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Coexistence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) genes among clinical Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates in Egypt
Data about the prevalence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production in P . aeruginosa compared to the Enterobacteriaceae family is limited. The availabi...
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Genome analyses of colistin-resistant high-risk bla NDM-5 producing Klebsiella pneumoniae ST147 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ST235 and ST357 in clinical settings
Colistin is a last-resort antibiotic used in extreme cases of multi-drug resistant (MDR) Gram-negative bacterial infections. Colistin resistance has increased in recent years and often goes undetected due to t...
Vitamin D and vitamin K1 as novel inhibitors of biofilm in Gram-negative bacteria
The persistent surge in antimicrobial resistance represents a global disaster. The initial attachment and maturation of microbial biofilms are intimately related to antimicrobial resistance, which in turn exac...
Comparison of the sputum microbiome between patients with stable nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease and patients requiring treatment
We evaluated whether the sputum bacterial microbiome differs between nontuberculous mycobacteria pulmonary disease (NTM-PD) patients with stable disease not requiring antibiotic treatment and those requiring a...
Analysis of the intestinal microbiota and profiles of blood amino acids and acylcarnitines in neonates with hyperbilirubinemia
This study aimed to discuss the distinctive features of the intestinal microbiota in neonates with hyperbilirubinemia and to comprehensively analyse the composition of the intestinal microbiota as well as the ...
Oral microbiota transplantation for intra-oral halitosis: a feasibility analysis based on an oral microbiota colonization trial in Wistar rats
Intra-oral halitosis (IOH) is bad breath produced locally by the mouth in addition to systemic diseases and is one of the main causes of interpersonal communication and psychological disorders in modern societ...
Characterization of the gut microbiota in polycystic ovary syndrome with dyslipidemia
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrinopathy in childbearing-age females which can cause many complications, such as diabetes, obesity, and dyslipidemia. The metabolic disorders in patients with PCOS ...
Performance comparison of BD Phoenix CPO detect panel with Cepheid Xpert Carba-R assay for the detection of carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates
We aimed to compare the performance of carbapenemase classification in carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) obtained using the BD Phoenix CPO Detect panel (CPO panel) and Cepheid Xpert Carba-R assays...
A novel family of defensin-like peptides from Hermetia illucens with antibacterial properties
The world faces a major infectious disease challenge. Interest in the discovery, design, or development of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) as an alternative approach for the treatment of bacterial infections has...
Bullet-related bacterial wound infections among injured personnel at emergency site hospitals in Bahir Dar: prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility and associated factors
Bullet-related bacterial wound infection can be caused by high-velocity bullets and shrapnel injuries. In Ethiopia, significant injuries were reported that may cause severe wound infections, persistent systemi...
Osmolyte-producing microbial biostimulants regulate the growth of Arachis hypogaea L. under drought stress
Globally, drought stress poses a significant threat to crop productivity. Improving the drought tolerance of crops with microbial biostimulants is a sustainable strategy to meet a growing population’s demands....
Evaluation of fortimicin antibiotic combinations against MDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa and resistome analysis of a whole genome sequenced pan-drug resistant isolate
Multidrug-resistant (MDR) P. aeruginosa is a rising public health concern, challenging the treatment of such a ubiquitous pathogen with monotherapeutic anti-pseudomonal agents. Worryingly, its genome plasticit...
The predominant lactic acid bacteria and yeasts involved in the spontaneous fermentation of millet during the production of the traditional porridge Hausa koko in Ghana
Spontaneous fermentation of cereals like millet involves a diverse population of microbes from various sources, including raw materials, processing equipment, fermenting receptacles, and the environment. Here,...
A culture-independent approach, supervised machine learning, and the characterization of the microbial community composition of coastal areas across the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea
Coastal areas are subject to various anthropogenic and natural influences. In this study, we investigated and compared the characteristics of two coastal regions, Andhra Pradesh (AP) and Goa (GA), focusing on ...
Interactions between host and gut microbiota in gestational diabetes mellitus and their impacts on offspring
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is characterized by insulin resistance and low-grade inflammation, and most studies have demonstrated gut dysbiosis in GDM pregnancies. Overall, they were manifested as a re...
The effect of fecal microbiota transplantation on antibiotic-associated diarrhea and its impact on gut microbiota
Antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD) refers to symptoms of diarrhea that cannot be explained by other causes after the use of antibiotics. AAD is thought to be caused by a disruption of intestinal ecology due ...
Exploring the diversity and evolutionary strategies of prophages in Hyphomicrobiales, comparing animal-associated with non-animal-associated bacteria
The Hyphomicrobiales bacterial order (previously Rhizobiales) exhibits a wide range of lifestyle characteristics, including free-living, plant-association, nitrogen-fixing, and association with animals ( Bartonell...
Antibiotic-induced microbiome depletion promotes intestinal colonization by Campylobacter jejuni in mice
To establish a method to induce Campylobacter jejuni colonization in the intestines of C57BL/6 mice through antibiotic-induced microbiome depletion.
Response mechanisms of different Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains to succinic acid
The production of succinic acid (SA) from biomass has attracted worldwide interest. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is preferred for SA production due to its strong tolerance to low pH conditions, ease of genetic manipu...
Genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships of Clostridium perfringens strains isolated from mastitis and enteritis in Egyptian dairy farms
Clostridium perfringens , a common environmental bacterium, is responsible for a variety of serious illnesses including food poisoning, digestive disorders, and soft tissue infections. Mastitis in lactating cattle...
Genetic recombination-mediated evolutionary interactions between phages of potential industrial importance and prophages of their hosts within or across the domains of Escherichia, Listeria , Salmonella, Campylobacter , and Staphylococcus
The in-depth understanding of the role of lateral genetic transfer (LGT) in phage-prophage interactions is essential to rationalizing phage applications for human and animal therapy, as well as for food and en...
Antimicrobial and anti-biofilm properties of oleuropein against Escherichia coli and fluconazole-resistant isolates of Candida albicans and Candida glabrata
Side effects associated with antimicrobial drugs, as well as their high cost, have prompted a search for low-cost herbal medicinal substances with fewer side effects. These substances can be used as supplement...
Differences in archaeal diversity and potential ecological functions between saline and hypersaline lakes on Qinghai-Tibet Plateau were driven by multiple environmental and non-environmental factors beyond the salinity
Saline lakes are home to various archaea that play special and crucial roles in the global biogeochemical cycle. The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau hosts a large number of lakes with diverse salinity ranging from 0.1 t...
