what are the similarities between research proposal and research report

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Difference Between Research Proposal and Research Report

On the other hand, a research report is the culmination of the research endeavour. It is a great way to explain the research work and its outcome to a group of people. It is the outcome of the study conducted at the time of the research process.

This article will help you understand the difference between research proposal and research report.

Content: Research Proposal Vs Research Report

Comparison chart, definition of research proposal.

Research Proposal can be defined as the document prepared by the researcher so as to give a description of the research program in detail. It is typically a request for research funding, for the subject under study. In other words, a research proposal is a summary of the research process, with which the reader can get quick information regarding the research project.

The research proposal seeks final approval, for which it is submitted to the relevant authority. After the research proposal is submitted, it is being evaluated, considering a number of factors like the cost involved, potential impact, soundness of the plan to undertake the project.

It aims at presenting and justifying the need and importance to carry out the study, as well as to present the practical ways, of conducting the research. And for this, persuasive evidence should be provided in the research proposal, to highlight the necessity of the research.

Further, it must discuss the main issues and questions, which the researcher will address in the study. Along with that, it must highlight the fundamental area of the research study.

A research proposal can be prepared in a number of formats, which differs on the basis of their length. It contains an introduction, problem hypothesis, objectives, assumptions, methodology, justification and implication of the research project.

Definition of Research Report

Research Report can be defined as the document in which the researched and analysed data is organized and presented by the researcher in a systematic manner. It is a publication, comprising of the purpose, scope, hypothesis, methodology, findings, limitations, recommendations and conclusion of the research project.

Simply put, a research report is the record of the research process. It is one of the most important segments of the research, as the research work is said to be incomplete if the report is not prepared.

A research report is a document containing collected and considered facts, taken to provide succinct and comprehensible information to people.

Once the research process is over, the entire work is produced in a written material, which is called a research report . It covers the description of the research activities, in an elaborated manner. It contains Introduction, Literature Review, Methodology, Data Collection, Data Analysis, Discussion of Results and Findings, Bibliography and Appendices.

A research report acts as a method to record the research work and its outcome, for future reference.

Key Differences Between Research Proposal and Research Report

The difference between research proposal and research report is discussed as under:

• A research proposal signifies a theoretical framework within which the research is carried out. In finer terms, a research proposal is a sketch for the collection, measurement and analysis of data. A research report implies a scientific write-up on the research findings, which is prepared in a specific format.
• While the preparation of a research proposal is considered as the first step to research work, preparation of a research report is the final step to the research work.
• A research proposal is prepared at the beginning of the project. In contrast, the research report is prepared after the completion of the project
• A research proposal is written in the future tense, whereas the tense used in the research report is past tense, as well as it is written in the third person
• The length of a research proposal is about 4-10 pages. On the contrary, the length of the research report is about 100 to 300 pages.
• The research proposal is concerned with the problem or topic to be investigated. Conversely, the research report focuses on the results of the completed research work.
• The research proposal determines what will be researched, the relevance of the research and the ways to conduct the researched. As against, the research report determines what is researched, sources of data collection, ways of data collection (i.e. survey, interview, or questionnaire), result and findings, recommendations for future research, etc.
• Research Proposal includes three chapters i.e. Introduction, Literature Review, Research Methodology. Contrastingly, Research Report covers the following chapters – Introduction, Literature Review, Research Methodology, Results, Interpretation and Analysis, Conclusion and Recommendation.

Basically, a research proposal defines the planning stage of the research work, which is prepared in written format, to know its worth. On the other hand, the research report signifies the concluding stage of the research work.

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Research Proposal vs. Research Report: What's the Difference?

Key Differences

Comparison chart, content focus, primary audience, research proposal and research report definitions, research proposal, research report, who reads a research proposal, what is a research proposal, can a research proposal guarantee funding, what does a research report include, what is the main goal of a research proposal, when is a research report prepared, is a literature review included in a research proposal, what happens if a research proposal is approved, do research proposals need ethical approval, what differentiates a research report from a proposal, how detailed should a research proposal be, are research reports always published, how long is a typical research report, do research reports require peer review, is a research report subjective or objective, can a research report influence future studies, what role does methodology play in a research proposal, are research reports accessible to the general public, can a research proposal be rejected, are conclusions part of a research report.

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• Homework answers

What is the Difference Between Research Proposal and Research Report?

When it comes to academic or scientific, quantified research, there are several steps writers need to be aware about before diving head-first into the hypothesis. There is a rhyme and a reason for these steps, and they are mostly to make the student aware of the process and to gather and organize ideas, thoughts, and examples in an efficient manner. One common mistake students make when writing research projects is mixing up their research proposal and research report. Of course, both of them are closely related to the research itself.

What is a research proposal?

The proposal step of research precedes the actual research itself. This is the stage where a student should outline in detail what questions they will explore and analyze. As a preparation stage, the research proposal is presented at the beginning of the research project with the aim of justifying the need for a deeper analysis and probing into the question or hypothesis. The proposal outlines the methods that will be used to carry out the research and the design of the research to ensure that the results are reliable and efficient. 

What is a research report?

Similar to the proposal, the research report is a crucial role in the entirety of a research project. The research report is presented after the research has been conducted already. This can be seen as a post-report stage, as it analyses the information and results of the research and summarizes the student’s findings. The aim of a research report is to critically analyze the proposed hypothesis or questions as well as the results of said research. In some cases, this will be called a thesis or dissertation – a major assignment for college and university students trying to achieve their degree. 

So, how can I write them?

The aims of the research proposal and report are relatively different, so the content of each one will also vary to a certain degree. What’s most important is that the research is supported and recognized.

Inside of a Research Proposal

The proposal lays out many steps and ideas before conducting the research – so it is essential to have a structure or outline that matches with the results you will be looking for. Typically, a good research proposal is five to seven pages long, or 2,000 words or more.

