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Choosing Between a Thesis or Non-thesis Master's Degree

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•       Resources       Choosing Between a Thesis or Non-thesis Master's Degree

As of 2015, approximately 25.4 million Americans held advanced degrees , with more citizens joining these ranks each year. As studies continue to show the career advancement and salary benefits of completing a master's degree, more and more students elect to pursue advanced educations. When considering their options, many question whether to enroll in a master's requiring a thesis or not. The following guide examines some of the reasons degree seekers may want to write a thesis while also highlighting why they might not. Students on the fence about this important decision can find expert advice, actionable tips, and relevant guidance to help them make an informed choice in the guide that follows.

Understanding the Master's Thesis

What is the difference between a thesis & non-thesis master's program, the decision not to do a thesis.

As students research various master's programs in their chosen discipline, it's common to find that many degrees require a thesis – especially if they want to enter a research-heavy field. While this word gets thrown around a lot in academia, some learners may want more information regarding what it entails in order to make an informed decision.

What is a Master's Thesis?

The master's thesis is an original piece of scholarship allowing the student to dig into a topic and produce an expanded document that demonstrates how their knowledge has grown throughout the degree program. These documents require significant independent research of primary and secondary sources and, depending on the subject, may require interviews and/or surveys to support the overarching argument.

Individual schools and departments dictate the length of these documents, but they typically range between 60 and 100 pages – or approximately 20,000 to 40,000 words. While tackling a document of such heft may seem overwhelming at first, learners need not fret. Each master's candidate receives a faculty advisor early in their tenure to provide support, feedback, and guidance throughout the process. Because the final thesis is expected to be of a publishable quality, learners seeking the highest marks typically send their supervisor excerpts of the document as they write to ensure they are on the right track.

When picking a thesis topic, no magical formula exists. Students should consider their interests and read extensively on that topic to get a better sense of existing scholarship. They should also speak to other academics working in that sphere to familiarize themselves with ongoing projects. Only after they feel reasonably well-read should they begin looking for uncovered angles or interesting ways of using emerging methodologies to bring new light to the topic.

When considering formatting, degree seekers should check with their specific schools and departments, as they may have unique requirements. To get a general understanding of what to expect, learners can review Simon Fraser University's guidelines on thesis formatting. After completing the thesis, some programs require an oral defense before a committee while others read the document and provide a grade. Check with your prospective schools to get a better sense of procedure.

Format & Components of a Master's Thesis

While this guide attempts to provide helpful and actionable information about the process of deciding whether to follow a thesis or non-thesis track in a master's program, readers should remember that specific components and requirements of a thesis vary according to discipline, university, and department. That being said, some commonalities exist across all these – especially when it comes to what students must include in their final drafts.

As the first section a reader encounters after moving through the table of contents and other anterior text, the introductory allows the writer to firmly establish what they want to accomplish. Sometimes also called the "research question" section, the introductory must clearly state the goals of the paper and the overarching hypothesis guiding the argument. This should be written in a professional yet accessible tone that allows individuals without specializations in the field to understand the text.

This section allows learners to demonstrate their deep knowledge of the field by providing context to existing texts within their chosen discipline Learners review the main bodies of work, highlighting any issues they find within each. Constructive criticism often centers around shortcomings, blind spots, or outdated hypotheses.

Students use this section to explain how they went about their work. While scientists may point to a specific method used to reach conclusions, historians may reference the use of an emerging framework for understanding history to bring new light to a topic. The point of this section is to demonstrate the thought processes that led to your findings.

This section allows for learners to show what they learned during the research process in a non-biased way. Students should simply state what information they gathered by utilizing a specific framework or methodology and arrange those findings, without interpretation, in an easy-to-read fashion.

After providing readers with all the necessary information, the discussion section exists for candidates to interpret the raw data and demonstrate how their research led to a new understanding or contributed a unique perspective to the field. This section should directly connect to the introduction by reinforcing the hypothesis and showing how you answered the questions posed.

Even though the previous sections give prospective degree seekers a better sense of what to expect if they decide to write a thesis during their master's program, they don't necessarily help learners decide whether to pursue a thesis or non-thesis track. The following section highlights some of the reasons students frequently choose to complete a thesis or bypass the process altogether by providing a pros and cons list.

Why a Thesis Program

• Especially when entering a research-heavy discipline, completing a thesis shows prospective schools and employers that you possess the skills needed for researching and writing long-form reports.
• Students hoping to pursue a Ph.D. stand in better stead with admissions panels if they wrote a thesis during a master's program.
• Individuals hoping to enter a field that values syntax and grammar often better their writing skills by completing a thesis.
• Students who write a thesis can submit the final product to various academic journals, increasing their chances of getting published.
• Theses expand students' understanding of what they're capable of, deepen their ability to carry out an argument, and develop their skills in making connections between ideas.

Why a Non-thesis Program

• Because they don't require a significant written product, non-thesis master's tend to take less time to complete.
• Often mirrors a bachelor's program in terms of structure, allowing learners to complete classes and take exams without a great deal of research or writing.
• Students who excel in project-based assignments can continue building skills in this arena rather than focusing on skills they don't plan to use (e.g. research)
• Provides learners the opportunity to work more closely and more frequently with faculty on real-world projects since they don't spend hundreds of hours researching/writing.
• Allows learners to take more classes and gain hands-on skills to fill the time they would have spent researching and writing a thesis.

How to Choose a Master's Program: FAQs

Within some academic disciplines and professional fields, research and writing plays a key role in work done on a daily basis. Because of this, master's programs in these fields require learners to complete theses to compete against peers and be seen as competent in their work. Other disciplines, conversely, rely on other tools to accomplish work and progress ideas – making theses less important.

Yes. Master's programs focused more on application than research typically don't require a thesis – although they may still give students the option. Examples of common non-thesis master's programs include nursing, business, and education.

Even though non-thesis students won't be writing a 100-page paper, that doesn't mean they avoid completing a significant project. In place of a thesis, most applied master's programs require students to take part in at least one internship or complete a culminating project. These projects typically ask learners to take what they learned throughout coursework and create an expansive final project – examples include case studies, creative works, or portfolios.

While students who followed a non-thesis path routinely receive acceptance to Ph.D. programs, those with theses often find the process easier. Even if a learner pursues a Ph.D. in a discipline that isn't research-heavy, admissions panels still want to get a sense of your academic interests and ability to engage in independent, nuanced thought. Students with theses can provide solid proof of these skills, while those without may struggle to demonstrate preparedness as thoroughly.

The answer to this question depends on many factors, but typically it is okay not to do a thesis if you plan to enter a field that doesn't depend heavily on research or writing, or if you don't plan to complete a Ph.D.

Students wanting to work in academic, research, or writing should always opt for the thesis track. They should also follow this path if they have any doctoral degree aspirations.

Ultimately, the decision of whether or not to complete a thesis rests with the individual student. Figuring out how to proceed on this front requires lots of careful consideration, and learners should ensure they consider various aspects before coming to a final decision. The following section helps students consider how they should and should not come to a conclusion.

Dos and Don'ts of Choosing a Thesis or Non-thesis Program

• Consider the longevity of your decision: will you feel the same in 5-10 years or are you making a decision based on current desires?
• Talk to others who with experience in this area. Ask them questions about their decision-making process and if they regret their choice.
• Research potential thesis topics before starting a program. Going in with a game plan can help you feel more confident and settled about the process than if you're scrambling for a topic while in school.
• Reach out to prospective schools to speak with faculty and/or current students following both tracks. This will provide knowledge specific to the school while also expanding your network if you choose to attend there.
• Research Ph.D. entrance requirements to ascertain if the majority expect learners to possess a thesis when applying. This will give you a sense of whether you may experience issues later on if you do not complete one.
• Decide not to complete a thesis simply because you have never taken on such a task and feel overwhelmed or fearful that you will fail.
• Complete a thesis simply because you think it will look good on your resume. Theses require intense devotion over an extended amount of time; learners who complete them without conviction often find the process miserable.
• Forget to research alternatives to writing a thesis. Just because you don't complete a research paper doesn't mean a non-thesis track lacks rigor or challenging coursework.
• Forget to read examples of theses by previous students. If you feel overwhelmed by the task, reading work other people have done can often make the task at hand feel less scary.
• Let yourself off easy by taking the non-thesis path. If you find you have extra time in the program, talk to your advisor about taking more classes, develop meaningful projects for yourself, or see about presenting at an academic conference.

From the Expert

Sudiksha Joshi, Ph.D. is a learning advocate. Her mission is to empower our youth to think bigger, bolder thoughts and forge a career path that will change the world. She taps into her natural curiosity and ability to identify strengths to help students and those in transition find their path from feeling lost in the traditional ways of achieving success to charting their own path. Her work has been featured in Forbes, Huffington Post, Thrive Global, Medium and LinkedIn.

Why might a student decide to follow a thesis track? Why might they follow a non-thesis track?

A student might decide to take a thesis track if she/he wants to pursue a Ph.D. Also, if the students want to focus on careers where research and writing have a strong focus, the students opt for the thesis option. Research assistantships at the graduate level are also more often available to students who opt for the thesis option.

A student who might feel that writing is not one of their strengths might choose to go the non-thesis track. Likewise, a student who has other work commitments may find a non-thesis option more convenient.

Do you have any tips for deciding on a program?

I chose a thesis option because being able to conduct independent research was a big reason to go to graduate school. Also, showing the ability that I could do research was what afforded me research assistantships which meant that my tuition was paid for and I got a stipend that paid for expenses while I was in graduate school. This also allowed me the opportunity to work closely with the faculty mentor that provided me with the support and the accountability I wanted.

I would not recommend taking a non-thesis option if all the degree requires is for you to take courses. You have little to show in terms of your learning other than your grades unless you are already working on something on the side that does that for you and all you need is a certificate.

Opt for a non-thesis option if you can still work closely with a professor or on a project and if you'd rather be involved in multiple projects rather than focus on a single project. If you already have a good (informed) reason for choosing one over the other, go for it.

What's the most important thing to consider when choosing a program?

The most important thing to consider when choosing a program is getting excited about the projects that at least one of the faculty members are involved in. Do some research and see why you are excited about a particular work that at least one of the faculty members have been involved in.

Who should students talk to when considering options?

Students should talk to other students and also reach out directly to the graduate coordinator and even individual faculty members. This means that students should have done prior homework and have some good questions ready. Asking good questions will get you at least halfway through to make the right decision.

• October 15, 2023
• Academic Advice

Thesis vs. Non-Thesis Master’s Programs: Which is Right for You?

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Continuing your educational journey within your chosen field is an experience that fosters personal and professional growth. The next milestone in your academic path often involves pursuing a Master’s degree , with options ranging from thesis-based programs to non-thesis alternatives.  Deciding between these two paths is significant as it shapes your academic and career paths.

But how can you decide which is right for you before getting decision fatigue?

Let’s explore the difference between thesis vs. non-thesis Master’s programs, their unique characteristics, and reasons for choosing one or the other. 

Do You Have to Write a Thesis for Your Master’s Program?

Whether you have to write a thesis for your Master’s program depends on the specific requirements of the program you’re enrolled in. It’s important to note that while not all Master’s programs require writing a thesis, a significant number of them do.

What is a Thesis vs. Non-Thesis Master’s Program?

A thesis Master’s program involves completing a large research project spanning over several semesters. Students are expected to conduct original research on a specific topic under a faculty advisor’s guidance, culminating in a thesis likely to be published. Completing and defending the thesis is a crucial part of the degree requirement.

A non-thesis Master’s program doesn’t involve a specific research focus but rather a more coursework and practical experience, allowing students to gain specific skills and knowledge applicable to their field of study. After completing their program’s core course requirements, students can choose any of the electives to meet their degree requirements. Depending on the institution, you may be required to do a Master’s Degree Capstone project, including reviewing previous courses, a comprehensive exam, or a summary project. 

Why Choose a Thesis Master’s Program?

Thesis Master’s programs offer several advantages, be that contributing to new findings in your field, close collaboration with professors and researchers, and standing out to potential employers with your abilities to work independently and analyze complex issues. However, the primary advantages are:

Research Experience

Thesis programs allow you to conduct extensive research on a specific topic that piques your interest.  This way, you’ll gain expertise and a comprehensive understanding of the subject matter. 

Academic Growth 

Writing a thesis helps sharpen your critical thinking, analytical, and writing skills. It also challenges you to think independently, analyze a large amount of data, and draw meaningful conclusions. Furthermore, it prepares you for doctoral studies, familiarizing you with the rigor of independent research and equips you with the necessary skills to succeed.

Why Choose a Non-Thesis Master’s Program?

Non-thesis master’s programs also come with numerous advantages for students, including flexibility in scheduling, a range of career opportunities, shorter competition time, etc. Here are the main advantages: 

Non-thesis programs prioritize coursework, fostering the development of practical skills and their real-world application. This approach enables you to actively engage in hands-on learning experiences highly sought after in today’s job market. Critical thinking, communication, problem-solving, and leadership abilities are some of those skills.

Suitability for Professionals

Another advantage to pursuing a non-thesis Master’s program is that it doesn’t take as much time as the thesis Master’s programs. That way you can enter the workforce faster. It’s also well-suited for professionals already established in their field who are seeking to further their education and advance in their careers. 

The Academic and Career Outcomes of Thesis vs. Non-Thesis Master’s Programs

The academic outcomes for the thesis Master’s program graduates involve preparation for Ph.D. programs , opening doors to advanced research and specialized roles in research institutions. This provides solid research skills and helps them publish their work. Common career paths for graduates include research positions in academia, government, or private sectors. Some also pursue teaching careers in colleges and universities. Degree programs that usually require a thesis include sciences, social sciences, engineering, and humanities (history, philosophy, and language studies).