Prevalence and molecular characterization of colistin resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates: insights from a study in Ardabil hospitals
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a common cause of nosocomial infections. However, the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains has complicated the treatment of P. aeruginosa infections. While polymyxins have been the m...
Metabolomics reveals high fructose-1,6-bisphosphate from fluoride-resistant Streptococcus mutans
Fluoride-resistant Streptococcus mutans ( S. mutans ) strains have developed due to the wide use of fluoride in dental caries prevention. However, the metabolomics of fluoride-resistant S. mutans remains unclear.
Human nasal microbiota shifts in healthy and chronic respiratory disease conditions
An increasing number of studies investigate various human microbiotas and their roles in the development of diseases, maintenance of health states, and balanced signaling towards the brain. Current data demons...
Seasonal meropenem resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii and influence of temperature-driven adaptation
Recognition of seasonal trends in bacterial infection and drug resistance rates may enhance diagnosis, direct therapeutic strategies, and inform preventive measures. Limited data exist on the seasonal variabil...
Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of urinary tract infections causing bacterial isolates and associated risk factors among HIV patients in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia
Urinary tract infections, a prevalent global infectious disease, are clinical issues not well studied in HIV-positive individuals. UTIs have become a global drug resistance issue, but the prevalence and antibi...
Connection of pre-competition anxiety with gut microbiota and metabolites in wrestlers with varying sports performances based on brain-gut axis theory
The purpose of this study is to investigate the connection of pre-competition anxiety with gut microbiota and metabolites in wrestlers with different sports performances.
High-resolution genomics identifies pneumococcal diversity and persistence of vaccine types in children with community-acquired pneumonia in the UK and Ireland
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a global cause of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and invasive disease in children. The CAP-IT trial (grant No. 13/88/11;
Epidemiological and Genomic analysis of Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated from imported travelers at the port of Shanghai, China (2017-2019)
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is the predominant etiological agent of seafood-associated foodborne illnesses on a global scale. It is essential to elucidate the mechanisms by which this pathogen disseminates. Given the...
Detection of bla KPC gene among carbapenemase producing Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from different clinical specimens at tertiary care hospital of Nepal
Klebsiella pneumoniae infections have become a major cause of hospital acquired infection worldwide with the increased rate of acquisition of resistance to antibiotics. Carbapenem resistance mainly among Gram ne...
Survival of highly related ESBL- and pAmpC- producing Escherichia coli in broiler farms identified before and after cleaning and disinfection using cgMLST
Broiler chickens are frequently colonized with Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase- (ESBL-) and plasmid mediated AmpC Beta-Lactamase- (pAmpC-) producing Enterobacterales, and we are confronted with the potential ...
Genomic characterization and probiotic potential assessment of an exopolysaccharide-producing strain Pediococcus pentosaceus LL-07 isolated from fermented meat
The genomic information available for Pediococcus pentosaceus is primarily derived from fermented fruits and vegetables, with less information available from fermented meat. P. pentosaceus LL-07, a strain isolate...
Gut bacterial and fungal dysbiosis in tuberculosis patients
Recent studies have more focused on gut microbial alteration in tuberculosis (TB) patients. However, no detailed study on gut fungi modification has been reported till now. So, current research explores the ch...
Production of kojic acid by Aspergillus flavus OL314748 using box-Behnken statistical design and its antibacterial and anticancer applications using molecular docking technique
Kojic acid is a wonderful fungal secondary metabolite that has several applications in the food, medical, and agriculture sectors. Many human diseases become resistant to normal antibiotics and normal treatmen...
Microbiome signatures associated with clinical stages of gastric Cancer: whole metagenome shotgun sequencing study
Gastric cancer is one of the global health concerns. A series of studies on the stomach have confirmed the role of the microbiome in shaping gastrointestinal diseases. Delineation of microbiome signatures to d...
The characteristics of microbiome in the upper respiratory tract of COVID-19 patients
Co-infection with other pathogens in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients exacerbates disease severity and impacts patient prognosis. Clarifying the exact pathogens co-infected with severe acute respir...
Occurrence, antibiotic resistance profiles and associated risk factors of Klebsiella pneumoniae in poultry farms in selected districts of Somalia Reginal State, Ethiopia
Klebsiella pneumoniae is an opportunistic infection that causes production losses and death in the chicken industry. A cross-sectional study was conducted on exotic chicken breeds reared at the Jigjiga poultry fa...
High prevalence of multidrug-resistant Enterobacterales carrying extended-spectrum beta-lactamase and AmpC genes isolated from neonatal sepsis in Ahvaz, Iran
In the recent years, multidrug resistant (MDR) neonatal septicemia-causing Enterobacterales has been dramatically increased due to the extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) and AmpC enzymes. This study aimed ...
Phenotypic and molecular characterization of β-lactamase-producing Klebsiella species among children discharged from hospital in Western Kenya
The emergence and spread of β-lactamase-producing Klebsiella spp. has been associated with a substantial healthcare burden resulting in therapeutic failures. We sought to describe the proportion of phenotypic res...
Exertional heat stroke-induced changes in gut microbiota cause cognitive impairment in mice
The incidence of exertional heat stroke (EHS) escalates during periods of elevated temperatures, potentially leading to persistent cognitive impairment postrecovery. Currently, effective prophylactic or therap...
Altered microbiome of serum exosomes in patients with acute and chronic cholecystitis
This study aimed to investigate the differences in the microbiota composition of serum exosomes from patients with acute and chronic cholecystitis.
Saliva‑microbiome‑derived signatures: expected to become a potential biomarker for pulmonary nodules (MCEPN-1)
Oral microbiota imbalance is associated with the progression of various lung diseases, including lung cancer. Pulmonary nodules (PNs) are often considered a critical stage for the early detection of lung cance...
The gut microbiota facilitate their host tolerance to extreme temperatures
Exposure to extreme cold or heat temperature is one leading cause of weather-associated mortality and morbidity in animals. Emerging studies demonstrate that the microbiota residing in guts act as an integral ...
Establishment of an in vitro model of monocyte-like THP-1 cells for trained immunity induced by bacillus Calmette-Guérin
Mycobacteria bloodstream infections are common in immunocompromised people and usually have disastrous consequences. As the primary phagocytes in the bloodstream, monocytes and neutrophils play critical roles ...
The distinct cell physiology of Bradyrhizobium at the population and cellular level
The α-Proteobacteria belonging to Bradyrhizobium genus are microorganisms of extreme slow growth. Despite their extended use as inoculants in soybean production, their physiology remains poorly characterized. In ...