The proposal outline will include:

• Title – a title should be straightforward and clear at first glance
• Background Information – this includes issues related to your proposed research, as well as the rationale behind the research. It should also include literary sources that will be used to reference from, or maybe where the proposed question or hypothesis derived from. If the topic is widely discussed, there can also be a summary of the topics discussed and the ongoing developments happening at the moment. 
• Research Questions – the main part of the research project, the question is what you will be doing research on. It serves as a starting point from where students can branch off into other problems and issues that may arise during the research step. This segment can change based on the information you gather pre-research. 
• Methodology – this outlines the process of the research and the resources students will need to conduct the research. It should include the theoretical framework – or how the research will be approached and if they are appropriate for the proposed questions. Theoretically, it should include possible limits of the research and the advantages of the predicted outcome. 
• Plan of work – This segment details the amount of time needed to conduct the research and a detailed outline of the schedule to complete the research. Its essential to understand the scope of the project and to set a date to have the research completed in order to analyze the information at the appropriate time. 
• Bibliography – just like any academic writing, a bibliography lists the references students will use for the research and a handful of resources at their disposal during the research process. 

Inside of a Research Report

The research report is the golden egg of the research – it provides the results and information students will be searching for. The report comes post-research and serves as the dissertation or thesis that is a deeper analysis of the information. 

The research report will include:

• A Cover Sheet – this provides the reader all the information about the writer and the proposed topic.
• An abstract – a basic summary of the report itself, the abstract includes the sample size of research, the treatment of the research, the design of the research, and the implications of the research. This is not meant to be longer than a page – just a briefing on the proposed research before diving into the deep analysis. 
• Introduction – this stretched beyond the information in the abstract and should include supportive statistics and the purpose and the significance of the research in the scope of a community or the globally. This prepares the reader with the information needed to follow the research steps and the reasons why these steps were taken. 
• Research questions – the hypothesis should be presented in this segment, outlining a broader idea and moving towards specific and detailed questions. There should be a large distinction between the quantitative-based questions, and the qualitative-based questions here, to make things more clear for the reader to follow. Students should have more than one hypothesis to be considered a well-conducted research project, as it widens the scope and the purpose of the research. 
• Review of literature – the resources used to conduct the research should be present here. This qualifies the research done and supports it with evidence from literature related to the topic itself. It should be able to refute evidence and support the main ideas. The sources should be linked together so as to provide synthesis.  
• Method and Results – The methods used during the research period should be detailed at this segment – mentioning the samples, the setting, the treatment, and the data analysis. The results should also be described in details, again differentiating between quantitative and qualitative results.
• Discussion – the final aspect of the research project includes an open discussion about the work done. It should restate the hypothesis and check to see if it was correct or incorrect and see why. It should also include the limitations of the study – and maybe reasons why it turned out to be correct or incorrect. The discussion should be wrapped up with a conclusion and a closing summary of the entire research project. 

If students are about to embark on the journey of a research project, it’s essential to know and understand the stages involved so that the process will move along much smoother. 

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Difference Between Research Proposal and Research Report

Main difference –  research proposal vs research report.

Research proposal and research report are two terms that often confuse many student researchers. A research proposal describes what the researcher intends to do in his research study and is written before the collection and analysis of data. A research report describes the whole research study and is submitted after the competition of the whole research project. Thus, the main difference between research proposal and research report is that a research proposal describes the proposed research and research design whereas a research report describes the completed research, including the findings, conclusion, and recommendations.

This article explains, 

1. What is a Research Proposal?      – Definition, Purpose, Content, and Characteristics

2. What is a Research Report?      – Definition, Purpose, Content, and Characteristics

What is a Research Proposal

A research proposal is a brief and coherent summary of the proposed research study, which is prepared at the beginning of a research project. The aim of a research proposal is to justify the need for a specific research proposal and present the practical methods and ways to conduct the proposed research. In other words, a research proposal presents the proposed design of the study and justifies the necessity of the specific research. Thus, a research proposal describes what you intend to do and why you intend to do it.

A research proposal generally contains the following segments:

• Introduction / Context/ Background
• Literature Review
• Research Methods and Methodology
• Research question
• Aims and Objectives
• List of Reference

Each of these segments is indispensable to a research proposal. For example, it’s impossible to write a research proposal without reading related work and writing a literature review. Similarly, it’s not possible to decide a methodology without determining specific research questions.

What is a Research Report

A research report is a document that is submitted at the end of a research project. This describes the completed research project. It describes the data collection, analysis, and the results as well. Thus, in addition to the sections mentioned above, this also includes sections such as,

• Conclusions
• Shortcomings
• Recommendations

A research report is also known as a thesis or dissertation. A research report is not research plan or a proposed design. It describes what was actually done during the research project and what was learned from it. Research reports are usually longer than research proposals since they contain step-by-step processes of the research.

Research Proposal: Research Proposal describes what the researcher intends to do and why he intends to do it.

Research Report: Research report describes what the researcher has done, why he has done it, and the results he has achieved.

Research Proposal: Research proposals are written at the beginning of a research proposal before the research project actually begins.

Research Report: Research reports are completed after the completion of the whole research project.

Research Proposal: Research proposals contain sections such as introduction/background, literature review, research questions, methodology, aims and objective.

Research Report: Research reports contain sections such as introduction/background, literature review, research questions, methodology, aims and objective, findings, analysis, results, conclusion, recommendations, citation.

Research Proposal: Research proposals are shorter in length.

Research Report: Research reports are longer than research proposals.

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Difference Between Research Proposal and Research Report

The Research Proposal is the way a researcher presents the research problem and communicates the need for research. It is a crucial part of the application process. It provides a brief overview of the research questions the researcher is trying to answer. It also outlines the research methodology that the researcher will use.

