abstract vs essay

Writing an Abstract for Your Research Paper

Definition and Purpose of Abstracts

An abstract is a short summary of your (published or unpublished) research paper, usually about a paragraph (c. 6-7 sentences, 150-250 words) long. A well-written abstract serves multiple purposes:

• an abstract lets readers get the gist or essence of your paper or article quickly, in order to decide whether to read the full paper;
• an abstract prepares readers to follow the detailed information, analyses, and arguments in your full paper;
• and, later, an abstract helps readers remember key points from your paper.

It’s also worth remembering that search engines and bibliographic databases use abstracts, as well as the title, to identify key terms for indexing your published paper. So what you include in your abstract and in your title are crucial for helping other researchers find your paper or article.

If you are writing an abstract for a course paper, your professor may give you specific guidelines for what to include and how to organize your abstract. Similarly, academic journals often have specific requirements for abstracts. So in addition to following the advice on this page, you should be sure to look for and follow any guidelines from the course or journal you’re writing for.

The Contents of an Abstract

Abstracts contain most of the following kinds of information in brief form. The body of your paper will, of course, develop and explain these ideas much more fully. As you will see in the samples below, the proportion of your abstract that you devote to each kind of information—and the sequence of that information—will vary, depending on the nature and genre of the paper that you are summarizing in your abstract. And in some cases, some of this information is implied, rather than stated explicitly. The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association , which is widely used in the social sciences, gives specific guidelines for what to include in the abstract for different kinds of papers—for empirical studies, literature reviews or meta-analyses, theoretical papers, methodological papers, and case studies.

Here are the typical kinds of information found in most abstracts:

• the context or background information for your research; the general topic under study; the specific topic of your research
• the central questions or statement of the problem your research addresses
• what’s already known about this question, what previous research has done or shown
• the main reason(s) , the exigency, the rationale , the goals for your research—Why is it important to address these questions? Are you, for example, examining a new topic? Why is that topic worth examining? Are you filling a gap in previous research? Applying new methods to take a fresh look at existing ideas or data? Resolving a dispute within the literature in your field? . . .
• your research and/or analytical methods
• your main findings , results , or arguments
• the significance or implications of your findings or arguments.

Your abstract should be intelligible on its own, without a reader’s having to read your entire paper. And in an abstract, you usually do not cite references—most of your abstract will describe what you have studied in your research and what you have found and what you argue in your paper. In the body of your paper, you will cite the specific literature that informs your research.

When to Write Your Abstract

Although you might be tempted to write your abstract first because it will appear as the very first part of your paper, it’s a good idea to wait to write your abstract until after you’ve drafted your full paper, so that you know what you’re summarizing.

What follows are some sample abstracts in published papers or articles, all written by faculty at UW-Madison who come from a variety of disciplines. We have annotated these samples to help you see the work that these authors are doing within their abstracts.

Choosing Verb Tenses within Your Abstract

The social science sample (Sample 1) below uses the present tense to describe general facts and interpretations that have been and are currently true, including the prevailing explanation for the social phenomenon under study. That abstract also uses the present tense to describe the methods, the findings, the arguments, and the implications of the findings from their new research study. The authors use the past tense to describe previous research.

The humanities sample (Sample 2) below uses the past tense to describe completed events in the past (the texts created in the pulp fiction industry in the 1970s and 80s) and uses the present tense to describe what is happening in those texts, to explain the significance or meaning of those texts, and to describe the arguments presented in the article.

The science samples (Samples 3 and 4) below use the past tense to describe what previous research studies have done and the research the authors have conducted, the methods they have followed, and what they have found. In their rationale or justification for their research (what remains to be done), they use the present tense. They also use the present tense to introduce their study (in Sample 3, “Here we report . . .”) and to explain the significance of their study (In Sample 3, This reprogramming . . . “provides a scalable cell source for. . .”).

Sample Abstract 1

From the social sciences.

Reporting new findings about the reasons for increasing economic homogamy among spouses

Gonalons-Pons, Pilar, and Christine R. Schwartz. “Trends in Economic Homogamy: Changes in Assortative Mating or the Division of Labor in Marriage?” Demography , vol. 54, no. 3, 2017, pp. 985-1005.

Sample Abstract 2

From the humanities.

Analyzing underground pulp fiction publications in Tanzania, this article makes an argument about the cultural significance of those publications

Emily Callaci. “Street Textuality: Socialism, Masculinity, and Urban Belonging in Tanzania’s Pulp Fiction Publishing Industry, 1975-1985.” Comparative Studies in Society and History , vol. 59, no. 1, 2017, pp. 183-210.

Sample Abstract/Summary 3

From the sciences.

Reporting a new method for reprogramming adult mouse fibroblasts into induced cardiac progenitor cells

Lalit, Pratik A., Max R. Salick, Daryl O. Nelson, Jayne M. Squirrell, Christina M. Shafer, Neel G. Patel, Imaan Saeed, Eric G. Schmuck, Yogananda S. Markandeya, Rachel Wong, Martin R. Lea, Kevin W. Eliceiri, Timothy A. Hacker, Wendy C. Crone, Michael Kyba, Daniel J. Garry, Ron Stewart, James A. Thomson, Karen M. Downs, Gary E. Lyons, and Timothy J. Kamp. “Lineage Reprogramming of Fibroblasts into Proliferative Induced Cardiac Progenitor Cells by Defined Factors.” Cell Stem Cell , vol. 18, 2016, pp. 354-367.

Sample Abstract 4, a Structured Abstract

Reporting results about the effectiveness of antibiotic therapy in managing acute bacterial sinusitis, from a rigorously controlled study

Note: This journal requires authors to organize their abstract into four specific sections, with strict word limits. Because the headings for this structured abstract are self-explanatory, we have chosen not to add annotations to this sample abstract.

Wald, Ellen R., David Nash, and Jens Eickhoff. “Effectiveness of Amoxicillin/Clavulanate Potassium in the Treatment of Acute Bacterial Sinusitis in Children.” Pediatrics , vol. 124, no. 1, 2009, pp. 9-15.

“OBJECTIVE: The role of antibiotic therapy in managing acute bacterial sinusitis (ABS) in children is controversial. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of high-dose amoxicillin/potassium clavulanate in the treatment of children diagnosed with ABS.

METHODS : This was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Children 1 to 10 years of age with a clinical presentation compatible with ABS were eligible for participation. Patients were stratified according to age (<6 or ≥6 years) and clinical severity and randomly assigned to receive either amoxicillin (90 mg/kg) with potassium clavulanate (6.4 mg/kg) or placebo. A symptom survey was performed on days 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 20, and 30. Patients were examined on day 14. Children’s conditions were rated as cured, improved, or failed according to scoring rules.

RESULTS: Two thousand one hundred thirty-five children with respiratory complaints were screened for enrollment; 139 (6.5%) had ABS. Fifty-eight patients were enrolled, and 56 were randomly assigned. The mean age was 6630 months. Fifty (89%) patients presented with persistent symptoms, and 6 (11%) presented with nonpersistent symptoms. In 24 (43%) children, the illness was classified as mild, whereas in the remaining 32 (57%) children it was severe. Of the 28 children who received the antibiotic, 14 (50%) were cured, 4 (14%) were improved, 4(14%) experienced treatment failure, and 6 (21%) withdrew. Of the 28children who received placebo, 4 (14%) were cured, 5 (18%) improved, and 19 (68%) experienced treatment failure. Children receiving the antibiotic were more likely to be cured (50% vs 14%) and less likely to have treatment failure (14% vs 68%) than children receiving the placebo.

CONCLUSIONS : ABS is a common complication of viral upper respiratory infections. Amoxicillin/potassium clavulanate results in significantly more cures and fewer failures than placebo, according to parental report of time to resolution.” (9)

Some Excellent Advice about Writing Abstracts for Basic Science Research Papers, by Professor Adriano Aguzzi from the Institute of Neuropathology at the University of Zurich:

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Abstract vs. Introduction—What’s the Difference?

3-minute read

• 21st February 2022

If you’re a student who’s new to research papers or you’re preparing to write your dissertation , you might be wondering what the difference is between an abstract and an introduction.

Both serve important purposes in a research paper or journal article , but they shouldn’t be confused with each other. We’ve put together this guide to help you tell them apart.

What’s an Introduction?

In an academic context, an introduction is the first section of an essay or research paper. It should provide detailed background information about the study and its significance, as well as the researcher’s hypotheses and aims.

But the introduction shouldn’t discuss the study’s methods or results. There are separate sections for this later in the paper.

An introduction must correctly cite all sources used and should be about four paragraphs long, although the exact length depends on the topic and the style guide used.

What’s an Abstract?

While the introduction is the first section of a research paper, the abstract is a short summary of the entire paper. It should contain enough basic information to allow you to understand the content of the study without having to read the entire paper.

The abstract is especially important if the paper isn’t open access because it allows researchers to sift through many different studies before deciding which one to pay for.

Since the abstract contains only the essentials, it’s usually much shorter than an introduction and normally has a maximum word count of 200–300 words. It also doesn’t contain citations.

The exact layout of an abstract depends on whether it’s structured or unstructured. Unstructured abstracts are usually used in non-scientific disciplines, such as the arts and humanities, and usually consist of a single paragraph.

Structured abstracts, meanwhile, are the most common form of abstract used in scientific papers. They’re divided into different sections, each with its own heading. We’ll take a closer look at structured abstracts below.

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Structuring an Abstract

A structured abstract contains concise information in a clear format with the following headings:

●  Background: Here you’ll find some relevant information about the topic being studied, such as why the study was necessary.

●  Objectives: This section is about the goals the researcher has for the study.

●  Methods: Here you’ll find a summary of how the study was conducted.

●  Results: Under this heading, the results of the study are presented.

●  Conclusions: The abstract ends with the researcher’s conclusions and how the study can inform future research.

Each of these sections, however, should contain less detail than the introduction or other sections of the main paper.

Academic Proofreading

Whether you need help formatting your structured abstract or making sure your introduction is properly cited, our academic proofreading team is available 24/7. Try us out by submitting a free trial document .

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Writing an Abstract

What is an abstract.

An abstract is a 150- to 250-word paragraph that provides readers with a quick overview of your essay or report and its organization. It should express your thesis (or central idea) and your key points; it should also suggest any implications or applications of the research you discuss in the paper.