Non-thesis Master’s program graduates typically achieve academic outcomes focused on mastering practical, directly applicable skills within their field. While these programs are more career-oriented, graduates can still pursue a Ph.D. They can benefit from diverse career options in different settings and find employment in managerial, administrative, or specialized roles in their field. Degree programs that don’t usually require a thesis are business, education, healthcare administration, IT management, etc.

Thesis vs. Non-Thesis Master’s Programs, That is the Question 

With their abundance of advantages, choosing between the two can be pretty tricky. So, let’s compare thesis vs. non-thesis Master’s programs and help you make an informed decision. 

Personal and Career Goals

A thesis Master’s program is ideal if you’re interested in furthering in academia and want to pursue a Ph.D ., as these programs can provide the necessary tools to enhance your credentials for research-based careers. Meanwhile, a non-thesis Master’s program will suit you better if you’re seeking to gain practical skills to integrate into the industry immediately, as they can include practical projects or internships according to industry demands. 

Time and Financial Considerations

Thesis Master’s programs can extend the duration of your studies, as researching, writing, and defending the thesis can take several semesters to complete and can cause financial strain due to additional costs like lab fees and materials. In contrast, non-thesis ones can help you enter the job market promptly as they are shorter, allowing you to save time and money.

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Field of Study and Program Requirements

When deciding between a thesis and a non-thesis Master’s program, a crucial element to take into account is the field of study and the program’s specific requirements. A thesis Master’s program is better suited for those pursuing research-oriented fields, while a non-thesis program is a more fitting choice for individuals with a strong focus on their career. Furthermore, program requirements for thesis programs require substantial research to culminate in a thesis, whereas non-thesis ones require capstone projects, internships, or comprehensive exams. 

Switching from a Non-Thesis to a Thesis Master’s Program, or Vice Versa

Switching from a non-thesis to a thesis Master’s program, or vice versa, is possible in many institutions, although the process and requirements may vary. Switching from a non-thesis to a thesis program generally requires getting approval from the academic advisor or department, completing additional research methodology classes, finding a thesis advisor, and applying to the thesis program. 

Switching from a thesis to a non-thesis Master’s program requires having at least a 3.0 GPA, getting approval from the academic advisor, transferring credits of research methodology classes, and formally applying to the thesis program.

Choosing between a thesis and a non-thesis Master’s program ultimately depends on your career goals, research interests, and personal preferences. Thesis programs provide a robust foundation for research-oriented careers and advanced studies, while non-thesis programs offer practical skills tailored for immediate industry integration. Regardless of your choice, both paths offer unique advantages, ensuring you gain the knowledge and skills needed to thrive in your chosen field. 

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs):

What is the difference between a thesis vs. non-thesis master’s program.

The key difference between a thesis and a non-thesis Master’s program is that thesis Master’s programs require original research and completion of a thesis, whereas non-thesis ones focus on coursework and practical experiences. 

Do I have to write a thesis for a Master’s program?

If you’re pursuing a research-oriented Master’s degree in sciences, engineering, social sciences, humanities, etc., you’ll probably have to write a thesis. Whereas, if you’re pursuing a Master’s degree in education, business healthcare administration, or IT management, you’re more likely not to have to complete a thesis. 

Is a thesis required for all Master’s degree programs?

Although a thesis isn’t required for all master’s degree programs, many programs require one.

What should I consider when deciding between a thesis and non-thesis program?

There are several factors to consider when choosing between a thesis and a non-thesis Master’s program, including your career goals, interest in research, duration of studies, personal strengths and preferences, cost, and program requirements.

Are there any financial and duration differences between thesis and non-thesis Master’s programs?

There can be financial and duration differences between thesis and non-thesis Master’s programs. Thesis programs can be more expensive as you’ll have to spend additional resources on materials, lab fees, and data collection. In contrast, the main cost for non-thesis programs is tuition fees, which can be slightly lower. Furthermore, thesis programs require additional time to conduct research, write, and defend the thesis. In contrast, non-thesis programs allow students to earn the degree in a shorter period. 

Why should I choose a thesis Master’s program?

You should choose a thesis Master’s program if you’re interested in a research-heavy discipline and want to showcase your knowledge and expertise in an evidence-based, thorough thesis. 

Why should I choose a non-thesis Master’s program?

You should choose a non-thesis Master’s program if you want to enter the workforce earlier, don’t want to spend several semesters collecting data, and want to focus more on application than research.

Can non-thesis Master’s graduates still pursue doctoral studies later?

Yes, non-thesis Master’s graduates can still get accepted into a doctoral program. However, thesis Master’s graduates can go through the process more efficiently, as admissions panels want to gain insight into your academic interests and ability to engage in nuanced thought.

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Is a Thesis Required for a Master’s Degree?

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Updated: February 29, 2024 , Reading time: 8 minutes

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Pursuing a Master’s Degree represents a major academic achievement and commitment for graduate students. Requirements can vary widely between programs and institutions, and one common question students have is whether or not a thesis is required for a Master’s Degree.

A thesis is not required for all Master’s Degrees. Whether a thesis is required for a Master’s Degree depends on the specific program and institution. Generally, there are two types of master’s programs: thesis and non-thesis. 

In a thesis program, students are required to conduct original research, write a thesis, and defend it before a committee . 

Non-thesis programs, on the other hand, might require students to complete additional coursework, a capstone project, or comprehensive exams instead of a thesis. It’s important for students to check the requirements of their specific program and institution.

• Involves extensive research under faculty supervision
• Culminates in a written document and often a defense
• May extend the duration of your program
• Ideal if you’re aiming for a research position or a PhD
• Focuses on coursework
• May include a project or additional elective courses
• Suited for professional practice outside of academia

Some fields, especially those that are research-intensive, may require a thesis for you to go deeper into your chosen thesis topic . A non-thesis track might be available or even recommended in other disciplines, particularly where professional practice is the goal.

Deciding between a thesis and a non-thesis Master’s Degree boils down to your personal interests and career aspirations. If you’re considering a career that values scholarly research, or you aim to pursue a doctoral degree afterward, writing a thesis can provide a competitive edge.

However, if you wish to enter the workforce promptly or apply your skills directly to a professional setting, you might opt for the non-thesis route. Always check with your specific program for the requirements, as they can vary widely between universities and even departments within the same institution.

Understanding Master’s Degree Requirements

When pursuing a Master’s Degree, you’ll find there are a variety of requirements you must meet to earn your diploma. These include core courses, potential electives, and specializations which all come together to form the basis of your graduate education.

Core Components of a Master’s Program

The core components of a master’s program consist of a specific set of courses designed to provide you with foundational and advanced knowledge in your area of study. Typically, these courses are mandatory and must be completed to proceed in the program. For example, in a Master of Science program, you might be required to take advanced coursework in research methods or statistics.

• Mandatory Courses : Advanced topics in your field
• Research Requirements: Often includes a capstone project or thesis
• Practical Experience: May involve internships or practicums depending on your discipline

Electives and Specializations

In addition to core courses, you’ll typically have the opportunity to choose from various electives that align with your interests or career goals. It’s your chance to tailor your academic experience to your aspirations. 

Furthermore, some programs offer specializations or tracks focusing on sub-fields or specific skill sets. For instance, a Master’s in Education could offer educational leadership or curriculum design specializations.

• Electives : Courses that supplement your major
• Specializations : Concentrated study in a sub-field

Selecting electives and a specialization is a strategic decision that can direct your professional trajectory, so it’s worth considering your options within the curriculum.

Thesis vs. Non-Thesis Master’s Degrees

When you’re considering a Master’s Degree, you’ll encounter two main types of programs: thesis and non-thesis tracks. Both have distinct requirements and outcomes that can shape your post-graduate experience.

Characteristics of a Thesis-Track Program

A thesis-track master’s program typically involves conducting original research or a comprehensive study on a particular topic within your discipline. As part of a thesis program:

• Coursework : Usually involves advanced level courses that focus on research methodology and theoretical background
• Research : Demands a significant amount of independent study and often includes data collection and analysis
• Final Product: You will be required to produce a substantial written thesis , which is reviewed by a committee and often involves an oral defense

Graduates of thesis programs may gain a competitive edge if pursuing a doctorate or a career in research , as they demonstrate the ability to perform scholarly work independently.

Non-Thesis Options for Graduates

Conversely, non-thesis master’s programs emphasize practical experience over research. Characteristics of a non-thesis program include:

• Coursework : More coursework instead of research, with a focus on applied knowledge and skill development
• Capstone Projects or Exams : May require a capstone project or comprehensive exams to showcase what you’ve learned
• Timeframe : Non-thesis programs can often be completed in a shorter timeframe, making it an attractive option for those looking to accelerate their careers

Non-thesis degrees are well-suited for professionals aiming to advance their current career or shift to a new field without the focus on research-based studies.

The Role of a Thesis in Master’s Studies

A thesis in Master’s studies serves as both a capstone of your accumulated knowledge and a stepping stone to professional or academic advancement. It’s the culmination of your graduate education, and its successful completion often signifies your readiness to contribute significantly to your field of study.

Research Skills Development

Your journey through a Master’s program will equip you with a host of research skills, but it’s the thesis that truly tests your mettle. In crafting your thesis, you’ll enhance your ability to synthesize information, develop methodologies, and engage deeply with existing literature. Essentially, the research component of your thesis is an intensive exercise in critical thinking and problem-solving.

• Analyze : Learn to scrutinize data and texts to uncover patterns, theories, and insights
• Organize : Present your findings coherently, underscoring the relevance and impact

Contribution to the Field

Your thesis isn’t just a sign of personal achievement; it’s your chance to add to the collective knowledge of your discipline. With a thesis, you possibly bring forth new theories or innovative perspectives, making a tangible contribution to the field. It showcases your ability to conduct original research that could lead to new understandings or applications within your area of study.

• Innovation : Offer novel solutions or ideas that can benefit academia or industry
• Expertise : Establish yourself as a knowledgeable individual ready to engage with peers at a professional level

Determining the Need for a Thesis

When considering a Master’s Degree , you’ll need to decide whether a program aligned with a thesis requirement fits your academic and professional goals.

Program-Specific Requirements

Different master’s programs have varying expectations regarding a thesis. In fields that prioritize research, such as psychology or biology, a thesis is often mandatory, showcasing your ability to contribute original findings to your area of study. To understand the specifics, consulting the program’s curriculum can provide clarity on whether a thesis will be a central component of your academic journey.

Career Aspirations and Advancements

Your career goals can significantly influence your decision to complete a thesis. If you aim for a role that values practical experience over research, you might opt for a non-thesis track offering more coursework or internships. Conversely, completing a thesis can provide a strong foundation if you’re considering a Ph.D. or a career in academia. It’s a strategic step that can bolster your profile for future advancements, especially in research-heavy fields.

Frequently Asked Questions

What are the usual length and requirements of a master’s thesis.

A master’s thesis typically ranges from 40 to 80 pages, although some can be longer, contingent upon your subject and research depth. Your thesis should demonstrate your knowledge and ability to conduct independent research in your field of study.

For Education-Related Master’s Programs, Is Completing a Thesis a Common Requirement?

In education-focused master’s programs , a thesis may be a requirement, especially if the program aims to prepare students for doctoral studies or research-intensive careers. However, some programs might offer a practitioner’s track that substitutes a thesis with a capstone project or comprehensive exam.

How Challenging is it Typically to Complete a Thesis for a Master’s Degree?

Completing a thesis for a Master’s Degree is generally seen as a rigorous endeavor. It requires dedication, time management, and a deep dive into your field of study to create a scholarly work that contributes to the academic community.

The necessity of a thesis largely depends on the type of master’s program you’re considering. Some programs are research-heavy and thus require a thesis to demonstrate your ability to conduct thorough research and contribute original knowledge to your field. On the other hand, non-thesis options may focus more on practical skills and knowledge, often culminating in a project or comprehensive exam rather than a research paper.

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Required sections, guidelines, and suggestions.

Beyond those noted on the Formatting Requirements page , the Graduate School has no additional formatting requirements. The following suggestions are based on best practices and historic requirements for dissertations and theses but are not requirements for submission of the thesis or dissertation. The Graduate School recommends that each dissertation or thesis conform to the standards of leading academic journals in your field.

For both master’s and doctoral students, the same basic rules apply; however, differences exist in some limited areas, particularly in producing the abstract and filing the dissertation or thesis.

• Information in this guide that pertains specifically to doctoral candidates and dissertations is clearly marked with the term “ dissertation ” or “ doctoral candidates .”
• Information pertaining specifically to master’s candidates and theses is clearly marked with the term “ thesis ” or “ master’s candidates .”
• All other information pertains to both.

Examples of formatting suggestions for both the dissertation and thesis are available as downloadable templates .

Required? Yes.

Suggested numbering: Page included in overall document, but number not typed on page.

The following format for your title page is suggested, but not required.

• The title should be written using all capital letters, centered within the left and right margins, and spaced about 1.5 inches from the top of the page. (For an example, please see the template .)
• Carefully select words for the title of the dissertation or thesis to represent the subject content as accurately as possible. Words in the title are important access points to researchers who may use keyword searches to identify works in various subject areas.
• Use word substitutes for formulas, symbols, superscripts, Greek letters, etc.
• Below the title, at the vertical and horizontal center of the margins, place the following five lines (all centered):

Line 1: A Dissertation [or Thesis]

Line 2: Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School

Line 3: of Cornell University

Line 4: in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of

Line 5: Doctor of Philosophy [or other appropriate degree]

• Center the following three lines within the margins:

Line 2: Primary or Preferred Name [as registered with the University Registrar’s Office and displayed in Student Center]

Line 3: month and year of degree conferral [May, August, December; no comma between month and year]

Copyright Page

Suggested numbering: Page included in overall document, but number not typed on page

The following format for your copyright page is suggested, but not required.