A research report, on the other hand, is the result of a research project. This report is an excellent way to present the results of your research to others. It is the result of the study that was conducted during the research process.If you have any problems with writing and want someone “ do my research paper for me ”, turn to professionals.

This article will explain the differences between a research proposal and a research report.

• 1 Definition of a Research Proposal
• 2 Definition of Research Report
• 3 Conclusion

Definition of a Research Proposal

A Research Proposal is a document that the researcher creates to describe the research program in detail. This is usually a request for funding for the subject being studied. A research proposal, in other words, is a summary or description of the research process that provides quick information about the research project.

After the research proposal has been approved, it is sent to the appropriate authority. Once the research proposal has been submitted, it will be evaluated to determine if the cost, potential impact, and soundness of the plan for the project are all considered.

The purpose of the proposal is to justify the necessity and importance of the study and to show the practical methods for conducting it. To demonstrate the necessity of the research, the proposal should contain persuasive evidence.

It must also discuss the major issues and questions that the researcher will address during the research. It must also highlight the main area of the research study.

There are many formats that can be used to create a research proposal. The length of each format will vary. It includes an introduction, problem hypothesis, and assumptions.

Definition of Research Report

Research Report is the document that organizes and presents the data collected and analyzed. It’s a publication that includes the purpose, scope, and hypothesis of the research project, as well as the methodology, findings, limitations, recommendations, and conclusion.

A research report is simply the record of the research process. This is the most important analyzed search because it is the record of the research process.

A research report is a collection of facts that have been carefully considered and are intended to be succinct, understandable information for people.

After the research is complete, all work is written down, and this is known as a research report. This document describes the research activities in detail. It includes Introduction, Literature Review and Methodology.

Research reports are used to document the research process and its results for future reference.

There are key differences between a Research Proposal or a Research Report.

Below is a discussion on the difference between a research proposal and a research report.

A research proposal is a framework that guides the research. A research proposal can be described as a plan for collecting, measuring, and analysing data. A research report is a written description of the research findings. It follows a particular format.

Preparing a research proposal is the first step in research work. However, the final step is writing a research report.

The research proposal is created at the start of the project. The research report, however, is completed after the project has been completed.

Research proposals are written in future tense. However, the research report’s tense is in past tense. It is also written in third person.

A research proposal should be between 4-10 pages. The research report, on the other hand, is approximately 100 to 300 pages.

The topic or problem to be researched is the focus of the research proposal. The research report, on the other hand, focuses only on the findings of the completed research.

The research proposal outlines the scope of research, its relevance and the methods to be the used. The research report,the  on the other hand, determines the scope of the research, data sources, data collection methods (i.e. Survey, interview, questionnaire), results and conclusions, as well as recommendations for future research.

Three chapters make up the Research Proposal: Introduction, Literature Review and Methodology. Introduction, Literature Review and Research Methodology are the three chapters of Research Proposal. The Research Report, on the other hand, covers the following chapters: Introduction, Literature Review and Research Methodology. Results, Interpretation, Analysis, Conclusion, and Recommendation.

A research proposal is basically the planning stage for the research work. It must be prepared in writing format to prove its value. The research report, on the other hand is the end of the research process. Open this review to take a look at trustworthy writing services.

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Research Proposal Vs. Research Paper: Differences And Similarities

In a research work, research proposals and research paper both have great importance. Both of the tasks need high focus. Many students who have to do research for the first time, they take research proposals and research papers as the same thing. In reality, both of them are two different tasks. Although there are some similarities in these tasks, you cannot take them as the same document. For every researcher, it is necessary to know the differences as well as similarities in both research documents. As per its importance, this article aims to discuss the research proposal and research paper.

What are Main Differences in Between a Research proposal and Research Paper?

If you critically evaluate the research proposals and papers, you can find some minor as well as major differences. Let’s have a look at the major differences between the research proposal and research paper. From a broader perspective, there are five main differences between the research proposal and a research paper. These five differences are mentioned below:

• Objective of writing
• Length of document
• Tense of document

Composition

You can better understand these differences with the help of a brief explanation.

The very first difference between a research proposal and a research paper is of time span. You have to write a research proposal at the start, even before you actually work on research. At the bachelor’s level, every student has to experience research work for the first time. At this time, there can be much confusion related to every single aspect of research. So, they start research work by writing a research proposal. In the research proposal, students mention objective and structure of the whole research. The professor evaluates proposal and finds out if the problem is worth to research or not.

On the other hand, you have to write a research paper at the end of the research. Once you are done with data collection, analysis and dissertation writing , you can write a good research paper.

Objective of Writing

The objective of writing a research paper and research proposal is different. As you have to write a research proposal at the start of the research, so you need to mention the plan to conduct research in it. The main concern of research proposal is to make a track and add practicality of research. Also, you need to add a future scope of your research. The objective of adding all these things is to convince your advisor or other researchers of your plan and research problem. On the other hand, the research paper aims to discuss the major findings of the research work. Its structure includes background information, methodology and end results of research.

Length of Document

In a research proposal, you have to address fewer numbers of sections. Also, all of the sections are discussed briefly. So, the length of a research proposal is short. It is a brief overview of your research work. The standards of academic writing ask to write a research proposal in between 1500 and 2000 words. Your advisor may ask you to go for a different word count, still the length of the proposal is considered a short one. In contrast, a research paper has more length as compared to a proposal. The reason for more length is justified because of its more sections.

Tense of Document

You can also see the difference of tense in both of documents. In a research proposal, you need to address things for the future. So, you have to use the future tense. As you have not worked on your plan yet, but proposing a scenario. So, future tense is used for the proposal.  On the other hand, you have to write a research paper when you are done with your research work. Now, you need to address everything in the past tense.