According to Carole Slade, an abstract is “a concise summary of the entire paper.”

The function of an abstract is to describe, not to evaluate or defend, the paper.

The abstract should begin with a brief but precise statement of the problem or issue, followed by a description of the research method and design, the major findings, and the conclusions reached.

The abstract should contain the most important key words referring to method and content: these facilitate access to the abstract by computer search and enable a reader to decide whether to read the entire dissertation.

Note: Your abstract should read like an overview of your paper, not a proposal for what you intended to study or accomplish. Avoid beginning your sentences with phrases like, “This essay will examine...” or “In this research paper I will attempt to prove...”  

(The examples above are taken from Form and Style (10th ed.), by Carole Slade; The Scott, Foresman Handbook for Writers (5th ed.); and the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (5th ed.).)

Note: The following are specifications for an abstract in APA style, used in the social sciences, such as psychology or anthropology. If you are in another discipline, check with your professor about the format for the abstract.

Writing an Abstract for an IMRaD Paper

Many papers in the social sciences, natural sciences, and engineering sciences follow IMRaD structure: their main sections are entitled Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion. People use the abstract to decide whether to read the rest of the paper, so the abstract for such a paper is important.

Because the abstract provides the highlights of the paper, you should draft your abstract after you have written a full draft of the paper. Doing so, you can summarize what you’ve already written in the paper as you compose the abstract.

Typically, an abstract for an IMRaD paper or presentation is one or two paragraphs long (120 – 500 words). Abstracts usually spend

25% of their space on the purpose and importance of the research (Introduction)

25% of their space on what you did (Methods)

35% of their space on what you found (Results)

15% of their space on the implications of the research

Try to avoid these common problems in IMRaD abstracts:

1. The abstract provides a statement of what the paper will ask or explore rather than what it found:

X This report examines the causes of oversleeping. (What did it find out about these causes?) √ Individuals oversleep because they go to bed too late, forget to set their alarms, and keep their rooms dark.

2. The abstract provides general categories rather than specific details in the findings:

X The study draws conclusions about which variables are most important in choosing a movie theater. (What, specifically, are these variables?)

√ The study concludes that the most important variables in choosing a movie theater are comfortable seats and high-quality popcorn.

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What this handout is about

This handout provides definitions and examples of the two main types of abstracts: descriptive and informative. It also provides guidelines for constructing an abstract and general tips for you to keep in mind when drafting. Finally, it includes a few examples of abstracts broken down into their component parts.

What is an abstract?

An abstract is a self-contained, short, and powerful statement that describes a larger work. Components vary according to discipline. An abstract of a social science or scientific work may contain the scope, purpose, results, and contents of the work. An abstract of a humanities work may contain the thesis, background, and conclusion of the larger work. An abstract is not a review, nor does it evaluate the work being abstracted. While it contains key words found in the larger work, the abstract is an original document rather than an excerpted passage.

Why write an abstract?

You may write an abstract for various reasons. The two most important are selection and indexing. Abstracts allow readers who may be interested in a longer work to quickly decide whether it is worth their time to read it. Also, many online databases use abstracts to index larger works. Therefore, abstracts should contain keywords and phrases that allow for easy searching.

Say you are beginning a research project on how Brazilian newspapers helped Brazil’s ultra-liberal president Luiz Ignácio da Silva wrest power from the traditional, conservative power base. A good first place to start your research is to search Dissertation Abstracts International for all dissertations that deal with the interaction between newspapers and politics. “Newspapers and politics” returned 569 hits. A more selective search of “newspapers and Brazil” returned 22 hits. That is still a fair number of dissertations. Titles can sometimes help winnow the field, but many titles are not very descriptive. For example, one dissertation is titled “Rhetoric and Riot in Rio de Janeiro.” It is unclear from the title what this dissertation has to do with newspapers in Brazil. One option would be to download or order the entire dissertation on the chance that it might speak specifically to the topic. A better option is to read the abstract. In this case, the abstract reveals the main focus of the dissertation:

This dissertation examines the role of newspaper editors in the political turmoil and strife that characterized late First Empire Rio de Janeiro (1827-1831). Newspaper editors and their journals helped change the political culture of late First Empire Rio de Janeiro by involving the people in the discussion of state. This change in political culture is apparent in Emperor Pedro I’s gradual loss of control over the mechanisms of power. As the newspapers became more numerous and powerful, the Emperor lost his legitimacy in the eyes of the people. To explore the role of the newspapers in the political events of the late First Empire, this dissertation analyzes all available newspapers published in Rio de Janeiro from 1827 to 1831. Newspapers and their editors were leading forces in the effort to remove power from the hands of the ruling elite and place it under the control of the people. In the process, newspapers helped change how politics operated in the constitutional monarchy of Brazil.

From this abstract you now know that although the dissertation has nothing to do with modern Brazilian politics, it does cover the role of newspapers in changing traditional mechanisms of power. After reading the abstract, you can make an informed judgment about whether the dissertation would be worthwhile to read.

Besides selection, the other main purpose of the abstract is for indexing. Most article databases in the online catalog of the library enable you to search abstracts. This allows for quick retrieval by users and limits the extraneous items recalled by a “full-text” search. However, for an abstract to be useful in an online retrieval system, it must incorporate the key terms that a potential researcher would use to search. For example, if you search Dissertation Abstracts International using the keywords “France” “revolution” and “politics,” the search engine would search through all the abstracts in the database that included those three words. Without an abstract, the search engine would be forced to search titles, which, as we have seen, may not be fruitful, or else search the full text. It’s likely that a lot more than 60 dissertations have been written with those three words somewhere in the body of the entire work. By incorporating keywords into the abstract, the author emphasizes the central topics of the work and gives prospective readers enough information to make an informed judgment about the applicability of the work.

When do people write abstracts?

• when submitting articles to journals, especially online journals
• when applying for research grants
• when writing a book proposal
• when completing the Ph.D. dissertation or M.A. thesis
• when writing a proposal for a conference paper
• when writing a proposal for a book chapter

Most often, the author of the entire work (or prospective work) writes the abstract. However, there are professional abstracting services that hire writers to draft abstracts of other people’s work. In a work with multiple authors, the first author usually writes the abstract. Undergraduates are sometimes asked to draft abstracts of books/articles for classmates who have not read the larger work.

Types of abstracts

There are two types of abstracts: descriptive and informative. They have different aims, so as a consequence they have different components and styles. There is also a third type called critical, but it is rarely used. If you want to find out more about writing a critique or a review of a work, see the UNC Writing Center handout on writing a literature review . If you are unsure which type of abstract you should write, ask your instructor (if the abstract is for a class) or read other abstracts in your field or in the journal where you are submitting your article.

Descriptive abstracts

A descriptive abstract indicates the type of information found in the work. It makes no judgments about the work, nor does it provide results or conclusions of the research. It does incorporate key words found in the text and may include the purpose, methods, and scope of the research. Essentially, the descriptive abstract describes the work being abstracted. Some people consider it an outline of the work, rather than a summary. Descriptive abstracts are usually very short—100 words or less.

Informative abstracts

The majority of abstracts are informative. While they still do not critique or evaluate a work, they do more than describe it. A good informative abstract acts as a surrogate for the work itself. That is, the writer presents and explains all the main arguments and the important results and evidence in the complete article/paper/book. An informative abstract includes the information that can be found in a descriptive abstract (purpose, methods, scope) but also includes the results and conclusions of the research and the recommendations of the author. The length varies according to discipline, but an informative abstract is rarely more than 10% of the length of the entire work. In the case of a longer work, it may be much less.

Here are examples of a descriptive and an informative abstract of this handout on abstracts . Descriptive abstract:

The two most common abstract types—descriptive and informative—are described and examples of each are provided.

Informative abstract:

Abstracts present the essential elements of a longer work in a short and powerful statement. The purpose of an abstract is to provide prospective readers the opportunity to judge the relevance of the longer work to their projects. Abstracts also include the key terms found in the longer work and the purpose and methods of the research. Authors abstract various longer works, including book proposals, dissertations, and online journal articles. There are two main types of abstracts: descriptive and informative. A descriptive abstract briefly describes the longer work, while an informative abstract presents all the main arguments and important results. This handout provides examples of various types of abstracts and instructions on how to construct one.

Which type should I use?

Your best bet in this case is to ask your instructor or refer to the instructions provided by the publisher. You can also make a guess based on the length allowed; i.e., 100-120 words = descriptive; 250+ words = informative.

How do I write an abstract?

The format of your abstract will depend on the work being abstracted. An abstract of a scientific research paper will contain elements not found in an abstract of a literature article, and vice versa. However, all abstracts share several mandatory components, and there are also some optional parts that you can decide to include or not. When preparing to draft your abstract, keep the following key process elements in mind:

• Reason for writing: What is the importance of the research? Why would a reader be interested in the larger work?
• Problem: What problem does this work attempt to solve? What is the scope of the project? What is the main argument/thesis/claim?
• Methodology: An abstract of a scientific work may include specific models or approaches used in the larger study. Other abstracts may describe the types of evidence used in the research.
• Results: Again, an abstract of a scientific work may include specific data that indicates the results of the project. Other abstracts may discuss the findings in a more general way.
• Implications: What changes should be implemented as a result of the findings of the work? How does this work add to the body of knowledge on the topic?

(This list of elements is adapted with permission from Philip Koopman, “How to Write an Abstract.” )

All abstracts include:

• A full citation of the source, preceding the abstract.
• The most important information first.
• The same type and style of language found in the original, including technical language.
• Key words and phrases that quickly identify the content and focus of the work.
• Clear, concise, and powerful language.

Abstracts may include:

• The thesis of the work, usually in the first sentence.
• Background information that places the work in the larger body of literature.
• The same chronological structure as the original work.

How not to write an abstract:

• Do not refer extensively to other works.
• Do not add information not contained in the original work.
• Do not define terms.

If you are abstracting your own writing

When abstracting your own work, it may be difficult to condense a piece of writing that you have agonized over for weeks (or months, or even years) into a 250-word statement. There are some tricks that you could use to make it easier, however.