• A notice of copyright should appear as the sole item on the page centered vertically and horizontally within the margins: © 20__ [Primary or Preferred Name [as registered with the University Registrar’s Office]. Please note that there is not usually a page heading on the copyright page.
• The copyright symbol is a lowercase “c,” which must be circled. (On Macs, the symbol is typed by pressing the “option” and “g” keys simultaneously. If the font does not have the © symbol, type the “c” and circle it by hand. On PCs, in the insert menu, choose “symbol,” and select the © symbol.)
• The date, which follows the copyright symbol, is the year of conferral of your degree.
• Your name follows the date.

Required?  Yes.

Suggested numbering: Page(s) not counted, not numbered

Abstract formats for the doctoral dissertation and master’s thesis differ greatly. The Graduate School recommends that you conform to the standards of leading academic journals in your field.

Doctoral candidates:

• TITLE OF DISSERTATION
• Student’s Primary or Preferred Name, Ph.D. [as registered with the University Registrar’s Office]
• Cornell University 20__ [year of conferral]
• Following the heading lines, begin the text of the abstract on the same page.
• The abstract states the problem, describes the methods and procedures used, and gives the main results or conclusions of the research.
• The abstract usually does not exceed 350 words in length (about one-and-one-half correctly spaced pages—but not more than two pages).

Master’s candidate:

• In a thesis, the page heading is simply the word “ABSTRACT” in all capital letters and centered within the margins at the top of the page. (The thesis abstract does not display the thesis title, author’s name, degree, university, or date of degree conferral.)
• The abstract should state the problem, describe the methods and procedures used, and give the main results or conclusions.
• The abstract usually does not exceed 600 words in length, which is approximately two-and-one-half to three pages of correctly spaced typing.
• In M.F.A. theses, an abstract is not required.

Biographical Sketch

Suggested numbering: iii (may be more than one page)

• Type number(s) on page(s).

The following content and format are suggested:

• The biographical sketch is written in third-person voice and contains your educational background. Sometimes additional biographical facts are included.
• As a page heading, use “BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH” in all capital letters, centered on the page.
• Number this page as iii.

Required? Optional.

Suggested numbering: iv (may be more than one page)

The dedication page is not required and can contain whatever text that you would like to include. Text on this page does not need to be in English.

Acknowledgements

Suggested numbering: v (may be more than one page)

The following content and format are suggested, not required.

• The acknowledgements may be written in first-person voice. If your research has been funded by outside grants, you should check with the principal investigator of the grant regarding proper acknowledgement of the funding source. Most outside funding sources require some statement of acknowledgement of the support; some also require a disclaimer from responsibility for the results.
• As a page heading, use “ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS” in all capital letters, centered on the page.

Table of Contents

Suggested numbering: vi (may be more than one page)

The following are suggestions.

• As a page heading, use “TABLE OF CONTENTS” in all capital letters and centered on the page.
• List the sections/chapters of the body of the dissertation or thesis. Also, list preliminary sections starting with the biographical sketch. (Title page, copyright page, and abstract are not listed.)
• For theses and dissertations, the conventional format for page numbers is in a column to the right of each section/chapter title. The first page of each chapter/section is stated with a single number. Table of contents usually do not include a range of page numbers, such as 7-22.
• The table of contents is often single-spaced.

Two-Volume Theses or Dissertations

If the dissertation or thesis consists of two volumes, it is recommended, but not required, that you list “Volume II” as a section in the table of contents.

List of Figures, Illustrations, and Tables

Suggested numbering: vii (may be more than one page)

• If included, type number(s) on page(s).

As described in the formatting requirements above, figures and tables should be consecutively numbered. The Graduate School recommends that you conform to the styles set by the leading academic journals in your field. The items below are formatting suggestions based on best practices or historic precedents.

Table of contents format:

• As a page heading, use “LIST OF FIGURES,” “LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS,” or “LIST OF TABLES” in all capital letters, centered on the page.
• There should be separate pages for “LIST OF FIGURES,” “LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS,” or “LIST OF TABLES” even if there is only one example of each.
• The list should contain enough of the titles or descriptions so readers can locate items using the list. (It may not be necessary to include entire figure/illustration/table captions.)
• The list should contain the page number on which each figure, illustration, or table is found, as in a table of contents.
• The list of figures/illustrations/tables may be single-spaced.

Page format:

• Figures/illustrations/tables should be placed as close as possible to their first mention in the text. They may be placed on a page with no text above or below, or placed directly into the text. If a figure/illustration/table is placed directly into the text, text may appear above or below the figure/illustration/table; no text may wrap around the figure/illustration/table.
• If a figure/illustration/table appears on a page without other text, it should be centered vertically within the page margins. Figures/illustrations/tables should not be placed at the end of the chapter or at the end of the dissertation or thesis.
• Figure/illustration/table numbering should be either continuous throughout the dissertation or thesis, or by chapter (e.g. 1.1, 1.2; 2.1, 2.2, etc.). The word “Figure,” “Illustration,” or “Table” must be spelled out (not abbreviated), and the first letter must be capitalized.
• A caption for a figure/illustration should be placed at the bottom of the figure/illustration. However, a caption for a table must be placed above the table.
• If the figure/illustration/table, not including the caption, takes up the entire page, the figure/illustration/table caption should be placed alone on the preceding page and centered vertically and horizontally within the margins. (When the caption is on a separate page, the List of Figures or List of Illustrations or List of Tables can list the page number containing the caption.)
• If the figure/illustration/table, not including the caption, takes up more than two pages, it should be preceded by a page consisting of the caption only. The first page of the figure/illustration/table must include the figure/illustration/table (no caption), and the second and subsequent pages must also include, at the top of the figure/illustration/table, words that indicate its continuance—for example, “Figure 5 (Continued)”—and on these pages the caption is omitted.
• If figures/illustrations/tables are too large, they may be reduced slightly so as to render a satisfactory product or they must either be split into several pages or be redone. If a figure/illustration/table is reduced, all lettering must be clear, readable, and large enough to be legible. All lettering, including subscripts, must still be readable when reduced 25% beyond the final version. All page margin requirements must be maintained. Page numbers and headings must not be reduced.
• While there are no specific rules for the typographic format of figure/illustration/table captions, a consistent format should be used throughout the dissertation or thesis.
• The caption of a figure/illustration/table should be single-spaced, but then captions for all figures/illustrations/tables must be single-spaced.
• Horizontal figures/illustrations/tables should be positioned correctly—i.e., the top of the figure/illustration/table will be at the left margin of the vertical page of the dissertation or thesis (remember: pages are bound on the left margin). Figure/illustration/table headings/captions are placed with the same orientation as the figure/illustration/table when they are on the same page as the figure/illustration/table. When they are on a separate page, headings and captions are always placed in vertical orientation, regardless of the orientation of the figure/illustration/table. Page numbers are always placed as if the figure/illustration/table was vertical on the page.

Photographs should be treated as illustrations. To be considered archival, photographs must be black-and-white. (If actual color photographs are necessary, they should be accompanied by black-and-white photographs of the same subject.) Color photos obtained digitally do not need to be accompanied by a black-and-white photograph. Make a high-resolution digital version of each photograph and insert it into your electronic document, following the guideline suggestions for positioning and margins.

Optional Elements

List of abbreviations.

As a page heading, use “LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS” in all capital letters, centered on the page.

List of Symbols

As a page heading, use “LIST OF SYMBOLS” in all capital letters, centered on the page.

Suggested numbering: xi (may be more than one page)

As a page heading, use “PREFACE” in all capital letters, centered on the page.

Body of the Dissertation or Thesis: Text

Suggested numbering: Begin page number at 1

• Text (required)
• Appendix/Appendices (optional)
• Bibliography, References, or Works Cited (required)

Please note that smaller font size may be appropriate for footnotes or other material outside of the main text. The following suggestions are based on best practice or historic precedent, but are not required.

• Chapter headings may be included that conform to the standard of your academic field.
• Textual notes that provide supplementary information, opinions, explanations, or suggestions that are not part of the text must appear at the bottom of the page as footnotes. Lengthy footnotes may be continued on the next page. Placement of footnotes at the bottom of the page ensures they will appear as close as possible to the referenced passage.

Appendix (or Appendices)

An appendix (-ces) is not required for your thesis or dissertation. If you choose to include one, the following suggestions are based on best practice or historic precedent.

• As a page heading, use “APPENDIX” in all capital letters, centered on the page.
• Place in an appendix any material that is peripheral, but relevant, to the main text of the dissertation or thesis. Examples could include survey instruments, additional data, computer printouts, details of a procedure or analysis, a relevant paper that you wrote, etc.
• The appendix may include text that does not meet the general font and spacing requirements of the other sections of the dissertation or thesis.

Bibliography (or References or Works Cited)

A bibliography, references, or works cited is required for your thesis or dissertation. Please conform to the standards of leading academic journals in your field.

• As a page heading, use “BIBLIOGRAPHY” (or “REFERENCES” or “WORKS CITED”) in all capital letters, centered on the page. The bibliography should always begin on a new page.
• Bibliographies may be single-spaced within each entry but should include 24 points of space between entries.

Suggested numbering: Continue page numbering from body

If you choose to include a glossary, best practices and historic precedent suggest using a page heading, use “GLOSSARY” in all capital letters, centered on the page.

Suggested numbering: Continue page numbering from glossary

If you choose to include one, best practices and historic precedent suggest using a page heading, use “INDEX” in all capital letters, centered on the page.

Font Samples

Sample macintosh fonts.

• Palatino 12
• Garamond 14
• New Century School Book
• Helvetica 12 or Helvetica 14
• Times New Roman 12
• Times 14 (Times 12 is not acceptable)
• Symbol 12 is acceptable for symbols

Sample TeX and LaTeX Fonts

• CMR 12 font
• Any font that meets the above specifications

Sample PC Fonts

• Helvetica 12

• Home »

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How to write a masters dissertation or thesis: top tips.

It is completely normal to find the idea of writing a masters thesis or dissertation slightly daunting, even for students who have written one before at undergraduate level. Though, don’t feel put off by the idea. You’ll have plenty of time to complete it, and plenty of support from your supervisor and peers.

One of the main challenges that students face is putting their ideas and findings into words. Writing is a skill in itself, but with the right advice, you’ll find it much easier to get into the flow of writing your masters thesis or dissertation.

We’ve put together a step-by-step guide on how to write a dissertation or thesis for your masters degree, with top tips to consider at each stage in the process.

1. Understand your dissertation (or thesis) topic

There are slight differences between theses and dissertations , although both require a high standard of writing skill and knowledge in your topic. They are also formatted very similarly.

At first, writing a masters thesis can feel like running a 100m race – the course feels very quick and like there is not as much time for thinking! However, you’ll usually have a summer semester dedicated to completing your dissertation – giving plenty of time and space to write a strong academic piece.

By comparison, writing a PhD thesis can feel like running a marathon, working on the same topic for 3-4 years can be laborious. But in many ways, the approach to both of these tasks is quite similar.

Before writing your masters dissertation, get to know your research topic inside out. Not only will understanding your topic help you conduct better research, it will also help you write better dissertation content.

Also consider the main purpose of your dissertation. You are writing to put forward a theory or unique research angle – so make your purpose clear in your writing.

Top writing tip: when researching your topic, look out for specific terms and writing patterns used by other academics. It is likely that there will be a lot of jargon and important themes across research papers in your chosen dissertation topic. 

2. Structure your dissertation or thesis

Writing a thesis is a unique experience and there is no general consensus on what the best way to structure it is. 

As a postgraduate student , you’ll probably decide what kind of structure suits your research project best after consultation with your supervisor. You’ll also have a chance to look at previous masters students’ theses in your university library.

To some extent, all postgraduate dissertations are unique. Though they almost always consist of chapters. The number of chapters you cover will vary depending on the research. 

A masters dissertation or thesis organised into chapters would typically look like this: 

Write down your structure and use these as headings that you’ll write for later on.

Top writing tip : ease each chapter together with a paragraph that links the end of a chapter to the start of a new chapter. For example, you could say something along the lines of “in the next section, these findings are evaluated in more detail”. This makes it easier for the reader to understand each chapter and helps your writing flow better.

3. Write up your literature review

One of the best places to start when writing your masters dissertation is with the literature review. This involves researching and evaluating existing academic literature in order to identify any gaps for your own research.

Many students prefer to write the literature review chapter first, as this is where several of the underpinning theories and concepts exist. This section helps set the stage for the rest of your dissertation, and will help inform the writing of your other dissertation chapters.

What to include in your literature review

The literature review chapter is more than just a summary of existing research, it is an evaluation of how this research has informed your own unique research.

Demonstrate how the different pieces of research fit together. Are there overlapping theories? Are there disagreements between researchers?

Highlight the gap in the research. This is key, as a dissertation is mostly about developing your own unique research. Is there an unexplored avenue of research? Has existing research failed to disprove a particular theory?

Back up your methodology. Demonstrate why your methodology is appropriate by discussing where it has been used successfully in other research.

4. Write up your research

Your research is the heart and soul of your dissertation. Conducting your actual research is a whole other topic in itself, but it’s important to consider that your research design will heavily influence the way you write your final dissertation.