The last main difference is of composition. Every academic document or report follows a proper structure. Similarly, research proposals and research papers follow a proper format and structure. In composition of the research paper, you need to focus on different aspects. It starts with background information, and then you need to add the importance of study. After mentioning the importance, its composition demands for objective and future scope. Also, add methodology and final conclusion to wind up the research paper.

On the other hand, the research proposal follows a totally different composition. First of all, you need to keep this in mind so that you can follow the standard structure for the research proposal. Also, there can be a structure offered by your institute that can vary from the standard one. Generally, the composition of the research proposal includes background information on the topic of discussion and then the research problem. After that, you have to critically evaluate the demand of your research problem. In the last, you are supposed to add literature from credible sources. There are many dissertation proposal help provider companies which assist in this regard.

What are Main Similarities in Between Research proposals and Research Papers?

The differences between a research proposal and a research paper are more than similarities. You can only observe the similarity in a few sections of both documents. For example, you can see the start of both documents is from background information. Also, the section of research problem remains the same. Another similarity is in the form of the research objective. In a research proposal, you have to design a research objective on which the whole research is dependent. For making a research objective, you have to see the research problem and topic of discussion. Similar to a research proposal, the research paper also addresses the research objective at the start.

Apart from all that, the methodology is the last similarity in the research proposal and paper. Although the tense is different, the track to conduct research remains the same. These are the only similarities in both of documents.

Final Thoughts

By understanding all of the above-mentioned points, you can better understand the differences and similarities in between the research proposal and research paper.

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Proposal vs. Report

What's the difference.

A proposal and a report are both written documents that serve different purposes. A proposal is a persuasive document that outlines a plan or idea and seeks approval or funding for its implementation. It typically includes an introduction, problem statement, objectives, methodology, timeline, and budget. On the other hand, a report is a factual document that presents information or findings on a specific topic or project. It provides a detailed analysis of the subject matter, including research, data, and recommendations. While a proposal focuses on convincing the reader to support a particular initiative, a report aims to inform and provide insights based on research and analysis.

Further Detail

Introduction.

When it comes to written communication in various professional settings, two common types of documents that are often encountered are proposals and reports. While both serve distinct purposes, they share some similarities as well. In this article, we will explore the attributes of proposals and reports, highlighting their differences and similarities, and discussing their unique characteristics.

Purpose and Audience

One of the primary distinctions between proposals and reports lies in their purpose and intended audience. A proposal is typically created to suggest a plan of action, request funding or resources, or propose a solution to a problem. It aims to persuade the reader to take a specific course of action. On the other hand, a report is designed to present factual information, findings, or analysis on a particular topic. Its purpose is to inform and provide insights to the reader, often without a call to action.

Proposals are commonly directed towards decision-makers, stakeholders, or potential clients who have the authority to approve or reject the proposed plan. The audience for reports, however, can vary widely depending on the context. Reports may be intended for colleagues, supervisors, clients, or even the general public, depending on the nature of the information being presented.

Structure and Format

Another significant difference between proposals and reports lies in their structure and format. Proposals typically follow a specific format that includes sections such as an executive summary, introduction, problem statement, proposed solution, budget, timeline, and conclusion. These sections are organized in a logical sequence to present a persuasive argument.

Reports, on the other hand, may have a more flexible structure depending on the purpose and context. They often include sections such as an introduction, methodology, findings, analysis, conclusions, and recommendations. However, the specific sections and their order may vary based on the type of report and the organization's guidelines.

Both proposals and reports may include supporting materials such as charts, graphs, tables, or appendices to provide additional information or evidence. However, the inclusion of these elements is more common in reports, where data visualization and supporting evidence play a crucial role in conveying the information effectively.

Tone and Language

The tone and language used in proposals and reports also differ to some extent. Proposals often adopt a persuasive and assertive tone, aiming to convince the reader of the proposed idea's value and benefits. The language used in proposals is typically more formal and professional, focusing on presenting a compelling argument and showcasing the writer's expertise.

Reports, on the other hand, tend to have a more objective and neutral tone. The language used in reports is generally more factual and concise, focusing on presenting information accurately and objectively. While the writer's expertise is still important, the emphasis is more on providing an unbiased analysis or summary of the topic at hand.

Research and Analysis

Both proposals and reports often require research and analysis, but the extent and focus of these activities can vary. Proposals typically involve conducting research to identify the problem, understand the target audience, and gather evidence to support the proposed solution. The analysis in proposals is often centered around the potential benefits, feasibility, and cost-effectiveness of the proposed plan.

Reports, on the other hand, may involve more extensive research and analysis, depending on the topic and purpose. Reports often require gathering data, conducting surveys or interviews, and analyzing the information to draw meaningful conclusions. The analysis in reports is focused on interpreting the data, identifying trends, and providing insights or recommendations based on the findings.

In conclusion, proposals and reports are two distinct types of written communication that serve different purposes and target different audiences. Proposals aim to persuade and convince the reader to take a specific course of action, while reports focus on presenting factual information and analysis. The structure, tone, language, and research involved in each document type also differ to some extent. Understanding the attributes of proposals and reports is essential for effective communication in various professional settings, enabling individuals to tailor their writing to the specific needs and expectations of their audience.

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Research Proposal vs Research Report: Main Differences

September 3, 2019 by studymumbai Leave a Comment

Research Proposal and Research Report are two terms that often confuse student researchers. Even though they might sound similar, there is a difference between the two, and the main difference is the period when it has to be produced during the course of the research work.

Main difference between the two:

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• A research proposal describes the proposed research and research design. What and how is the student planning to do? It describes what the researcher intends to do in his/her research study.
• A research report describes the completed research, including the findings, conclusion, and recommendations. It basically describes the whole research study

When is it to be submitted?

• A research proposal is written before the collection and analysis of data (basically before the main body of work begins).
• A research report is submitted after the competition of the whole research project (after most of the work is completed).

