards a degree or have specific policies on transfer credits.

It’s important to consult with academic advisors and program requirements to determine the specific policies and regulations for credit transfer and application.

WHAT ARE TRANSFER CREDITS?

Transfer credits are credits you earn at one college or university that can count toward a degree program at another school when transferred.

You can transfer credits from a community college to a four-year university, or from one four-year university to another.

The exact requirements for transferring credits may be different depending on the schools and the program you’re studying.

It’s important to talk to academic advisors and program requirements to figure out the specific policies and rules for credit transfer and application.

DO AP OR IB CREDITS TRANSFER?

Advanced Placement (AP) and International Baccalaureate (IB) credits can help you earn college credit before your freshman year. However, not all colleges accept these credits, and even if they do, they might only count toward certain requirements. To avoid any surprises, reach out to the college’s admissions office to check what credits they accept and how they apply towards your degree.

It might be tempting to take as many AP and IB courses as possible, but it’s essential to weigh the potential risks and benefits, like the possibility of not passing the final exams (e.g., AP Exams) because only specific scores will be accepted.

If you’re not sure about AP or IB credits, another option is to take community college courses that can transfer to a four-year college or university. These courses are generally more widely accepted and can be a reliable way to earn transferable credits. Make sure to check with the college or university you plan to attend to know their specific policies and regulations for credit transfer and application.

College Housing

TYPES OF COLLEGE OR UNIVERSITY HOUSING

College housing, also known as dormitories or residence halls, is a popular choice for students looking for a convenient and immersive living experience during their college years.

There are several types of college housing options, including:

• Traditional Dorms : Traditional dorms are on-campus housing options that offer double or triple-occupancy rooms with shared bathrooms and common areas. They come equipped with basic furnishings, such as beds, desks, and closets, and may include meal plans and access to laundry facilities. Dorms are a great way to connect with other students and become more involved in campus life.
• Suite-Style Housing : Suite-style housing provides multiple rooms that share a common living area and bathroom. They are a good option for students who prefer more privacy and space than traditional dorms.
• Apartment-Style Housing : Apartment-style housing lets students experience independent living. They offer private bedrooms and bathrooms, a shared living space, and a kitchen. Apartment-style housing is a great option for students who want to live off-campus while still being close to campus and other students.

Additional College Housing

• Greek Housing : Greek housing includes fraternity and sorority houses, which are often located off-campus. They provide living arrangements for members of Greek organizations, offering a sense of community and fellowship. Greek housing is a good option for students who want to be part of a tight-knit group and take part in social events and activities. Traditional dorms are usually located on campus and offer double or triple-occupancy rooms with shared bathrooms and common areas. They often come equipped with basic furnishings, such as beds, desks, and closets, and may include meal plans and access to laundry facilities.

Overall, college housing can be a great way to immerse yourself in the college experience and make lifelong friends. However, it’s important to research different housing options and consider factors such as cost, location, and lifestyle preferences before making a decision.

IS IT WORTH IT LIVING ON CAMPUS?

Living on campus is a good way to enjoy college life, meet new people, and join campus activities. It also gives you easy access to classes, libraries, and other campus resources. However, it can be more costly than living off-campus, and some students may want more independence by living off-campus. Also, there is sometimes limited campus housing, noise, and limited space.

Ultimately, the choice to live on campus depends on what you want and your situation. Make sure to think about things like cost, location, lifestyle, and goals when deciding whether to live on or off campus during college.

College Semesters

HOW LONG IS A SEMESTER IN COLLEGE?

How does college semesters work?

A semester in college usually lasts for about 16 weeks, which is one academic term. Most academic years have two semesters, with a summer break in the middle.

However, the length and structure of semesters can vary depending on the school and program of study.

Some colleges have a quarter system or a trimester system instead of a two-semester system.

To figure out the exact semester structure and duration for your degree, you should talk to academic advisors and check program requirements.

HOW MANY SEMESTERS IN COLLEGE?

The number of semesters in college depends on the program of study and the school.

A typical bachelor’s degree in the United States takes four years to finish, with two semesters per year. This means most undergraduate students will finish eight semesters of coursework before graduating.

However, some programs might have more or fewer semesters, and the time it takes to complete a degree can vary depending on factors like course load and transfer credits.

College Classes Or Courses?

WHAT IS A COLLEGE CLASS CALLED?

A college class is usually called a course or a class. Courses are usually grouped by subject and level of difficulty and can be done in different formats, like lectures, seminars, or labs.

Courses are worth a certain number of credits, which track progress toward a degree. Most college courses are worth three to four credits, and students usually take between 12 and 18 credits per semester.

COLLEGE GENERAL ED CLASSES

General education classes, also called gen ed classes, cover a wide range of subjects and are required for most undergraduate degree programs. They’re designed to give students a well-rounded education and introduce them to different academic disciplines.

Gen ed courses usually cover topics like math, science, social sciences, humanities, and communications. They’re often taken during the first two years of college and are required for graduation.

WHAT ARE ELECTIVES?

Electives are courses that students choose based on their interests and academic goals. They’re usually not required for graduation but can give students a chance to explore new subjects or deepen their knowledge in a specific area.

Electives can be chosen from a wide range of subjects, like art, music, psychology, philosophy, or business. They can also include internships, research projects, or study abroad programs.

Electives can be a great way to personalize your college experience and explore new interests. However, you should talk to academic advisors and check program requirements to make sure electives fit your degree requirements and goals.

Now You Know How College Works

Scroll down for helpful action items!

College is a time of growth and exploration, offering opportunities to gain knowledge, skills, and experiences that can shape your personal and professional life. By understanding how college works, you can make informed decisions about your educational investment and plan for a successful future. Remember, college is a journey, and each step along the way is an opportunity to learn, grow, and discover your potential. With the right mindset and preparation, college can be a transformative and rewarding experience that sets you up for a fulfilling future. Good luck on your journey!

Overall, college is a time of growth and exploration. It offers opportunities to gain knowledge, skills, and experiences that can shape your personal and professional life. By understanding how college works, you can make informed decisions about your educational investment and plan for a successful future. Remember, college is a journey, and each step along the way is an opportunity to learn, grow, and discover your potential.

As you embark on your college journey, it’s important to keep in mind the different factors that can impact your experience and success. Consider your personal goals and interests, research different schools and programs, and explore diverse opportunities for growth and learning. With the right mindset and preparation, college can be a transformative and rewarding experience that sets you up for a fulfilling future. Good luck on your journey!

Helpful Take-Aways:

• Find out what you are interested in, what jobs are available, what will help you balance work and life, what will help you reach your goals, and what practical skills you need to decide which major is right for you.
• Think about your personal situation, such as where you want to work, where you want to live, and what you want to achieve, to decide if getting a college degree is worth the investment.
• Understand the different types of college degrees and their levels, such as associate’s, bachelor’s, graduate degrees, certificates, and vocational programs.
• Know how college years are structured, such as freshman year, sophomore year, junior year, and senior year.
• Understand college credits, such as how many credits you need to get a bachelor’s degree, whether college credits expire, and what transfer credits are.
• Know the different types of college housing, such as traditional dorms, suite-style housing, apartment-style housing, and Greek housing.
• Understand how college semesters work, such as how long each semester lasts and how many semesters there are.
• Know the costs of going to a four-year college, such as tuition, housing, and other expenses, and look into financial aid options.
• Prepare for college by attending career fairs and networking events, joining clubs or organizations, developing time management skills, and taking general education courses early on in your college career.

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Understanding the American Education System

The American education system offers a rich field of choices for international students. There is such an array of schools, programs and locations that the choices may overwhelm students, even those from the U.S. As you begin your school search, it’s important to familiarize yourself with the American education system. Understanding the system will help you narrow your choices and develop your education plan.

The Educational Structure

Primary and secondary school.

Prior to higher education, American students attend primary and secondary school for a combined total of 12 years. These years are referred to as the first through twelfth grades.

Around age six, U.S. children begin primary school, which is most commonly called “elementary school.” They attend five or six years and then go onto secondary school.

Secondary school consists of two programs: the first is “middle school” or “junior high school” and the second program is “high school.” A diploma or certificate is awarded upon graduation from high school. After graduating high school (12th grade), U.S. students may go on to college or university. College or university study is known as “higher education.”

Grading System

Just like American students, you will have to submit your academic transcripts as part of your application for admission to university or college. Academic transcripts are official copies of your academic work. In the U.S. this includes your “grades” and “grade point average” (GPA), which are measurements of your academic achievement. Courses are commonly graded using percentages, which are converted into letter grades.

The grading system and GPA in the U.S. can be confusing, especially for international students. The interpretation of grades has a lot of variation. For example, two students who attended different schools both submit their transcripts to the same university. They both have 3.5 GPAs, but one student attended an average high school, while the other attended a prestigious school that was academically challenging. The university might interpret their GPAs differently because the two schools have dramatically different standards.

Therefore, there are some crucial things to keep in mind:

• You should find out the U.S. equivalent of the last level of education you completed in your home country.
• Pay close attention to the admission requirements of each university and college, as well as individual degree programs, which may have different requirements than the university.
• Regularly meet with an educational advisor or guidance counselor to make sure you are meeting the requirements.

Your educational advisor or guidance counselor will be able to advise you on whether or not you must spend an extra year or two preparing for U.S. university admission. If an international student entered a U.S. university or college prior to being eligible to attend university in their own country, some countries’ governments and employers may not recognize the students’ U.S. education.