For instance, a more theoretical-based research topic might encompass more writing from a philosophical perspective. Qualitative data might require a lot more evaluation and discussion than quantitative research. 

Methodology chapter

The methodology chapter is all about how you carried out your research and which specific techniques you used to gather data. You should write about broader methodological approaches (e.g. qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods), and then go into more detail about your chosen data collection strategy. 

Data collection strategies include things like interviews, questionnaires, surveys, content analyses, discourse analyses and many more.

Data analysis and findings chapters

The data analysis or findings chapter should cover what you actually discovered during your research project. It should be detailed, specific and objective (don’t worry, you’ll have time for evaluation later on in your dissertation)

Write up your findings in a way that is easy to understand. For example, if you have a lot of numerical data, this could be easier to digest in tables.

This will make it easier for you to dive into some deeper analysis in later chapters. Remember, the reader will refer back to your data analysis section to cross-reference your later evaluations against your actual findings – so presenting your data in a simple manner is beneficial.

Think about how you can segment your data into categories. For instance, it can be useful to segment interview transcripts by interviewee. 

Top writing tip : write up notes on how you might phrase a certain part of the research. This will help bring the best out of your writing. There is nothing worse than when you think of the perfect way to phrase something and then you completely forget it.

5. Discuss and evaluate

Once you’ve presented your findings, it’s time to evaluate and discuss them.

It might feel difficult to differentiate between your findings and discussion sections, because you are essentially talking about the same data. The easiest way to remember the difference is that your findings simply present the data, whereas your discussion tells the story of this data.

Your evaluation breaks the story down, explaining the key findings, what went well and what didn’t go so well.

In your discussion chapter, you’ll have chance to expand on the results from your findings section. For example, explain what certain numbers mean and draw relationships between different pieces of data.

Top writing tip: don’t be afraid to point out the shortcomings of your research. You will receive higher marks for writing objectively. For example, if you didn’t receive as many interview responses as expected, evaluate how this has impacted your research and findings. Don’t let your ego get in the way!

6. Write your introduction

Your introduction sets the scene for the rest of your masters dissertation. You might be wondering why writing an introduction isn't at the start of our step-by-step list, and that’s because many students write this chapter last.

Here’s what your introduction chapter should cover:

Problem statement

Research question

Significance of your research

This tells the reader what you’ll be researching as well as its importance. You’ll have a good idea of what to include here from your original dissertation proposal , though it’s fairly common for research to change once it gets started.

Writing or at least revisiting this section last can be really helpful, since you’ll have a more well-rounded view of what your research actually covers once it has been completed and written up.

Masters dissertation writing tips

When to start writing your thesis or dissertation.

When you should start writing your masters thesis or dissertation depends on the scope of the research project and the duration of your course. In some cases, your research project may be relatively short and you may not be able to write much of your thesis before completing the project. 

But regardless of the nature of your research project and of the scope of your course, you should start writing your thesis or at least some of its sections as early as possible, and there are a number of good reasons for this:

Academic writing is about practice, not talent. The first steps of writing your dissertation will help you get into the swing of your project. Write early to help you prepare in good time.

Write things as you do them. This is a good way to keep your dissertation full of fresh ideas and ensure that you don’t forget valuable information.

The first draft is never perfect. Give yourself time to edit and improve your dissertation. It’s likely that you’ll need to make at least one or two more drafts before your final submission.

Writing early on will help you stay motivated when writing all subsequent drafts.

Thinking and writing are very connected. As you write, new ideas and concepts will come to mind. So writing early on is a great way to generate new ideas.

How to improve your writing skills

The best way of improving your dissertation or thesis writing skills is to:

 Finish the first draft of your masters thesis as early as possible and send it to your supervisor for revision. Your supervisor will correct your draft and point out any writing errors. This process will be repeated a few times which will help you recognise and correct writing mistakes yourself as time progresses.

If you are not a native English speaker, it may be useful to ask your English friends to read a part of your thesis and warn you about any recurring writing mistakes. Read our section on English language support for more advice. 

Most universities have writing centres that offer writing courses and other kinds of support for postgraduate students. Attending these courses may help you improve your writing and meet other postgraduate students with whom you will be able to discuss what constitutes a well-written thesis.

Read academic articles and search for writing resources on the internet. This will help you adopt an academic writing style, which will eventually become effortless with practice.

Keep track of your bibliography 

When studying for your masters dissertation, you will need to develop an efficient way of organising your bibliography – this will prevent you from getting lost in large piles of data that you’ll need to write your dissertation. 

The easiest way to keep the track of all the articles you have read for your research is to create a database where you can summarise each article/chapter into a few most important bullet points to help you remember their content. 

Another useful tool for doing this effectively is to learn how to use specific reference management software (RMS) such as EndNote. RMS is relatively simple to use and saves a lot of time when it comes to organising your bibliography. This may come in very handy, especially if your reference section is suspiciously missing two hours before you need to submit your dissertation! 

Avoid accidental plagiarism

Plagiarism may cost you your postgraduate degree and it is important that you consciously avoid it when writing your thesis or dissertation. 

Occasionally, postgraduate students commit plagiarism unintentionally. This can happen when sections are copy and pasted from journal articles they are citing instead of simply rephrasing them. Whenever you are presenting information from another academic source, make sure you reference the source and avoid writing the statement exactly as it is written in the original paper.

What kind of format should your thesis have?

Read your university’s guidelines before you actually start writing your thesis so you don’t have to waste time changing the format further down the line. However in general, most universities will require you to use 1.5-2 line spacing, font size 12 for text, and to print your thesis on A4 paper. These formatting guidelines may not necessarily result in the most aesthetically appealing thesis, however beauty is not always practical, and a nice looking thesis can be a more tiring reading experience for your postgrad examiner .

When should I submit my thesis?

The length of time it takes to complete your MSc or MA thesis will vary from student to student. This is because people work at different speeds, projects vary in difficulty, and some projects encounter more problems than others. 

Obviously, you should submit your MSc thesis or MA thesis when it is finished! Every university will say in its regulations that it is the student who must decide when it is ready to submit. 

However, your supervisor will advise you whether your work is ready and you should take their advice on this. If your supervisor says that your work is not ready, then it is probably unwise to submit it. Usually your supervisor will read your final thesis or dissertation draft and will let you know what’s required before submitting your final draft.

Set yourself a target for completion. This will help you stay on track and avoid falling behind. You may also only have funding for the year, so it is important to ensure you submit your dissertation before the deadline – and also ensure you don’t miss out on your graduation ceremony ! 

To set your target date, work backwards from the final completion and submission date, and aim to have your final draft completed at least three months before that final date.

Don’t leave your submission until the last minute – submit your work in good time before the final deadline. Consider what else you’ll have going on around that time. Are you moving back home? Do you have a holiday? Do you have other plans?

If you need to have finished by the end of June to be able to go to a graduation ceremony in July, then you should leave a suitable amount of time for this. You can build this into your dissertation project planning at the start of your research.

It is important to remember that handing in your thesis or dissertation is not the end of your masters program . There will be a period of time of one to three months between the time you submit and your final day. Some courses may even require a viva to discuss your research project, though this is more common at PhD level . 

If you have passed, you will need to make arrangements for the thesis to be properly bound and resubmitted, which will take a week or two. You may also have minor corrections to make to the work, which could take up to a month or so. This means that you need to allow a period of at least three months between submitting your thesis and the time when your program will be completely finished. Of course, it is also possible you may be asked after the viva to do more work on your thesis and resubmit it before the examiners will agree to award the degree – so there may be an even longer time period before you have finished.

How do I submit the MA or MSc dissertation?

Most universities will have a clear procedure for submitting a masters dissertation. Some universities require your ‘intention to submit’. This notifies them that you are ready to submit and allows the university to appoint an external examiner.

This normally has to be completed at least three months before the date on which you think you will be ready to submit.

When your MA or MSc dissertation is ready, you will have to print several copies and have them bound. The number of copies varies between universities, but the university usually requires three – one for each of the examiners and one for your supervisor.

However, you will need one more copy – for yourself! These copies must be softbound, not hardbound. The theses you see on the library shelves will be bound in an impressive hardback cover, but you can only get your work bound like this once you have passed. 

You should submit your dissertation or thesis for examination in soft paper or card covers, and your university will give you detailed guidance on how it should be bound. They will also recommend places where you can get the work done.

The next stage is to hand in your work, in the way and to the place that is indicated in your university’s regulations. All you can do then is sit and wait for the examination – but submitting your thesis is often a time of great relief and celebration!

Some universities only require a digital submission, where you upload your dissertation as a file through their online submission system.

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What is a Master’s Thesis?

If you’re thinking about going to grad school, it’s important that you know exactly what your academic career will entail. One key factor in choosing your graduate degree path is deciding whether or not you want to write a master’s thesis. Depending on your aspirations, a master’s thesis may offer an academic experience critical to your future goals. 

A Quick Breakdown

A master’s thesis is used to showcase a student’s academic knowledge and professional capabilities. It’s essentially a research paper that challenges students to use the information and skills they’ve learned during their graduate career. Unlike typical research papers that you’ve had to do in high school or undergraduate courses, a thesis requires a more rigorous amount of research and writing—usually between 60 to 100 pages. Keep in mind that a thesis is not the same thing as a dissertation. Unlike a thesis, a dissertation usually requires the student to collect their own personal findings and is meant for students pursuing a Ph.D. Although the layout may vary depending on your institution, a thesis instead typically consists of an introduction, literary review of gathered findings, main body, conclusion, and bibliography. 

Do I Have to Write a Thesis to Graduate?

Ultimately, writing a thesis depends on the graduate program that you choose. Some options, even for the same field of study, may or may not include a thesis depending on the school. If your career goals include research as part of the job, or if you plan to continue your studies and pursue a doctoral degree, I would recommend considering a degree that includes a thesis requirement in the curriculum. The thesis can help give you the experience you need to prepare for a research-based job or your Ph.D. dissertation. 

How Difficult Is a Master’s Thesis?

The requirements and format of a thesis varies by college and program. Nevertheless, if you pursue a thesis master’s degree, your institution will provide you with all of the resources and support you need throughout this challenging project. Your program will most likely provide you with courses that can help you prepare and better understand how to develop and synthesize your ideas, and professors and faculty advisors will also be available to guide you through your research and writing. Your college writing center can also provide you with support as you put your work together. 

Although it may sound like a lot of writing, a master’s thesis can be greatly beneficial to your academic and professional career. Think about whether writing a thesis can help you achieve your goals. If you want to learn more, I highly recommend reaching out to your college of choice. You could even contact graduate professors or advisors to get an inside look on their department’s master’s program.

Originally from Austin, Nathan came back home to join our team after studying English and sociology at Boston University. Nathan works with our members of both Colleges of Distinction and Abound to help them best utilize our tools and profiles. In addition, he collaborates with the marketing and communications teams to craft each blog, article, and publication. Outside of work, Nathan unapologetically geeks out about theatre, yoga, and analyzing anything from the smallest use of punctuation in a poem to the largest overarching systems that shape society as it is today.

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Thesis Requirements for a Master’s Degree

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If a student is admitted to a master's degree program with a thesis option for the degree, a committee to direct the written thesis will be established. The thesis must demonstrate the student’s capability for research and independent thought. Preparation of the thesis must conform to the Thesis & Dissertation Resource Guides . 

Thesis Proposal

The student must submit an official Thesis Proposal Form and proposal to his or her thesis committee. Thesis proposals vary by department and discipline. Please see your department for proposal guidelines and requirements. After signing the form and obtaining committee members’ signatures, the graduate advisor’s signature and the department chair’s signature, the student must submit the Thesis Proposal Form with one copy of the proposal attached to the dean of The Graduate College for approval before proceeding with research on the thesis. If the thesis research involves human subjects, the student must obtain exemption or approval from the Texas State Institutional Review Board prior to submitting the proposal form to The Graduate College. The IRB approval letter should be included with the proposal form. If the thesis research involves vertebrate animals, the proposal form must include the Texas State IACUC approval code. It is recommended that the thesis proposal form be submitted to the dean of The Graduate College by the end of the student’s enrollment in 5399A. Failure to submit the thesis proposal in a timely fashion may result in delayed graduation.

Thesis Committee

The thesis committee must be composed of a minimum of three approved graduate faculty members.

Thesis Enrollment and Credit

The completion of a minimum of six hours of thesis enrollment is required. For a student's initial thesis course enrollment, the student registers for thesis course number 5399A.  After that, the student will enroll in thesis B courses in each subsequent semester until the thesis is defended with the department and approved by The Graduate College. Preliminary discussions regarding the selection of a topic and assignment to a research supervisor does not require enrollment for the thesis course.

Students must be enrolled in thesis credits if they are receiving supervision and/or are using university resources related to their thesis work.  The number of thesis credit hours students enroll in must reflect the amount of work being done on the thesis that semester.  It is the responsibility of the committee chair to ensure that students are making adequate progress toward their degree throughout the thesis process.  Failure to register for the thesis course during a term in which supervision is received may result in postponement of graduation. After initial enrollment in 5399A, the student will continue to enroll in a thesis B course as long as it takes to complete the thesis. Thesis projects are by definition original and individualized projects.  As such, depending on the topic, methodology, and other factors, some projects may take longer than others to complete.  If the thesis requires work beyond the minimum number of thesis credits needed for the degree, the student may enroll in additional thesis credits at the committee chair's discretion. In the rare case when a student has not previously enrolled in thesis and plans to work on and complete the thesis in one term, the student will enroll in both 5399A and 5399B. Thesis hours are not permitted to count as elective credit in non-thesis track degrees.