Reverse outlining:

This technique is commonly used when you are having trouble organizing your own writing. The process involves writing down the main idea of each paragraph on a separate piece of paper– see our short video . For the purposes of writing an abstract, try grouping the main ideas of each section of the paper into a single sentence. Practice grouping ideas using webbing or color coding .

For a scientific paper, you may have sections titled Purpose, Methods, Results, and Discussion. Each one of these sections will be longer than one paragraph, but each is grouped around a central idea. Use reverse outlining to discover the central idea in each section and then distill these ideas into one statement.

Cut and paste:

To create a first draft of an abstract of your own work, you can read through the entire paper and cut and paste sentences that capture key passages. This technique is useful for social science research with findings that cannot be encapsulated by neat numbers or concrete results. A well-written humanities draft will have a clear and direct thesis statement and informative topic sentences for paragraphs or sections. Isolate these sentences in a separate document and work on revising them into a unified paragraph.

If you are abstracting someone else’s writing

When abstracting something you have not written, you cannot summarize key ideas just by cutting and pasting. Instead, you must determine what a prospective reader would want to know about the work. There are a few techniques that will help you in this process:

Identify key terms:

Search through the entire document for key terms that identify the purpose, scope, and methods of the work. Pay close attention to the Introduction (or Purpose) and the Conclusion (or Discussion). These sections should contain all the main ideas and key terms in the paper. When writing the abstract, be sure to incorporate the key terms.

Highlight key phrases and sentences:

Instead of cutting and pasting the actual words, try highlighting sentences or phrases that appear to be central to the work. Then, in a separate document, rewrite the sentences and phrases in your own words.

Don’t look back:

After reading the entire work, put it aside and write a paragraph about the work without referring to it. In the first draft, you may not remember all the key terms or the results, but you will remember what the main point of the work was. Remember not to include any information you did not get from the work being abstracted.

Revise, revise, revise

No matter what type of abstract you are writing, or whether you are abstracting your own work or someone else’s, the most important step in writing an abstract is to revise early and often. When revising, delete all extraneous words and incorporate meaningful and powerful words. The idea is to be as clear and complete as possible in the shortest possible amount of space. The Word Count feature of Microsoft Word can help you keep track of how long your abstract is and help you hit your target length.

Example 1: Humanities abstract

Kenneth Tait Andrews, “‘Freedom is a constant struggle’: The dynamics and consequences of the Mississippi Civil Rights Movement, 1960-1984” Ph.D. State University of New York at Stony Brook, 1997 DAI-A 59/02, p. 620, Aug 1998

This dissertation examines the impacts of social movements through a multi-layered study of the Mississippi Civil Rights Movement from its peak in the early 1960s through the early 1980s. By examining this historically important case, I clarify the process by which movements transform social structures and the constraints movements face when they try to do so. The time period studied includes the expansion of voting rights and gains in black political power, the desegregation of public schools and the emergence of white-flight academies, and the rise and fall of federal anti-poverty programs. I use two major research strategies: (1) a quantitative analysis of county-level data and (2) three case studies. Data have been collected from archives, interviews, newspapers, and published reports. This dissertation challenges the argument that movements are inconsequential. Some view federal agencies, courts, political parties, or economic elites as the agents driving institutional change, but typically these groups acted in response to the leverage brought to bear by the civil rights movement. The Mississippi movement attempted to forge independent structures for sustaining challenges to local inequities and injustices. By propelling change in an array of local institutions, movement infrastructures had an enduring legacy in Mississippi.

Now let’s break down this abstract into its component parts to see how the author has distilled his entire dissertation into a ~200 word abstract.

What the dissertation does This dissertation examines the impacts of social movements through a multi-layered study of the Mississippi Civil Rights Movement from its peak in the early 1960s through the early 1980s. By examining this historically important case, I clarify the process by which movements transform social structures and the constraints movements face when they try to do so.

How the dissertation does it The time period studied in this dissertation includes the expansion of voting rights and gains in black political power, the desegregation of public schools and the emergence of white-flight academies, and the rise and fall of federal anti-poverty programs. I use two major research strategies: (1) a quantitative analysis of county-level data and (2) three case studies.

What materials are used Data have been collected from archives, interviews, newspapers, and published reports.

Conclusion This dissertation challenges the argument that movements are inconsequential. Some view federal agencies, courts, political parties, or economic elites as the agents driving institutional change, but typically these groups acted in response to movement demands and the leverage brought to bear by the civil rights movement. The Mississippi movement attempted to forge independent structures for sustaining challenges to local inequities and injustices. By propelling change in an array of local institutions, movement infrastructures had an enduring legacy in Mississippi.

Keywords social movements Civil Rights Movement Mississippi voting rights desegregation

Example 2: Science Abstract

Luis Lehner, “Gravitational radiation from black hole spacetimes” Ph.D. University of Pittsburgh, 1998 DAI-B 59/06, p. 2797, Dec 1998

The problem of detecting gravitational radiation is receiving considerable attention with the construction of new detectors in the United States, Europe, and Japan. The theoretical modeling of the wave forms that would be produced in particular systems will expedite the search for and analysis of detected signals. The characteristic formulation of GR is implemented to obtain an algorithm capable of evolving black holes in 3D asymptotically flat spacetimes. Using compactification techniques, future null infinity is included in the evolved region, which enables the unambiguous calculation of the radiation produced by some compact source. A module to calculate the waveforms is constructed and included in the evolution algorithm. This code is shown to be second-order convergent and to handle highly non-linear spacetimes. In particular, we have shown that the code can handle spacetimes whose radiation is equivalent to a galaxy converting its whole mass into gravitational radiation in one second. We further use the characteristic formulation to treat the region close to the singularity in black hole spacetimes. The code carefully excises a region surrounding the singularity and accurately evolves generic black hole spacetimes with apparently unlimited stability.

This science abstract covers much of the same ground as the humanities one, but it asks slightly different questions.

Why do this study The problem of detecting gravitational radiation is receiving considerable attention with the construction of new detectors in the United States, Europe, and Japan. The theoretical modeling of the wave forms that would be produced in particular systems will expedite the search and analysis of the detected signals.

What the study does The characteristic formulation of GR is implemented to obtain an algorithm capable of evolving black holes in 3D asymptotically flat spacetimes. Using compactification techniques, future null infinity is included in the evolved region, which enables the unambiguous calculation of the radiation produced by some compact source. A module to calculate the waveforms is constructed and included in the evolution algorithm.

Results This code is shown to be second-order convergent and to handle highly non-linear spacetimes. In particular, we have shown that the code can handle spacetimes whose radiation is equivalent to a galaxy converting its whole mass into gravitational radiation in one second. We further use the characteristic formulation to treat the region close to the singularity in black hole spacetimes. The code carefully excises a region surrounding the singularity and accurately evolves generic black hole spacetimes with apparently unlimited stability.

Keywords gravitational radiation (GR) spacetimes black holes

Works consulted

We consulted these works while writing this handout. This is not a comprehensive list of resources on the handout’s topic, and we encourage you to do your own research to find additional publications. Please do not use this list as a model for the format of your own reference list, as it may not match the citation style you are using. For guidance on formatting citations, please see the UNC Libraries citation tutorial . We revise these tips periodically and welcome feedback.

Belcher, Wendy Laura. 2009. Writing Your Journal Article in Twelve Weeks: A Guide to Academic Publishing Success. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Press.

Koopman, Philip. 1997. “How to Write an Abstract.” Carnegie Mellon University. October 1997. http://users.ece.cmu.edu/~koopman/essays/abstract.html .

Lancaster, F.W. 2003. Indexing And Abstracting in Theory and Practice , 3rd ed. London: Facet Publishing.

You may reproduce it for non-commercial use if you use the entire handout and attribute the source: The Writing Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

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Abstract Vs. Introduction — Do you know the difference?

Ross wants to publish his research. Feeling positive about his research outcomes, he begins to draft his manuscript. After completing the abstract, he proceeds to write the introduction. That’s when he pauses in confusion. Do the abstract and introduction mean the same? How is the content for both the sections different?

This is a dilemma faced by several young researchers while drafting their first manuscript. An  abstract  is similar to a summary except that it is more concise and direct. Whereas, the  introduction  section of your paper is more detailed. It states why you conducted your study, what you wanted to accomplish, and what is your hypothesis.

This blog will allow us to learn more about the difference between the abstract and the introduction.

What Is an Abstract for a Research Paper?

An abstract provides the reader with a clear description of your research study and its results without the reader having to read the entire paper. The details of a study, such as precise methods and measurements, are not necessarily mentioned in the abstract. The abstract is an important tool for researchers who must sift through hundreds of papers from their field of study.

The abstract  holds more significance  in articles without open access. Reading the abstract would give an idea of the articles, which would otherwise require monetary payment for access. In most cases, reviewers will read the abstract to decide whether to continue to review the paper, which is important for you.

Your abstract should begin with a background or objective to clearly state why the research was done, its importance to the field of study, and any previous roadblocks encountered. It should include a very concise version of your methods, results, and conclusions but no references. It must be brief while still providing enough information so that the reader need not read the full article. Most journals ask that the abstract be no more than 200–250 words long.

Format of an Abstract

There are two general   formats — structured and unstructured. A  structured abstract   helps the reader find pertinent information  very quickly. It is divided into sections clearly defined by headings as follows:

• Background : Latest information on the topic; key phrases that pique interest (e.g., “…the role of this enzyme has never been clearly understood”).
• Objective : The research goals; what the study examined and why.
• Methods : Brief description of the study (e.g., retrospective study).
• Results : Findings and observations.
• Conclusions : Were these results expected? Whether more research is needed or not?

Authors get tempted to write too much  in an abstract but it is helpful to remember that there is usually a maximum word count. The main point is to relay the important aspects of the study without sharing too many details so that the readers do not have to go through the entire manuscript text for finding more information.

The  unstructured abstract  is often used in fields of study that do not fall under the category of science. This type of abstracts does not have different sections. It summarizes the manuscript’s objectives, methods, etc., in one paragraph.

Related: Create an impressive manuscript with a compelling abstract.   Check out these resources and improve your abstract writing process!

Lastly, you must check the author guidelines of the target journal. It will describe the format required and the maximum word count of your abstract.

What Is an Introduction?