Academic Year

The school calendar usually begins in August or September and continues through May or June. The majority of new students begin in autumn, so it is a good idea for international students to also begin their U.S. university studies at this time. There is a lot of excitement at the beginning of the school year and students form many great friendships during this time, as they are all adjusting to a new phase of academic life. Additionally, many courses are designed for students to take them in sequence, starting in autumn and continuing through the year.

The academic year at many schools is composed of two terms called “semesters.” (Some schools use a three-term calendar known as the “trimester” system.) Still, others further divide the year into the quarter system of four terms, including an optional summer session. Basically, if you exclude the summer session, the academic year is either comprised of two semesters or three quarter terms.

The U.S. Higher Education System: Levels of Study

• First Level: Undergraduate

"The American system is much more open. In Hong Kong you just learn what the teacher writes on the board. In America, you discuss the issues and focus more on ideas."

Paolo Kwan from Hong Kong: Studying English and Business Administration at Sierra College in California

A student who is attending a college or university and has not earned a bachelor’s degree, is studying at the undergraduate level. It typically takes about four years to earn a bachelor’s degree. You can either begin your studies in pursuit of a bachelor’s degree at a community college or a four-year university or college.

Your first two years of study you will generally be required to take a wide variety of classes in different subjects, commonly known as prerequisite courses: literature, science, the social sciences, the arts, history, and so forth. This is so you achieve a general knowledge, a foundation, of a variety of subjects prior to focusing on a specific field of study.

Many students choose to study at a community college in order to complete the first two years of prerequisite courses. They will earn an Associate of Arts (AA) transfer degree and then transfer to a four-year university or college.

A “major” is the specific field of study in which your degree is focused. For example, if someone’s major is journalism, they will earn a Bachelor of Arts in Journalism. You will be required to take a certain number of courses in this field in order to meet the degree requirements of your major. You must choose your major at the beginning of your third year of school.

A very unique characteristic of the American higher education system is that you can change your major multiple times if you choose. It is extremely common for American students to switch majors at some point in their undergraduate studies. Often, students discover a different field that they excel in or enjoy. The American education system is very flexible. Keep in mind though that switching majors may result in more courses, which means more time and money.

• Second Level: Graduate in Pursuit of a Master’s Degree

Presently, a college or university graduate with a bachelor’s degree may want to seriously think about graduate study in order to enter certain professions or advance their career. This degree is usually mandatory for higher-level positions in library science, engineering, behavioral health and education.

Furthermore, international students from some countries are only permitted to study abroad at a graduate level. You should inquire about the credentials needed to get a job in your country before you apply to a postgraduate university in the USA.

A graduate program is usually a division of a university or college. To gain admission, you will need to take the GRE (graduate record examination). Certain master’s programs require specific tests, such as the LSAT for law school, the GRE or GMAT for business school, and the MCAT for medical school.

Graduate programs in pursuit of a master’s degree typically take one to two years to complete. For example, the MBA (master of business administration) is an extremely popular degree program that takes about two years. Other master’s programs, such as journalism, only take one year.

The majority of a master’s program is spent in classroom study and a graduate student must prepare a long research paper called a “master’s thesis” or complete a “master’s project.”

• Third Level: Graduate in Pursuit of a Doctorate Degree

Many graduate schools consider the attainment of a master’s degree the first step towards earning a PhD (doctorate). But at other schools, students may prepare directly for a doctorate without also earning a master’s degree. It may take three years or more to earn a PhD degree. For international students, it may take as long as five or six years.

For the first two years of the program most doctoral candidates enroll in classes and seminars. At least another year is spent conducting firsthand research and writing a thesis or dissertation. This paper must contain views, designs, or research that have not been previously published.

A doctoral dissertation is a discussion and summary of the current scholarship on a given topic. Most U.S. universities awarding doctorates also require their candidates to have a reading knowledge of two foreign languages, to spend a required length of time “in residence,” to pass a qualifying examination that officially admits candidates to the PhD program, and to pass an oral examination on the same topic as the dissertation.

Characteristics of the U.S. Higher Education System

Classroom Environment

Classes range from large lectures with several hundred students to smaller classes and seminars (discussion classes) with only a few students. The American university classroom atmosphere is very dynamic. You will be expected to share your opinion, argue your point, participate in class discussions and give presentations. International students find this one of the most surprising aspects of the American education system.

Each week professors usually assign textbook and other readings. You will be expected to keep up-to-date with the required readings and homework so you can participate in class discussions and understand the lectures. Certain degree programs also require students to spend time in the laboratory.

Professors issue grades for each student enrolled in the course. Grades are usually based upon:

• Each professor will have a unique set of class participation requirements, but students are expected to participate in class discussions, especially in seminar classes. This is often a very important factor in determining a student’s grade.
• A midterm examination is usually given during class time.
• One or more research or term papers , or laboratory reports must be submitted for evaluation.
• Possible short exams or quizzes are given. Sometimes professors will give an unannounced “pop quiz.” This doesn’t count heavily toward the grade, but is intended to inspire students to keep up with their assignments and attendance.
• A final examination will be held after the final class meeting.

Each course is worth a certain number of credits or credit hours. This number is roughly the same as the number of hours a student spends in class for that course each week. A course is typically worth three to five credits.

A full-time program at most schools is 12 or 15 credit hours (four or five courses per term) and a certain number of credits must be fulfilled in order to graduate. International students are expected to enroll in a full-time program during each term.

If a student enrolls at a new university before finishing a degree, generally most credits earned at the first school can be used to complete a degree at the new university. This means a student can transfer to another university and still graduate within a reasonable time.

Types of U.S. higher education

Xujie Zhao from China: Studying Computer Networking at Wentworth Institute of Technology in Boston

1. State College or University

A state school is supported and run by a state or local government. Each of the 50 U.S. states operates at least one state university and possibly several state colleges. Many of these public universities schools have the name of the state, or the actual word “State” in their names: for example, Washington State University and the University of Michigan.

2. Private College or University

These schools are privately run as opposed to being run by a branch of the government. Tuition will usually be higher than state schools. Often, private U.S. universities and colleges are smaller in size than state schools.

Religiously affiliated universities and colleges are private schools. Nearly all these schools welcome students of all religions and beliefs. Yet, there are a percentage of schools that prefer to admit students who hold similar religious beliefs as those in which the school was founded.

3. Community College

Community colleges are two-year colleges that award an associate’s degrees (transferable), as well as certifications. There are many types of associate degrees, but the most important distinguishing factor is whether or not the degree is transferable. Usually, there will be two primary degree tracks: one for academic transfer and the other prepares students to enter the workforce straightaway. University transfer degrees are generally associate of arts or associate of science. Not likely to be transferrable are the associate of applied science degrees and certificates of completion.

Community college graduates most commonly transfer to four-year colleges or universities to complete their degree. Because they can transfer the credits they earned while attending community college, they can complete their bachelor’s degree program in two or more additional years. Many also offer ESL or intensive English language programs, which will prepare students for university-level courses.

If you do not plan to earn a higher degree than the associate’s, you should find out if an associate’s degree will qualify you for a job in your home country.

4. Institute of Technology

An institute of technology is a school that provides at least four years of study in science and technology. Some have graduate programs, while others offer short-term courses.

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Does College Matter?

College does matter and is absolutely worth it - if you choose a program that matches your career goals, graduate on time, and avoid too much debt.

Almost every job that leads to a promising career, with good pay and benefits, requires education or training beyond high school. For most high-paying professional jobs, that means a four-year college degree.

At the same time, career training or short-term educational programs for a growing number of technical fields can pay off, too.

For many, the question is: college or trade school?

Is college worth the cost?

If you stick with your studies and graduate in a reasonable time, college is worth the cost. The vast majority of college graduates are better off financially than their peers who didn’t complete college. College degrees are still in high demand from employers, and completing college is a strong sign that you’re ready for high-skilled work.

The key is finding a school where you’re likely to graduate and finish with low or modest debt. The national average is about $29,400 , which most graduates are able to pay off because their degree helped them earn a well-paying job. You can find detailed information about college graduation rates, the real cost of college over time, and how potential earnings vary by career field at bigfuture.org. And you can give yourself the opportunity to save time and money toward a degree while you’re in high school by scoring a 3 or higher on an AP Exam to earn college credit .

Students can get into trouble when they don’t graduate, or when they take on significant debt before they’re able to finish. Many college students don’t graduate on time, which makes a degree more expensive. Or they don’t finish at all, which means they don’t get the benefit of higher earnings.

Finishing college is the single most important thing you can do to make it affordable. Students who leave college without graduating are the most likely to have trouble with debt and future employment. As many as 4 in 10 students who start a 4-year degree program don’t finish in 6 years. Colleges with more resources, like generous financial aid funding, good counselors, and mentoring programs, typically have a better track record of graduating their students on time and with low debt.

What about career or technical training?

There are valuable training and credential options available, but there are also a lot of expensive programs that don’t add much to your résumé. It’s important to know what kind of training is most valuable for your planned career field.

Specific training programs in fields like construction, manufacturing, and healthcare can lead to immediate job opportunities and above-average pay. Job training credentials offered by community colleges, often in partnership with local employers, are some of the highest-rated programs.

Some larger tech companies like IBM, Google, and Apple will accept proof of specific coding or data analytics skills for entry-level jobs. However, they still normally require college degrees for higher-level positions.

Building a long-term career—taking on more responsibility, managing other people, earning more money—is often easier for those with both a college degree and industry-specific credentials. Employers usually see a college degree as meaning you have a set of flexible skills, like critical thinking and communication. Industry-specific credentials are a sign that you have hard skills like coding or database management.

Together, they make a stronger case that you’re ready for skilled work than either alone. Unless you have a very clear sense of your dream job and its required training programs, it’s generally better to pursue both college and industry credentials.