Decoding the role of oxidative stress resistance and alternative carbon substrate assimilation in the mature biofilm growth mode of Candida glabrata
Biofilm formation is viewed as a vital mechanism in C. glabrata pathogenesis. Although, it plays a significant role in virulence but transcriptomic architecture and metabolic pathways governing the biofilm growth...
Occurrence, antimicrobial susceptibility, and resistance genes of Staphylococcus aureus in milk and milk products in the Arsi highlands of Ethiopia
In Ethiopia, milk production and handling practices often lack proper hygiene measures, leading to the potential contamination of milk and milk products with Staphylococcus aureus ( S. aureus ), including methicill...
Based on molecular docking and real-time PCR technology, the two-component system Bae SR was investigated on the mechanism of drug resistance in CRAB
This study aimed to explore the role of the two-component system Bae SR in the mechanism of drug resistance in carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii (CRAB) using molecular docking and real-time polymerase chain react...
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Revolutionizing Medical Microbiology: How Molecular and Genomic Approaches Are Changing Diagnostic Techniques
Poyasha a goyal.
1 Microbiology, Datta Meghe Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research (DU), Wardha, IND
Nandkishor J Bankar
2 Microbiology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research (DU), Wardha, IND
Vaishnavi H Mishra
Sonali k borkar.
3 Community Medicine, Datta Meghe Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research (DU), Wardha, IND
Jagadish G Makade
4 Community Medicine, Datta Meghe Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences(DU), Wardha, IND
Molecular and genomic approaches have revolutionized medical microbiology by offering faster and more accurate diagnostic techniques for infectious diseases. Traditional methods, which include culturing microbes and biochemical testing, are time-consuming and may not detect antibiotic-resistant strains. In contrast, molecular and genomic methods, including polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based techniques and whole-genome sequencing, provide rapid and precise detection of pathogens, early-stage diseases, and antibiotic-resistant strains. These approaches have advantages such as high sensitivity and specificity, the potential for targeted therapies, and personalized medicine. However, implementing molecular and genomic techniques faces challenges related to cost, equipment, expertise, and data analysis. Ethical and legal considerations regarding patient privacy and genetic data usage also arise. Nonetheless, the future of medical microbiology lies in the widespread adoption of molecular and genomic approaches, which can lead to improved patient outcomes and the identification of antibiotic-resistant strains. Continued advancements, education, and exploration of ethical implications are necessary to fully harness the potential of molecular and genomic techniques in medical microbiology.
Introduction and background
The healthcare system depends heavily on the science of diagnostics because it serves as the basis for medical judgment. Diagnostic tests provide crucial data that inform personalized cancer treatments, assist in choosing the best antibiotics to treat infections, and offer insightful information on every aspect of healthcare, including disease management, prevention, detection, diagnosis, and treatment [ 1 ]. Clinical chemistry, immunology, hematology, microbiology, and molecular diagnostics are some of the primary diagnostic categories. Among these, molecular diagnostics has attracted a lot of attention recently because of its capacity to offer comprehensive insights into diagnosis as well as therapy modalities. This field has experienced significant changes, revolutionizing healthcare by deeply understanding various illness states [ 2 ]. Advanced technologies are used in molecular diagnostics to find and examine genetic and molecular changes linked to diseases. To better understand and treat a variety of medical diseases, molecular diagnostics has created new pathways for study and treatment by analyzing people's genetic makeup [ 3 ]. Specific diseases and disorders have been addressed for in-depth examination and therapy in the field of molecular diagnostics. This method has made it possible to create precise and personalized therapies based on a person's genetic profile, increasing the effectiveness and results of treatments. Particularly helpful applications of molecular diagnostics include oncology, infectious diseases, genetic abnormalities, and personalized treatment [ 4 ]. Two novel therapeutic modalities, pharmacogenomics, and nutrigenomics, have also been made possible by the science of molecular diagnostics. Pharmacogenomics entails examining a person's genetic variants to ascertain how they will react to specific pharmaceuticals, optimizing treatment regimens, and reducing negative drug reactions. Nutrigenomics, on the other hand, investigates how a person's genes and diet interact, enabling tailored nutritional recommendations that can have an impact on disease management techniques [ 5 , 6 ]. Diagnostics and healthcare have undergone a paradigm shift due to molecular diagnostics. Utilizing cutting-edge technologies and expanding our knowledge of genetic and molecular variables has changed medical research, diagnosis, and treatment methods. The potential of molecular diagnostics in creating tailored and successful disease treatment strategies is further highlighted by the development of nutrigenomics and pharmacogenomics [ 7 , 8 ]. The objective of this review is to explore molecular and genomic techniques' potential for improving medical microbiology.
Search strategy
We used the PubMed and Scopus advanced search strategy to obtain articles from PubMed and Scopus employing the following terms: (“molecular diagnostic techniques” OR “genomic diagnostic techniques” OR “traditional diagnostic techniques" or "molecular and genomic approaches” OR “traditional diagnostic techniques” OR “molecular and genomic approaches” OR “advantages of molecular and genomic approaches in medical microbiology” OR “strengths molecular and genomic approaches” OR “limitations molecular and genomic approaches”). We obtained the most pertinent research papers and used them in different arrangements using the Boolean operators “AND” and “OR.”
Search outcomes
After conducting the initial search, we identified a total of 965 articles across the searched databases. We then excluded duplicates (n=400) and conducted an initial screening of titles and abstracts, which excluded a further 565 articles. After the full-text screening of the remaining 360 articles, we excluded 149 articles for not meeting the inclusion criteria; the full free text was not available and was not written in English, leaving a total of 56 articles for the final review (Figure (Figure1 1 ).
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Object name is cureus-0015-00000047106-i01.jpg](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10646819/bin/cureus-0015-00000047106-i01.jpg)
PRISMA: Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses; n: number of studies
The timeline illustrates key milestones in the field of molecular diagnostics. Pauling's term "molecular disease" in 1949 linked genetics to sickle cell anemia. The 1980s saw prenatal tests using deoxyribonucleic acid-cutting enzymes. Companies like Molecular Diagnostics Inc. emerged, followed by gene discoveries and sequencing techniques in the 1990s. The Association for Molecular Pathology (AMP) was formed in 1995; the European Union (EU) allowed gene patents in 1998; and journals like The Journal of Medical Diagnostics started. Legal battles over gene patents occurred, including the 2013 United States Supreme Court ruling against patenting natural gene sequences. The history of molecular and genomic technique advancements is mentioned in Table Table1 1 .
DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid; AMP: Association for Molecular Pathology; BRCA1: BReast CAncer gene 1; BRCA2: BReast CAncer gene 2; RNA: ribonucleic acid; CRISPR: clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats
Traditional diagnostic techniques versus molecular and genomic approaches
Traditional diagnostic techniques for infectious diseases include culturing microbes on agar plates, biochemical testing, and microscopic examination of samples. These methods are slow, often taking days or weeks to yield results, and they may not be able to identify the causative agent of infection [ 12 ]. Additionally, traditional diagnostic techniques may be unable to detect antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria, which can lead to inappropriate treatment and potentially fatal outcomes [ 13 , 14 ]. Traditional methods' primary drawback is how time-consuming they are. To allow for the growth and identification of organisms, an incubation duration of several days or even weeks is necessary when cultivating bacteria on agar plates. This wait for findings can delay the start of therapy, which can be harmful, especially in cases of serious or life-threatening infections [ 15 ].
In contrast, molecular and genomic approaches offer faster and more accurate results and can detect antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria [ 16 ]. These methods entail isolating nucleic acids from a patient's sample, such as blood or tissue, and using molecular and genomic instruments to pinpoint the infection's causal culprit. These techniques include bioinformatics, whole-genome sequencing (WGS), and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) [ 17 ]. The DNA testing was significantly accelerated and made more efficient thanks to next-generation sequencing (NGS), which offered a strong alternative for identifying mutations [ 18 ].
Advantages of molecular and genomic approaches
In comparison to conventional diagnostic methods, molecular and genomic approaches have several advantages (Table (Table2 2 ).
These methods are quicker and more precise. While whole-genome sequencing can offer a thorough examination of all the bacteria present in a sample, PCR-based approaches can pinpoint the infection's primary cause in a matter of hours. Early and more focused treatment of infections is made possible by this speed and accuracy, which can improve patient outcomes [ 19 , 20 ]. Traditional diagnostic methods are less sensitive and specific than molecular and genomic approaches. These techniques can identify microorganisms at low concentrations that conventional techniques can miss [ 21 ]. Furthermore, molecular and genomic techniques can be used to identify particular strains of bacteria, viruses, and fungi, which can be very helpful in infectious disease epidemics [ 22 ].
Antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains can be found using molecular and genomic methods. These strains are spreading more widely, and conventional diagnostic methods might not be able to distinguish them. Antibiotic-resistant genes can be found using molecular and genomic methods, allowing for effective infection therapy [ 23 , 24 ].
Molecular and genomic techniques in the diagnosis of infectious diseases
Molecular and genomic techniques are being used in the diagnosis of a wide range of infectious diseases [ 25 ]. Polymerase chain reaction-based methods are commonly used to diagnose viral infections, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis, and influenza [ 26 ]. These methods can also be used to diagnose bacterial infections, such as tuberculosis, chlamydia, and gonorrhea [ 27 ]. Another method that is rapidly being employed in medical microbiology is whole-genome sequencing. This technique includes sequencing every piece of DNA found in a sample of microorganisms, which can produce a thorough examination of every bacterium present [ 28 ]. When infectious disease outbreaks occur, whole-genome sequencing can be very helpful in locating the outbreak origin and monitoring the disease progress [ 29 ].
Nucleic acid amplification test
The gold standard for amplification procedures in diagnostics is PCR. Since the method's initial publication in 1985 [ 30 ]. In medical microbiology, PCR-based methods are frequently employed to identify bacterial and viral illnesses. These procedures entail amplifying particular DNA sequences from a patient's sample, which can then be found using a variety of techniques, including gel electrophoresis or fluorescence. Gene analysis, the diagnosis of numerous genetic illnesses, and the detection of bacterial, viral, and fungal infections have all greatly benefited from the invention of methods for amplifying DNA segments [ 31 - 34 ]. Polymerase chain reaction-based methods are quick and accurate, and they can find small amounts of bacteria [ 35 ]. The detection of bacterial strains resistant to antibiotics is also possible using PCR-based methods. These strains frequently possess particular genes that confer antibiotic resistance, and PCR-based methods can identify the presence of these genes. This can aid in determining the most effective way to treat infections [ 36 ].
Whole-genome sequencing
A potent technique for the diagnosis of infectious disorders is WGS. This technique entails sequencing every piece of DNA found in a sample of microorganisms, which can produce a thorough examination of every bacterium present. It allows for the high-resolution characterization of bacterial pathogens in terms of traits including pathogenicity, molecular epidemiology, and antibiotic resistance [ 37 ]. When infectious disease outbreaks occur, whole-genome sequencing can be very helpful in locating the outbreak's origin and monitoring the disease's progress [ 38 , 39 ]. The identification of bacterial strains resistant to antibiotics is another application of WGS. This method involves identifying specific genes that confer antibiotic resistance, which can aid in determining the most effective way to treat infections [ 40 ]. The development of next-generation sequencing equipment has decreased the cost of WGS. However, the absence of a WGS beginner's protocol still prevents its acceptance in some contexts [ 37 ].
In bioinformatics and data analysis, molecular and genomic approaches and numerous data sets are produced by molecular and genomic techniques, and these data sets need to be evaluated and understood. Medical microbiology uses molecular and genomic techniques, while bioinformatics is the branch of science that deals with the processing and interpretation of biological data [ 41 , 42 ]. In bioinformatics, biological data are analyzed and interpreted using computational tools and algorithms. The identification of certain genes and proteins, sequence comparison, and biological molecule structure and function predictions are all possible with the use of these technologies. For the processing and interpretation of the enormous volumes of data produced by molecular and genomic techniques, bioinformatics is crucial [ 43 ].
Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry
The 1980s saw the development of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF) by Hillenkamp and Karas, which is essential for analyzing biomolecule masses. It ionizes molecules using a matrix and laser to create distinctive profiles for proteomics, biomolecule analysis, and microbiological identification. Their laser-ionization and time-of-flight detection methods are used in clinical diagnostics, drug development, and quality control because they provide quick, precise molecular insights. It quickly rose to prominence in clinical microbiology, revolutionizing the identification of microorganisms based on mass spectra, "fingerprints," and proteomics, detecting and characterizing proteins [ 44 ]. It evolved, advancing sample processing, instrument design, and data analysis for use in a variety of industries, including environmental analysis, food safety, and drug discovery. Due to its great sensitivity, speed, and versatility, MALDI-TOF has become a cornerstone of mass spectrometry and is essential to modern research across many fields of science [ 45 ].