Your introduction is the first section of your research paper . It is not a repetition of the abstract. It does not provide data about methods, results, or conclusions. However, it  provides more in-depth information  on the background of the subject matter. It also explains your hypothesis , what you attempted to discover, or issues that you wanted to resolve. The introduction will also explain if and why your study is new in the subject field and why it is important.

It is often a good idea to wait until the rest of the paper is completed before drafting your introduction. This will help you to stay focused on the manuscript’s important points. The introduction, unlike the abstract, should contain citations to references. The information will help guide your readers through the rest of your document. The key tips for writing an effective introduction :

• Beginning:  The importance of the study.
• Tone/Tense:  Formal, impersonal; present tense.
• Content:  Brief description of manuscript but without results and conclusions.
• Length:  Generally up to four paragraphs. May vary slightly with journal guidelines.

Once you are sure that possible doubts on the difference between the abstract and introduction are clear, review and submit your manuscript.

What struggles have you had in writing an abstract or introduction? Were you able to resolve them? Please share your thoughts with us in the comments section below.

Insightful and educating Indeed. Thank You

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Really helpful as I prepare to write the introduction to my dissertation. Thank you Enago Academy

This gave me more detail finding the pieces of a research article being used for a critique paper in nursing school! thank you!

The guidelines have really assisted me with my assignment on writing argument essay on social media. The difference between the abstract and introduction is quite clear now for me to start my essay…thank you so much…

Quite helpful! I’m writing a paper on eyewitness testimony for one of my undergraduate courses at the University of Northern Colorado, and found this to be extremely helpful in clarifications

This was hugely helpful. Keep up the great work!

This was quite helpful. Keep it up!

Very comprehensive and simple. thanks

As a student, this website has helped me greatly to understand how to formally report my research

Thanks a lot.I can now handle my doubts after reading through.

thanks alot! this website has given me huge clarification on writing a good Introduction and Abttract i really appreciate what you share!. hope to see more to come1 God bless you.

Thank you, this was very helpful for writing my research paper!

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Thank you for such a clear breakdown!

I am grateful for the assistance rendered me. I was mystified over the difference between an abstract and introduction during thesis writing. Now I have understood the concept theoretically, I will put that in practice. So thanks a lots it is great help to me.

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Abstract Writing: A Step-by-Step Guide With Tips & Examples

Table of Contents

Introduction

Abstracts of research papers have always played an essential role in describing your research concisely and clearly to researchers and editors of journals, enticing them to continue reading. However, with the widespread availability of scientific databases, the need to write a convincing abstract is more crucial now than during the time of paper-bound manuscripts.

Abstracts serve to "sell" your research and can be compared with your "executive outline" of a resume or, rather, a formal summary of the critical aspects of your work. Also, it can be the "gist" of your study. Since most educational research is done online, it's a sign that you have a shorter time for impressing your readers, and have more competition from other abstracts that are available to be read.

The APCI (Academic Publishing and Conferences International) articulates 12 issues or points considered during the final approval process for conferences & journals and emphasises the importance of writing an abstract that checks all these boxes (12 points). Since it's the only opportunity you have to captivate your readers, you must invest time and effort in creating an abstract that accurately reflects the critical points of your research.

With that in mind, let’s head over to understand and discover the core concept and guidelines to create a substantial abstract. Also, learn how to organise the ideas or plots into an effective abstract that will be awe-inspiring to the readers you want to reach.

What is Abstract? Definition and Overview

The word "Abstract' is derived from Latin abstractus meaning "drawn off." This etymological meaning also applies to art movements as well as music, like abstract expressionism. In this context, it refers to the revealing of the artist's intention.

Based on this, you can determine the meaning of an abstract: A condensed research summary. It must be self-contained and independent of the body of the research. However, it should outline the subject, the strategies used to study the problem, and the methods implemented to attain the outcomes. The specific elements of the study differ based on the area of study; however, together, it must be a succinct summary of the entire research paper.

Abstracts are typically written at the end of the paper, even though it serves as a prologue. In general, the abstract must be in a position to:

• Describe the paper.
• Identify the problem or the issue at hand.
• Explain to the reader the research process, the results you came up with, and what conclusion you've reached using these results.
• Include keywords to guide your strategy and the content.

Furthermore, the abstract you submit should not reflect upon any of  the following elements:

• Examine, analyse or defend the paper or your opinion.
• What you want to study, achieve or discover.
• Be redundant or irrelevant.

After reading an abstract, your audience should understand the reason - what the research was about in the first place, what the study has revealed and how it can be utilised or can be used to benefit others. You can understand the importance of abstract by knowing the fact that the abstract is the most frequently read portion of any research paper. In simpler terms, it should contain all the main points of the research paper.

What is the Purpose of an Abstract?

Abstracts are typically an essential requirement for research papers; however, it's not an obligation to preserve traditional reasons without any purpose. Abstracts allow readers to scan the text to determine whether it is relevant to their research or studies. The abstract allows other researchers to decide if your research paper can provide them with some additional information. A good abstract paves the interest of the audience to pore through your entire paper to find the content or context they're searching for.

Abstract writing is essential for indexing, as well. The Digital Repository of academic papers makes use of abstracts to index the entire content of academic research papers. Like meta descriptions in the regular Google outcomes, abstracts must include keywords that help researchers locate what they seek.

Types of Abstract

Informative and Descriptive are two kinds of abstracts often used in scientific writing.

A descriptive abstract gives readers an outline of the author's main points in their study. The reader can determine if they want to stick to the research work, based on their interest in the topic. An abstract that is descriptive is similar to the contents table of books, however, the format of an abstract depicts complete sentences encapsulated in one paragraph. It is unfortunate that the abstract can't be used as a substitute for reading a piece of writing because it's just an overview, which omits readers from getting an entire view. Also, it cannot be a way to fill in the gaps the reader may have after reading this kind of abstract since it does not contain crucial information needed to evaluate the article.

To conclude, a descriptive abstract is:

• A simple summary of the task, just summarises the work, but some researchers think it is much more of an outline
• Typically, the length is approximately 100 words. It is too short when compared to an informative abstract.
• A brief explanation but doesn't provide the reader with the complete information they need;
• An overview that omits conclusions and results

An informative abstract is a comprehensive outline of the research. There are times when people rely on the abstract as an information source. And the reason is why it is crucial to provide entire data of particular research. A well-written, informative abstract could be a good substitute for the remainder of the paper on its own.

A well-written abstract typically follows a particular style. The author begins by providing the identifying information, backed by citations and other identifiers of the papers. Then, the major elements are summarised to make the reader aware of the study. It is followed by the methodology and all-important findings from the study. The conclusion then presents study results and ends the abstract with a comprehensive summary.

In a nutshell, an informative abstract:

• Has a length that can vary, based on the subject, but is not longer than 300 words.
• Contains all the content-like methods and intentions
• Offers evidence and possible recommendations.

Informative Abstracts are more frequent than descriptive abstracts because of their extensive content and linkage to the topic specifically. You should select different types of abstracts to papers based on their length: informative abstracts for extended and more complex abstracts and descriptive ones for simpler and shorter research papers.

What are the Characteristics of a Good Abstract?

• A good abstract clearly defines the goals and purposes of the study.
• It should clearly describe the research methodology with a primary focus on data gathering, processing, and subsequent analysis.
• A good abstract should provide specific research findings.
• It presents the principal conclusions of the systematic study.
• It should be concise, clear, and relevant to the field of study.
• A well-designed abstract should be unifying and coherent.
• It is easy to grasp and free of technical jargon.
• It is written impartially and objectively.

What are the various sections of an ideal Abstract?

By now, you must have gained some concrete idea of the essential elements that your abstract needs to convey . Accordingly, the information is broken down into six key sections of the abstract, which include:

An Introduction or Background

Research methodology, objectives and goals, limitations.

Let's go over them in detail.

The introduction, also known as background, is the most concise part of your abstract. Ideally, it comprises a couple of sentences. Some researchers only write one sentence to introduce their abstract. The idea behind this is to guide readers through the key factors that led to your study.

It's understandable that this information might seem difficult to explain in a couple of sentences. For example, think about the following two questions like the background of your study:

• What is currently available about the subject with respect to the paper being discussed?
• What isn't understood about this issue? (This is the subject of your research)

While writing the abstract’s introduction, make sure that it is not lengthy. Because if it crosses the word limit, it may eat up the words meant to be used for providing other key information.

Research methodology is where you describe the theories and techniques you used in your research. It is recommended that you describe what you have done and the method you used to get your thorough investigation results. Certainly, it is the second-longest paragraph in the abstract.

In the research methodology section, it is essential to mention the kind of research you conducted; for instance, qualitative research or quantitative research (this will guide your research methodology too) . If you've conducted quantitative research, your abstract should contain information like the sample size, data collection method, sampling techniques, and duration of the study. Likewise, your abstract should reflect observational data, opinions, questionnaires (especially the non-numerical data) if you work on qualitative research.

The research objectives and goals speak about what you intend to accomplish with your research. The majority of research projects focus on the long-term effects of a project, and the goals focus on the immediate, short-term outcomes of the research. It is possible to summarise both in just multiple sentences.

In stating your objectives and goals, you give readers a picture of the scope of the study, its depth and the direction your research ultimately follows. Your readers can evaluate the results of your research against the goals and stated objectives to determine if you have achieved the goal of your research.

In the end, your readers are more attracted by the results you've obtained through your study. Therefore, you must take the time to explain each relevant result and explain how they impact your research. The results section exists as the longest in your abstract, and nothing should diminish its reach or quality.

One of the most important things you should adhere to is to spell out details and figures on the results of your research.

Instead of making a vague assertion such as, "We noticed that response rates varied greatly between respondents with high incomes and those with low incomes", Try these: "The response rate was higher for high-income respondents than those with lower incomes (59 30 percent vs. 30 percent in both cases; P<0.01)."

You're likely to encounter certain obstacles during your research. It could have been during data collection or even during conducting the sample . Whatever the issue, it's essential to inform your readers about them and their effects on the research.

Research limitations offer an opportunity to suggest further and deep research. If, for instance, you were forced to change for convenient sampling and snowball samples because of difficulties in reaching well-suited research participants, then you should mention this reason when you write your research abstract. In addition, a lack of prior studies on the subject could hinder your research.