Should I go to college?

Thinking clearly about your goals and college options can help you make the right choice. Feeling confident about your next step after high school, whether that’s college or a high-value career path, will set you up for success.

Many variables affect your life and career, and it’s impossible to plan and predict all of them. It’s most important to find a field that genuinely interests you, then get all the valuable education and training you can in that field. Here are some tips on how to be successful after high school:

• Take classes in college or through a training program.
• Pursue internships with companies or organizations that can give you experience in your chosen field.
• Cultivate mentors who have built careers that interest you and ask how they did it.

You’re much more likely to complete a worthwhile degree or training program if you’re working toward a life and a job you’ll love. Focus on the future you want and be open to different options for getting there.

Find the right college for you.

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How Does College Work?

By Suzanne Shaffer Parenting for College

You may be in the beginning stages of thinking about your options after high school. Or you might be working on your college essay and applications right now. No matter where you are in your journey, knowing as much as you can about how college works can help demystify the experience and process.

The odds are there are plenty of questions rattling around in your head, coupled with some fear and anxiety as you prepare for the next step in your life. But you know what they say? Knowledge is power, and knowing what to expect might take away some of the uncertainty and angst you feel around this next step in your life.

Let's jump in and talk about what you can expect from college. 

The college experience

You’re not in Kansas anymore! College will not be like high school, especially if you choose to live on campus . Even if you’re living at home, it’s going to be an adjustment. Here are some things you need to accept:

You will manage yourself

Your parents won’t be there to hold your hand and won’t be able to offer you help as often as you might need it. It’s time to stand on your own two feet and step bravely into adulthood.

Attendance isn’t always mandatory, but it’s expected

Many college freshmen classes are huge, and you might feel it doesn’t matter if you attend class. Some professors take attendance, others do not. They expect you to attend. And if you don’t attend class, you won’t know what to expect on tests, be able to take lecture notes , or participate in the debate that makes college a unique experience.

You will be expected to absorb a large amount of content

Not only will you be expected to absorb content from lectures, but you will also have reading assignments to do outside of class. Budgeting your time is crucial.

My daughter used to divide her reading assignments up at the beginning of the semester and allocate a certain portion of time every day to read in each subject. That way she wasn’t cramming at the end of the semester and had time to absorb all the material.

Most of your work is done outside of class

The lecture part of the class is the least time-consuming. Up to two-thirds of the work is done on your own time: reading, preparing for tests, getting ready for presentations, doing research, and writing papers.

Not all your teachers will be professors

In colleges and universities where the freshman classes are large, graduate students often lecture and grade the assignments. If possible, take classes with regular faculty and opt for the smaller classes. It’s easy to get lost in the crowd and struggle in larger classes.

My daughter attended a small college where there were no graduate student teachers. My son, on the other hand, had a freshman class of over 500 taught by a teaching assistant who just read from the course book.

Professors are usually on your side

Take advantage of office hours and meet with your professors. Establish relationships with them because they can help you if you struggle or steer you in the right direction if you feel lost.

Independence is a blessing and a curse

You are finally on your own. This can be overwhelming and scary. Yes, you have finally gained some independence, but you are also responsible for your actions and the consequences that go with them. You will have a large amount of unstructured time, which means you should manage your time wisely to balance academics, part-time jobs, extracurricular activities, and social life.

College academics

Academics play a central role in college life, but you won't be in high school anymore. College classes are set up differently and are more academically challenging. We talked above about how college classes work in terms of requiring you to manage your own time and take ownership of your success. That's a little different than you've experienced in high school. 

You'll also want to know how college credits work. One college credit represents approximately 1 hour spent in a classroom and 2 hours spent on homework each week. Most single-semester college courses are worth three credits or 9 hours of work per week.

Colleges require a minimum of 12 credits per semester (four 3-credit classes) for full-time students, but a typical course load is 15 credits per semester (five 3-credit classes) if you plan to graduate in four years.

General education courses

These courses provide a broad range of knowledge in various disciplines like math, social sciences, humanities, and the arts. These courses are taken during the freshman and sophomore years. Students are expected to complete a certain number of general education courses apart from their major.

Major courses

The remainder of the courses you take will be centered around the major you choose . These classes are more specialized, delving deep into the subject matter related to your major and providing you with a more in-depth understanding of your chosen field. These courses prepare you for your future career.

Elective courses

Elective courses allow you to explore other areas that interest you outside your major. These are classes you choose just because you want to learn more about them because they interest you.

Outside of the college classroom

College life isn’t just about academics. Take advantage of all the extracurricular activities available on campus. College is also about experiencing new things, meeting new people, exploring the area , and venturing outside your comfort zone.

Sports play a significant role in college life. For some schools like Texas A&M, college sports are one of the foundations of college life. The entire student body attends the weekly cheer practice on campus to prepare for college football games. Students stand the entire game, cheering on their team.

Apart from college-sanctioned sports, intramural sports are also available and will allow you to stay active, meet people, and develop teamwork and leadership skills while having fun.

Clubs on campus cover a wide range of interests. From debate clubs to environmental clubs, entrepreneurial clubs, and photography clubs, students can pursue their passions outside the classroom.

Many colleges have sororities and fraternities on campus. Greek life isn’t for everyone, but if it interests you, it’s a great way to develop long-term relationships and serve the college and local community. My daughter met her sorority big sister freshman year and they have remained friends for over a decade.

Jobs and internships

Jobs can provide extra income during college and help you manage your time in school. Work-study programs offer jobs on campus that make it convenient to work while in school. Internships in your field of study help you establish relationships that can lead to employment after graduation.

Social life while in college

You can’t stay holed up in your dorm room or at home while attending if you want to make friends and take advantage of all that college has to offer.

Parties and social events

Attending parties and social events in college is a rite of passage for many students. There will be many opportunities to participate in them. They give a chance to relax, have fun, and create memories that last a lifetime. But they can also interfere with your success in school. 

When my son was looking at colleges, his Marine friends told him about a specific “party school.” Unfortunately, he took their advice and applied to the college they suggested. The result was not good. He failed all his classes in his first semester and ended up dropping out of college. Parties are a part of college life, but as with all things, moderation is key.

Diverse people

In college, you can connect with students from diverse backgrounds, cultures, and interests. You will meet students from different states and different countries with different hobbies, beliefs, and passions. This will foster inclusivity and acceptance.

Meeting roommates and classmates

Meeting new people is going to be part of your everyday college life. Interactions with college roommates, dormmates, classmates, and students in common areas like the student union or cafeteria give you a chance to make meaningful connections with your peers. Don’t neglect these opportunities, and make a conscious effort to socialize.

Networking and building connections

From the time you enter college, you should be networking and building connections. You never know who an invaluable career resource will be as you move toward graduation and a future career.

Final thoughts on the way colleges work

College is a community. College gives you a chance to study for your chosen career while engaging with other students and building lifelong relationships while creating memories. It is not simply a school or a place to party. College works if you combine both education and experience and strive for a balance of both for the next four years of your life.

Finding the right college for your needs and interests

Now that you know more about how colleges work, it's time to get to work building out your college list and touring campuses. Appily can make this easier by helping you find colleges that match what's most important to you. From budget to majors to campus vibe - whatever your criteria - we can help you connect with the right-fit schools. 

Either create a free Appily account or log into your existing account. Browse schools based on your ideal qualities, save those you're interested in, and we'll share curated suggestions for schools that match your needs. 

Just click the button below to get started. 

• Article Content: High School Extracurriculars

How Important Is a College Degree Compared to Experience?

by Soren Kaplan

Summary .   

The converging trends of a competitive labor market, ballooning university tuitions, new online learning alternatives, and fast-changing job roles has created a tipping point in the perceived value of college degrees. The percentage of jobs requiring a college degree fell from 51% in 2017 to 44% percent in 2021. And according to Gallup, the percentage of U.S. adults ages 18 to 29 who view college education as “very important” dropped from 74% to 41% in just six years. What does this mean for you?

• In today’s fast-changing world, a university degree isn’t the only road to success. In fact, data shows that only 25% of college graduates would choose to pursue the same educational path if they could do it again.
• On top of that, 41% say they would instead get a certificate that would instantly qualify them for an in-demand job.
• Whether you’re considering college, about to graduate, or already have your degree, many more options exist for finding success than ever before.
• Just be sure to give yourself practical experiences. That’s the key to continuous learning, and which can open the door to your next opportunity.

Twenty-one-year-old Eyal Bloom had almost zero business experience and only a high-school diploma. Nothing on her résumé said she could lead a remote project team with members in the United States, India, and Africa. But by applying what she learned leading a small unit when in the military, Eyal has done just that in her role at San Francisco-based startup Praxie.com.

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How Does College Work? University in the United States Explained

Are you headed to college soon are you confused about how it works read on to learn everything you need to know about how college works.

Perhaps you’re heading to college or planning on taking a hiatus from work to continue or further your studies. Are you an international student looking to get into college in America? If that’s the case, you’ll be joining many others!

But, maybe you’re asking yourself: how does college work? Is there a difference between college and university?

The journey can be exciting, but overwhelming. For example, the college admissions process can certainly be daunting, especially if you’re not sure you can get into university, or you’re unsure about the requirements. 

We’re here to demystify the entire process and make it a little easier to understand. We know it’s confusing! But keep reading to learn everything you need to know.

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How Does the American School System Work?

Essentially, once you’ve passed through primary, or elementary school, you’ll move into middle or junior high, which covers grades 6 through 8. Following this is secondary tuition, which covers grades 9 to 12. The American education system covers both vocational tuition and a college-prep curriculum.