Next-generation sequencing
The field of genetic research has been completely changed by NGS, also known as massively parallel or deep sequencing. This technology makes it possible to quickly and affordably sequence complete genomes, opening the door for ground-breaking research in a variety of domains. Next-generation sequencing has ushered in a new era of genomics research by making it possible to sequence the human genome in just one day, enabling improvements in personalized medicine, evolutionary biology, microbiology, and other fields. This review examines the foundations, uses, and consequences of NGS, emphasizing its contribution to advancing knowledge and its potential to alter how we perceive the genetic universe [ 46 ]. Next-generation sequencing has revolutionized genomics. After a modest start in 1977 with Sanger sequencing, NGS developed in the 2000s, characterized by 454's pyro-sequencing and Illumina's parallel technology [ 47 ]. Ion Torrent's semiconductor detection, Pac Bio's real-time readings, and Oxford Nanopore's nanopore-based sequencing have all contributed to the advancement of NGS. This revolution affected genetics, medicine, agriculture, and other fields through initiatives like the Human Genome Project. Genomic profiling, cancer detection, infectious disease detection, transcriptome analysis, epigenetic, non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT), pharmacogenomics, diagnosis of rare diseases, microbiome research, and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) typing are a few of the uses of NGS. Next-generation sequencing has issues with data handling yet continues to advance molecular diagnostics and tailored treatment while providing speed, accuracy, and scalability.
Challenges in implementing molecular and genomic approaches
Although molecular and genomic approaches have several benefits over conventional diagnostic methods, there are also several practical obstacles [ 48 ]. Some medical facilities might not have the necessary tools and knowledge that these methods demand. Additionally, these methods might be pricey, which might restrict who can use them [ 49 ]. Numerous data sets are produced by molecular and genomic techniques, and these data sets need to be evaluated and understood. This calls for specific knowledge in data processing and bioinformatics, which might not be available in all medical facilities [ 50 ]. The use of molecular and genomic methods in medical microbiology has ethical and legal implications. Concerns including patient privacy, informed consent, and the ownership and usage of genetic data are among them [ 51 ].
Future of molecular and genomic approaches
Molecular and genomic methods are anticipated to influence the direction of medical microbiology in the future. With these methods, infectious illness diagnoses can be made more quickly and precisely, which can lead to better patient outcomes [ 52 , 53 ]. Additionally, in light of the increasing prevalence of antibiotic resistance, molecular and genomic techniques can be used to discover bacterial strains that are resistant to antibiotics [ 54 ].
Future developments are projected to increase the accessibility and availability of molecular and genomic methods. It will be necessary to do this by creating new technology and educating medical personnel on how to use it [ 55 ]. Additionally, continued investigation into the ethical and legal issues connected to the application of molecular and genomic techniques in medical microbiology will be necessary [ 56 ].
Conclusions
Medical microbiology is undergoing a revolution thanks to molecular and genomic techniques. Infectious disease diagnoses can now be made more quickly and precisely thanks to these methods, which can benefit patient outcomes. Additionally, molecular and genomic techniques can aid in the identification of bacterial strains that are resistant to antibiotics, which is becoming more crucial in light of the rise in antibiotic resistance. Molecular and genomic techniques are likely to be made more broadly available and accessible in the future, notwithstanding the difficulties involved in their implementation. This will necessitate continual study and development as well as instruction in the usage of these methods for medical practitioners. In the end, the application of molecular and genomic methods in medical microbiology can revolutionize how we identify and treat infectious diseases while also enhancing patient outcomes globally.
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Archives of Microbiology
The "Archives of Microbiology" is a peer-reviewed, international journal dedicated to publishing research and reviews in the field of microbiology. The journal aims to provide a platform for scientists, researchers, and scholars to disseminate their findings, exchange ideas, and contribute to the advancement of microbiological knowledge.
- A leading resource for the dissemination of research in microbiology with focus on topics relevant to Sustainable Development Goals
- Focused on speed of submission (first decision in 3 to 5 days),
- With an international, multicultural and diverse Editorial Board.
- Yusuf Akhter
Latest articles
Secreted in xylem ( six ) genes in fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense ( foc ) unravels the potential biomarkers for early detection of fusarium wilt disease.
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Journal updates
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Archives of Microbiology publishes thoughtful mini-reviews across the full spectrum of basic microbiology research. We encourage these in areas of special topical interest, including papers on medical microbiology, ecology and systematics, as well as descriptions of novel taxa.
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Collection 12 March 2023
Top 100 in Microbiology - 2022
This collection highlights our most downloaded* microbiology papers published in 2022. Featuring authors from around the world, these papers showcase valuable research from an international community.
You can also view the top papers across various subject areas here .
*Data obtained from SN Insights, which is based on Digital Science's Dimensions.
![medical microbiology research papers image of closeup of microbes](https://media.springernature.com/w580h326/nature-cms/uploads/collections/A97602_SREP_TOP_100_MICROBIO_HERO_580x326px-76ae2d0877053f1461a572c8e3ed2834-8d38a1a1f155d027dac5aca5916afa0b-f44a1e395c1ec82ce259206aa27f4c22.jpg)
mRNA vaccine-induced antibodies more effective than natural immunity in neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 and its high affinity variants
- Dominic Esposito
![medical microbiology research papers medical microbiology research papers](https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41598-022-13248-4/MediaObjects/41598_2022_13248_Fig1_HTML.png)
Identification of ADS024, a newly characterized strain of Bacillus velezensis with direct Clostridiodes difficile killing and toxin degradation bio-activities
- Michelle M. O’Donnell
- James W. Hegarty
- Laurent Chesnel
![medical microbiology research papers medical microbiology research papers](https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41598-022-18279-5/MediaObjects/41598_2022_18279_Fig1_HTML.png)
Infections with the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant exhibit fourfold increased viral loads in the upper airways compared to Alpha or non-variants of concern
- Christian J. H. von Wintersdorff
- Jozef Dingemans
- Paul H. M. Savelkoul
![medical microbiology research papers medical microbiology research papers](https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41598-022-21430-x/MediaObjects/41598_2022_21430_Fig1_HTML.png)
Lockdown measures during the COVID-19 pandemic strongly impacted the circulation of respiratory pathogens in Southern China