Main Sections A research proposal usually contains the following segments/sections:

• Introduction (provide the context/background)
• Literature Review (what literature already exists in that area)
• Research Methods and Methodology (how are you going to collect the data)
• Research question (What question are you trying to answer)
• Aims and Objectives (various objectives of the research)
• List of Reference

A research report will have all the sections listed above, but it will also include additional sections such as:

• Findings (of the research)
• Analysis (of the research)
• Conclusions (of the research)
• Shortcomings (observed)
• Recommendations (suggested)

Because of the additional sections, Research reports tend to be longer than research proposals .

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Concept Paper vs. Research Proposal – and when to use each

On the surface, concept papers sound like they do the same job as a research proposal – and essentially, they do. Both are designed to communicate the rationale, methodology and outcomes of a proposed piece of work. The difference between the two lies mostly in the level of detail and the potential audience, based on which your approach towards writing each will vary. In this article, we dig deeper into these and recommend when to use which.

Concept paper: Putting your idea to paper

• What : A concept paper verbalises an idea and puts it to paper for the first time. Here, an overall rationale is presented, with a focus on the essential idea and potential impact of the expected outcome(s). However, what you would not include here is much in-depth detail.
• When : Writing a concept paper is most useful when an initial expression of interest is made to either a collaborator or funder – provided the funder has mechanisms for you to do this, like an open call.
• Why : The aim of your concept paper will be to win your audience over with your idea and its potential ramifications. 

(For more on concept papers, read: Understanding and developing a concept paper )

Research proposal: Showing how things will get done

Let’s say that through your concept paper, you find funding and collaborators for your proposed research project. You will now get into the nitty gritty of the project with a research proposal, while still keeping it “consumable” enough for a broader audience.

• What : A research proposal builds on a concept paper by now including aspects like key deliverables, milestones and specific outcomes, as well as how you plan to achieve these. 
• When : You will typically send a research proposal to sources of funding of an open nature, i.e. those that do not require a standardised form to be filled in, as is often the case with institutional internal funding or private investors.
• Why : It is not necessary for you to first send someone a concept paper and follow it up with a proposal. However, you may often need to follow this sequence in order to provide only ‘need to know’ material depending on the stage of your relationship with potential partners.

( For more on research proposals, read: Writing a successful research proposal )

When both are needed, a concept paper precedes a research proposal

Deciding between a concept paper and a research proposal

Whether you send someone a concept paper or a research proposal depends entirely on two things: 

• Your existing relationship with whomever you are reaching out to
• What you are trying to achieve

If you are emailing an organisation or individual for the first time, you are more likely to receive a response by attaching a brief, snappy concept paper that is easily read by a multitude of people. On the other hand, some larger organisations, such as pharmaceutical companies, are very used to seeing full-fledged research proposals and may have a portal on their website where you would need to upload one, enabling them to skip the preliminary step of vetting your work through a concept paper.

Our recommendation : Given how pressed many people are for time these days, it would be prudent to send concept papers more frequently than research proposals. If more information is required, you will be asked for it.

Concept papers and research proposals do very similar things, but set out and achieve very different aims. They are often sent in sequence – the concept paper first, followed by the research proposal. The need for a research proposal arises when the concept paper has achieved its mark – when, for example, more information is required for a funding decision to be reached, or due diligence is to be performed, as a result of your concept paper gaining preliminary acceptance. Following up with a research proposal fills in the gaps and will aid in answering questions arising from the concept paper.

Read previous (second) in series: Writing a successful Research Proposal

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DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PROPOSAL, RESEACH & REPORT

Each and every year, thousands of students graduate from different colleges and universities, but before they graduate they had to present their graduation projects, so Good Proposal writing, submitting and presenting has always been the concern for many students in academic arena, especially for final year students, because students can't graduate without submitting their graduation project. However, this paper highlights very briefly what a proposal is all about, meaning and definition, steps to following when writing proposal, what is a research, characteristics of research, difference between research and proposal, different between research and report, the steps to follow when writing report as well as proposal, finally the paper presents practical guide for writing project proposal.

Related Papers

Betsy Gilliland , Priscila Leal

moawia A alshiek

After more than a decade of teaching the course of research skills, I believe that the need for reference works on proposal writing for students and researchers is an essential handout. Not only to acquire the ability to write successful researched proposals but also to share my experience with them. The purpose of this review is to screen research skills literature to identify how and why proposals are written. Ultimately, to provide a document that guides students and researchers to write an effective proposal for their research projects. I found following accredited proposal guidelines will help to produce an effective successful document. However, there is no one single format but general template. Every institution, journal or funding agency has its own format. But all have this sequence: introduction, objectives, methodology, workplan, budget, references and annexes. 1) Background: There is no single formula for a strong effective proposal. There are a number of precepts that are consistently found in successful proposals. The sooner one learns them, the better. (1) When a social scientist desires to conduct an experiment, he first develops a proposal. The proposal introduces the problem, the significance of a study as well as the experimenter's research question and hypothesis. It also gives a brief explanation of the theory guiding the study, a review of relevant literature pertaining to the theory, and the procedure for the experiment. (2) The goal of a research proposal is to present and justify the need to study a research problem. As well as, to show design elements and procedures for conducting the research. It goes without saying the proposal must provide persuasive evidence that a need exists for the proposed study. (3)

IJSRP Journal

A Research Design is the arrangement of conditions for collection and analysis of data in a manner that aims to combine relevance to the research purpose with economy procedure. Research Design is needed because it facilitates the smooth sailing of the various research operations. Tools for data collection method, to give the result and testing hypothesis, my paper deals with the steps involve in Research Design, Need of Research Design, and Characteristic of Research Design, Features of Research Design, and the tools and techniques of data collection method. Report writing is a presentation of facts and findings. After collecting and analyzing the data, the researcher has to accomplish the task drawing Interference followed by report writing. This has do very carefully, otherwise misleading conclusion may be drown and the whole purpose of doing research may be violated. In this paper I had clearly sketch the outline of report writing from title to end page and also our sample of title page.