The expectation is that you will attend a college so they gear everything towards that. For example, students will take the SATs , which score an academic baseline and determines their overall knowledge base, which helps them get into college or university. 

The goal is first and foremost graduation. Following that, schools make sure your prospects outside of school are good. This standard works across the entire United States, and the expectation is that you have 12 years of education. 

For international students, this may pose a problem, since some countries only mandate 11, but there are foundation courses you can take to get you where you need to be before  applying to a US higher education system like a university or college .

And yes, there is a difference!

Related Read : 10+ Types of Colleges and the Admission Requirements by College Type

What Is the Difference Between College and University?

There’s a difference between what the rest of the world calls universities, but the US often uses the words university and college interchangeably. Some places are even referred to as institutes. Typically, however, a university will refer to a larger group of institutions, offering undergraduate programs and graduate programs. 

Because a university typically comprises multiple divisions or areas of study, it may have its own colleges. In this context, colleges are the same as divisions inside a university. For example, Harvard University has various colleges (or schools) like:

• Harvard Business School
• Harvard College
• Harvard School of Dental Medicine
• Harvard Graduate School of Design 
• Harvard Divinity School

Universities will often have a more diverse curriculum and you’ll often have the option of working in research facilities and enjoying sports centers. These kinds of institutions are the ones that international students will look at, but it’s not always a necessity. You don’t always need to attend a university, especially if your career of choice is more vocational and doesn’t require extensive and advanced abilities, like engineering or doctoral work.

If this is not something you’re interested in, then it may help to apply at places like:

• Community colleges 
• Vocational or professional Schools
• Liberal arts colleges

Degrees programs at vocational or community schools typically take around 2 years to complete, after which you’ll get an associate degree, a professional certification, or a certificate. Some vocational schools may offer focused subjects like nursing and teaching.

From there, you can choose to attend a university in the US  to complete your degree, and even follow it up with a Master’s or Ph.D. This is achievable even if you attend community college to start, which is something many people seem to shun. 

What Is a Community College?

Community colleges offer discounted, quality education, as well as the chance to transfer to a university since it helps you build the foundation of your course. Community colleges do also come with various advantages. For example: 

• They let students who are unsure of their future studies (inexpensively)
• They offer flexible transfer preparation
• They offer associate’s degrees and certifications
• They offer non-degree programs

Remember that not everyone is interested in pursuing a degree, though community colleges do certainly make it easier. But they’re worth considering for the simple fact that you offer certifications and qualifications that can get you in the door.

Non-degree programs could be anything from extensive remedial and developmental education, as well as GED coursework. Overall, community colleges are more flexible than universities, and when they’re well funded (because the state funds them), then they can be an excellent choice for education.

Let’s discuss how to transfer if you’re interested in getting your start in community college but ultimately want to complete a full degree.

Related Read : 5+ Best Laptops for College Students & Young Professionals

Transferring From Community College to a Four-Year College

Many people use community college as a stepping stone to a four-year degree. It’s a viable and potentially cheaper option, and it lets you explore your options a bit more than university does. There are some things you should know first: 

• Make sure your credits count
• Sign up for a transfer program
• Get help with resources
• Check the minimum grade requirement 
• Check if the college has an ongoing transfer relationship with the university

The most important thing you need to do is ensure that the credits you’re earning from your classes will actually count in the four-year course you’re looking at. Not doing this could cost you time and money. Next is the transfer program. Some colleges have these, and they can be exceptionally useful.

Essentially, the two-year transfer program should include the same courses that you’d expect to see in your first two years at the university. This not only helps gear you up for success but makes the transition smooth and painless.

Here are a few basic transfer facts to help iron out questions (before we move on to how to actually get into college):

• If your credits and courses transfer, you’ll start as a junior (not a freshman)
• You may need to retake courses if you don’t get the credits
• When you graduate, the four-year college will be the only one on your degree

The College Admissions Process

It’s important to remember you’ll need to apply for your university or college of choice well before the semester starts. They typically accept applications as early as a year before your chosen academic term. For example, you may have to apply as early as September 2022 if you want to start in late August 2023, though this depends on the university.

While many top universities in the United States have typical application deadlines in January or February, certain colleges also have an early decision or early action deadlines in November or December. These earlier deadlines mean students can receive a decision as soon as possible, though they frequently require a commitment to enroll if accepted.

Other institutions have rolling admissions rules, which means they will take applications for the following academic term or throughout the year. Applicants that apply for early decision deadlines may find out within a month if they’ve been accepted or not. For example, if you apply in January, you could find out by late February or early March, though this depends on the volume of applications the school receives. 

International students who apply to colleges with rolling admissions should expect to hear anywhere from a few days to three or four weeks. 

Related Read : 7 Important Questions to Ask College Admissions Before Making a Choice

Applying for College and University

When you understand where you want to go and what you want to study, you’ll need to look at actually applying. This can be a daunting experience, and it can certainly feel overwhelming. However, if you’ve worked with the right guidance and have all your information together, the process should be a breeze. 

Remember that the credits you earned in high school matter, as they determine where you can apply. Let’s look at what exactly these are, especially if you’re an international student.

What Are Credits?

Credits are one of the most common ways for high school students to determine and show that they have satisfied academic requirements. After successfully completing and passing a course or a compulsory educational program, the student will earn credits. These go into formal records, and there are options for earning credits above and beyond the minimum requirements.

Credits in the United States are frequently based on the Carnegie unit, which equals 120 hours of classroom instruction (one hour of instruction a day, five days a week, for 24 weeks). That being said, credit-bearing courses can differ significantly across the country. Some states have their own requirements, which you can  look up here . 

Universities and colleges also use credits, and each subject and school will have its own base minimum you need to achieve in order to graduate every year. Most schools, however, require a 120-133 credit score in order to get your bachelor’s.

Application Forms

While it’s standard for most colleges to have their own application forms, it’s possible for prospective international students to use the Common Application form to apply to one (or more) of the nearly 4,000 colleges and universities in the US. 

Regardless of which form you use, keep in mind that each college has its unique application deadlines. Besides an application form, each university or college will have its own set of requirements.

Related Read : 10+ Best College Tips & Advice to Improve Your University Experience

Most American students will sit for the SATs or ACTs, which help determine their overall academic score, while graduate programs may ask for a GRE or GMAT score to apply. International students will be required to take at least one sort of English proficiency test. These could be anything from:

• PTE Academic

International students will also need to submit their SAT and/or ACT scores, though most colleges won’t be too concerned if you don’t do as well as Americans on these tests. That doesn’t mean you can fail them, as you still need to be within the desired ranges, there just may be less pressure.

Academic Records

Your academic records (translated into English) will be the most crucial aspect of the evaluation process for most colleges in the US education system. For undergrad applications, this could involve submitting and summing up your entire academic career. Things you should expect to submit are:

• Academic transcripts
• External tests
• Any former colleges or universities

You’ll need to submit official copies of your transcripts, both from high school and any courses you took.

Essays and Recommendations

An essay (for undergraduate candidates) or a statement of purpose (for graduate applications), as well as letters of recommendation, will be required by more selective colleges and universities. Topics for essays might range from:

• Personal essays about goals
• Greatest role models
• Hypothetical questions 

Someone who has taught you should prepare letters of reference or recommendation. This can also be someone who somehow speaks to your academic ability. An advisor can also give a more holistic view of who you are, so it is handy to work with a guidance counselor or advisor.

Related Read : When to Apply for Scholarships? How to Find the Best Time (w/ Tips!)

How Does College Work? Education Levels and Degree Types

Each university or college will offer its own styles of courses and study, but the ultimate goal is the same. Within that, there are different classifications for the level of education you’ll receive. If you work with something you enjoy, you’re more likely to be  successful in your college efforts ! We’ll start at the bottom and work up to what’s possible to achieve.

Undergraduate 

These kinds of studies can start immediately after secondary or high school. Within that, there are two primary options. The first is the two-year associate’s degree, and the second is the four-year bachelor’s degree.

Remember, the associate’s degrees come from community or vocational colleges, while bachelor’s can be awarded by universities and other four-year institutions. No matter the location or case, students will choose a focus for their studies, which is called a major. 

Besides this, students will be expected to take other required core subjects or general classes to enrich and develop their critical thinking and communication skills.

Graduate students, or grad students, are those who have earned their bachelor’s degrees. In many other countries, this can take up to 5 years to earn, sometimes more. In the US, anything that follows a four-year degree will be referred to as a master’s. This can often take 2-3 years to finish, though many schools offer a fast-track program. It’s important to note that these can be grueling. 

This kind of study allows you to dive into the meat of your subject and can be more career or academic-focused. For example, someone can get their masters in philosophy, which is geared toward academia. Others may opt for their master’s in marine biology, which would give them a specialty and more career prospects.

Related Read : Greek Life 101: A Full Introduction Into College Fraternities & Sororities

Post-Graduate

The US has a system that refers to post-graduate studies as anything that happens after a master’s degree, which includes studies for a doctorate. The actual length of the doctorate will depend on two key things: 

• Has the student finished a masters in a related field?
• How long will it take them to finish their dissertation?

Typically, this process also takes 2-3 years. There will first be classes, followed by a dissertation or extensive research paper, that will act as the culmination of your focus. You’ll have a faculty member as an advisor and work closely with them to achieve your goals. 

Majors, Minors, and Concentrations

We touched on what a major is when we were talking about under-grad studies, but we didn’t go into extensive detail. They’re an important part of the university process and form the foundation of your degree. That being said, most schools will not allow you to have over 50% of your classes in  your university major . 

These represent what you’re interested in, but there are other subjects that must come into play in order for you to graduate with a well-rounded skill-set. 