- Heping Wang
- Yuejie Zheng
- Wenjian Wang
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Detection of human pathogenic bacteria in rectal DNA samples from Zalophus californianus in the Gulf of California, Mexico
- Francesco Cicala
- David Ramírez-Delgado
- Alexei F. Licea-Navarro
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High rates of plasmid cotransformation in E. coli overturn the clonality myth and reveal colony development
- Delia Tomoiaga
- Jaclyn Bubnell
- Paul Feinstein
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Antiviral effect of cetylpyridinium chloride in mouthwash on SARS-CoV-2
- Hirofumi Sawa
![medical microbiology research papers medical microbiology research papers](https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41598-022-22626-x/MediaObjects/41598_2022_22626_Fig1_HTML.png)
Genesis of fecal floatation is causally linked to gut microbial colonization in mice
- Syed Mohammed Musheer Aalam
- Daphne Norma Crasta
- Nagarajan Kannan
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Incidence of nephrotoxicity associated with intravenous colistimethate sodium administration for the treatment of multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacterial infections
- Svetlana Sadyrbaeva-Dolgova
- Ricardo García-Fumero
- Carmen Hidalgo-Tenorio
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A derived honey bee stock confers resistance to Varroa destructor and associated viral transmission
- Thomas A. O’Shea-Wheller
- Frank D. Rinkevich
- Kristen B. Healy
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Daily preventive zinc supplementation increases the antibody response against pathogenic Escherichia coli in children with zinc insufficiency: a randomised controlled trial
- Chidchamai Kewcharoenwong
- Myint Myint Sein
- Ganjana Lertmemongkolchai
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Ozone exposure upregulates the expression of host susceptibility protein TMPRSS2 to SARS-CoV-2
- Kshitiz Paudel
- Yogesh Saini
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Immune transcriptome analysis of COVID-19 patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 variants carrying the E484K escape mutation identifies a distinct gene module
- Hye Kyung Lee
- Ludwig Knabl
- Lothar Hennighausen
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PET microplastics affect human gut microbiota communities during simulated gastrointestinal digestion, first evidence of plausible polymer biodegradation during human digestion
- Alba Tamargo
- Natalia Molinero
- M. Victoria Moreno-Arribas
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Efficacy of antimicrobial and anti-viral coated air filters to prevent the spread of airborne pathogens
- Rowan Watson
- Morwenna Oldfield
- Felicity de Cogan
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Construction of SARS-CoV-2 virus-like particles in plant
- Ki-Beom Moon
- Jae-Heung Jeon
- Hyun-Soon Kim
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SARS-CoV-2 RNA in exhaled air of hospitalized COVID-19 patients
- Lisa Kurver
- Corné H. van den Kieboom
- Marien I. de Jonge
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Longitudinal analysis of built environment and aerosol contamination associated with isolated COVID-19 positive individuals
- Patrick F. Horve
- Leslie G. Dietz
- Kevin G. Van Den Wymelenberg
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Real-time tracking of bioluminescent influenza A virus infection in mice
- Hannah Bryant
- Jonathan O. Rayner
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Survival of SARS-CoV-2 and bovine coronavirus on common surfaces of living environments
- Maiko Watanabe
- Takahiro Ohnishi
- Yukiko Hara-Kudo
![medical microbiology research papers medical microbiology research papers](https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41598-022-09231-8/MediaObjects/41598_2022_9231_Fig1_HTML.png)
Alteration of barrier properties, stratum corneum ceramides and microbiome composition in response to lotion application on cosmetic dry skin
- Barry Murphy
- Sally Grimshaw
- Andrew E. Mayes
![medical microbiology research papers medical microbiology research papers](https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41598-022-08003-8/MediaObjects/41598_2022_8003_Fig1_HTML.png)
Evaluation of microbiome enrichment and host DNA depletion in human vaginal samples using Oxford Nanopore’s adaptive sequencing
- Mike Marquet
- Janine Zöllkau
- Christian Brandt
![medical microbiology research papers medical microbiology research papers](https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41598-022-05127-9/MediaObjects/41598_2022_5127_Fig1_HTML.png)
Health improvements of type 2 diabetic patients through diet and diet plus fecal microbiota transplantation
- Zhifan Hong
- Jiayin Wang
![medical microbiology research papers medical microbiology research papers](https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41598-022-05850-3/MediaObjects/41598_2022_5850_Fig1_HTML.png)
Isolation, characterization and comparative genomics of potentially probiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum strains from Indian foods
- Sarvesh Surve
- Dasharath B. Shinde
- Ram Kulkarni
![medical microbiology research papers medical microbiology research papers](https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41598-022-12179-4/MediaObjects/41598_2022_12179_Fig1_HTML.png)
RT-qPCR-based tests for SARS-CoV-2 detection in pooled saliva samples for massive population screening to monitor epidemics
- Michał Różański
- Aurelia Walczak-Drzewiecka
- Jarosław Dastych
![medical microbiology research papers medical microbiology research papers](https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41598-022-07176-6/MediaObjects/41598_2022_7176_Fig1_HTML.png)
Gut microbiota and BMI throughout childhood: the role of firmicutes, bacteroidetes, and short-chain fatty acid producers
- Timothy A. Houtman
- Henrik A. Eckermann
- Carolina de Weerth
![medical microbiology research papers medical microbiology research papers](https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41598-022-18735-2/MediaObjects/41598_2022_18735_Fig1_HTML.png)
Bimodal distribution pattern associated with the PCR cycle threshold ( Ct ) and implications in COVID-19 infections
- Donna E. Hansel
![medical microbiology research papers medical microbiology research papers](https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41598-022-05756-0/MediaObjects/41598_2022_5756_Fig1_HTML.png)
Associations of neurotransmitters and the gut microbiome with emotional distress in mixed type of irritable bowel syndrome
- Zahra A. Barandouzi
- Joochul Lee
- Xiaomei S. Cong
![medical microbiology research papers medical microbiology research papers](https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41598-022-08009-2/MediaObjects/41598_2022_8009_Fig1_HTML.png)
Mild chronic exposure to pesticides alters physiological markers of honey bee health without perturbing the core gut microbiota
- Hanine Almasri
- Joanito Liberti
- Luc P. Belzunces
![medical microbiology research papers medical microbiology research papers](https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41598-022-04896-7/MediaObjects/41598_2022_4896_Fig1_HTML.png)
Pathology and virology of natural highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N8 infection in wild Common buzzards ( Buteo buteo )
- Valentina Caliendo
- Lonneke Leijten
- Thijs Kuiken
![medical microbiology research papers medical microbiology research papers](https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41598-022-07952-4/MediaObjects/41598_2022_7952_Fig1_HTML.png)
First-in-class trispecific VHH-Fc based antibody with potent prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 and variants
- Allison Titong