The only grades assigned for thesis courses are PR (progress), CR (credit), W (withdrew), and F (failing). If acceptable progress is not being made in a thesis course, the instructor may issue a grade of F. If the student is making acceptable progress, a grade of PR is assigned until the thesis is completed. Thesis hours are not permitted to count as elective credit in non-thesis track degrees. The thesis credit remains on the transcript as a PR grade and in the open electives block of Degree Works.  Thesis credit (“CR”) will be awarded only after the t hesis has been both approved by The Graduate College and released to Alkek Library.

A student who has selected the thesis option must be registered in at least one hour of thesis course credit each fall and spring semester (and summer, if receiving thesis supervision and/or using university resources) until the thesis has been completed, defended, submitted, and approved by The Graduate College. 

Thesis Deadlines and Approval Process

Thesis deadlines are posted on The Graduate College website under "Current Students." Students must consult with their committee chair to determine the date by which the thesis must be submitted to their thesis committee chair and thesis committee, prior to the defense date. Some students will have additional revisions to complete after the thesis defense. Once the final version of the thesis is approved by the committee, the student must submit the correctly-formatted thesis to Vireo on or before the deadlines listed on The Graduate College website. No edits are permitted under any circumstances after the thesis is approved by The Graduate College. Theses submitted after the deadline will not be approved until the following semester. Students must be enrolled in the semester they graduate.

The following must be submitted to The Graduate College by the thesis deadline listed on The Graduate College website:

• The Thesis Submission Approval Form bearing original (wet) and/or electronic signatures of the student and all committee members.
• One (1) PDF of the thesis in final form, approved by all committee members, uploaded in the online Vireo submission system.  

After the thesis is approved by The Graduate College, revisions to the document are no longer allowed and Alkek Library will harvest the document from the Vireo submission system for publishing in the Digital Collections database (according to the student's embargo selection). It is recommended that students discuss the appropriate embargo selection before submitting the thesis to Vireo. Students have the following options for the embargo:

• One or two-year embargo 
• Five-year embargo
• Specials request embargo (inventions, discoveries, patents)

All forms must have all appropriate signatures. In addition to original (wet) signatures, the following methods of signing are acceptable:

• printing, signing, scanning, and emailing the form
• notifying the department in an email from their university's or institution's email account that the committee chair can sign the form on their behalf
• downloading and digitally signing the form per our instructions using the university's licensed platform (which is currently Adobe Acrobat)*

If this process results in more than one document with signatures, all documents need to be submitted to The Graduate College together.

All theses and dissertations are submitted to the Library through Vireo, the electronic thesis and dissertation deposit platform. The Library harvests approved these and dissertations from this system for the online repository. The Library will retain a print copy of every student’s thesis/dissertation for their circulating collection and a microfilm copy for the University Archives, regardless of the embargo selection. Supplementary files are excluded from this policy. The Library does not provide binding services. Some programs require the student deposit a hard copy with the department, so students should check with their departments regarding bound copies of theses/dissertations. The student is responsible for paying all binding fees for personal and departmental copies. Please contact Alkek Library for more information.

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A master’s student with a thesis requirement will submit the file through Brown's  electronic theses and dissertation (ETD) system . The system is designed to collect and archive the thesis or dissertation as a text-based PDF file. An electronic file submitted through the ETD will appear in the Library's  discovery service  and in the Brown  digital repository .

Web Searches and Unrestricted Downloads

In the spirit of the dissemination of new knowledge that is a hallmark of higher education, a thesis or dissertation will be subject to web searches and unrestricted downloads unless the student requests to opt out of the system and have the thesis or dissertation unavailable for download outside of the Brown community. A request to restrict download access to a thesis or dissertation has an initial two-year window from the time of degree conferral. Guidelines associated with restricted dissertation access are:

• The full text version will be available for download only to members of the Brown community.
• Web searches including the citation and abstract of restricted theses or dissertations will continue to be available to the general public.
• After two years the restriction will elapse.
• Restrictions on full text download may be renewed for two-year periods up to a total of ten years from the date of degree conferral. Requests for additional two-year restrictions should be made to the Graduate School.
• Any requests to extend the restriction beyond ten years must go to the Graduate Council for approval.
• In cases where the thesis or dissertation is a co-worked piece and there is disagreement between the student and the advisor over whether the material will or will not be available for download outside of the Brown community, the dispute will be brought before the Graduate Council for resolution.

To use the ETD system, the student must possess a valid username and password for accessing Brown’s computer network. If you are unable to create an account in the system, please contact  [email protected]  for assistance.

Graduate students are eligible to have degrees conferred, and to receive their diploma, at three different times over the course of the academic year. 

For students who complete their degree requirements the preceding summer term. The Application to Graduate opens on July 1, 2024 and closes on September 6, 2024. Degrees are conferred on October 20, 2024.

For students who complete their requirements the preceding fall term. The Application to Graduate opens on October 1, 2024 and closes on January 10, 2025. Degrees are conferred on February 9, 2025.

For students who complete their requirements over the preceding spring term. The dissertation deadline is May 1, 2024.  Please note, the Application to Graduate deadline is April 19, 2024.

The master's thesis and all of the associated forms and documents related to the completion of the degree must be submitted to the Graduate School by the deadlines listed above. 

Registration

If a student registers for Semester I and completes all of the requirements for the degree during that semester, a fee for Semester II will not be charged.

View Sample Title Page

The Signature Page

As part of the overall completion process, the student must separately submit one signature page, which may be sent electronically to  [email protected] . The signature page should bear the signature of the director (not the graduate representative or chairperson). The typed name of the director should appear under the signature line. Electronic signatures are acceptable. An unsigned copy of the signature page should be uploaded to the  ETD system .

View Sample Signature Page

Every effort should be made to have the manuscript as perfect as possible in form and appearance. Pages containing handwritten corrections, typewritten strikeovers and unsightly erasures and the like will not be accepted. Good references for editorial details are the  MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations  (Modern Language Association), Kate Turabian's  A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses and Dissertations  (University of Chicago Press), and  The Chicago Manual of Style  (University of Chicago Press). The department should also be consulted regarding its policies or preferences in matters of format and style.

If publication of the thesis is anticipated, the medium of publication likely to be used should be considered when preparing the manuscript. If it is known in advance that the thesis will be published by a particular publisher or journal, the editorial practices of that publisher or journal should be followed. The form of footnotes and bibliography, in particular, may vary with different publishers and journals.

Type and Spacing Standard

Typefaces set to print at 10-, 11-, or 12-point font are acceptable. Typing or printing should be double-spaced, except for footnotes (single-space footnotes, with double spacing to separate one note from the next).

Page Numbers

Be consistent. Either put all page numbers (both Roman and Arabic) at the top of the page, or put all page numbers (both Roman and Arabic) at the bottom of the page. 

Most theses consist of preliminary pages which are numbered using Roman numerals, and the thesis proper, which is numbered using Arabic numerals.

The preliminary pages must appear in the following order:

• Title page (do not number)
• Signature page (ii)
• Vita* (iii)
• Preface and acknowledgments (iv)
• Table of contents (v)
• List of tables vi List of illustrations (vii)

Should any element of the preliminary pages be longer than one page, number the pages consecutively. The preliminary pages should appear in this order but not necessarily with the page numbers shown above.

The thesis proper (including introduction, main body of the text, illustrations, appendices, and bibliography) is numbered using Arabic numerals. The numbering begins with 1 and runs consecutively to the end.

* The vita is an optional statement giving a short biography of the candidate, including  institutions attended, degrees and honors, titles of publications, teaching or professional experience, and other pertinent information. Do not include date or location of birth or phone numbers.

Dating the Thesis

Because degrees are conferred three times a year, the title page should include the date that the degree is conferred.

The Abstract

If it is appropriate for the thesis to be accompanied by an abstract, it should, in a concise manner, present the problem of the dissertation, discuss the materials and procedure or methods used, and state the results or conclusions. Mathematical formulas, diagrams, and other illustrative materials should be avoided. The abstract should not be part of the thesis itself nor should it be included in the table of contents. It should be headed as follows:

Abstract of (TITLE OF THESIS), by (AUTHOR'S NAME), Degree [A.M., or ScM.], Brown University, May (YEAR IN WHICH DEGREE IS TO BE AWARDED).

The abstract should be prepared carefully since it will be published without editing or revision. The abstract should be double-spaced and may not exceed 350 words (maximum 2,450 characters — including spaces and punctuation — about 70 characters per line with a maximum of 35 lines).

Submission of Final Thesis

When the thesis is submitted electronically to the Graduate School, it must be in final form. It may not be revised in any way after it is presented.  See the list of required items below and note that some, where noted, may be sent electronically to the Graduate School’s Academic Affairs Manager, Barbara Bennett. The thesis will not be accepted and the student’s degree will not be conferred if any item from this list is missing or incomplete. The online submission system will send notifications when each document has been received and approved by the Graduate School.

• One copy of the title page, which may be sent electronically.
• One signed signature page, which may be sent electronically to to  [email protected] .

Digital Supplementary Material

Students interested in depositing digital supplementary materials along with their thesis are welcome to contact the Library for assistance. Please contact: Andrew Creamer in the Library at  [email protected] .

Publishing the Master's Thesis

It is University policy that all research done at the University under its sponsorship must be freely published without restriction. Since 1954, the Graduate School has required that dissertations be published. In 1985, the Graduate Council reaffirmed that decision and approved the following policy:

"All Ph.D. dissertations and Master's theses will be open documents. The Graduate Council will not recommend the awarding of the Ph.D. or Master's degree until the dissertation or thesis is submitted to the Graduate School and accorded unlimited distribution status."

Exceptions to this requirement will be made only if there is a letter from a publisher stating that the dissertation will be published within one year after the degree is awarded and that requests that circulation of the dissertation be withheld for twelve months after the degree is conferred. Six months will be allowed for the clearing of a patent.

If you have a question about temporarily removing your dissertation from the  Library's digital repository , please contact [email protected] .

The Diploma

The Office of the Registrar's Application to Graduate provides the degree candidate with an opportunity to indicate how the diploma name should appear. Otherwise, the name that will appear on the diploma and in the Commencement program, and under which the Library will catalog the dissertation, is the name under which the candidate is officially registered. Any request for a change of registered name should be addressed to the Office of the Registrar and accompanied by supporting legal documentation, such as a court order, marriage license, passport, driver’s license, or social security card. 

Certificate of Completion

If all academic requirements for the degree and all financial obligations have been met before May 1, the Office of the Registrar will issue a certificate of completion within three weeks of the candidate's request.

If you have any questions regarding the submission of your thesis, please contact  Barbara Bennett  in the Graduate School at (401) 863-2843.

How to Write a Master's Thesis: A Guide to Planning Your Thesis, Pursuing It, and Avoiding Pitfalls

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Part 1: Initial Considerations

Who needs to write a master’s thesis.

Thesis writing is one of the more daunting challenges of higher education. That being said, not all master's students have to write a thesis. For example, fields that place a stronger emphasis on applied knowledge, such as nursing, business, and education, tend to have projects and exams to test students on the skills and abilities associated with those fields. Conversely, in disciplines that require in-depth research or highly polished creative abilities, students are usually expected to prove their understanding and independence with a thesis.

What's Your Goal?

Do you want to write a thesis? The process is a long one, often spanning years. It's best to know exactly what you want before you begin. Many people are motivated by career goals. For example, hiring managers may see a master's degree as proof that the candidate is an expert within their field and can lead, motivate, and demonstrate initiative for themselves and others. Others dream of earning their doctorate, and they see a master's degree as a stepping stone toward their Ph.D .

No matter what your desired goal is, you should have one before you start your thesis. With your goal in mind, your work will have a purpose, which will allow you to measure your progress more easily.

Major Types of Theses

Once you've carefully researched or even enrolled in a master's program—a feat that involves its own planning and resources —you should know if you are expected to produce a quantitative (which occurs in many math and science programs), qualitative (which occurs in many humanities programs), or creative (which occurs in many creative writing, music, or fine arts programs) thesis.

Time and Energy Considerations

Advanced degrees are notoriously time and energy consuming. If you have a job, thesis writing will become your second job. If you have a family, they will need to know that your thesis will take a great deal of your attention, energy, and focus.

Your studies should not consume you, but they also should not take a back seat to everything else. You will be expected to attend classes, conduct research, source relevant literature, and schedule meetings with various people as you pursue your master's, so it's important to let those you care about know what's going on.

As a general note, most master's programs expect students to finish within a two-year period but are willing to grant extra time if requested, especially if that time is needed to deal with unexpected life events (more on those later).

Part 2: Form an Initial Thesis Question, and Find a Supervisor

When to begin forming your initial thesis question.

Some fields, such as history, may require you to have already formed your thesis question and to have used it to create a statement of intent (outlining the nature of your research) prior to applying to a master’s program. Others may require this information only after you've been accepted. Most of the time, you will be expected to come up with your topic yourself. However, in some disciplines, your supervisor may assign a general research topic to you.

Overall, requirements vary immensely from program to program, so it's best to confirm the exact requirements of your specific program.

What to Say to Your Supervisor

You will have a supervisor during your master's studies. Have you identified who that person will be? If yes, have you introduced yourself via email or phone and obtained information on the processes and procedures that are in place for your master's program? Once you've established contact, request an in-person meeting with him or her, and take a page of questions along with you. Your questions might include:

• Is there a research subject you can recommend in my field?
• I would like to pursue [target research subject] for my thesis. Can you help me narrow my focus?
• Can you give me an example of a properly formatted thesis proposal for my program?