This is where college minors come into play. These are areas of academic focus that enhance your soft skills (usually) and can help you understand your coursework better. 

Concentrations are further specializations writing a specific major, which means you have more options for the area of study. For example, you could have your major in history, but have a concentration on Latin America, North Africa, and even niche subjects like the history of religion or politics.

Related Read : A Student’s Guide to Promoting Gender Equality in Education

The Different Degrees

The three most prevalent bachelor’s degree types in the US are the BA, BS, and BFA. Bachelor of arts, bachelor of science, and bachelor of fine arts, respectively. There are others you can investigate, but we  touched on that here .

Bachelor of Arts

A bachelor of arts, or a BA, is typically a four-year degree that covers general education requirements, then typically after two years, allows you to choose a focus of interest. It is one of the most common undergrad programs, but there’s a reason many people pursue it. 

A BA degree can help you with:

• Critical thinking skills
• Communication skills
• Foundations for humanities-based studies
• Developing a well-rounded education

Typically, you’ll graduate with a bachelor of arts with a major in psychology, or geography, for example. The options are plentiful and they can be exceptionally useful for getting into a career that doesn’t require niche skills, but still needs a university degree.

These are some careers you could pursue with a BA:

• Marketing and sales
• Public relations
• Business leadership

This is just the tip of the iceberg, and reportedly, people who study for a BA actually end up  making over 40% more  than those with no qualifications.

Bachelor of Science 

A bachelor of science differs from a BA in a few ways. Both the core of the degree and the upper-division coursework achieve a far more focused dive into a specific discipline. These disciplines could be:

• Engineering

Anyone looking to pursue a BS should understand that their program will involve rigorous studies, specialized courses, and offer a combination of technology, maths, and engineering topics. If you want to apply for a job in one of these fields, or your aim is to earn a Ph.D. in science or engineering, then you may want to choose a BS as your degree.

Related Read : What Is a Good GPA in College? Is My Grade Point Average Too Low?

Bachelor of Fine Arts

A bachelor of fine arts is another undergraduate degree that specializes in the study of the fine, visual, or performing arts. These could be anything from painting to music, drama, and sculpture. 

This kind of degree will have a practical element, typically with studio time, lectures, and discussion classes. You’ll still need to choose an area of specialty, but your options are broad. These are just a few examples:

• Game design
• Architecture
• Illustration
• Visual effects
• Fashion design

This is also usually a four-year degree, though it may take more or less time based on the amount of studio time required. Once you’ve finished a degree like this, you can pursue a post-grad option, which could open you up to teaching and lecturing positions. These would again require a combination of practical and theoretical studies.

Paying for College

When looking at actually paying for college , you have a few options at your disposal. While the best thing to do is pay for it upfront, this is not always possible. Keep in mind that as an international student, you may not have access to these kinds of resources, so plan ahead. These are a few of the different routes you can take:

• Financial aid
• The 529 plan
• Scholarships
• Student Loans

Financial aid is available to those with a green card, but only if the US Department of Education  deems you to need it. If they approve, they will either offer a grant or a loan, though grants can be difficult to get. You will need to reapply every year if you’re planning on studying with financial aid. 

The 529 plan is a scheme where you can pre-pay for college, though this is typically done by parents who want to lock in a lower rate. Scholarships may be awarded based on merit, academic, or extra-curricular performance, and they will typically come with a requirement that you play for the school or use your talents in exchange for the scholarship. 

Student loans are the other option, but they can seriously set you back financially. Before applying for a loan, see if there are other ways to save on tuition so you can take out fewer loans. For example, you may have access to transfer credit, or if you work part-time, you can take out smaller loans and pay your tuition upfront. 

Always look at the school’s return on investment. Is it worth investing your time and money in it? Will it make a significant difference in your career? The answer is usually yes, but every person is different, and that’s why we recommend doing your research (you’re already well on your way!) and making the choice that suits you and your career best.

It’s possible that night school may be a better option for you, or a credit-based high school course. The choice is yours!

Related Read : How to Choose a College: 7 Considerations for Finding the Right University

Secure Your Future and Further Your Mind

We know it’s a lot to consider, but the best way to go about the process is to start with what you have in your pocket. Got all the credits? Planned for payment? Do you know what your majors will be? These are just a few of the things you need to work out in order to answer the question we posed at the beginning. 

How does college work? Hopefully, you have a better understanding of it now, and are geared up and excited to tackle the world of higher education. The professional world often needs qualifications, but it doesn’t have to be overwhelming. 

To learn more about how college works, check out these articles to read next:

• How to Prepare for College: 13 Tips for Freshman Success at University
• Should I Go to College? Here Are 10 Benefits of University Education
• Glossary of College Terms: 25+ Important University Words to Understand
• How to Make Friends in College: 10+ Easy Ways to Meet People at Uni
• 15+ Best Study Tips: Top Advice & Effective Ways to Study Better
• Ultimate College Packing List: Things to Take to University
• 25+ Best Gifts for College Students
• 40+ College Student Discounts in Tech, Fashion & Beyond!
• 50+ Best Education Quotes & Inspirational Sayings About Learning
• 15 Books to Read Before College for High School Students and Graduates

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Everything you need to know about studying in the US

Want to study abroad in the us learn about the us college system and how to apply for university in the us as an international student, .css-76pyzs{margin-right:0.25rem;} ,, grace mccabe.

Key Points 

What kinds of universities are there in the us .

• How do you apply to study in the US? 

Is it possible to transfer credits from a university in my home country to a US university? 

• English language requirements for US universities 
• How much does it cost to study in the US? 
• What scholarships are available for international students in the US? 

How do I apply for a student visa for the US? 

As an international student in the us, can i work during my studies , what can i do after i graduate in the us , are there any special health insurance rules for international students , what does the term "major" mean in us universities , what is gpa .

The US is home to more than 4,000 higher education institutions, including eight of the top 10 universities in the Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2022.  

Its size and global reputation has made the US the number one study-abroad destination in the world for international students, with the biggest numbers moving from China, India, Saudi Arabia and Canada for their studies. The most popular subjects for international students in the US are business and management, engineering, maths, computer science and the social sciences. 

But with thousands of universities, huge differences in the style and the cost of institutions plus a rigorous college application process, many prospective international students find the idea of applying to study in the US overwhelming. 

If that sounds like you, use this guide to help demystify the process of applying to university in the US.  

There is a broad range of types of higher education institutions in the US, with something to suit every student’s interests. Before you begin, one thing to note about the US: the words “college” and “university” tend to be used interchangeably. 

The most prestigious collective of colleges, the Ivy League , includes Harvard University , Brown University , Cornell University , Dartmouth College , Columbia University , Yale University , Princeton University and the University of Pennsylvania . Together, these eight schools received more than 300,000 applicants for the Class of 2021, and the average acceptance rate was 6.1 per cent. 

US colleges can be either privately or publicly funded. Most of the well-known institutions in the US, such as Harvard University , Stanford University and Yale University , are private non-profit institutions that will have higher tuition fees, but usually more financial aid opportunities to go along with the added costs. 

Another type of institution is the liberal arts college. Examples include Pomona College in California and Amherst College in Massachusetts. These schools offer a broad education in arts and sciences subjects that are designed to give undergraduates academic range as well as depth. 

Then there are the historically black colleges and universities, or HBCUs , such as Howard University and Spelman College , which have majority black and ethnic minority student populations. These institutions were originally established to provide higher education to the African American community where it was previously denied. 

In every state, there is at least one government-funded public college, which tends to have lower tuition fees for students who reside in that state. Community colleges, also known as junior colleges, technical colleges or city colleges, are similar to state colleges but primarily offer shorter courses leading to qualifications such as diplomas and associate degrees. Community colleges often have very strong links to four-year institutions and can be a good entry into prestigious four-year degree programmes. 

Additionally, each US state has one or two systems of public universities that are governed by a system-wide governing body but have multiple affiliated campuses. Each of these different locations is considered an individual university in its own right. One such example is the University of California system, which includes the University of California, Berkeley and the University of California, Los Angeles . 

Beyond the highest-ranked and well-known schools, there is a huge array of quality colleges in the US with different values, goals, teaching styles and costs. You can use the Wall Street Journal/Times Higher Education College Rankings 2022 to compare colleges on everything from engagement, interaction with teachers and overall student satisfaction. 

Most undergraduate programmes in the US are four years long and often include studying multiple subjects before specialising in the second half of your degree. Subjects you study alongside your specialisation are known as minors, and your specialisation is your major, or special concentration. 

Extracurricular activities – including social societies such as sororities and fraternities , clubs and some of the world’s best university-level sports teams – are a central part of university social life on US campuses. They’re a good way for students to make friends with common interests. 

How do you apply to study in the US?  

The US is perhaps the most rigorous country in the world when it comes to college application criteria. American universities will consider your academic record over the last four years of your schooling, as well as your involvement in extracurricular activities and leadership positions and your personal characteristics when you apply. 

There are three kinds of applications you can make to a US university: early decision, common application and the regular application. Some early decision applications can also go through the common application. 

Early decision application deadlines are usually about 10 months before your course starts. Applying via the early decision route can increase the likelihood winning acceptance for some universities. However, it’s important to be aware that some colleges have agreements that state that if you win a place via an early decision application, you must attend that college and you must withdraw or halt all your other college applications. In some cases, US colleges will want you to also withdraw any applications to universities outside the US if they accept you on early decision, so be sure to check in with your college of choice on the details before applying through this route. 

The Common Application (Common App), meanwhile, is a centralised process for more than 900 US universities, which means you can apply to multiple colleges through one online account. Common applications open on 1 August. 