- Sachith Gallolu Kankanamalage
![medical microbiology research papers medical microbiology research papers](https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41598-022-05817-4/MediaObjects/41598_2022_5817_Fig1_HTML.png)
Impact of long-term dietary habits on the human gut resistome in the Dutch population
- Paul B. Stege
- Joost Hordijk
- Fernanda L. Paganelli
![medical microbiology research papers medical microbiology research papers](https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41598-022-05381-x/MediaObjects/41598_2022_5381_Fig1_HTML.png)
Metagenomic sequencing for detection and identification of the boxwood blight pathogen Calonectria pseudonaviculata
- Marcela A. Johnson
- Boris A. Vinatzer
![medical microbiology research papers medical microbiology research papers](https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41598-022-08401-y/MediaObjects/41598_2022_8401_Fig1_HTML.png)
Strain-level profiling of viable microbial community by selective single-cell genome sequencing
- Masahito Hosokawa
- Taruho Endoh
- Haruko Takeyama
![medical microbiology research papers medical microbiology research papers](https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41598-022-07632-3/MediaObjects/41598_2022_7632_Fig1_HTML.png)
Collective effects of human genomic variation on microbiome function
- Felicia N. New
- Benjamin R. Baer
- Ilana L. Brito
![medical microbiology research papers medical microbiology research papers](https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41598-022-23117-9/MediaObjects/41598_2022_23117_Fig1_HTML.png)
Glyphosate and glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs) induce phenotypic imipenem resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- Balázs Kriszt
- Edit Kaszab
![medical microbiology research papers medical microbiology research papers](https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41598-022-11700-z/MediaObjects/41598_2022_11700_Fig1_HTML.png)
Apical-out airway organoids as a platform for studying viral infections and screening for antiviral drugs
- Georgios Stroulios
- Tyler Brown
- Salvatore Simmini
![medical microbiology research papers medical microbiology research papers](https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41598-022-09009-y/MediaObjects/41598_2022_9009_Fig1_HTML.png)
The human milk microbiome aligns with lactation stage and not birth mode
- Katriona E. Lyons
- Carol-Anne O.’ Shea
- Catherine Stanton
![medical microbiology research papers medical microbiology research papers](https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41598-022-05820-9/MediaObjects/41598_2022_5820_Fig1_HTML.png)
Characterization and phylogeny of fungi isolated from industrial wastewater using multiple genes
- Blessing Amaka Ezeonuegbu
- Machido Dauda Abdullahi
- Gaber El-Saber Batiha
![medical microbiology research papers medical microbiology research papers](https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41598-022-11819-z/MediaObjects/41598_2022_11819_Fig1_HTML.png)
Characterizing the mucin-degrading capacity of the human gut microbiota
- Janiece S. Glover
- Taylor D. Ticer
- Melinda A. Engevik
![medical microbiology research papers medical microbiology research papers](https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41598-022-05452-z/MediaObjects/41598_2022_5452_Fig1_HTML.png)
Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of urinary tract infection among pregnant women attending Hargeisa Group Hospital, Hargeisa, Somaliland
- Abdikhaliq Hussein Ali
- Dawit Yihdego Reda
- Moges Desta Ormago
![medical microbiology research papers medical microbiology research papers](https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41598-021-04679-6/MediaObjects/41598_2021_4679_Fig1_HTML.png)
The gut microbiota of chickens in a commercial farm treated with a Salmonella phage cocktail
- Viviana Clavijo
- Tatiana Morales
- Alejandro Reyes Muñoz
![medical microbiology research papers medical microbiology research papers](https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41598-022-07741-z/MediaObjects/41598_2022_7741_Fig1_HTML.png)
Persistent Spike-specific T cell immunity despite antibody reduction after 3 months from SARS-CoV-2 BNT162b2-mRNA vaccine
- Chiara Agrati
- Concetta Castilletti
- INMI COVID-19 Vaccine Study Group
![medical microbiology research papers medical microbiology research papers](https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41598-022-21645-y/MediaObjects/41598_2022_21645_Fig1_HTML.png)
Individual-based modeling reveals that the COVID-19 isolation period can be shortened by community vaccination
- Chayanin Sararat
- Jidchanok Wangkanai
- Charin Modchang
![medical microbiology research papers medical microbiology research papers](https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41598-022-13560-z/MediaObjects/41598_2022_13560_Fig1_HTML.png)
Intranasal vaccination of hamsters with a Newcastle disease virus vector expressing the S1 subunit protects animals against SARS-CoV-2 disease
- Manolo Fernández Díaz
- Katherine Calderón
- COVID-19 Working Group in Perú
![medical microbiology research papers medical microbiology research papers](https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41598-022-05480-9/MediaObjects/41598_2022_5480_Fig1_HTML.png)
Changes in the stool and oropharyngeal microbiome in obsessive-compulsive disorder
- Laura Domènech
- Jesse Willis
- Raquel Rabionet
![medical microbiology research papers medical microbiology research papers](https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41598-022-06422-1/MediaObjects/41598_2022_6422_Fig1_HTML.png)
Systematic analysis of putative phage-phage interactions on minimum-sized phage cocktails
- Felipe Molina
- Manuel Menor-Flores
- Pilar García
![medical microbiology research papers medical microbiology research papers](https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41598-022-04819-6/MediaObjects/41598_2022_4819_Fig1_HTML.png)
The impact of antimicrobial stewardship program designed to shorten antibiotics use on the incidence of resistant bacterial infections and mortality
- Ling-Ju Huang
- Su-Jung Chen
- Fu-Der Wang
![medical microbiology research papers medical microbiology research papers](https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41598-022-07341-x/MediaObjects/41598_2022_7341_Fig1_HTML.png)
Gramicidin S and melittin: potential anti-viral therapeutic peptides to treat SARS-CoV-2 infection
- Mohammed Ghalib Enayathullah
- Yash Parekh
- Mohammed M. Idris
![medical microbiology research papers medical microbiology research papers](https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41598-022-08230-z/MediaObjects/41598_2022_8230_Fig1_HTML.png)
Shared antibiotic resistance and virulence genes in Staphylococcus aureus from diverse animal hosts
- Spencer A. Bruce
- Joshua T. Smith
- Cheryl P. Andam
![medical microbiology research papers medical microbiology research papers](https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41598-022-06432-z/MediaObjects/41598_2022_6432_Fig1_HTML.png)
First detection of Hedgehog coronavirus 1 in Poland
- Małgorzata Pomorska-Mól
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Tissue-wide metabolomics reveals wide impact of gut microbiota on mice metabolite composition
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Gut microbiota analysis of Blenniidae fishes including an algae-eating fish and clear boundary formation among isolated Vibrio strains
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- Wet your hands with clean, running water (warm or cold), turn off the tap, and apply soap.
- Lather your hands by rubbing them together with the soap. Lather the backs of your hands, between your fingers, and under your nails.
- Scrub your hands for at least 20 seconds . Need a timer? Hum the “Happy Birthday” song from beginning to end twice.