Your conclusion should include the same number of sentences to wrap the abstract as the introduction. The majority of researchers offer an idea of the consequences of their research in this case.

Your conclusion should include three essential components:

• A significant take-home message.
• Corresponding important findings.
• The Interpretation.

Even though the conclusion of your abstract needs to be brief, it can have an enormous influence on the way that readers view your research. Therefore, make use of this section to reinforce the central message from your research. Be sure that your statements reflect the actual results and the methods you used to conduct your research.

Good Abstract Examples

Abstract example #1.

Children’s consumption behavior in response to food product placements in movies.

The abstract:

"Almost all research into the effects of brand placements on children has focused on the brand's attitudes or behavior intentions. Based on the significant differences between attitudes and behavioral intentions on one hand and actual behavior on the other hand, this study examines the impact of placements by brands on children's eating habits. Children aged 6-14 years old were shown an excerpt from the popular film Alvin and the Chipmunks and were shown places for the item Cheese Balls. Three different versions were developed with no placements, one with moderately frequent placements and the third with the highest frequency of placement. The results revealed that exposure to high-frequency places had a profound effect on snack consumption, however, there was no impact on consumer attitudes towards brands or products. The effects were not dependent on the age of the children. These findings are of major importance to researchers studying consumer behavior as well as nutrition experts as well as policy regulators."

Abstract Example #2

Social comparisons on social media: The impact of Facebook on young women’s body image concerns and mood. The abstract:

"The research conducted in this study investigated the effects of Facebook use on women's moods and body image if the effects are different from an internet-based fashion journal and if the appearance comparison tendencies moderate one or more of these effects. Participants who were female ( N = 112) were randomly allocated to spend 10 minutes exploring their Facebook account or a magazine's website or an appearance neutral control website prior to completing state assessments of body dissatisfaction, mood, and differences in appearance (weight-related and facial hair, face, and skin). Participants also completed a test of the tendency to compare appearances. The participants who used Facebook were reported to be more depressed than those who stayed on the control site. In addition, women who have the tendency to compare appearances reported more facial, hair and skin-related issues following Facebook exposure than when they were exposed to the control site. Due to its popularity it is imperative to conduct more research to understand the effect that Facebook affects the way people view themselves."

Abstract Example #3

The Relationship Between Cell Phone Use and Academic Performance in a Sample of U.S. College Students

"The cellphone is always present on campuses of colleges and is often utilised in situations in which learning takes place. The study examined the connection between the use of cell phones and the actual grades point average (GPA) after adjusting for predictors that are known to be a factor. In the end 536 students in the undergraduate program from 82 self-reported majors of an enormous, public institution were studied. Hierarchical analysis ( R 2 = .449) showed that use of mobile phones is significantly ( p < .001) and negative (b equal to -.164) connected to the actual college GPA, after taking into account factors such as demographics, self-efficacy in self-regulated learning, self-efficacy to improve academic performance, and the actual high school GPA that were all important predictors ( p < .05). Therefore, after adjusting for other known predictors increasing cell phone usage was associated with lower academic performance. While more research is required to determine the mechanisms behind these results, they suggest the need to educate teachers and students to the possible academic risks that are associated with high-frequency mobile phone usage."

Quick tips on writing a good abstract

There exists a common dilemma among early age researchers whether to write the abstract at first or last? However, it's recommended to compose your abstract when you've completed the research since you'll have all the information to give to your readers. You can, however, write a draft at the beginning of your research and add in any gaps later.

If you find abstract writing a herculean task, here are the few tips to help you with it:

1. Always develop a framework to support your abstract

Before writing, ensure you create a clear outline for your abstract. Divide it into sections and draw the primary and supporting elements in each one. You can include keywords and a few sentences that convey the essence of your message.

2. Review Other Abstracts

Abstracts are among the most frequently used research documents, and thousands of them were written in the past. Therefore, prior to writing yours, take a look at some examples from other abstracts. There are plenty of examples of abstracts for dissertations in the dissertation and thesis databases.

3. Avoid Jargon To the Maximum

When you write your abstract, focus on simplicity over formality. You should  write in simple language, and avoid excessive filler words or ambiguous sentences. Keep in mind that your abstract must be readable to those who aren't acquainted with your subject.

4. Focus on Your Research

It's a given fact that the abstract you write should be about your research and the findings you've made. It is not the right time to mention secondary and primary data sources unless it's absolutely required.

Conclusion: How to Structure an Interesting Abstract?

Abstracts are a short outline of your essay. However, it's among the most important, if not the most important. The process of writing an abstract is not straightforward. A few early-age researchers tend to begin by writing it, thinking they are doing it to "tease" the next step (the document itself). However, it is better to treat it as a spoiler.

The simple, concise style of the abstract lends itself to a well-written and well-investigated study. If your research paper doesn't provide definitive results, or the goal of your research is questioned, so will the abstract. Thus, only write your abstract after witnessing your findings and put your findings in the context of a larger scenario.

The process of writing an abstract can be daunting, but with these guidelines, you will succeed. The most efficient method of writing an excellent abstract is to centre the primary points of your abstract, including the research question and goals methods, as well as key results.

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An abstract is a summary of a longer written document. It is written with the same organization as the original document, usually without “review” or comment. Abstract lengths vary by discipline and purpose of the project; generally, they are 50-100 words for a short paper and 150-200 for a longer one. Abstracts are typically placed prior to the manuscript. Abstracts fall into two categories: indicative and informative.

The  indicative  abstract covers a less structured document (like a book, essay or editorial). It helps readers to understand the focus, arguments and conclusions of the larger document so that they can determine whether to read it more thoroughly.

An  informative  abstract is used for more strictly structured documents (like scientific experiments or investigations) and includes the elements of the original research report: its objective, methods, results, and conclusions.

Whichever type of abstract you write, it should be able to stand alone as a statement separate from the larger document.

Components of an Abstract

Abstracts, at heart, are decision-making documents. Based on the abstract, readers decide whether to read your article, support your proposal, grant your funding, or accept you to a conference. To write a successful abstract, you need to include these three components:  Context ,  Problem , and  Response  (CPR).

By definition, context is essentially what surrounds a thing. In other words, in order to understand a snippet of conversation, we often ask, “He said that in what context?” When we provide context for our readers, we are establishing a comfortable common ground, a shared understanding that provides an entry point into the larger or more specific ideas of our project. Common ground might take the form of a shared belief, a kind of truism, or a basic principle of the field. Frequently this takes the form of a brief survey of the field or an overview of a current situation. This might include what those in the discipline already know to be true, a point of conventional wisdom, something we’ve all seen and heard, a primary text, a case study, or an anecdote of some kind. 

The problem is essentially establishing a deficit. A deficit in this sense refers to a gap in knowledge or what might be misunderstood or overlooked. The problem is what our research question or project is trying to solve. This might be, for example, a practical question (how can we best distribute H1N1 vaccine?) or it can be a theoretical or conceptual question (to what degree is marital behavior determined by intergenerational influences?). As researchers, we begin with the problem, but often by the time we are ready to write our abstracts, introductions, or proposals, the problem has moved into the background, obscured by the details of our work. However, in terms of meeting the reader’s needs, the problem is an essential and necessary feature. The reader’s level of investment, and thus the grade, the acceptance, the funding for your project hinges upon how successfully you articulate the problem. 

This is generally your summary or description of your paper or project, which you position in dialogue with the problem as you’ve established it. Depending on the nature of your project, in your response you might explicitly state your main point or thesis, or you might present your hypothesis and generalize your results. In addition, research that relies on primary data often includes an abbreviated description of the methodology used. 

The ABCs of a Good Abstract

• Accuracy:  Include only information included in the original document.
• Brevity:  Get straight to the point, use precise language, and do not include superfluous adjectives.
• Clarity:  Do not use unnecessary technical jargon, colloquialisms or obscure vocabulary and detail and always explain any acronyms.

Abstracts are challenging because they require decisions about what constitutes that essence of a document full of important information. Here are some tips to help you:

• Write the final version of your abstract after your paper is completed so the organization and development of the two documents match.
• Begin with a topic sentence: what is this paper about?
• Use an outline to confirm that you are summarizing the most important information.
• Incorporate keywords for electronic retrieval into the text. (They may also be listed at the end of the abstract text.) Bibliographic references and graphics are typically excluded from an abstract.

Keep your readers in mind as you develop the abstract:

• Assume that they are generally familiar with the information being abstracted but are interested in evaluating the usefulness of the entire document for their research.
• Write in a concise and readable style so that they can read through the abstract quickly to ascertain the essence of the larger document.
• Provide information in each sentence; for example, if it is important enough to include, “a cost was given,” it is appropriate to give the specifics: “The cost was $5.25 per gallon.”

Sample Abstracts

Variation Among Isolates of Fusarium Circinatum in Tolerance of the Anti-fungal Metabolite   BOA

Amir Begovic

Fusarium circinatum is a fungal pathogen responsible for a disease affecting pines known as pitch canker. Although this is what F. circinatum is notorious for, recent work has shown that this fungus also can colonize grasses. However, the importance of grasses as a resource in the life history of F. circinatum is unknown. To learn more about how well adapted F. circinatum is to exploitation of grass hosts, the present study was undertaken to determine how well this fungus can tolerate anti-fungal compounds produced by corn, a member of the grass family. To this end, plates of PDA (potato dextrose agar) were amended with various concentrations of BOA (2-benzoxazolinone), and inoculated with a colonized agar plug of F. circinatum. All tested strains failed to grow at concentrations of 0.75 and 1.0 mg of BOA per ml of medium. Colonized plugs transferred from plates containing BOA to PDA without BOA did not grow, indicating the fungus was killed by exposure to this anti-fungal compound. The same strains were able to survive exposure to 0.5 mg of BOA per ml, although growth was strongly inhibited. The next step will be to test for heritable variation in tolerance of BOA in F. circinatum. (197 words)

Source: University of California, Davis 2013 Undergraduate Research Symposium  

Connecting the U.S. Media: A Network Analysis of Mutual Fund Ownership in Communication Corporations

Grace A. Benefield

Social scientists have long been interested in the ever increasing concentration and effects of computer, telecommunication and media corporations, such as Google, Apple and Verizon. By gathering statistics on mutual fund and individual stock owners, the study compares the proportion of institutional investment across communication corporations, which are service or technology corporations responsible for the exchange of information. The research incorporates network analysis software to identify outliers and central players in this web of media owners. The study seeks to measure centrality as a connection between two companies and their investors' similar interest investments, such as a similarity in size, expectations for growth, company values, or industrial interests. Surprisingly, the study finds that market capitalization did not result in centrality, such as IBM's peripheral status. The results find that smaller telecommunications companies, such as Sprint and Comcast, share a large portion of the same mutual funds. In contrast, other industries appear to have intermixed and varietal institutional owners. There are also indications of mutual fund interest groupings based on geography, as in west coast companies Disney, HP, and Qualcomm. Further research is needed to compare the individual stock owners who control large interests in various companies. (196 words)

Source: University of California, Davis 2013 Undergraduate Research Symposium

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Abstract vs. Introduction: Key Elements for Successful Research Papers

Home » Blog » Abstract vs. Introduction: Key Elements for Successful Research Papers

Understanding the Purpose: Abstract and Introduction

When you’re diving into the world of scientific manuscripts, it’s like stepping into a whole new universe, right? Especially when it comes to crafting the perfect research paper. Now, let’s talk about two crucial parts of your paper – the Abstract and Introduction. They may seem similar at a glance, but trust me, they’re as different as apples and oranges.