For all other universities, you can apply to them directly. The application deadline is often in January – seven months before you intend to start university – although the latest deadlines are in March. 

Many US universities will expect you to sit a standardised test like the SAT or the ACT for undergraduates , or the Graduate Record Examinations (GRE) for postgraduates. 

You should aim to complete these exams a year before you want to start university, usually in the month of August. 

Admission requirements vary depending on the university. However, your submission will almost always require an application fee ($43 on average), a completed application form, a personal essay, references, a transcript of grades and academic achievements, standardised test results and financial statements. 

Depending on which kind of university and course you are looking at, you may need to declare your major when applying, which means that you need to have an idea of the subject you wish to concentrate on in the final two years of your course. In most cases, you can switch majors if you discover a new passion for a subject once at university, but it’s useful to have in mind at the application stage some idea of the route you are most likely to follow. 

If you are put on the wait list of a college, this means the university liked your application but has chosen to make offers to other candidates first. The likelihood of moving from the wait list to a definite offer from your chosen college depends on several factors. These include how many students with offers choose to confirm their place, how the school wishes to balance the different chosen majors in its freshmen class, and how strong your application is compared with those of other applicants. In some cases, you are more likely to get off the wait list of a college if you have listed it as your first choice. 

Watch: How to apply to university in the US 

Yes, it's possible to transfer credits from your previous school in your home country to one in the US. This process is called credit transfer, and it lets you get credit for the courses you've already taken so that you don't have to start from the beginning at your new university. 

But whether you can transfer credits depends on a few things. Each US institute has its own rules for credit transfer, and they'll look at things like the similarity of your previous courses to the ones they offer and how well you did in those courses. Some of your credits might count, while others might not. 

To start the credit transfer process, you'll need to give the US university your official transcript. This will allow them to see a record of all the classes you've taken and the grades you earned. 

The US university will then review your transcript and decide which of your credits can transfer over. If your old classes are similar to what your new university offers, they might accept them, and you won't have to retake those classes. 

Keep in mind that not all of your credits might transfer, and some might only count as elective credits. That means they won't necessarily fulfil specific requirements for your degree, but they can still count toward your total credits needed to graduate. 

It's important to talk to the admissions team or academic advisors at your chosen US university. They can explain their policies and help you figure out which of your credits can transfer, so you can make the most of your previous hard work and start on the right track.

Do I need to take a language test to study in the US? 

Most universities in the US require international applicants to take a test to demonstrate their competence in English as a second language, such as the TOEFL or the IELTS academic. 

Many US institutions are now accepting English language tests adapted to be taken from home, including the TOEFL Special Home Edition and the IELTS Indicator. Many US colleges are also accepting the Duolingo English test, which can also be taken from home. 

You can use this guide to find out the average scores for English language tests for Ivy League schools as a good benchmark, but most universities will have their specific requirements and list of accepted tests on their websites. If not, contact the international office of your college to check. 

How much does it cost to study in the US?  

Given the great diversity of universities in the US, there is also a huge variation in cost and typically tuition fees for international students are higher than those for domestic students. 

US tuition fees range from $5,000 to $50,000 (£4,074-£40,746) per year. On average, students graduate with $132,860 (£101,505) worth of debt. 

But before you faint at these numbers and rule out studying in the US altogether, it’s crucial to know that there’s a difference between what’s known as the “sticker price” (the costs advertised on university websites) and the amount that students actually end up paying once all sources of funding have been considered.  

It’s worth remembering that about 85 per cent of full-time undergraduate students at four-year public universities and 89 per cent at private non-profit universities benefit from some type of financial aid. Although the most prestigious US universities tend to have the highest sticker price, these colleges also tend to have the widest range of funding opportunities. 

Accommodation options are varied for students at US universities. You’ll probably be able to choose from on-campus residential buildings, fraternity and sorority houses or private renting. Many financial aid opportunities and scholarships will consider accommodation needs alongside help with tuition costs, but it’s important to have a clear financial plan in mind to see you through four or more years of study. 

And don’t forget cost of lifestyle. This will depend on where you study and your own personal preferences, but it is another factor you must consider realistically to avoid any financial troubles later on. 

Many universities guarantee on-campus paid employment for students while they study, and international students with M-1 and F-1 visas are allowed to work in such roles. Many shops, cinemas and museums in the US will also offer discounts to students. 

Best public universities in the US   A guide to student bank accounts in the US   Nine things every student should know about studying in the United States   A day in the life of a US university student  

What scholarships or financial aid are available for international students in the US?  

Several high-ranking universities in the US operate a “needs-blind” admission policy, meaning the financial background of candidates is disregarded during the admission process, and the university promises to financially support students so every successful applicant can attend. 

Financial aid comes in many forms: scholarships, grants, assistantships and work-study schemes, and many of these options will be open to international students. For example, the University of Pennsylvania sets aside $6 million each year to fund graduates from outside the US and in neighbouring Canada and Mexico. 

Funding information is available on each university’s website. Often, applications for funding and financial aid are made as part of your general college application, so it’s important to do your research early to avoid missing any opportunities. 

There are also a few well-known government-funded US scholarship programmes for international students, for example, including the Fulbright Foreign Student Program and the Hubert Humphrey Fellowship Program. 

There are three types of visas for international students in the US : F-1 for academic studies; J-1 for practical training not available in your home country; and M-1 for vocational studies. 

To study at a US college, you need to apply for the F-1 visa. Once accepted at a US college approved by the Student and Exchange Visitor Program (SEVP), you will be registered for the Student and Exchange Visitor Information System (SEVIS) and you must pay the SEVIS I-901 fee of $350. After that, you’ll receive the Form I-20 and register within SEVIS. 

Once you’ve completed these steps, you can apply for your visa at a US embassy or consulate – find your nearest one here . The fee to apply for your visa is $160, often with an additional small administration fee, depending on where you’re applying from. 

You’ll also have to complete an additional form (DS-160), provide a photo and book an appointment at the US consulate of your home country for an interview. Bring your passport and copies of all your documents with you to the interview. At the interview, you must show proof that you have sufficient funds to support your stay in the US, and that you have strong ties to your home country through family connections, assets, bank accounts or some other means. 

As an incoming student, you can apply for your visa up to 120 days before your course begins, but you can only enter the US on your student visa a maximum of 30 days before your start date. 

As an international student with an F1 visa , you can work on-campus for up to 20 hours per week during the school term and full-time during semester breaks. You'll need permission from the international student office to work on campus and they will have a list of available positions throughout the year. 

For off-campus work, there are two types of training: Optional Practical Training (OPT) and Curricular Practical Training (CPT). OPT allows you to work off-campus during and after your studies for up to 12 months. CPT lets you work off-campus while you study and is authorised by your university. 

If you're not on OPT or CPT, most F1 visa students can't work off-campus, but you can volunteer up to 20 hours per week during the semester in certain educational environments. 

Just make sure to follow the rules and explore on-campus and authorised off-campus work opportunities through your student services office.

If you want to stay in the US after studying, there are options. 

The Optional Practical Training (OPT) programme allows international students on F-1 visas to remain in the country if employed in their field of study. F-1 visa students are eligible for OPT after completing their first academic year. OPT can be done both before or after completing your studies, but it’s important to remember that you are allowed to work only 12 months in total. 

Graduates with science, technology, engineering or mathematics degrees may extend their OPT by 24 months and stay for just over two years to work in these fields. You must apply for OPT before completing your studies. 

Top US institutions have a track record of excellence in the eyes of esteemed US employers, including Wall Street, technology and media companies. Colleges are also fertile ground for networking; obtaining internships and work experience in the US market may help you gain employment later on. 

If you’re interested in pursuing a career in academia, the US can be a great place to start. You can browse academic openings in the US on THE Unijobs.  

Health insurance is essential for international students studying in the US because the country doesn't have a universal healthcare system. Medical expenses can be really expensive, so having insurance can help cover the costs and keep you protected. Some universities offer health insurance plans specifically for students, but if not, you can find other options to get the coverage you need. 

Health insurance plans can vary in cost depending on where you study and what kind of cover you want. It's important to compare different plans to find one that fits your budget and covers the medical services you might need. Some plans pay for your medical bills directly, while others may need you to pay upfront and will reimburse you later. 

To find the right insurance plan , think about how much you can afford to pay for insurance and what kind of medical care you might need. Some plans may cover sports injuries or have extra cover which you may need to consider if you are involved in sports or active hobbies. Once you figure out what you need, you can compare different plans and choose the one that suits you best. 

Having health insurance can give you peace of mind during your time in the US. It ensures that you'll have access to medical care if you get sick or injured, and it can save you from unexpected high medical expenses. So, make sure to get the right health insurance plan to stay protected while studying abroad.

In US universities, a major is your main academic focus or the subject you specialise in during your studies. It's the area of study that you choose to become an expert in. For example, if you love computers, you might major in computer science, or if you're interested in animals, you could major in biology. 

Picking a major is an important decision because it shapes the classes you take and the knowledge you gain throughout your university experience. The courses you choose within your major will teach you everything you need to know about that subject and help prepare you for future career paths or further studies. 

GPA, which stands for Grade Point Average, is a way to measure how well you're doing academically in high school and university. It's a score that shows how good your grades are overall. In the US, GPA is usually calculated on a scale of 0 to 4. Getting an A usually means you get four points, while an F gives you zero points. 

Your GPA is important if you're thinking about going to university, especially in the US. Universities often look at your GPA when deciding whether to offer you a place. Having a good GPA can increase your chances of getting into your dream university. But don't worry, there's no single "good" GPA for all universities. Each school may have different expectations but aiming for a GPA of 3 or higher is generally a good idea. 