- Rinse your hands well under clean, running water.
- Dry your hands using a clean towel or an air dryer.
Use hand sanitizer when you can't use soap and water
Washing hands with soap and water is the best way to get rid of germs in most situations. If soap and water are not readily available, you can use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer that contains at least 60% alcohol. You can tell if the sanitizer contains at least 60% alcohol by looking at the product label.
What you can do
CDC has health promotion materials to encourage kids and adults to make handwashing part of their everyday lives.
- Share social media graphics and messages.
- Print stickers and place clings on bathroom mirrors.
- Promote handwashing on or around Global Handwashing Day , celebrated each year on October 15.
- Distribute fact sheets to share information about hand hygiene for specific audiences.
- Frequent Questions About Hand Hygiene
- Hand Hygiene in Healthcare Settings
- The Life is Better with Clean Hands Campaign
Clean Hands
Having clean hands is one of the best ways to avoid getting sick and prevent the spread of germs to others.
For Everyone
Health care providers.
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Doxycycline post-exposure prophylaxis to prevent STIs is a novel promising intervention, which in a new study caused an ∼65% reduction in incident STIs. However, long-term effects on STI ...
BMC Microbiology is an open access journal publishing original peer-reviewed research articles in analytical and functional studies of prokaryotic and ... Skip to main content. ... BMC Microbiology 2024 24:173 Content type: Research Published on: ... 1.131 - SNIP (Source Normalized Impact per Paper) 0.937 - SJR (SCImago Journal Rank) 2023 Speed
ISSN: 0022-2615. E-ISSN: 1473-5644. Journal of Medical Microbiology is the go-to interdisciplinary journal for medical, dental and veterinary microbiology, at the bench and in the clinic. It provides comprehensive coverage of medical, dental and veterinary microbiology and infectious diseases, welcoming articles ranging from laboratory research ...
Reviews and Research in Medical Microbiology is a quarterly review journal which provides a balanced coverage of the whole field of medical microbiology. The Journal publishes state-of-the art reviews, mini-reviews, case presentations and original research from on-going research of the latest developments and techniques in medical microbiology, virology, mycology, parasitology, clinical ...
Study Design: This was a hospital-based study conducted in 2017 in the Department of medical microbiology unit of Bingham university teaching hospital and the national veterinary research insti ...
The fungicidal effectiveness of 2-Chloro-3-hydrazinylquinoxaline, a newly developed quinoxaline derivative, against Candida species. Abdelbagi Alfadil, Karem A. Ibrahem, [ ... ], Hafsa Ahmed.
Reviews and Research in Medical Microbiology is a quarterly review journal which provides a balanced coverage of the whole field of medical microbiology. The Journal publishes state-of-the art reviews, mini-reviews, case presentations and original research from on-going research of the latest developments and techniques in medical microbiology, virology, mycology, parasitology, clinical ...
Reviews and Research in Medical Microbiology is a quarterly review journal which provides a balanced coverage of the whole field of medical microbiology. The Journal publishes state-of-the art reviews, mini-reviews, case presentations and original research from on-going research of the latest developments and techniques in medical microbiology, virology, mycology, parasitology, clinical ...
Medical Microbiology and Immunology is a comprehensive journal exploring the interrelationship between infectious agents and their hosts. Covers major topics in microbial and viral pathogenesis and the immunological response to infections. Founded in 1886 by Robert Koch and Carl Flügge, it was renamed multiple times before adopting its current ...
International Journal of Medical Microbiology (IJMM) is a fully Gold Open Access journal.Authors who publish in IJMM will be able to make their work immediately, permanently, and freely accessible. Pathogen genome sequencing projects have provided a wealth of data that need to be set in context to pathogenicity and the outcome of infections.
Section Information. This Section will focus on research in infectious diseases, pathogenic microorganisms-hosts interaction, bacteriology, mycology, virology and parasitology, including immunology and epidemiology as related to these fields and all microbial pathogens as well as the microbiota and its effect on health and disease in various hosts.
We obtained the most pertinent research papers and used them in different arrangements using the Boolean operators "AND" and "OR." ... Medical microbiology uses molecular and genomic techniques, while bioinformatics is the branch of science that deals with the processing and interpretation of biological data [41,42]. In bioinformatics ...
American Society for Microbiology (ASM) journals deliver up-to-date and authoritative coverage of both basic and clinical microbiology. Join our authors. ... Research Articles Cited within Two Years of Publication. 44%. ASM Journal Citations as % of All Microbiology. 33. ... Accepted Papers. Things to do and bear in mind after acceptance. Read ...
Mouse models in COVID-19 research: analyzing the adaptive immune response. Sabrina Clever. Asisa Volz. Review Open access 04 June 2022 Pages: 165 - 183. 1. …. Medical Microbiology and Immunology is a comprehensive journal exploring the interrelationship between infectious agents and their hosts.
Archives of Microbiology publishes thoughtful mini-reviews across the full spectrum of basic microbiology research. We encourage these in areas of special topical interest, including papers on medical microbiology, ecology and systematics, as well as descriptions of novel taxa.
Top 100 in Microbiology. This collection highlights our most downloaded* microbiology papers published in 2021. Featuring authors from around the world, these papers showcase valuable research ...
Microorganisms in Agricultural Soil: Advances and Challenges of Biological Health. Yanlong Chen. Cui Li. Cong Wang. Xiaomeng Wei. 453 views. The most cited microbiology journal which advances our understanding of the role microbes play in addressing global challenges such as healthcare, food security, and climate change.
His research is on the utility of diagnostic tests for infectious diseases in children. Editorial Board. Journal of Clinical Microbiology® publishes the most current research related to the lab diagnosis and management of human and animal infections. Read and join our community.
Introduction: The pandemic instigated by the SARS-CoV-2 virus has led to over 7 million deaths globally, primarily attributable to viral pneumonia. Identifying fundamental markers associated with an elevated risk of mortality can aid in the early identification of patients prone to disease progression to a severe state, enabling prompt intervention. Methods: This was a single-center ...
This collection highlights our most downloaded* microbiology papers published in 2022. Featuring authors from around the world, these papers showcase valuable research from an international community.
Six Key Topics in Microbiology: 2024. in Virtual Special Issues. This collection from the FEMS journals presents the latest high-quality research in six key topic areas of microbiology that have an impact across the world. All of the FEMS journals aim to serve the microbiology community with timely and authoritative research and reviews, and by ...
Share information about the importance of handwashing. Why it's important. Washing hands can keep you healthy and prevent the spread of respiratory and diarrheal infections.