Radina Mohamad Deli

Given the importance of writing skills for communicating messages in the field of engineering, and the seemingly perpetual conflict between novice engineers " poor ability to write and the quality expected by employers, it is worthwhile to investigate student engineers " writing ability or experiences prior to their employment. This study thus aims to investigate English as a Second Language (ESL) students " writing in engineering studies. The objectives of the study are to (1) identify the genres of writing by ESL undergraduates in engineering studies, and (2) analyse students " laboratory reports for " moves " typically identified in the genre. Students " written scripts were collected from various engineering courses within the mechanical, electrical, and electronic engineering programmes of a Malaysian public university, and identified by genre based on their structure and content. The preliminary finding suggests that the majority of the writings are laboratory and technical reports. Based on a " move " analysis outlined for student laboratory reports in science and engineering (Parkinson, 2017) a total of 14 laboratory reports was analysed and 5 macro-sections were identified namely introduction, method, result, discussion, and conclusion. This differs from the 6 macro-sections found for engineering in Parkinson (2017) study. Although the number of moves identified was essentially similar, some steps were unavailable in the laboratory reports within these macro-sections. It is believed that findings from this genre-based study can have pedagogical importance in that it may help to enhance the writings of ESL students in engineering studies to reach a standard that may be more aligned to the accepted norms of laboratory report writing. Contribution/ Originality: This study contributes in the existing literature by detailing common " moves " found in ESL student writing of laboratory reports in the engineering field. Most analyses of moves for similar written genres in the engineering discipline have focused on the writings of native speakers of English.

TRISNA AMELIA

Biology Seminar is a course in Biology Education Study Program of FKIP UMRAH that requires students to have the ability to apply scientific attitudes, perform scientific writing and undertake scientific publications on a small scale. One of the learning strategies that can drive the achievement of learning outcomes in this course is Research-Based Learning. Research-Based Learning principles are considered in accordance with learning outcomes in Biology Seminar courses and generally in accordance with the purpose of higher education. On this basis, this article which is derived from a qualitative research aims at describing Research-based Learning on Biology Seminar course. Based on the research, it was known that Research-Based Learning on Biology Seminar courses is applied through: designing learning activities around contemporary research issues; teaching research methods, techniques and skills explicitly within program; drawing on personal research in designing and teaching courses; building small-scale research activities into undergraduate assignment; and infusing teaching with the values of researchers.

Mîna Florina

Ali Algaddafi

39th Southwest Educational Research Association (SERA), New Orleans

Genç Osman Ilhan

Comics reflect a story with pictures, speech bubbles and movement figures. They are the choice of entertainment for both the adults and children, a means of communication for the authors, and the medium to improve the activity of learning for educators. They are used in literacy (Rapp, 2012), mathematics (Brozo, 2013), language (Cary, 2004), health education (Branscum & Sharma, 2009), and primary education (Rota & Izquierdo, 2003). Comics has been found advantageous and their positive effects in education have been outlined. Comics have been encouraged to be used in education as they reflect the features of the era in an authentic way, provide an enjoyable way of learning to the students, contribute to students’ vocabulary, improve students’ creativity, and provide enhancing and permanent ethical teachings (Carr, 1958). The start of comics use in education started almost three years after the release of comic books in 1935 (Sons, 1944). However, the remind of the popularity of this type of genre which lost its popularity in 1950s in education was after 2000s although it was used as a reading material in 1990s (Pelton, Pelton & Moore, 2007). Unfortunately, it is difficult to find an empirical process of analysis about teaching with comics that could often be found in health education (Cary, 2004). Teaching with comic books have occurred in the fields of reading (Rapp, 2012) and language education (Cary, 2004) with the use of comic books as an ordinary book. The history-reflective and informative features of comic books have been neglected this way and the benefits of comic books in education have been decreased. In addition, the use of comic books in teacher education has been investigated; however, this investigation was only limited to mathematics teaching (Herbst, Chazan, Chen, Chieu & Weiss, 2011). Moreover, comics generator applications have been designed and it has been made easier to create comics of one’s own. This way, it has become much easier for teachers to generate their own comics and use a material much more beneficial than the other visuals. Comics have been found more advantageous over other visuals, as they involve visual, communicative and movemental components (Morrison, Bryan & Chilcoat, 2002). Regarding the progress of comics in technology and its advantages, it would not be mistaken that comics might be used intensively in education in the upcoming years. However, a review study of comics use in education has not been found. Thus, this study is thought to be a guide for the instructors and academicians as it aims to analyze the studies about comic books in education as a review study. This way, the direction of comics use in the history of education could be outlined and suggestions could be made for the future users and researchers of comics use in education. This study was designed as a review study and it was started with the scan of studies about the use of comics in education from past to today by using the educational databases. Although many studies were found about comics, only articles as a publication type under the topic of comics use in education were the target of this study. Review studies are regarded significant for the advance of knowledge about an issue (Webster & Watson, 2002). Review studies analyze and group studies made in an area or about a subject, and reach some suggestions or insights about the issue under the light of reached information (Kay, 2012). While constructing and operating this study, the features of the articles were identified and they were grouped. The grouped articles will be analyzed according to their subject areas, databases, methodologies, results and effects.

Stella Atter

Arulsamy Savarimuthu

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Announcing the NeurIPS 2024 Call for Tutorials

Communications Chairs 2024 2024 Conference

• Deadline: Jun 14, 2024 AOE
• Final Decisions: Aug 02, 2024

We welcome proposals for in-person tutorials on either core machine learning topics or topics of emerging importance for machine learning, broadly construed. We will consider any topic, so long as the proposal makes a strong argument that the tutorial is important for the NeurIPS community. Tutorials should be of interest to a substantial portion of the community and should represent a sufficiently mature area of research or practice. Tutorials are expected to be accessible to PhD candidates working in other areas of the NeurIPS community, i.e. some part of the tutorial may need to be spent on covering necessary background material.