First off, let’s clear the air about what each part is meant to do. The Abstract, in simple terms, is your research paper in a nutshell. It’s like a movie trailer – giving the audience (in this case, the readers) a quick preview of what’s in store. The goal? To lure them in and make them want to read the whole thing.

The Introduction, on the other hand, is more like the opening scene of the movie. It sets the stage, introduces the main characters (or key concepts), and starts to build up the story (your research). It’s your chance to grab the reader’s attention and give them a reason to stay.

So, why is understanding the difference between these two so crucial? Well, it’s simple. If you nail your Abstract, your paper is more likely to get picked up and read. Get your Introduction right, and your readers will stick around till the end.

In the next sections, we’re going to dissect each part, giving you the lowdown on how to make both your Abstract and Introduction stand out. We’ll be discussing how to structure them, what to include (and what not to), and some insider tips to make your research paper as compelling as possible.

The Abstract: A Snapshot of Your Research

Picture this: you’re at a busy conference, surrounded by countless research papers. What makes you pick one up? The Abstract. Think of the Abstract as your research’s elevator pitch. It’s short, sweet, and packs a punch. In a few concise sentences, it needs to summarize your entire study – the problem, methods, results, and conclusion. Phew, sounds like a tall order, right?

But fear not! Here’s how you can make your Abstract stand out:

• Be Concise : Usually, you have about 150-250 words to play with. Every word counts, so make them meaningful.
• Clarity is Key : Use plain language that can be easily understood by a broad audience. You’re not trying to impress with jargon; you’re trying to communicate effectively.
• Highlight the Big Stuff : Focus on the main aspects of your research. What was the problem? How did you approach it? What did you discover? And why does it matter?
• No Spoilers : While you need to include results, avoid the temptation to delve into detailed discussions or conclusions. Leave that for the main body of your paper.

Remember, a well-written Abstract can be the difference between someone reading your full paper or passing it by. It’s your first impression – make it count!

Crafting a Compelling Introduction

The Introduction is where the magic starts. It’s your opportunity to hook your readers and give them a glimpse of the exciting journey they’re about to embark on. Unlike the abstract, which is a bird’s-eye view of your study, the introduction is where you start zooming in.

Here’s how to craft an introduction that not only informs but also engages:

• Start with a Bang : Begin with a statement or a fact that grabs attention. It could be a startling statistic, a provocative question, or an intriguing quote. You want your reader to think, “Wow, I need to know more about this!”
• Set the Scene : Provide some background. Why is this research important? What’s the broader context? Think of it as setting the stage for your main act – your research.
• State the Problem : Clearly articulate the problem your research addresses. This helps readers understand the purpose and significance of your study.
• Outline Your Approach : Briefly mention how you’ve tackled the problem. This is a teaser, not the full story – you’ll get into the nitty-gritty in the methodology section.
• Establish the Thesis : What’s the main argument or hypothesis of your paper? The introduction is where this star should shine.
• Map It Out : Lastly, give your readers a roadmap of what to expect in the paper. It’s like showing them the menu before they enjoy the meal.

A compelling introduction sets the tone for the rest of your paper. It should be engaging, clear, and informative, leading your reader smoothly into the heart of your research.

Key Differences Between the Abstract and Introduction

Understanding the distinction between the abstract and introduction is crucial for any researcher. While they both serve important roles in your paper, they are fundamentally different in purpose and structure. Here’s a breakdown to help you differentiate the two:

• Purpose and Content : The abstract is a mini-version of your paper. It summarizes the entire research, including your findings and conclusions. The introduction, however, is more about setting up the research. It introduces the problem, provides background, and outlines the approach without revealing the conclusions.
• Length and Detail : Abstracts are typically much shorter, often limited to 250 words or less. They’re a quick read. The introduction, however, can be several pages long and provides a detailed background and rationale for the study.
• Audience Expectations : Readers often use the abstract to decide whether to read the full paper. It’s like a trailer to a movie. The introduction, on the other hand, is for those who’ve decided to watch the movie. It starts to tell the story in a more detailed and nuanced way.
• Writing Style : In an abstract, every word must count due to the word limit. It’s more factual and to the point. The introduction allows for a more narrative style, setting the scene and building a connection with the reader.
• Placement and Function : The abstract acts as a standalone summary, often read independently of the full paper. The introduction, however, is the beginning of the paper itself, leading the reader into the main text.

By clearly understanding these differences, you can ensure that both your abstract and introduction are effectively tailored to their respective purposes, providing a clear and engaging entry point into your research.

Structuring Your Abstract for Maximum Impact

The abstract is your research paper’s frontman – it’s the first thing people read, and it can make or break their interest in the rest of your work. So, how do you structure it to make sure it hits all the right notes? Here are some key elements to include for an impactful abstract:

• Background : Set the stage. Provide a brief context for your research. Why did you start this study? What gap in knowledge are you trying to fill?
• Objective : What was the aim of your research? This part should be crystal clear – readers want to know what you were trying to achieve.
• Methodology : Give a quick overview of how you conducted your research. Did you do experiments, surveys, or analysis? Keep it brief but informative.
• Results : What did you find? This is often what readers are most interested in. Highlight your key findings without getting bogged down in details.
• Conclusions : What do your results mean? Summarize the implications of your findings and their importance to the field.
• Keywords : Don’t forget to include keywords that will help others find your paper in searches.

Remember, while your abstract needs to be concise, it also needs to be complete. Readers should get a full picture of your research – from the why to the so what – in a nutshell.

Setting the Stage: Elements of a Strong Introduction

The introduction is more than just a starting point of your paper – it’s where you draw your readers in and build the framework for your research story. A well-crafted introduction should include several key elements:

• Hook : Start with something intriguing – a startling statistic, a compelling question, or an interesting anecdote. Your goal is to grab the reader’s attention and pique their curiosity.
• Background Information : Provide enough context to understand the research. What is the broader field of study? What are the key concepts or theories?
• Research Gap : Highlight the current knowledge gap that your research aims to fill. Why is this gap significant? What hasn’t been explored or solved yet?
• Research Question or Hypothesis : Clearly state the research question or hypothesis you’re investigating. This gives the reader a clear idea of what you’re aiming to uncover or prove.
• Objective and Scope : Define the objective of your research and its scope. What are you aiming to achieve and within what bounds?
• Significance : Explain why your research is important. What value does it add to the field? Why should the reader care?
• Outline of the Paper : Briefly outline how your paper is structured. What can the reader expect in the subsequent sections?

Remember, your introduction is your chance to set the tone for your entire paper. It should be engaging, informative, and clearly lay out what the reader can expect.

Abstract Writing Do’s and Don’ts

Crafting the perfect abstract for your research paper can be a bit of a tightrope walk. You want to include enough information to be informative but not so much that it becomes overwhelming. Here are some key do’s and don’ts to keep in mind:

Do’s:

• Be Clear and Concise : Use simple language and get straight to the point. An abstract is a summary, not a detailed explanation.
• Follow the Structure : Stick to the classic structure – background, objective, methods, results, and conclusion.
• Include Key Findings : Make sure your main results and their significance are clearly stated.
• Use Keywords : Include keywords relevant to your topic to make your paper searchable.
• Reflect Your Paper : Ensure your abstract accurately represents what is in your paper. No false advertising!

Don’ts:

• Avoid Over-Complexity : Don’t use jargon or overly complex language. Keep it accessible.
• Don’t Exceed Word Limits : Abstracts are typically 250 words or less. Stick to the limit.
• Avoid Adding New Information : Only include information that is present in the paper.
• Don’t Get Too Detailed : Leave the in-depth explanations and discussions for the main body of your paper.
• Don’t Forget to Proofread : Typos and grammatical errors can undermine the credibility of your work.

By following these guidelines, you can create an abstract that effectively summarizes your research and encourages readers to delve deeper into your paper.

Introduction: Laying the Foundation for Your Research Paper

The introduction of your research paper is where you lay the groundwork and build the framework for your entire study. It’s not just about starting your paper; it’s about setting the tone, providing context, and preparing the reader for what’s to come. Here’s how to make your introduction a solid foundation:

• Start with a Clear, Engaging Hook : Your opening sentences should capture the reader’s interest. Whether it’s a surprising fact, a pertinent question, or an interesting anecdote, your hook should be relevant and thought-provoking.
• Provide Background Information : Before diving into your research, give your readers a backdrop. What is the broader context of your study? How does it fit into the existing body of knowledge?
• Identify the Research Gap : What’s missing in the current literature or field of study? Clearly articulate the gap your research intends to fill. This not only shows the relevance of your work but also positions it within the larger conversation.
• State Your Research Question or Hypothesis : Clearly and concisely present the question your research seeks to answer or the hypothesis you intend to test. This is the guiding star of your entire paper.

Objectives and Significance

• Outline Your Research’s Objectives : What are you aiming to achieve with your study? Be clear about your objectives, as they will direct your methodology and analysis.
• Highlight the Significance of Your Study : Why is your research important? Whether it’s a practical application or a contribution to academic knowledge, make sure your readers understand the value of your work.
• Preview the Structure of the Paper : Give a brief overview of what each section of your paper will cover. This roadmap helps readers navigate your research journey.