Don't Be Afraid to Ask for Help (to a Degree)

Procedures and expectations vary from program to program, and your supervisor is there to help remove doubt and provide encouragement so you can follow the right path when you embark on writing your thesis. Since your supervisor has almost certainly worked with other graduate students (and was one at some point), take advantage of their experience, and ask questions to put your mind at ease about how to write a master’s thesis.

That being said, do not rely too heavily on your supervisor. As a graduate student, you are also expected to be able to work independently. Proving your independent initiative and capacity is part of what will earn you your master's degree.

Part 3: Revise Your Thesis

Read everything you can get your hands on.

Whether you have a question or need to create one, your next step is simple and applies to all kinds of theses: read.

Seek Out Knowledge or Research Gaps

Read everything you can that relates to the question or the field you are studying. The only way you will be able to determine where you can go is to see where everyone else has been. After you have read some published material, you will start to spot gaps in current research or notice things that could be developed further with an alternative approach. Things that are known but not understood or understood but not explained clearly or consistently are great potential thesis subjects. Addressing something already known from a new perspective or with a different style could also be a potentially valuable project. Whichever way you choose to do it, keep in mind that your project should make a valuable contribution to your field.

Talk with Experts in Your Field (and Don't Be Afraid to Revise Your Thesis)

To help narrow down your thesis topic, talk to your supervisor. Your supervisor will have an idea of what is current in your field and what can be left alone because others are already working on it. Additionally, the school you are attending will have programs and faculty with particular areas of interest within your chosen field.

On a similar note, don't be surprised if your thesis question changes as you study. Other students and researchers are out there, and as they publish, what you are working on can change. You might also discover that your question is too vague, not substantial enough, or even no longer relevant. Do not lose heart! Take what you know and adjust the question to address these concerns as they arise. The freedom to adapt is part of the power you hold as a graduate student.

Part 4: Select a Proposal Committee

What proposal committees are and why they're useful.

When you have a solid question or set of questions, draft a proposal.

You'll need an original stance and a clear justification for asking, and answering, your thesis question. To ensure this, a committee will review your thesis proposal. Thankfully, that committee will consist of people assigned by your supervisor or department head or handpicked by you. These people will be experts who understand your field of study and will do everything in their power to ensure that you are pursuing something worthwhile. And yes, it is okay to put your supervisor on your committee. Some programs even require that your supervisor be on your committee.

Just remember that the committee will expect you to schedule meetings with them, present your proposal, respond to any questions they might have for you, and ultimately present your findings and thesis when all the work is done. Choose those who are willing to support you, give constructive feedback, and help address issues with your proposal. And don't forget to give your proposal a good, thorough edit and proofread before you present it.

How to Prepare for Committee Meetings

Be ready for committee meetings with synopses of your material for committee members, answers for expected questions, and a calm attitude. To prepare for those meetings, sit in on proposal and thesis defenses so you can watch how other graduate students handle them and see what your committee might ask of you. You can even hold rehearsals with friends and fellow students acting as your committee to help you build confidence for your presentation.

Part 5: Write Your Thesis

What to do once your proposal is approved.

After you have written your thesis proposal and received feedback from your committee, the fun part starts: doing the work. This is where you will take your proposal and carry it out. If you drafted a qualitative or quantitative proposal, your experimentation or will begin here. If you wrote a creative proposal, you will now start working on your material. Your proposal should be strong enough to give you direction when you perform your experiments, conduct interviews, or craft your work. Take note that you will have to check in with your supervisor from time to time to give progress updates.

Thesis Writing: It's Important to Pace Yourself and Take Breaks

Do not expect the work to go quickly. You will need to pace yourself and make sure you record your progress meticulously. You can always discard information you don't need, but you cannot go back and grab a crucial fact that you can't quite remember. When in doubt, write it down. When drawing from a source, always create a citation for the information to save your future self time and stress. In the same sense, you may also find journaling to be a helpful process.

Additionally, take breaks and allow yourself to step away from your thesis, even if you're having fun (and especially if you're not). Ideally, your proposal should have milestones in it— points where you can stop and assess what you've already completed and what's left to do. When you reach a milestone, celebrate. Take a day off and relax. Better yet, give yourself a week's vacation! The rest will help you regain your focus and ensure that you function at your best.

How to Become More Comfortable with Presenting Your Work

Once you start reaching your milestones, you should be able to start sharing what you have. Just about everyone in a graduate program has experience giving a presentation at the front of the class, attending a seminar, or watching an interview. If you haven't (or even if you have), look for conferences and clubs that will give you the opportunity to learn about presenting your work and become comfortable with the idea of public speaking. The more you practice talking about what you are studying, the more comfortable you'll be with the information, which will make your committee defenses and other official meetings easier.

Published authors can be called upon to present at conferences, and if your thesis is strong, you may receive an email or a phone call asking if you would share your findings onstage.

Presenting at conferences is also a great way to boost your CV and network within your field. Make presenting part of your education, and it will become something you look forward to instead of fear.

What to Do If Your Relationship with Your Supervisor Sours

A small aside: If it isn't already obvious, you will be communicating extensively with others as you pursue your thesis. That also means that others will need to communicate with you, and if you've been noticing things getting quiet, you will need to be the one to speak up. Your supervisor should speak to you at least once a term and preferably once a week in the more active parts of your research and writing. If you give written work to your supervisor, you should have feedback within three weeks.

If your supervisor does not provide feedback, frequently misses appointments, or is consistently discouraging of your work, contact your graduate program advisor and ask for a new supervisor. The relationship with your supervisor is crucial to your success, especially if she or he is on your committee, and while your supervisor does not have to be friendly, there should at least be professional respect between you.

What to Do If a Crisis Strikes

If something happens in your life that disrupts everything (e.g., emotional strain, the birth of a child, or the death of a family member), ask for help. You are a human being, and personal lives can and do change without warning. Do not wait until you are falling apart before asking for help, either. Learn what resources exist for crises before you have one, so you can head off trauma before it hits. That being said, if you get blindsided, don't refuse help. Seek it out, and take the time you need to recover. Your degree is supposed to help you become a stronger and smarter person, not break you.

Part 6: Polish and Defend Your Master's Thesis

How to write a master’s thesis: the final stages.

After your work is done and everything is written down, you will have to give your thesis a good, thorough polishing. This is where you will have to organize the information, draft it into a paper format with an abstract, and abbreviate things to help meet your word-count limit. This is also where your final editing and proofreading passes will occur, after which you will face your final hurdle: presenting your thesis defense to your committee. If they approve your thesis, then congratulations! You are now a master of your chosen field.

Conclusion and Parting Thoughts

Remember that you do not (and should not) have to learn how to write a master’s thesis on your own. Thesis writing is collaborative, as is practically any kind of research.

While you will be expected to develop your thesis using your own initiative, pursue it with your own ambition, and complete it with your own abilities, you will also be expected to use all available resources to do so. The purpose of a master's thesis is to help you develop your own independent abilities, ensuring that you can drive your own career forward without constantly looking to others to provide direction. Leaders get master's degrees. That's why many business professionals in leadership roles have graduate degree initials after their last names. If you already have the skills necessary to motivate yourself, lead others, and drive change, you may only need your master's as an acknowledgement of your abilities. If you do not, but you apply yourself carefully and thoroughly to the pursuit of your thesis, you should come away from your studies with those skills in place.

A final thought regarding collaboration: all theses have a section for acknowledgements. Be sure to say thank you to those who helped you become a master. One day, someone might be doing the same for you.

Image source: Falkenpost/Pixabay.com 

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Build on your previous education under the mentorship of some of the top minds in your field.

Choose your path: specialized expertise or professional development

There are two types of master’s degrees: those that focus on research (thesis-based) and those that are intended to prepare you for advanced professional practice (course-based). Your choice will depend on your own study preferences and professional goals.

If you are self-motivated and interested in developing your knowledge in a specialized area of research, thesis-based study is ideal. With this option, you can pursue research at the PhD level, work closely with a leader in your field and undertake a substantial research project. *

The course-based path may appeal to you if you are more interested in advancing your professional skillset. Some course-based master’s degrees are intended for students who have recently completed a bachelor’s degree, while others may require prior work experience for admission.

After completing a bachelor’s degree, a master’s degree is normally the next step, though it’s sometimes possible to move directly into a PhD.

*Note: Some course-based research  degrees  allow you to pursue a PhD.

Course-based study

What is a course-based program.

In a course-based program, all degree requirements are fulfilled by completing courses. These may include courses that involve a project, such as a major research paper or group project.

How many courses are required per year?

A full course load consists of three to six courses per term, or six to 12 three-unit courses per year. Part-time enrollment is possible in some programs.

How long will a course-based program take to complete?

Most course-based master's programs are designed to be completed in one to two years full-time, and up to a maximum of six years part-time.

Thesis-based study

What is a thesis-based program.

Thesis-based programs require that you pursue independent and original research culminating in a thesis. You will work under the supervision of a faculty member whose expertise matches your research area.

What is a thesis?

Students must prepare a substantial research document that makes an original scholarly contribution to their field. A PhD thesis is often called a dissertation. Doctoral and master's students must also defend their thesis in front of an examination committee.

How long will a thesis-based program take to complete?

A thesis-based master's programs typically takes two years to complete, with a maximum of four years. A doctoral program will take four years, up to a maximum of six years.

What is a supervisor?  A supervisor is a faculty member who oversees your research and the development of your thesis.

When do I need one?  Some graduate programs require students obtain a supervisor prior to application, whereas other programs will assign a supervisor upon admission. 

The student/supervisor relationship Your supervisor’s research interests should be similar to your own, and they should be prepared to provide mentorship throughout your time in grad school.

Learn About Graduate Awards!

Start applications for graduate scholarships as soon as you've applied for a program.

COVID-19 Temporary changes to ELP testing

UCalgary is making temporary changes to English Language Proficiency testing requirements.

Admission requirements

Applicants must hold or obtain the following minimum qualifications to be admitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies:

• Minimum 3.0 GPA on a 4.0 point system

Minimum education

• A four-year baccalaureate degree or its equivalent is required for a master’s program
• A master’s degree in most cases is required for admission to a doctoral program

English language proficiency

If your first language is not English, you may fulfill the language proficiency requirement in one of the following ways:

• Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL iB T including TOEFL iBT Home Edition)  minimum score of 86 (Internet-based, with no section less than 20).
• International English Language Testing System (IELTS)  score of 6.5 (with no section less than 6.0).
• Cambridge C1 Advanced or Cambridge C2 Proficiency  minimum score of 180.
• Pearson Test of English (PTE)   score of 59 or higher
• Canadian Academic English Language test (CAEL)  overall score of 70 (no section less than 60).
• Academic Communication Certificate (ACC)  minimum of B+ in each course.
• Duolingo English Test  obtaining a minimum score of 125 (with no sub-score below 105). ( temporary until Fall 2024 intake )

* This is the minimum ELP standard required by FGS; your program may have higher standards. Learn more on the Explore Programs page.

Please note: as a temporary measure in response to the COVID-19 situation, some online test scores are currently being accepted. Learn more .

Graduate program endorsement

Each graduate program recommends the admission of an applicant to the Faculty of Graduate Studies based on departmental considerations.

• See calendar for more information.

Faculty of Graduate Studies vs. your program

The Faculty of Graduate Studies sets out the minimum qualifications for admission. However, graduate program requirements may call for higher scores, additional documentation and testing.

Meeting the minimum requirements does not guarantee entry into a graduate program as admission is competitive.

Find your program of interest to view its admission requirements.

When you are ready to apply

Application process.

• Choose a graduate program of interest and check its admission requirements
• Find a potential graduate supervisor, if required by the graduate program
• Prepare your documentation
• Calculate your tuition and fees
• Create a eID and start your application online 

Documents you will need

• Transcripts
• Study proposal
• Curriculum vitae
• Reference letters
• Standardized test score

Note: If you are not a Canadian citizen or permanent resident, there may be other documents required, as well as document translation. 

Learn how to apply

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Have more questions about graduate studies? Contact us.

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Master’s Thesis Opportunity

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Eligibility

Master’s students enrolled at any university worldwide are eligible to apply. Master’s students enrolled at TU Dresden are invited to visit the section Joint Junior Researcher Programme (Master’s Thesis) .

This initiative provides graduate students with the opportunity to write a master’s thesis under the guidance of supervisors at both UNU-FLORES and the respective university the candidate is enrolled at. Upon completion of the master’s thesis, successful candidates are expected to have developed a deeper knowledge, understanding, and capabilities in the context of the study area and will disseminate the research results in a way that is beneficial for the research area and for their career.

The qualifications which will be considered in the application process include, but are not limited to, the following. The ideal candidate:

• is currently pursuing a master’s degree
• has proven proficiency in oral and written English
• is able to work within agreed timelines and to communicate clearly and effectively
• is a good team player with strong interpersonal skills
• demonstrates the ability to work in a multicultural environment with sensitivity and respect for diversity
• works on a thesis topic that is related to the Resource Nexus
• connects their work to ongoing projects

We aim to be inclusive and to recruit students worldwide. Flexibility is key to our remote offer so that students can join alongside their studies and participate from anywhere in the world.

UNU is committed to diversity and inclusion within its workforce and encourages all candidates, irrespective of gender, nationality, religious and ethnic backgrounds, including persons living with disabilities to apply and become part of the organisation.

The successful candidate shall complete and submit the master’s thesis for evaluation within an agreed timeline of not more than six months with both supervisors.

Important Information

Please note that this opportunity will not be financially remunerated. The purpose of the master’s thesis opportunity is not to lead to further employment at UNU-FLORES but to complement an applicant’s studies. Therefore, there should be no expectation of employment after the completion of the master’s thesis. Also, please note that the medium of instruction at UNU-FLORES is English.