A NeurIPS tutorial should not focus on the results or tools of the presenters or their organizations, and should be more reflective of the research within the wider community in that field. A tutorial should provide a balanced overview of an area of research. It should also provide a balance between known results and open problems.

We discourage tutorial topics that overlap heavily with tutorials presented at  NeurIPS ,  ICML  or highly related conferences in the past two years. We also aim to select tutorial presenters who have not presented a tutorial at NeurIPS or ICML in the past five years.

This year  we will require a minimum of two presenters and an optional panel discussion. We also encourage submitters to think about how their tutorial could be useful to the community after the meeting, for example providing links to code, slides and exercises or audio-only presentations. We will send out audio recordings to tutorial presenters after the conference and presenters will be free to modify the recordings or send out additional information for conversion into a podcast format (depending on topic).

We will also set up informal practice groups between presenters before the main conference.

Requirements:

Each accepted tutorial will be 2h30m (150 minutes) long. 

Tutorials will take place entirely in-person on a single day and avoid overlap with the rest of the program. All participants are required to participate live (for Q&A and the panel).

Each tutorial  may  include a discussion panel to broaden the discussion on the topic. The panel should include additional researchers from the field, and a moderator.  If a panel is planned, it should be taking place in the last 30 minutes of the tutorial. 

Summary of Requirements:

Main Tutorial:

• Min 2 speakers
• Max 3 speakers
• Should have at least 2 hours for presentation (including 10 minutes for technical Q&A and clarifying questions)

Optional  Panel/Debate:

• 20-30 minutes at the end of the tutorial.
• Max 6 participants (including the moderator) for the panel.
• The panel should represent diverse perspectives. While the exact structure of the panel is up to you, we encourage a (civil/professional) debate format representing different perspectives in the community.

Requirements for Proposal Document:

Tutorial proposals should be no more than five pages in 12-point font submitted in PDF format. Each proposal should be clearly structured to provide the following information:

• Abstract (up to 250 words)
• Description and outline: What material will the tutorial cover and in what depth? Please provide a detailed outline.
• Goals: What are the objectives of the tutorial? What is the benefit to attendees? What are the expected learning outcomes (in terms of knowledge, skills and understanding)? 
• Why is this tutorial important to include at this NeurIPS in particular?  How will you engage a broad audience? How will the panelists (if applicable) complement your presentation?
• Previous tutorials: What are the related or similar tutorials presented in the past 3 years at NeurIPS or at another venue? Please list the dates and venues, and describe the similarities and differences between the previous tutorials and proposed tutorial. If available, please include URLs for slides and video recordings.
• If applicable, hands-on coding demonstrations and resource websites associated with the proposal are highly valued. For example, can attendees refer to notebooks that would help them reproduce some of the demonstrations presented in your tutorial?
• Presenters (min 2, max 3): Who are the presenters? Please provide names, affiliations, email addresses, and short bios for each presenter. Bios should cover the presenters’ expertise related to the topic of the tutorial. Please describe how the time will be divided between the presenters. All presenters listed in the proposal are expected to attend.
• Optional Panel: Who are the additional panelists? Please provide names, affiliations, email addresses and short bios (in relation to the tutorial’s topic). Please highlight who will moderate the discussion.
• Post-meeting materials: How will this tutorial be useful to attendees after the meeting, e.g. will you provide links to code, slides, exercises? Will this tutorial be suitable for presenting or edited into an audio-only format?
• Diversity: please specify how the speakers and optional panelists represent the diversity in our community, considering aspects such as (non-exhaustive) gender, race, geographical location, institution, seniority, background, specialty. For debate format panels, we ask organizers to try their best to maintain balanced representation along these aspects for differing perspectives. 
• Links to video recordings of the presenters’ previous talks (optional but  strongly recommended )
• A list of the most important references that will be covered.

Proposal strengths:

• Importance, relevance and timeliness of the topic to the NeurIPS community
• A diverse set of speakers. We encourage speakers from different institutions with a variety of perspectives to reduce knowledge bias.
• Speakers should be experienced in the topic proposed, as demonstrated by publications and talks.
• Quality of the presentation; clear delivery of the content. 

Please see the retrospective blog on the tutorial submissions from  last year , and make an effort to embrace the positive features of accepted tutorials, and avoid the pitfalls outlined there. The best way to maximize the chances of your tutorial submission being accepted is to  carefully follow instructions , and make a  polished and organized submission . Are you missing parts of your submission? Is it over length? Does your proposal bring diverse perspectives? Did you research whether a closely related topic has recently been presented at NeurIPS or ICML? Are you submitting on time? Are your panellists confirmed at the time of submission? A carefully planned and crafted submission signals that care and organization will go into the presentation itself.

• Can the moderator be one of the speakers? Yes, the moderator can be either in addition to the speakers and panellists, or be one of the speakers. We request that moderators prepare a list of discussion topics and questions if the audience is not very active.
• Are panellists included in the “tutorial speakers who have not presented a tutorial in the past five years?” No, this point only refers to the tutorial presenters.
• Can I submit multiple proposals? No, each researcher can submit at most one proposal to be a Speaker. 
• Can researchers be present at multiple panels? No, each researcher can be a part of maximum one panel.
• Can a researcher be a Speaker at one tutorial and panellist at another? While proposals will not be disqualified for this, we will encourage researchers to select one opportunity at most.

Submit your proposal in this  form .

For other questions, please  contact us .