By carefully crafting your introduction, you’re not just starting your paper; you’re inviting your readers on an intellectual journey. A well-structured introduction sets the stage for a compelling and insightful research paper.

Tips for Synthesizing Information in Your Abstract

Creating an abstract that succinctly synthesizes the essence of your research paper is a skill. It’s about distilling complex ideas and extensive research into a digestible, brief summary. Here are some tips to help you do just that:

• Focus on Key Elements : Remember, your abstract should include the core aspects of your research – background, objective, methods, results, and conclusions. Stick to these elements and avoid extraneous details.
• Be Selective with Your Information : Choose the most significant findings and the primary objectives of your research to include in your abstract. You don’t need to mention every minor detail or secondary result.
• Use Active Voice and Strong Verbs : Active voice makes your writing more direct and dynamic. Strong verbs help you convey a lot of information in fewer words.
• Write for Accessibility : Your abstract should be understandable even to those outside your specific field of study. Avoid jargon and technical terms that might not be familiar to all readers.
• Make Every Word Count : With a limited word count, every word in your abstract needs to serve a purpose. Be concise and clear, and avoid unnecessary adjectives and adverbs.
• Ensure Coherence and Flow : Your abstract should read smoothly. Use transitional phrases where necessary and ensure that your sentences flow logically from one to the next.
• Reflect the Paper Accurately : The abstract should be a true reflection of what’s in your paper. Avoid including information in the abstract that isn’t present in the main text.
• Revise and Edit : Don’t underestimate the power of revision. Read over your abstract multiple times, refine it, and make sure it clearly and effectively summarizes your research paper.

By following these tips, you can craft an abstract that serves as a compelling and accurate snapshot of your research, enticing readers to delve into the full details of your paper.

Hooking Your Reader: Introduction Strategies

The introduction of your research paper is more than just a formal start; it’s your first chance to engage and captivate your audience. To make sure you grab and hold your reader’s attention, consider these strategies:

• Start with a Compelling Hook : Open with a surprising fact, a thought-provoking question, or a brief story related to your research. This can pique the reader’s interest and draw them into the subject matter.
• Use Relevant Quotes or Anecdotes : A well-chosen quote or a brief anecdote that illustrates your research topic can be very effective. It adds a human element and can make complex topics more relatable.
• Pose a Provocative Question : Asking a question can be a powerful way to start. It engages the reader by prompting them to think about the answer and anticipate what your research might reveal.
• Present a Startling Statistic : Starting with a statistic that highlights the significance of your research topic can be a strong opener. It immediately shows the relevance and importance of your study.
• Create a Vivid Image : Use descriptive language to create a vivid picture in the reader’s mind. This can be particularly effective for topics related to natural sciences, social studies, or humanities.
• Challenge Common Assumptions : If your research challenges commonly held beliefs or existing theories, stating this upfront can be a compelling start. It sets the stage for presenting your new insights or findings.
• Bridge the Gap Between Known and Unknown : Start by summarizing what is already known about your topic, then transition into what your research will add to this knowledge. This highlights the contribution of your work.
• Keep It Brief and Engaging : Remember, the introduction should be concise and to the point. While being engaging, it should not stray into unnecessary details or background information.

By employing these strategies, you can create an introduction that not only informs but also excites and intrigues your readers, encouraging them to continue reading your paper with keen interest.

Common Mistakes to Avoid in Abstract and Introduction

Writing the abstract and introduction for your research paper can be a bit tricky. It’s easy to fall into some common traps. Being aware of these can help you create more compelling and effective sections. Here are some mistakes to watch out for:

In the Abstract:

• Being Too Vague : Your abstract should be clear and specific, providing a concise overview of your research. Avoid being too broad or general.
• Including Too Much Detail : Remember, the abstract is a summary. Avoid the temptation to include every detail of your study. Stick to the main points.
• Using Technical Jargon : While your paper might be aimed at a specialized audience, the abstract should be accessible to a broader readership. Minimize technical language.
• Forgetting Key Components : Ensure that your abstract covers all the essential elements – background, objective, methods, results, and conclusion.
• Writing the Abstract First : It’s often easier to write an effective abstract after you have completed the main body of the paper.

In the Introduction:

• Starting Too Slowly : You need to grab your reader’s attention right away. Avoid long-winded and overly general openings.
• Lacking a Clear Thesis Statement : Your introduction should clearly state the purpose and main argument of your paper. Don’t leave readers guessing.
• Overloading with Background Information : While some context is necessary, too much can overwhelm the reader. Stick to information that’s directly relevant to your research.
• Repeating the Abstract : The introduction should not be a repeat of the abstract. It should provide new, more detailed context and setup for your paper.
• Neglecting the Research Gap : Make sure to clearly articulate the gap in the existing research that your paper addresses. This highlights the importance of your study.

By avoiding these common mistakes, you can ensure that your abstract and introduction effectively set the stage for your research paper, engaging your audience from the very beginning.

Perfecting Your Research Paper: Bringing It All Together

Writing a research paper is like putting together a complex puzzle. Each piece must fit perfectly to present a clear, comprehensive picture of your research and findings. Here’s how you can bring it all together:

• Ensure Consistency Across Sections : Your paper should flow logically from the abstract and introduction through to the body and conclusion. Each section should seamlessly lead to the next, maintaining a consistent tone and style.
• Revisit Your Thesis or Hypothesis Regularly : Throughout your paper, continuously refer back to your thesis or hypothesis to ensure that your arguments and findings stay aligned with your initial premise.
• Integrate Your Results with the Discussion : Your results shouldn’t just be a list of data points. Integrate them with your discussion, interpreting what they mean in the context of your research question.
• Tie Back to the Introduction : In your conclusion, refer back to the points you raised in your introduction. This creates a full circle, reinforcing the relevance and impact of your research.
• Highlight the Significance and Implications : Clearly articulate the significance of your findings. How do they contribute to the field? What are the broader implications? This is your chance to showcase the importance of your work.
• Identify Limitations and Future Research Directions : No study is without limitations. Acknowledging these not only adds credibility to your work but also provides a launchpad for future research.
• End with a Strong Conclusion : Your conclusion is your final word. Make it count by summarizing your key findings and their implications in a compelling way.
• Proofread and Revise : The final step in perfecting your paper is thorough proofreading and revision. Ensure clarity, coherence, and correctness in every part of your paper.

By paying attention to these aspects, you can create a research paper that is well-structured, coherent, and impactful, effectively communicating the value and significance of your work.

Why Choose San Francisco Edit for Your Research Paper Editing Needs?

When it comes to preparing your research paper for publication in the competitive world of science, medicine, and academia, the importance of clarity, precision, and adherence to journal standards cannot be overstated. This is where “ San Francisco Edit ” steps in as your trusted partner.

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At “San Francisco Edit”, we’re not just editors – we’re partners in your academic journey. Our commitment to excellence, combined with our specialized expertise, makes us the ideal choice for editing your scientific manuscripts.

Contact San Francisco Edit today to give your research paper the professional edge it deserves!

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San Francisco Edit specializes in editing scientific manuscripts for peer-reviewed journals, focusing on science, medicine, and academia.

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Abstract Vs Introduction: Key Similarities and Differences

Is an abstract the same as an introduction? This is one of the questions we receive most frequently, so we thought it would be a good idea to write an article about the abstract vs introduction problem. Most students don’t know how to differentiate between the two, especially if they are new to academic writing. Even though the two things are somewhat similar, there is at least one major difference between introduction and abstract. In this article, we will discuss the similarities and differences between the two. What is the difference between an abstract and an introduction? Let’s find out!

The Abstract Vs Introduction Problem

Introduction vs abstract: which one does what? Because many professors don’t explain these two terms to their students, it’s easy to confuse them. We consider that this is not the students’ fault. If they don’t know the difference between an abstract and an introduction, it’s easy to make a grave mistake. Of course, you will get penalized harshly for this. This blog post aims to provide information about abstract vs introduction scientific paper writers need to make sure they don’t get an F on their next essay.

Abstract and Introduction: What Are They?

So, let’s discuss abstract vs introduction APA style. An abstract is basically a summary of a complex paper (such as a thesis or a research paper).

The abstract summarizes all the different parts of the paper, including the research problem, the objectives, the methods, the results, and the conclusion. After reading the abstract, the reader should know exactly what the paper is about and how it is structured. The length of an abstract is around 250-300 words. The introduction, on the other hand, is there to give your readers an idea of what you are about to talk about and introduce your thesis statement.

It can contain a bit of background information, but it does not delve into the specifics of your research methods or results. Also, the introduction does not discuss the conclusion of the paper in any way.

The Key Difference Between Abstract and Introduction

OK, but what is the major difference between abstract and introduction? In simple terms, the abstract is a summary of the entire research paper. It briefly discusses the methods, results and conclusion. The introduction, on the other hand, is there to entice the reader to read the entire paper. It discusses just the background of the problem and the objectives of the paper. You will never see the conclusion being discussed in an introduction.

Is an APA abstract vs introduction different from MLA or other types of academic writing? No, the abstract and the introduction are just as different regardless of the academic writing style. You should never confuse one for the other because the consequences can be a rejected paper or at the very least a very low grade.

Introduction vs Abstract: The Similarities

Now that you know the main difference between an abstract and introduction, it’s time to talk about similarities. This should help you avoid any confusion:

• Both the introduction and the abstract are placed at the beginning of a research paper. In fact, an abstract can be considered a de-facto introduction.
• Both the abstract and the introduction are there to provide some information about the subject and about the objectives of your research paper.
• Both can be used as a way to attract the interest of a reader.

However, this is where the similarities end. Never assume that you can write an introduction in place of an abstract. Of course, you can’t write an abstract in place of an introduction either. This is the information about abstract vs introduction lab report writers need to know before they start writing their first paper. We know that sometimes writing an abstract can be more difficult than the introduction to abstract algebra in high school. However, with practice, you will quickly get the hang of it.

