compare and contrast critical thinking and moral philosophy

1. Moral Philosophy and its Subject Matter. Hume and Kant operate with two somewhat different conceptions of morality itself, which helps explain some of the differences between their respective approaches to moral philosophy.The most important difference is that Kant sees law, duty, and obligation as the very heart of morality, while Hume does not.

1. Aims and Methods of Moral Philosophy. The most basic aim of moral philosophy, and so also of the Groundwork, is, in Kant's view, to "seek out" the foundational principle of a "metaphysics of morals," which Kant understands as a system of a priori moral principles that apply the CI to human persons in all times and cultures. Kant pursues this project through the first two chapters ...

5.1.1 The Language of Ethics. Ethics is about values, what is right and wrong, or better or worse. Ethics makes claims, or judgments, that establish values. Evaluative claims are referred to as normative, or prescriptive, claims. Normative claims tell us, or affirm, what ought to be the case.

Critical Theory refers to a way of doing philosophy that involves a moral critique of culture. A "critical" theory, in this sense, is a theory that attempts to disprove or discredit a widely held or influential idea or way of thinking in society. Thus, critical race theorists and critical gender theorists offer critiques of traditional ...

Critical Thinking. Critical thinking is a widely accepted educational goal. Its definition is contested, but the competing definitions can be understood as differing conceptions of the same basic concept: careful thinking directed to a goal. Conceptions differ with respect to the scope of such thinking, the type of goal, the criteria and norms ...

Etc. On this conception, the ethical encompasses the moral and political because ethical questions are questions about the good life and what we ought to do, whereas moral questions are about what we ought to do to and with one another. It's important to note, though, that this isn't an authoritative way to draw the distinction.

While there are many approaches to ethics in the west, here we will look at three distinct theories. Aristotle's approach is agent-centered in that it focuses on the development of the individual, which in turn, benefits society as a whole. Kant's approach is duty-based, which means that there are certain duties that we have as human beings ...

Happiness consists of acting in accordance with reason. 3. Acting according to reason is the distinguishing feature of all the traditional virtues (Norman 1996). Similar to Plato and Socrates Aristotle places the virtues as central to a well-lived life. The virtues are seen as rational and emotional ethical skills.

This article reflects on Karl Marx's moral thought, and his critical views of (human) rights, Christianity, Kant, and utilitarianism, and what he considers an alternative. The question of ...

2 Critical Thinking, Research, Reading, and Writing. Introduction; ... Moral pluralism argues that there are different moral frameworks that cannot be unified into one. One implication of this is that one culture may have difficulty understanding the values of another culture because they have completely different concepts of what is good, and ...

Ethics and Morality are a controversial study in comparative philosophy. In particular, both has recognized and conceptualized a somewhat different way. Because as a succinct analysis on Ethics ...

Virtue Ethics is an ethical theory that places emphasis on the character of the moral agent. It is distinct from other ethical theories, such as utilitarianism and deontology, because it focuses on the development of the individual's character and understanding of the virtues that make up good character. This theory holds that a good and moral ...

An important aim in education is that students learn to think critically about moral values. In this exploratory multiple case study, we analyze teaching strategies to promote value-loaded critical thinking in philosophical whole-class dialogues. We observed 15 philosophy classroom dialogues, led by five experienced philosophy teachers, and we selected seven dialogues in which moral values ...

Reconstructionism/Critical Theory Social reconstructionism is a philosophy that emphasizes the addressing of social questions and a quest to create a better society and worldwide democracy. Reconstructionist educators focus on a curriculum that highlights social reform as the aim of education. Theodore Brameld

In this sense, moral reasoning is the most practical part of the process. When we reason about morality we build arguments, just like when we reason about anything else. But arguments involving moral propositions have to be constructed in a special way. This is partly to help us avoid the Naturalistic Fallacy. But it is also to help ensure that ...

Moral reasoning is individual or collective practical reasoning about what, morally, one ought to do. Philosophical examination of moral reasoning faces both distinctive puzzles — about how we recognize moral considerations and cope with conflicts among them and about how they move us to act — and distinctive opportunities for gleaning ...

Abstract. Marx, not Weber, best grasps the subjectivism of modern moral theory through his critical reflection on capitalism. Positivism, egoism, and emotivism promote nihilism by undermining confidence in the goods of the world. Utilitarian and Kantian theories foster skepticism by factoring out the subjective from the objective and relegating ...

Abstract. This chapter presents several current models of moral thinking, with a focus on the cognitive processes that support people's moral judgments and justifications. These models are not mutually exclusive; rather, based on recent evidence from psychology and neuroscience, they posit different cognitive processes as the primary source ...

Abstract. This chapter surveys criticisms raised against moral theory from positions such as virtue ethics, particularism, anti-theory, and Wittgensteinian moral philosophy in order to identify the most central and damaging objections. It locates the origin of theory critique in two classic papers by Iris Murdoch and Elizabeth Anscombe and ...

This is why moral philosophy and ethics are often taken to be the same pursuit, and why someone like Williams was motivated to disambiguate ethics from morality (since to do so would be to retrieve ethics as a distinct mode of philosophical inquiry with an object different from that moral philosophy).

The meteoric rise of artificial intelligence (AI) in recent decades has raised the philosophical question of the nature of AI. Footnote 1 It is a significant question because we need to understand the nature of AI before we evaluate the moral, legal, political, educational, intellectual, economic, aesthetic and other formidable challenges it presents us with.

Philosophy Introduction to Logic and Critical Thinking 2e (van Cleave) 1: Reconstructing and Analyzing Arguments 1.8: Deductive vs. Inductive Arguments ... In contrast, an inductive argument is an argument whose conclusion is supposed to follow from its premises with a high level of probability, which means that although it is possible that the ...

A valuable way of thinking about issues of transparency in qualitative research is to ensure methodological consistency and coherence. Once a methodological approach is selected, a consistent approach needs to be adopted, as specific approaches have distinct features on a number of levels, including the type of questions raised, data collection ...

Comparative philosophy originated from bringing together philosophical traditions that are perceived to have developed in relative isolation from one another and that are defined quite broadly along cultural and regional lines - Chinese versus Western, for example. For this reason, several main issues about the commensurability of ...

Critical thinking is a widely accepted educational goal. Its definition is contested, but the competing definitions can be understood as differing conceptions of the same basic concept: careful thinking directed to a goal. Conceptions differ with respect to the scope of such thinking, the type of goal, the criteria and norms for thinking ...