Tutorial Chairs, NeurIPS 2024, Andrew M. Dai, Gal Chechik, Irene Y Chen

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Finding Similarities Between Research Papers and Project Proposals

In today’s research-driven world, academic institutions are under increasing pressure to produce quality work that is both original and innovative. While the end goal of most university projects may differ, there exists an important commonality between two types of documents in particular: research papers and project proposals. In this article, we will explore the similarities between these two written artifacts from a professor’s level point of view. We will analyze their shared elements with regards to content structure, style considerations and required data analysis methods so as to develop a greater appreciation for the role each document plays in achieving specific outcomes within academia. Ultimately, it is hoped that this study provides useful insights into how different forms of writing can be leveraged for scholarly success.

I. Introduction to Comparing Research Papers and Project Proposals

Ii. common components of research papers and project proposals.

• III. Understanding the Difference between Academic Writing and Business Writing

IV. The Role of the Researcher in Developing a Comprehensive Argument for Each Paper/Proposal

V. considerations when framing hypotheses or questions in both types of documents, vi. exploring differences between audiences targeted by research papers versus project proposals, vii conclusion: identifying similarities while recognizing distinctives.

Project proposals and research papers have some essential similarities that should not be overlooked. Both are written documents which require a structured layout of ideas, arguments and evidence to support the overall purpose.

• Research In both instances, extensive research is necessary in order to understand the subject matter being discussed as well as provide accurate information on what has already been achieved with this topic by other people.
• Evidence-Backed Arguments To make an argument compelling enough for it’s audience (whether readers or reviewers) , any assertion must be backed up by relevant sources from reliable authors; anecdotal evidence alone is insufficient.

In addition, there are nuances between project proposal and academic paper writing that set them apart. The primary difference lies in their intended audiences; while one targets peers within the same discipline who will assess its quality based upon established criteria within that particular field, the other seeks to convince stakeholders such as prospective funders or governmental bodies. Moreover, since funding may depend upon how convincing your project proposal is perceived relative to others competing for similar resources – clarity of communication takes precedence over technical accuracy when drafting proposals

Research papers and project proposals are two distinct documents that may look similar, but the difference between them is quite noticeable. Despite their differences, there are some similarities in their function and purpose.

• Purpose: The ultimate aim of both research papers and project proposals is to showcase knowledge on a particular topic or subject matter. Both seek to provide sufficient evidence to support an argumentative stance taken by the writer.

Both types of writing also require a clear understanding of the subject at hand as well as being able to effectively communicate thoughts regarding it through proper grammar usage, adequate structure organization, etc. When structuring each type of document its important for one’s audience in mind so they can comprehend with ease. Furthermore when working on either paper or proposal efficient time management skills play key role due while keeping track what has been completed thus far and making sure all information relevant is included prior deadline date comes along.

Research papers and project proposals share a number of common elements. To ensure successful execution, it is important to understand the fundamental similarities between these two types of projects.

• Identifying a Problem: Both research papers and project proposals begin with an analysis of the problem at hand, exploring its context and implications. This section provides readers with insight into why this particular issue has been chosen for investigation.
• Analyzing Solutions: When delving deeper into either type of writing piece, one will find that each contains multiple solutions or approaches to solving the identified problem. The difference lies in how those resolutions are presented; a proposal suggests an immediate solution while a paper explores all viable options before presenting recommendations.

The researcher plays a critical role in developing an effective argument for both research papers and project proposals. Comprehensive arguments are the backbone of successful submissions, so it is essential that researchers pay close attention to crafting these arguments carefully.

• Researchers should use clear evidence to support their claims.
• Developing counterarguments or discussing potential limitations can help strengthen the paper’s overall argument.
• Cohesive structure and organization are key components of any well-crafted paper – researchers must ensure logical flow between points as they build their case.

Linking proposed outcomes with theory helps demonstrate how those results align with existing literature .

When formulating hypotheses or questions in a research paper or project proposal, there are several considerations to keep in mind. For both types of documents, it is essential that the hypothesis/question be clear and well-defined. A good way to check this is by asking yourself if another person can understand your question without additional explanation. Further, for either document type, consider whether the hypothesis/question you have created leads directly into your research objectives and goals. Additionally, it’s important that all parties involved – from funding bodies to readers and researchers alike – agree on what precisely the overall aim of the work is.

Research papers and project proposals may have different goals, but they also share a commonality in purpose. When examining the differences between these two documents, one can see how each serve their respective aims with distinction.

One of the most notable distinctions between research papers and project proposals is that they are targeted to entirely separate audiences. Research papers are typically read by professors or specialists within an academic field as well as any students enrolled in classes related to the paper’s topic. On the other hand, projects tend to be evaluated by potential funders who might use them for decision-making processes regarding investment opportunities.

As the final section of this paper, it is important to recognize that there are similarities between a research paper and project proposal. Despite their different aims, both types of writing share some commonalities.

• Research Purpose: Both a research paper and project proposal set out to analyze or explore an area within which information needs further clarification. The purpose may be academic in nature for the research paper but also can be applicable toward tangible outcomes proposed by a project.
• Organizational Structure: While their lengths vary greatly, many documents adhere to similar organizational structures including introduction sections outlining objectives followed by literature reviews that discuss other sources related to the topic. Afterward comes data collection and analysis methods before ultimately concluding with recommendations.

Additionally, both types of writing require considerable attention towards details such as grammar as well as properly citing outside resources using style guides like APA or MLA so authors must take care when composing them lest errors arise during peer-reviews or evaluations from potential funders.

English: In conclusion, we can see that there are many similarities between research papers and project proposals. This analysis shows how both types of documents share similar components in terms of content, structure, formatting, and other elements. While some may feel they have distinct purposes for different audiences, this comparison reveals an important overlap which could help streamline the writing process by providing a unified approach to crafting these documents. Therefore, it is essential to understand these points of similarity as one attempts to construct either type of document in order to maximize clarity and efficiency.