Remember that there are two types of GPA: unweighted and weighted. Unweighted GPA is based on your regular grades, while weighted GPA takes into account harder classes you may have taken. This means if you challenge yourself with advanced courses, you can boost your GPA even higher. 

Improving your GPA is possible if you feel your grades could be better. You can ask your teachers for help, change your study habits, or take more challenging classes. Remember, GPA isn't the only thing that matters. Universities also consider your extracurricular activities and personal achievements. 

GPA can also come into play when applying for scholarships and even jobs in the future. 

Please note all costs and conversion rates were correct at the time of publication. These may vary over time. 

Q. How many higher education institutions are there in the US, and how many of them are among the top 10 universities in the world? 

A. There are over 4,000 higher education institutions in the US, and eight of them are ranked in the top 10 worldwide. 

Q. Which countries are the biggest sources of international students studying in the US? 

A. The biggest numbers of international students in the US come from China, India, Saudi Arabia, and Canada. 

Q. What are the most popular subjects for international students studying in the US? 

A. The most popular subjects for international students in the US, based on current data, are business and management, engineering, maths, computer science, and social sciences. 

Q. Why do many prospective international students find the idea of applying to study in the US overwhelming? 

A. With a high number of universities to choose from, differences in institution style and cost, along with a thorough application process, applying to study in the US can be overwhelming for many prospective international students. 

Q. What are the different types of universities in the US? 

A. The US has a broad range of higher education institutions, including Ivy League colleges, private and public universities, liberal arts colleges, historically black colleges and universities (HBCUs), community colleges, and state university systems. 

Q. Which universities are part of the Ivy League? 

A. Harvard, Brown, Cornell, Dartmouth, Columbia, Yale, Princeton, and the University of Pennsylvania are part of the Ivy League. 

Q. Are US colleges publicly or privately funded, and how does this affect tuition fees and financial aid opportunities? 

A. US colleges can be privately or publicly funded. Private colleges generally have higher tuition fees, but more financial aid opportunities compared to public colleges. 

Q. What are historically black colleges and universities (HBCUs), and what is their historical significance? 

A. HBCUs, such as Howard University and Spelman College , were established to provide higher education to the African American community, where it was previously denied. 

Q. What are community colleges, and how do they differ from state colleges and four-year institutions? 

A. Community colleges, also known as junior colleges, primarily offer shorter courses leading to diplomas and associate degrees, with strong links to four-year institutions for further education. 

Q. How do you apply to study in the US, and what are the three types of applications available? 

A. To apply to study in the US, you can choose from early decision, common application, or regular application processes.

Q. What are the English language proficiency tests required for international students to study in the US? 

A. Most US universities require international students to take tests like TOEFL, IELTS, or Duolingo English test to demonstrate English proficiency. Each university will have a certain score they require, and you can find that in the individual admissions details. 

Q. How much does it cost to study in the US, and how do tuition fees and financial aid options vary? 

A. Tuition fees in the US range from $5,000 to $50,000 per year, with international students usually paying higher fees, but many universities offer financial aid to help with costs. 

Q. What are the accommodation options for students at US universities? 

A. Accommodation options for US university students include on-campus residential buildings, fraternity/sorority houses, private renting, and financial aid may cover accommodation costs.

Q. What scholarships are available for international students in the US, and are there any government-funded scholarship programmes? 

A. US universities offer various scholarships, grants, and work-study programmes for international students, and government-funded options include the Fulbright Foreign Student Program and the Hubert Humphrey Fellowship Program. 

Q. What are the types of student visas available for international students in the US, and what are the application requirements? 

A. International students can apply for F-1, J-1, or M-1 visas, depending on their academic or vocational studies, with specific application requirements and procedures. 

Q. What can international students do after they graduate in the US? Are there options for staying and working in the country after completing their studies? 

A. After graduation, international students can apply for an extended work visa, also known as an Optional Practical Training (OPT) to work in their field of study, and graduates with certain degrees may extend OPT for an extended period. The US offers employment opportunities and networking for further career advancement. 

Q. What are the admission requirements for US universities? 

A. Admission requirements for US universities vary, but they typically consider academic records, standardised test scores (SAT/ACT), letters of recommendation, personal statements, extracurricular activities, and sometimes interviews. 

Q. How do I apply to universities in the US? 

A. You can apply to US universities through various application methods, including early decision, common application, or direct applications to specific institutions. Each university will have its application process on its website. 

Q. What standardized tests are required for US university admissions (e.g., SAT, ACT, TOEFL, IELTS)? 

A. Standardised tests commonly required for US university admissions include the SAT or ACT for undergraduate programmes and the TOEFL or IELTS for international students to demonstrate English proficiency. 

Q. Are there any scholarships or financial aid options available for international students? 

A. Yes, many US universities offer scholarships, grants, and financial aid options for international students to help with tuition costs. You can check each university's website for specific scholarships and opportunities. 

Q. How long does it typically take to complete a degree programme in the US? 

A. Undergraduate programmes in the US typically take four years to complete, while graduate programmes, such as master's degrees, can take one to two years. Doctoral programmes may take several years to finish. 

Q. Can I transfer credits from a university in my home country to a US university? 

A. Yes, some US universities accept transfer credits from international institutions. The evaluation process varies by university, and you should check with the specific institution to see how your credits can be transferred. 

Q. How do I obtain a student visa to study in the US? 

A. To obtain a student visa, you need to be accepted by a US university approved by the Student and Exchange Visitor Program (SEVP). After acceptance, you'll receive a Form I-20 and apply for an F-1 visa at a US embassy or consulate in your home country. 

Q. Are there any specific health insurance requirements for international students? 

A. Many US universities require international students to have health insurance coverage while studying in the country. Some institutions offer health insurance plans for students, but you can also purchase private insurance that meets the university's requirements. 

Q. Can I work while studying as an international student in the US? Are there opportunities for work-study programs to help with expenses? Are there opportunities for international students to work on-campus? How can I find part-time job opportunities off-campus as an international student? 

A. International students on F-1 visas can work on-campus for up to 20 hours per week during the academic year and full-time during breaks. Some universities offer work-study programmes, and off-campus work opportunities may be available, but there are regulations to follow. You should consult your university's international student office for guidance. 

Q. What is a major? 

A. In a US university, a major refers to a student's primary area of academic focus. It is the subject or field in which a student completes the majority of coursework to earn their degree. 

Q. What is a GPA? 

A. GPA stands for Grade Point Average, a numerical representation of a student's academic performance. It is calculated based on the grades earned in coursework and provides an indication of a student's overall academic standing. 

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More From Forbes

New report shows college degree continues to provide better employment prospects and higher income.

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A new report confirms once again the economic benefits of a college degree.

The latest report from the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) on the status of education in the United States shows that individuals with a college degree continue to enjoy both better employment prospects and greater annual earnings than those with lesser levels of education.

That’s one of the key takeaways from the National Center for Education Statistics’ Report on the Condition of Education 2022 , an annual report mandated by the U.S. Congress that summarizes the latest data on our nation’s education, ranging from prekindergarten through postsecondary levels. In addition, the report includes information about labor force outcomes and international comparisons.

Educational Attainment Levels

Between 2010 and 2021, educational attainment rates among 25- to 29-year-olds increased. During this period:

• The percentage of people of this age who had completed high school increased from 89% to 94%,
• The percentage with an associate’s or higher degree increased from 41 to 49%,
• The percentage with a bachelor’s or higher degree increased from 32 to 39%,
• The percentage with a master’s or higher degree increased from 7 to 9%

In general, educational attainment rates increased for both males and females in this age group as well as for most racial/ethnic groups. For example, between 2010 and 2021, the percentages of individuals completing a bachelor’s degree or higher increased by:

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• 16 percentage points for Asians (from 56 to 72%),
• 6 percentage points for Whites (from 39 to 45%),
• 7 percentage points for Blacks (from 19 to 26%) and
• 10 percentage points for Hispanics (from 13 to 23%).

Employment Status

In March 2021, approximately one year into the coronavirus pandemic, the employment rate of 25- to 34-year-olds was higher for those with greater levels of educational attainment, ranging from:

• 53% for those who had not completed high school,
• 68% for high school graduates,
• 75% for those with some college but no degree, and
• 86% for those with a bachelor’s or higher degree.

The employment rate for 25- to 34-year-olds overall increased from 73% in 2010 to 76% in 2021. However, changes in employment rates also differed by educational attainment. Compared with 2010, employment rates were higher in 2021 only for those with a bachelor’s or higher degree, increasing from 84% in 2010 to 86% in 2021.

For those in this age group with lower levels of educational attainment, the employment rate in 2021 was not measurably different from the rate in 2010.

While employment rates increased between 2010 and 2019 for those with some college but no degree (from 73 to 80%) and for those who’d completed high school (from 68 to 74%), those gains were lost during the pandemic. For these two groups, employment rates were lower in 2021 (75% and 68%, respectively) than in 2019. For individuals not completing high school, employment rates in 2021 and 2019 were not different from those in 2010 or from each other.

Looking at the flip side - the unemployment rate - a similar pattern is found. Unemployment rates in 2021 for 25-34 year olds, ranged from:

• 11% for those with less than a high school education,
• 10% for high school graduates,
• 9% for those with some college but no degree and
• 4% for people with a bachelor’s or higher degree.

Annual Earnings

For 25- to 34-year-olds working full time, year round, greater levels of educational attainment continue to be associated with higher median earnings. This pattern held true for every year from 2010 through 2020.