Please note that only shortlisted candidates will be contacted.

ELCITA – Master’s Thesis opportunities

Circular approach to water use in industries: Current practices and sustainability outlook in the Indian context

Water stress has increasingly affected regions worldwide due to the lack of available water resources, industrialisation and extreme weather conditions. At the same time, increased agricultural and industrial activities and urbanisation have led to the unsustainable discharge of wastewater into the environment. ELCITA is an industrial city comprised of about 250 companies from different sectors, such as IT, manufacturing, and service organisations. The lack of proper infrastructure and water availability has made it essential for ELCITA to find sustainable circular water-use solutions.

In collaboration with the SMART-WaterDomain Project, companies are being surveyed for their practices and needs regarding water management and wastewater use and their perceptions of barriers to using wastewater in their processes. The SMART-WaterDomain Project aims to develop a decision-making tool for companies for smart and sustainable uptake of urban wastewater in industrial activities.

This master’s thesis aims to assess the current practices in India regarding water circularity and sustainable transitions in industries and suggest solutions for the industrial city of ELCITA. For the undertaken of the thesis, a systematic literature review and qualitative analysis will be employed.

For more information about the topic, please reach out to  [email protected]  or  [email protected] .

Supervisors : Serena Caucc i, UNU-FLORES ( [email protected] ), Juliane Dziumla , UNU-FLORES ( [email protected] )

Focal Point : Subha Niranjan

Projects : ELCITA, SMART-WaterDomain

Background to the research opportunity

An established research cooperation exists between MEFT, GIZ Biodiversity Economy in Selected Landscapes in Namibia Project and a consortium consisting of NUST BRC and UNU-FLORES. The primary objectives of this broader Research Project are to supervise, conduct and support the research needed to underpin Namibia’s approach and mainstream biodiversity economy. The Research Project further aims to strengthen Namibia’s interdisciplinary research landscape in biodiversity economy.

Biodiversity loss is one of the most acute crises threatening human well-being. Many vital economic activities depend on biodiversity and the associated ecosystem services. For example, biodiversity forms a crucial basis for Namibia’s economy and livelihoods, where 70% of the population depend on biodiversity and natural resources. Thus, it is essential to enhance the sustainable use of biodiversity. In close collaboration, UNU-FLORES, Namibia University of Science and Technology (NUST), and Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) will support research and capacity building in the field of Biodiversity Economics in Namibia. We offer the following research topics and associated opportunities in keeping with our broader project objectives.

Topic 1 – Assessing the role of landscape and biodiversity in the Namibian film industry using value chain analysis to explore environmental and socio-economic impacts

The vast and diverse Namibian landscape and a conducive climate offer numerous opportunities for local and international filmmakers and content producers. This project is framed by traditional value-chain analysis to unpack the social, economic, and environmental benefits and losses associated with the film industry in Namibia. Namibia has an iconic landscape that forms a visual backdrop across diverse media.

The study should address the following key questions – What are the biodiversity features and essential landscape elements that underpin aspects of the film industry in Namibia? Who are the central actors in the Namibian film industry value chain? What are the social, economic, and environmental benefits and losses associated with the film industry in Namibia? What are the opportunities and obstacles to sustainably growing this biodiversity-related sector?

This study will apply a value-chain analysis to reveal the biodiversity, landscape elements, and key associated actors along the value chain. This will entail a review of published and unpublished industry data and exploring monetary and nonmonetary benefits. The study will map out the industry and establish the flow of benefits across the value chain with particular attention to the Namibian landscape and its associated biodiversity.

For more information regarding the topic, please reach out to Patrick O’Farrell [email protected] .

Supervisors: Patrick O’Farrell , UNU-FLORES ( [email protected] ); Inonge Guillemin , UNU-FLORES ( [email protected] )

Topic 2 – Eco-entrepreneurships and indigenous plant industry exploration in Namibia

This project is framed by the notion of eco-entrepreneurship and seeks to understand what opportunities are available that can truly meet the goals of the eco-entrepreneur framework within the indigenous plant use industries in Namibia. Eco-entrepreneurship speaks to livelihood development but in a manner that is simultaneously sustainable. It is hoped that this work will support the growth of entrepreneurial activity and foster opportunities for entrepreneurial activity, particularly in the developing world context where poverty is prevalent and livelihoods opportunities are few, in a sustainable manner. The successful applicant will explore what indigenous plant products are currently under development or being marketed and expanded in Namibia. They will establish the policy context for this industry to understand policy constraints or assist eco-entrepreneurship opportunities. Once the industry and associated policy terrain have been scoped and described, the student should select one or more specific plant-based industries to undertake a detailed case study analysis. This analysis should be framed by the eco-entrepreneur concept and explore the industry adopting a cradle-to-grave approach to see where the industry meets or deviates from the concept and identify where alternative approaches might be adopted better meet livelihood and conservation mandates.

The study should address the following key questions – To what degree are indigenous plant industries (or an industry) in Namibia fulfilling eco-entrepreneurship criteria? What are the supporting factors, and what are the barriers to eco-entrepreneurs emergence in this space?

This project will require a top-down and a bottom-up approach. The first will require a detailed review of the policy environment to establish the governance framework within which eco-entrepreneurs operate. A detailed policy review will involve scoping local, regional, and international policies, laws, and agreements related to indigenous plant use. The bottom-up aspect will entail selecting a case study (an industry, a plant species, or an area of interest) and an in-depth development of the case.

A socio-ecological multiscale sustainability analysis of Urban and Peri-urban Agriculture (UPA) and application of Nexus management options to reduce vulnerabilities  

Background:  

 Considering the extent to which disruptions in the global supply chain can impact food security (as has been the case following pandemics or conflicts in significant productions areas), a dependency on a long-distance supply chain for food can be problematic. Local food production can reduce the vulnerability stemming from such disruptions. This project intends to investigate the potential for Urban and Peri-urban Agriculture (UPA) development to create benefits and trade-offs for socioeconomic sustainability at regional levels while mitigating the effects of current and future disturbances, including armed conflict and climate change. The study focuses on Latin America (specifically Colombia),and aims to perform a multiscale sustainability assessment on regional UPAs to explore avenues for the development of a new economic business model that incorporates sustainable resource management. The research is to be conducted at the smallholder level and is to address questions related to the socio-ecological and economic impacts of UPA at the regional level.

The expected outcomes of the project include:

• To produce new knowledge and contribute to the sustainable development of UPAs.
• To contribute to enhanced food security and the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals.  
• To contribute to the advancement of the socio-ecological and economic factors that increase the resilience of cities.  

Topic 1:  Socio-ecological assessment to evaluate the current state of sustainability on Urban and peri urban agriculture 

This Master‘s thesis shall examine the challenges, benefits, and issues of the socio-ecological aspects of UPA. The project should address the following key questions:

• How can peri-urban food production develop sustainably   while prioritising the progress and resilience of familial farming communities?
• Which drivers facilitate the socio-ecological conditions within UPAs at the community level?
• What are the socio-ecological challenges and drivers that impact  vulnerability in UPA?  

As part of the research for this thesis, a database of rural areas shall be analysed; the data pertaining to agriculture, biodiversity perspective, security (post-conflict), access to water, and gender is to be interpreted. A draft of a new survey of the urban area will be produced. 

Topic 2:   Economic assessment for the definition of UPA sustainability in Rural Areas of Colombia  

The project will assess the economic sustainability status of two rural regions of Colombia via UPA’s multiscale sustainability analysis. A sustainability indicator that considered the relevant socioeconomic variables will be generated and then tested in one of the two study areas to develop potential economic scenarios to facilitate new business models within the UPA systems of the region. The objective of this thesis is to develop a composite sustainability index for the potential use by regional development governments to foster Innovative UPA systems with a high degree of sustainability. The successful candidate shall be required to design a survey and collect field data through interactions with an established network in Colombia. 

• Spanish language proficiency is crucial to this research.
• Sound knowledge of economic principles and sustainable development would be of advantage. 

For more information regarding the topic or theses, please reach out to Serena Caucc i ( [email protected] )  Jairo Guzman ( [email protected] )   

Application Procedure

All applications should include:

• Completed and signed application form
• Letter of motivation
• Curriculum Vitae
• Copy of academic records related to master’s courses
• Proof of English proficiency

Interested applicants should send their application material in one single PDF file to the respective thesis topic supervisor where available topics are advertised.

Alternatively, students are also welcomed to propose their own thesis topic to a potential supervisor at UNU-FLORES. Please reach out directly to the experts according to the Institute’s research themes and/or

analytical perspectives .

Application Form: Master Thesis

(164.6 KB PDF)

Department of Biology

Graduate Studies

The application deadline for the  2024-2025  cohort is February 1, 2024. There is no application fee.

The Portland State Biology graduate program offers M.S.T, M.A., M.S, and Ph.D degree options. Admission into our program is highly competitive. Our multi-disciplinary faculty offer admitted graduate students the opportunity to conduct cutting edge research, gain professional teaching experience, and pursue an academically rigorous program which fosters professional research development. Our students graduate with the skills, knowledge, and experience necessary to be successful contributors to the scientific community.

Our campus is located in the heart of Downtown Portland, and our program draws top graduate students from around the world. Our research faculty expertise spans a broad range of disciplines within the field of Biology. Research is conducted in state-of-the-art laboratories and in field locations, from the glaciers of Antarctica, to the jungles of Central and South America, to the bamboo forests of central China. Regional collaborators include public, state and federal agencies as well as other regional institutions including, but not limited to, the Oregon Zoo, Oregon Museum of Science & Industry (OMSI), Oregon Health & Science University, and Oregon State University.

Degree Requirements

• Biology M.A./M.S.
• Biology M.A.T./M.S.T.
• Biology Ph.D.

Graduate Thesis or Dissertation

All Biology graduate students must defend a thesis or dissertation to complete the degree program. The first part of the graduate defense is a one-hour seminar that is open to the public followed by a closed-door review of the student's research with the student and the student's graduate committee.

PDXScholar maintains a  complete list  of all theses and dissertations submitted to the University.  

How to Apply

Applications to the Biology Graduate Program must be made through the Graduate School ; please do not send any application materials directly to the Biology Department.

Applications are reviewed only for admission for fall term. There is no application fee. 

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• College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences

Accelerated Bachelor’s to Master’s Degree Pathway

The College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences (CAES) offers Accelerated Bachelor’s to Master’s (ABM) Degree Pathways that allow students to complete both the Bachelor of Science and Master of Science degrees in approximately five years .  Normally it would take students six years to complete both degrees. This degree pathway is designed for highly qualified students, allowing them to count up to twelve (12) credit hours towards both their undergraduate and graduate degree requirements.

• Bachelor of Science in Agricultural Education to Master of Science in Agricultural Education
• Bachelor of Animal Science to Master of Science – Agricultural and Environmental Systems (Concentration: Integrated Animal Health Systems)
• Bachelor of Science in Agricultural and Environmental Systems (Agribusiness and Food Industry Management) to Master of Science in Agricultural and Environmental Systems (Agribusiness and Food Industry Management)
• Bachelor of Science in Agricultural and Environmental Systems (Concentration: Sustainable Land and Food Systems) to Master of Science in Agricultural and Environmental Systems  (Concentration: Natural Resources and Environmental Systems)

Student Eligibility Requirements

• Completion of 75 to 90 credit hours in the undergraduate program, including advanced placement credits.
• Transfer students must have completed at least two semesters as a full-time student at N.C. A&T, with a minimum of 24 credit hours in addition to the 75 to 90 hours.
• A minimum cumulative GPA of 3.25/4.0 at N.C. A&T at the time of ABM Pathway admission.

Application Process

Undergraduate students interested in the ABM Pathway and who meet the minimum eligibility requirements must complete the following steps in order to be admitted to the ABM Degree Pathway: 

• A prospective student who meets the eligibility requirements for the ABM Pathway must first set up a meeting with his/her undergraduate advisor and the graduate program coordinator in their respective CAES Academic Department to discuss their ABM Pathway intentions.
• If it is determined that the student would be an eligible candidate for the respective ABM Pathway the student would then be instructed to complete the ABM Pathway application for their respective major. Students who complete the minimum 75 credits hours in the Fall Semester must apply by March 1st of that respective academic year or by November 1st if the 75 credit hours are completed in the Spring semester of the previous academic year.
• Upon review of the prospective student’s application by the respective departmental graduate committee, a decision will be provided to the student. If accepted, the student would then be instructed to complete the standard application for admission to the Graduate College and work with the program’s Graduate Coordinator to develop a Plan of Study before final acceptance is given.
• The Plan of Study must indicate the following: (i) a maximum of 12 graduate credit hours that will also count towards the undergraduate degree, (ii) a maximum of six (6) additional graduate credit hours that may be taken as an undergraduate student that will not be counted towards the bachelor's degree, (iii) courses that will be taken after matriculating into the graduate program, and (iv) the graduation date for the master's degree that meets the time limit for the ABM program (i.e. obtaining a thesis or non-thesis master's degree in the same field within 18 months of completing the bachelor's degree).
• Any changes to the ABM Plan of Study must be submitted in writing and approved by the chairperson and graduate program coordinator and by the dean of the Graduate

Requirements for Participation and Graduation

• Students must complete the bachelor's degree prior to entering the master's Students in the ABM Pathway may not elect to by-pass the bachelor's degree.
• Students must receive a grade of B (3.00/4.00) or better in each of the double-counted graduate level (600 level)
• Students must complete the master's degree within 18 months from the completion of the bachelor's degree for a non-thesis master's

Continuing Eligibility

• It is the responsibility of the student to recognize his/her eligibility
• If a student completes the bachelor's degree requirements with an accumulated GPA of less than 25/4.0, he/she automatically loses the privilege of continuing in the ABM.
• Failure to complete the degree with project option in 12 months or thesis option in 18 months voids the application of the double counted class hours to the master’s

A student may, at any time, withdraw from the ABM Pathway program by informing her/his undergraduate advisor and graduate program coordinator in writing. A copy of this request to withdraw must be sent to the Graduate College for approval. A student who either withdraws or loses eligibility to continue in the program will not be able to use any graduate courses towards the bachelor’s degree. However, a maximum of six credit hours of graduate courses may be used towards another master’s degree with the approval of the graduate program coordinator, department chair, and the dean of the Graduate College.