In 2020, the median earnings of those with different levels of completed education were as follows:

• Less than high school - $29,800
• High school graduate - $36,600
• Some college, no degree - $39,900
• Associate’s degree - $44,100
• Bachelor’s degree - $59,600
• Master’s degree or higher - $69,700

In other words, the annual earnings for those with a master’s or higher degree were 17% percent higher than the earnings of those whose highest level of education was a bachelor’s degree ($59,600).

The median earnings of people with a bachelor’s degree were 63% larger than the earnings of those whose highest educational level was the completion of high school.

And an associate’s degree also continued to be linked to greater earnings - providing a 20% boost over the median earnings of those with a high school education.

While the debate about the economic value of college continues to swirl, driven sometimes by concerns over costs, sometimes by current labor market considerations and sometimes by misleading but politically expedient rhetoric, the long-standing relationship between higher levels of educational attainment and better economic prospects has once again been confirmed.

Certainly, there are many important nuances to this relationship, involving student demographics, regional differences, the effects of one’s major field of study, and the type of college attended, to name just a few, but the fundamental finding continues to hold: a college degree on average is associated with substantial employment and income advantages.

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How College Contributes to Workforce Success

Most employers view liberal education as essential for workforce preparation

April 1, 2021

The economic benefits of a college degree are clear: no matter their major, people with a college degree are more likely to be employed and earn higher salaries over the course of their careers than people without a degree. But how do colleges and universities prepare students for workforce success? And what skills and experiences do employers think matter the most?

Since 2007, the Association of American Colleges and Universities (AAC&U) has published a series of employer surveys on higher education. The new report released this month, How College Contributes to Workforce Success: Employer Views on What Matters Most , presents findings from a wide-ranging survey of 496 executives and hiring managers. The survey was conducted in partnership with Hanover Research.

Authored by AAC&U Vice President Ashley Finley, the report explores employer views of what constitutes workforce preparedness, the educational outcomes and experiences employers value most when making hiring decisions, and employers’ perceptions of recent graduates’ ability to succeed in entry-level positions and in later promotion and career advancement. Overall, most employers view liberal education as essential to workforce success, but fewer believe that graduates are prepared with the skills and knowledge needed to succeed.

Employers Are Confident about Higher Education and the Value of a College Degree

• Two-thirds (67 percent) of respondents have a “great deal” or “quite a lot” of confidence in higher education, and almost nine in ten (87 percent) believe that getting a college degree or credential is “definitely” or “probably” worth the investment of time and money (see figure 1).
• Responses show that employers think a college education should provide both breadth and depth of learning and prepare future employees to think for themselves, adapt to problems, and have the technical knowledge necessary for their new roles.

Figure 1. Employer Confidence in Higher Education

Employers View Several Skills, Mindsets, and Attitudes as Important for Success

• At least nine in ten employers viewed fourteen skills as “very important” or “somewhat important,” especially teamwork, critical thinking, data analysis and interpretation, applying learning in real-world settings, and digital literacy (see figure 2).
• More than half of employers saw a variety of mindsets and attitudes as “very important,” including drive/work ethic (65 percent), the ability to take initiative, self-confidence (63 percent), persistence (62 percent), and self-awareness (55 percent).

Figure 2. Employer Views on the Skills Most Important to Workplace Success

Employers Appreciate Applied Learning Experiences Like Internships or Community Engagement

• Nearly half (49 percent) of employers say they are “much more likely” to consider hiring candidates who have had an internship or apprenticeship, with another 41 percent saying they are “somewhat” more likely to consider hiring such candidates.
• Employers are also somewhat or much more likely to consider hiring candidates who had experiences in community settings with people from diverse backgrounds or cultures (47 and 41 percent, respectively), participated in a work-study program or other form of employment during college (46 and 44 percent), or had a portfolio of work showcasing skills and integrating college experiences (44 and 45 percent).

ePortfolios Can Help Graduates Explain the Value of their College Learning

• Nearly nine in ten employers find college graduates to be at least “somewhat effective” (47 percent) or “very effective” (40 percent) in communicating the skills and knowledge they gained in college.
• ePortfolios can help college students communicate the skills they developed and the experiences they had during their time in college. More employers find ePortfolios “very helpful” in evaluating a candidate compared to those who find transcripts helpful (48 percent compared to 38 percent).

Less than Half of Employers Are ‘Very Satisfied’ with Graduates’ Preparation for the Workplace

• While nearly nine in ten employers (87 percent) report that they are at least “somewhat satisfied” with the ability of recent college graduates to apply the skills and knowledge learned in college to complex problems in the workplace, just under half (49 percent) are “very satisfied.”
• Just 62 percent of employers believe that most or all college graduates possess the knowledge and skills needed to succeed in entry-level positions, and fewer (55 percent) believe they possess the knowledge and skills required for advancement and promotion.
• Less than half of employers think college graduates are “very well prepared” in the same skills they view as the most important for success, including the ability to work effectively in teams (48 percent), critical thinking skills (39 percent), the ability to analyze and interpret data (41 percent), and the application of knowledge and skills in real-world settings (39 percent).

Younger and Highly Educated Employers See More Value in Liberal Education

• Younger employers and employers with higher levels of educational attainment have more favorable perceptions of both the value of the college degree and graduates’ preparedness for workforce success (see figure 2).
• However, employers under forty and those with postgraduate education were also the most likely groups to have “very little” confidence in higher education.
• “One possible explanation may be that employers under the age of forty are the oldest millennials,” Finley writes. “Members of this generation, the most highly educated in US history, may be expected to value the college degree, but they also came of age during a financial crisis that produced widespread skepticism in public institutions.”

Figure 2. Differences in Views by Age and Educational Attainment

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How Does Overtime Work in College Football?

When overtime arrives in college football, teams play a unique version of the game to decide the winner.

There are no ties in college football . For more than 25 years now, the NCAA has made sure every game ends with a winner, no matter what time it arrives in the season, by utilizing an overtime period. They don't happen all that often, but as every college football fan knows, overtime can be one of the most exciting parts of watching the sport, particularly when overtime extends into multiple rounds of play. 

But how does overtime work in college football ? What's changed since overtime was first introduced? What does it take to win? Since overtime is definitely going to come up throughout the college season, let's take a closer look at how it all works.

RELATED: Everything to Know About the New 12-Team College Football Playoff

How does overtime in college football work?

If two teams are tied at the end of regulation, the first overtime period begins with a coin toss. The visiting team calls the toss, and the winner of that toss decides if they'd like to start the overtime period on offense or defense. The offensive team takes possession of the ball on the defending team's 25-yard-line, putting them just 25 yards from scoring. 

From there, play unfolds like a regular football game, starting with 1st down and 10 yards to go. Time of possession doesn't really matter, and there is no set length for an overtime period, because the object of the game is to score as many points as possible with your possession. Once the offensive team has either scored or turned the ball over, the defenders get the ball and take over from the  other  25-yard-line, working with the same procedure.

The goal, of course, is to either match or beat your opponent's score, so if the first team only managed a field goal, the second team can tie the game again with a field goal of their own or score a touchdown to win. The main idea of this system is that both teams will have an opportunity to possess the ball and theoretically win the game during the first overtime possession. 

If the score is still tied after the first overtime, a second overtime period begins using the same procedure, but with one added caveat: If a team scores a touchdown, they  must  attempt a two-point conversion after said touchdown. The idea here is that two-point conversions are more difficult than extra point kicks, so it's harder for the two teams to simply keep tying each other. That said, if they  are  still tied after two overtime periods, the rules shift yet again.

Beginning with the third overtime period, both offenses start at their opponent's 3-yard-line, and they each get one shot at attempting a two-point conversion. There are no first downs, no second chances, just one shot at the end zone from three yards out for each team. If they're still tied after three overtime periods, overtime keeps going under the two-point conversion system until one team wins.

When did college football's overtime rules change?

The most recent change to overtime rules in college football took place in 2019.

For much of college football's history, ties were just part of the game. It wasn't until the bowl season in 1995 that the NCAA first instituted overtime rules, which were then fully installed for the 1996 regular season and have been a part of the game ever since. The 25-yard-line system has always been the way college football overtime works, and the rules were unchanged until the 2019 season. After a 2018 game between Texas A&M and LSU ran through seven overtime periods and nearly five hours of play, the NCAA instituted the two-point-conversion attempt system for later overtime periods beginning in 2019.

RELATED: Everything to Know About College Football Rule Changes for the 2024 Season

Back then, though, the two-point-conversion showdown didn't start until the  fifth  overtime period, and teams weren't required to start capping touchdown's with two-point conversions until the  third  overtime period. In 2021, the rules were amended again in an effort to further reduce overtime length, moving up the two-point tries after touchdowns to the second overtime and starting two-point-conversions only in the third overtime. It's that system that remains in place today. 

How are college football overtime rules different from the NFL?

Instead of just taking turns, NFL teams start a whole new 10-minute overtime period of football, beginning with a coin toss to determine possession of the ball. Both teams will get a chance to possess the ball, unless the first offensive team scores a touchdown, at which point the game is over.

RELATED: NFL Overtime Rules Explained

If the first offensive team does  not  score a touchdown, either because they settled for a field goal or didn't score at all, the defensive team takes over possession and gets their shot at scoring. If the teams are still tied after this, sudden death overtime begins, and the next team to score wins the game. Crucially, in the regular season, if the game is still tied at the end of this 10-minute overtime period, then it just counts as a tie in each team's record. Playoff games extend the rules to select a clear winner, but no such luck in the regular season.

Can college football games end in a tie?

There are no ties, regular season or otherwise in college football; the game keeps going until someone wins, which can make for some very exciting moments.

Tune in to NBC and Peacock all season long for  Big Ten  and  Notre Dame  football!  

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