Interested Students

CAES students who are interested in the ABM Pathway should contact their respective academic advisor or department chairperson for more information.

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Master of Science (M.Sc.) Epidemiology (Thesis) (45 credits)

Students will study the foundations and principles of epidemiology and applied biostatistics, in order to design, conduct, and analyze clinical, population-based, environmental, policy, and methodological health-related research. Graduates will be prepared to engage in scientific collaboration, and communicate results to other scientists and diverse audiences.

Thesis Course (21 credits)

Offered by: Epidemiology and Biostatistics ( Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences )

Administered by: Graduate Studies

Epidemiology & Biostatistics : Thesis research under supervision.

Terms: This course is not scheduled for the 2024-2025 academic year.

Instructors: There are no professors associated with this course for the 2024-2025 academic year.

Required Courses (21 credits)

Students exempted from any of the courses listed below must replace them with additional complementary course credits.

Epidemiology & Biostatistics : This course aims to provide a comprehensive introduction to epidemiologic concepts and corresponding terms. After an introduction to the history, definition, and purposes of epidemiology, "core" concepts that are relevant in several areas of investigation (e.g., etiologic research, health care research, and community medicine practice) will be presented.

Epidemiology & Biostatistics : Concepts and methods for epidemiology at the intermediate level, including causation, measures of disease occurrence and effect, study designs, biases in epidemiologic research, interaction, and data analysis for categorical and survival data using statistical software.

Prerequisite(s): EPIB 601 , EPIB 607 , and PPHS 602 .

Epidemiology & Biostatistics : This course provides the opportunity to develop skills to critically evaluate evidence presented in the biomedical and health sciences literature, based on the concepts acquired in the epidemiology introductory courses.

Prerequisites: EPIB 601 and EPIB 607 .

Epidemiology & Biostatistics : Introduction to the basic principles of statistical inference used in clinical and epidemiologic research. Topics include variability; methods of processing and describing data; sampling and sampling distributions; inferences regarding means and proportions, non-parametric methods, regression and correlation.

Prerequisite (Undergraduate): A first year course in undergraduate differential and integral calculus.

Epidemiology & Biostatistics : Introduction to statistical software and data management; including basics of entering, manipulating data and elementary statistical analysis, SAS software, with reference to other packages of potential interest to students (R, Stata, SPSS).

Prerequisite: Enrolment in Epidemiology stream program or permission of instructor.

Epidemiology & Biostatistics : Univariate and multivariate statistical techniques for continuous categorical and survival data. Topics include generalized linear models, multiple linear and logistic regression, introductory survival analysis, model selection. Maximum likelihood and Bayesean approaches will be presented.

Prerequisite(s): EPIB 601 and EPIB 607 of permission of instructor.

PPHS : Introduction to population health and the conceptual basis of the population health approach to measuring disease occurrence and to prevention. Fundamentals of, and methods for, studying burden of disease in population, and how these differ across time, space, and groups. Topics include population dynamics, denominators, occurrence of events, time, person and place, health indicators, standardization, life tables, age, cohort and period effects, disease surveillance and vital statistics. Introduction to the concepts and principles of measurement including measurement error, validity, reliability, and accuracy.

Restriction(s): Not open to students who have taken EPIB 602 or EPIB 614 .

Complementary Course (3 credits)

3 credits of coursework, at the 500 level or higher, chosen in consultation with the student's academic adviser or supervisor.

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Doctor of Design

Develop a work-integrated, design-based research program to elevate your career while remaining embedded full-time in practice.

The Doctor of Design is a post-professional program for mid-career design practitioners.

The School of Architecture, Planning and Landscape at the University of Calgary offers Canada's first online, design-based doctoral degree. The DDes is a unique three-year program for architects, landscape architects and planners who want to leverage their expertise in a specific topic area into an innovation with real-world impact

...the DDes is aggregating a unique ecosystem of candidates with a decidedly interdisciplinary approach across the globe, yet galvanizing consistently around both orthodox and novel sophisticated problem-solving methodologies harvested from the tacit knowledge of these master practitioners.

Dr. Marcelo Stamm

Program Critic

The program helps bold design professionals to rethink the status quo ways that buildings, communities and landscapes are designed, built and operated. Students formulate a design-based research question from their existing practice-based knowledge and professional experience. They develop their research through online studio-based pedagogy with a cohort of fellow practitioner-students, working closely with assigned supervisors and participating in dedicated design research symposia to test their work with recognized external experts and thought leaders. Through this research framework, practitioners identify and develop innovations that make ideas 'project-ready' for integration into practice. The findings of the DDes research contribute new knowledge to the design community and can be used to transform the student's practice and effect real change.

Application Deadline May 31

It has always been a struggle, therefore, but a passion nonetheless to somehow make a difference in practice, despite the myriad challenges we face. The DDes program at the University of Calgary has opened wide, a door often closed to us in this dramatically changing world of practice – the door to new knowledge.

Barry Johns

DDes'23 Candidate

DDes Research

Learn more about the research our Doctor of Design students engage in. 

Class of 2023 Work

Learn more about the accomplishments of the Class of 2023

AMY TSANG TOWARDS AN ECOLOGICAL MODEL OF PRACTICE-BASED LANDSCAPE DESIGN

TERESA GOLDSTEIN HOW DOES LOVE FACTOR INTO COMMUNITY PLANNING?

BARRY JOHNS DENSIFICATION RESPONSIVE TO PLACE AND DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGE

MICHAEL DONALDSON AN EMERGENT PRACTICE INTEGRITY

DDes structure and completion requirements

Program structure.

The DDes is a three-year program for mid-career professionals to explore a research question in an intense and rigorous practice-based project that is distinct from, but parallel to, their professional work. Students continue to work full-time in their profession during the degree, working closely with their supervisory committee for feedback and mentorship.

Since the research question is based on the student’s own work experience and expertise, the research emerges from the candidate’s substantive existing knowledge and related professional-practice experience. In situations where additional knowledge or expertise is required, candidates work with their supervisor to include into their course of study a learning opportunity that is either informal (through a professional-based experience) or formal (such as a directed study course or online course).  

Three required courses offered in a blended distance-learning format help guide students through the early stages of their research.

Twice a year, all DDes students are required to attend and participate in a four-day research symposium to present the progress of their research work in a ‘studio-crit’ format and receive feedback from their supervisors, fellow students, and a cohort of invited critics. In between symposia, students work remotely with their supervisors to continue developing their projects. The degree is completed with a written thesis document, gallery exhibition, and public defense conducted at the student’s final DDes Research Symposium.

Required Courses

APLA 680 Design Practice Research Project Definition

Introduction to practice research in the design fields. The course will explore the differences between first  professional  degree training, traditional PhD research and design-based creative practice research. Students will learn contextualize their existing professional expertise and experience as the tacit knowledge required for advanced doctoral research. Students will progress toward defining their doctoral research question through self-reflexive study of their career paths and practice portfolio; attendance at and reflection upon practice research symposium events and peer presentations; examination of published and unpublished practice research case studies; core reading; and writing or their research statement.

APLA 682 Contexts of Design Practice Research

Exploration of diverse contexts crucial to the student’s research question and development of skills associated with the evaluation and use of extant research. The effects on design research of social, political, economic, and cultural contexts, as well as of academic and professional practices, are considered through the assessment of academic literature, case studies, and symposia presentations. Students develop an understanding of how contexts impact the researcher, the research question, the choice of research methods, dissemination of research, and other aspects of practice research.

APLA 684 Strategies for Design Practice Research

This course compares alternative strategies for conducting practice research in the design fields. Emphasizes discussions regarding the appropriateness and limitations of different approaches and methodologies through examination of academic literature, practice research case studies, and the research of peers in the symposium. The research process, drawing conclusions, and reporting findings also are examined with a view toward the student’s crafting their research proposal and work plan in advance of preparation for candidacy.

Thesis Research Proposal

The Thesis Research Proposal for the DDes is a 3,000 to 5,000 word written document (or equivalent combination of textual and non-textual design-based graphic representations). It must be approved by the supervisory committee and clearly describe the project (Title, Objectives, Background, Methodology, Expected Outcomes, Research Progress to date) and include an explicit component related to professional practice. The Thesis Proposal is typically submitted in the fall of Year 2.

Candidacy Requirements

The candidacy examination is typically held at the candidate’s third DDes Research Symposium. The examination is public and will be based on the submitted Thesis Research Proposal, work completed in the three courses, and progress to-date on the research project. After candidacy, students should complete the research over the next 18 months. 

DDes students must complete the following components for candidacy:

• All course requirements as identified in the calendar. 
• Thesis Research Proposal approved by the Supervisory Committee.
• Field of Study (FoS) Examination conducted during one of DDes Research Symposia to evaluate their understanding of 1) the relevant contexts (social, political, economic, and cultural, as well as academic, personal, and professional in which their design-based practice research is situated; 2) the relevant strategies for conducting their practice-based research; 3) the progress of the research to date and a strategy for completing the expected outcomes. The examination will consist of a verbal presentation by the student followed by rounds of questions from the examination committee.

Candidancy requirements are being finalized. Please confirm requirements with your advisor or contact [email protected]  with specific enquiries.

Dissertation Requirements

In the dissertation, the student writes a thesis on their selected topic that represents a significant research accomplishment and contribution to knowledge and makes a positive impact in the student’s area of professional practice. Students will present a portfolio of both textual and non-textual work, including a written thesis and supporting artefacts that tell a comprehensive story about the research project, its context, its methods, and for whom the outcomes will have impact. The story of the research will be told through a public exhibition of the student’s work, alongside an oral presentation and oral defense of the thesis during one of the semi-annual symposia, which provide a forum for the communication of the research results. 

DDes typical three-year schedule

• Completion of  LAND 680.04 Design Practice Research Project Definition  in a blended learning format
• Development of research project in collaboration with Supervisor                
• Research Presentation 1 at the DDes Fall Research Symposium                 

Winter term

• Completion of  LAND 680.05 Contexts of Design Practice Research  in a blended learning format

Spring/Summer term

• Completion of  LAND 680.06 Strategies for Design Practice Research   in a blended learning format
• Development of research project in collaboration with Supervisor.
• Research Presentation 2 at the DDes Spring/Summer Research Symposium
• Preparation of Thesis Research Proposal in collaboration with Supervisor 
• Completion and submission of Thesis Research Proposal Document to Supervisory Committee
• Candidacy examination as Research Presentation 3 at the DDes Fall Research Symposium  
• Research Presentation 4 at the DDes Spring/Summer Research Symposium           
• Completion of research project in collaboration with Supervisor
• Development of final dissertation documents in collaboration with Supervisor 
• Research Presentation 5 at the DDes Fall Research Symposium
• Post for Defense
• Preparation of final exhibition
• Dissertation Defense as Research Presentation 6 at the DDes Spring/Summer Research Symposium  

Watch DDes Info Session

Message from the Dean

The climate crisis, rising social inequality, and the digital revolution of smart cities, computational design, and robotic fabrication are rewriting the way cities are being designed, built, and operated. This creates enormous opportunities for architects, planners, and landscape architects to expand their practice, increase their value to clients, and make a bigger and more positive impact in the world. Mid-career professionals have the experience to identify and capitalize on these opportunities but often need a framework to help bring these ideas to life.

Our new Doctor of Design (DDes) program is a place for motivated professionals to develop their particular response to these opportunities and get them ‘project-ready’ for integration into practice.

DDes graduates use the knowledge generated through their research to open up new areas of innovation, create competitive advantages, and more clearly articulate their value proposition to clients and the broader public. The Doctor of Design also provides an appropriate terminal academic credential for design-based professionals interested in applying for post-secondary teaching positions.

The new Doctor of Design program is distinct from traditional PhD programs because the research is practice-focused and design-based, with candidates developing a work-integrated research program centered around a unique enquiry emerging from their experience and insights in practice. Students remain fully engaged in their working life while pursuing a research program in an intense and rigorous format that is distinct from, but parallel to, their professional work. 

The DDes is structured to specifically accommodates the needs of active professionals. Candidates from around the world can complete the degree while remaining embedded in their professional offices. The semi-annual symposia, held in Calgary over long weekends in the spring and fall of each year, are important and exciting opportunities for students to come together to share their work and get feedback from their fellow students, their supervisors, and a cohort of experts.

Canada’s first doctoral degree for practicing architects, planners, and landscape architects, a Doctor of Design, is open to mid-career professionals with at least five years of work experience. Applicants are encouraged to apply early. Significant professional experience will be considered in lieu of a graduate academic degree. 

Download the news release.

John Brown, PhD, Architect, FRAIC Dean and Professor, School of Architecture, Planning and Landscape

Faculty → Research →

Related programs.

Interested in expanding your professional expertise through a degree program, but not sure if the Doctor of Design is right for you? Consider:

Master of Environmental Design PhD in Environmental Design

DDes Admissions → Email admissions with questions →