Abstract and Introduction Examples

To help you understand the meaning and role of an abstract better, we have written an example abstract for you and broken it down into pieces:

As of 2023, residual herbicide that is accumulating in certain crops is posing a growing threat to the rice-wheat rotation in northern India. (The background part) When it comes to pesticides and pesticide metabolites, green manure has been shown to stimulate ample co-mineralization. By incorporating it into the soil, the effects of the herbicide residue can be mitigated. (The objectives part) During a three-year study at the North Indian Wheat Research Institute, Azolla Pinata and A. Carolingiana have been used as green manure. The effects of the green manure on the Propanil and Buthachlor herbicides has been evaluated, as well as the mineralization and co-metabolization of the herbicides, using a process known as liquid chromatography. (The material and methods part) Initial results indicate that Azolla Pinata caused the Propanil herbicide to co-mineralize in 14 days. However, the green manure did not have the intended effect on the Buthachlor herbicide during the study. (The findings part) After analyzing the findings of the study, we can say for certain that Azolla Pinata used as green manure can prevent residual Propanil accumulation. (The conclusion part)

An example introduction for the paper would look something like this:

Residual herbicides are posing a growing threat to the systems of rice-wheat rotation in Northern India. According to a recent study by the North Indian Wheat Research Institute, Azolla Pinata is able to co-mineralize some herbicides. Understanding the process by which this happens is important for the future of Indian rice and wheat crops. This research paper aims to answer the following question: how does green manure co-mineralize certain herbicides? We will first analyze the soil and the herbicide accumulation, then we will discuss the effects of green manure, and finally we will analyze the potential applications.

Need Assistance?

Abstract versus introduction: I still don’t understand the difference! No problem, you are certainly not the only one. Many students are emailing us to get more information about these two important parts of their research papers. Instead of struggling to write something you don’t understand, why don’t you get some one on one help from our academic writing experts? In case you don’t know how to write the abstract or are struggling to write an excellent introduction for your paper, we can help you.

We can not only write you an abstract introduction, but also help you with the research and analysis part of your paper. It goes without saying that our writers and editors can also write your paper from scratch from start to finish. You will get an awesome essay that will thrill your professor. Getting a top grade is now easier than ever with our help.

We know that you are probably reluctant to get help from an online academic writing service. However, we can assure you that our experts will do a great job. All our papers are 100% original, written from scratch. We do not sell pre-written papers, period. And remember, getting quality assistance with your introduction and abstract is just one message away. What are you waiting for?

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Abstract vs introduction – easily write both!

Navigating the world of academic writing can often be tricky, particularly when it comes to distinguishing key sections like the abstract and the introduction.

Understanding the difference between an abstract and an introduction is essential to crafting a compelling, comprehensive piece of research work.

This blog aims to demystify the “abstract vs introduction” conundrum, discussing the key differences, distinct purposes, and methodologies for writing both. 

From summary points to citation rules, we provide a concise yet detailed guide to enlighten and empower readers to produce impactful abstracts and introductions that effectively encapsulate their research topic and spur readers to delve into their entire study.

What is the Difference Between an Abstract and an Introduction? Key Differences

When it comes to academic writing, two of the most commonly used sections when reading a paper or report are the abstract and introduction. While the purpose of both the abstract and introduction is to provide the reader with a clear understanding of the purpose and scope of the research paper or dissertation, there are some significant differences between the two.

Here are the main differences between an abstract and an introduction when writing a research paper, project report or thesis, and dissertation. 

The first distinction revolves around the purpose.

The abstract’s main aim is to summarize the contents of your research paper, similar to how cliff notes or spark notes give a summary of a book or play. Its purpose is to provide a concise overview of the paper’s content and findings, helping readers quickly discern if the paper aligns with their research interest, saving them time and resources.

On the other hand, the introduction is the first section and serves to give the reader the fundamental understanding necessary to comprehend the research presented in the paper. It will include different details compared to the abstract, focusing on setting the stage for your research and why it matters.

The second difference lies in their length.

Abstracts are usually and outline and restricted in their length, especially for journal submissions, with most falling between 200 to 400 words.

Contrarily, introductions cover more material, naturally requiring more words. They are not as regulated by journals in terms of length and should aim for approximately one and a half to two and a half pages.

This length allows you to be concise but also provide enough information for the reader to understand your upcoming research.

The third and final difference is the content. Your abstract should encapsulate your entire paper in a summarized form, covering the:

• background knowledge,
• discussion,
• and conclusion.

Conversely, the introduction should not cover all these aspects. It should mainly address why your work is important, the background knowledge necessary to understand your research and previous studies on the topic.

Here is a cheat sheet for the structure of each:

How do you Write an Abstract?

To write an effective research paper abstract, start by identifying your abstract type: descriptive (brief overview) or informative (detailed summary). Next, adhere to the five-section structure:

• Purpose and Motivation: State your study’s objective and its relevance.
• Problem: Clearly articulate the problem or question your research addresses.
• Methods: Briefly explain your significant research methods, avoiding unnecessary detail.
• Results: Summarize key results, relating them back to your research problem.
• Conclusion: Discuss implications and suggest potential future research.

Remember to follow the specific guidelines of the journal or conference you’re submitting to, including word count and formatting requirements.

Avoid copying text from your paper.

Instead, write the abstract from scratch, ensuring relevance and avoiding redundancy. Include only crucial keywords to make your work discoverable.

How to Write a Good Abstract

Writing an amazing abstract involves several important steps:

• Characteristics : An abstract should be 200 to 250 words long and can be structured as one long paragraph or split into two. It should be a concise summary of your paper that informs the reader’s decision on whether or not to continue reading.
• a. Introduction : The first one or two sentences should be comprehensible to anybody and provide a general summary of your topic. Then, go into more depth about the subject, which should be understandable for someone in your field. Remember to reference any external sources.
• b. Identifying a Gap : One to two sentences should clearly identify a gap in knowledge that your paper addresses. This should clarify the research question or hypothesis and point out what the reader can expect to learn from your paper.
• c. Methods : Detail the research methods used in your study. This could be anything from qualitative and quantitative research to specific techniques like surveys or microscopy.
• d. Results : Describe the main findings of your research. Be selective and focus on the key results that align with your research question and fill the knowledge gap identified earlier.
• e. Conclusion : Summarize the significance of the study in one to two sentences, providing a concise takeaway point for your reader.
• f. Implications or Future Work : If applicable, provide a sentence about the potential implications of your research or directions for future work.
• Order : Write the abstract last, as it should encapsulate the entirety of your paper, from the hypothesis to the conclusions and potential future directions.
• Avoid Discussion or Critique : The purpose of the abstract is to provide commentary. Do not include any discussion or critique. Stick to a factual account of what you did, the methods you used, the results you obtained, and your conclusions.
• Language : Use clear, concise language that is free from jargon. The abstract should be understandable to both experts in your field and general readers.
• Refinement : Dedicate sufficient time to refine your abstract. Despite its short length, it’s the first piece of writing that readers will see, so it’s worth perfecting.

Remember, following this structure will help ensure that your abstract is clear, comprehensive, and engaging for your readers.

What is an Introduction?

An introduction establishes the context of your research and provides a clear rationale for its necessity. It starts with a broad overview of your research area, highlighting established knowledge, then transitions to identifying gaps that your research aims to fill.

Your introduction should then outline how your study intends to address these gaps, leading to a concise hypothesis or study objective.

This section should be compact, representing about 10% of the total dissertation length, and provide a complete overview of the context of your study and the specific reasons for conducting it.

How to Write a Good Introduction

Writing a good introduction requires strategic presentation of information, starting with broad context then narrowing down to your specific research question and objectives.

Begin with a strong, clear statement outlining your research area, highlighting what is already known about the subject.

This background information should be relevant and concise, supported by cited sources. It should lead the reader towards the knowledge gap or problem your research is addressing.

This part of the introduction pinpoints where existing information is insufficient, explaining why and how filling this gap will contribute to the field.

Next, present your research objectives and hypothesis. This part demonstrates how your research intends to fill the identified gap. The hypothesis should be brief and predictive, often using an ‘if, then’ format. Some examples of that include:

• If nanoparticles are used to deliver chemotherapy drugs, then the targeted cancer cells’ uptake of the drug will increase, minimizing harm to healthy cells.
• If the expression of a specific genetic marker is upregulated in a certain disease, then targeted gene therapy could potentially alleviate the disease symptoms.
• If the frequency of extreme weather events increases due to climate change, then patterns of species distribution and biodiversity will shift in ecosystems.
• If machine learning algorithms are trained with larger, diverse datasets in radiology, then the accuracy and precision of image-based diagnosis will improve.
• If public policies are reformed to prioritize renewable energy sources, then carbon emissions could decrease significantly over a defined period.
• If cognitive behavioral therapy techniques are integrated into virtual reality environments, then the treatment outcomes for anxiety disorders may improve.

While creating the introduction, ensure your language is clear and concise.

Use active voice and strong verbs to enhance readability. Be mindful not to overuse first-person pronouns. It’s advisable to write the introduction after the other sections of your paper, ensuring that it accurately and effectively sets the stage for the content that follows.

Remember, the introduction should captivate your reader, encouraging them to explore the rest of your work.

Abstract vs. Introduction — Key Takeaways

As we conclude this informative journey, we hope you’re now confident in distinguishing between an abstract and an introduction and their roles in your academic work.

Key takeaways:

• Distinct Purposes : An abstract is a concise summary of the entire research paper, providing key findings and the overall conclusion, enabling readers to quickly determine whether the paper aligns with their research interest. Conversely, an introduction sets the context and provides the necessary background information for the reader to understand the research topic.
• Differing Content : The abstract encapsulates the paper’s main objective, methods used, results obtained, and conclusions, while the introduction focuses on the study’s relevance, previous research on the topic, and why the research is important.
• Position in Paper : The abstract is placed immediately after the title page, while the introduction follows the abstract.
• Writing Approach : Writing a good abstract requires a succinct summary of the entire study, strictly adhering to the word limit (usually between 200-250 words) and avoiding in-text citations. A good introduction, however, is longer and sets the context for the research, often containing in-text citations for referencing background information.
• Impact on Reader Engagement : Both the abstract and the introduction are critical for engaging readers. A well-written abstract allows readers to quickly determine whether the paper is relevant to their interests, while a compelling introduction encourages readers to delve into the details of the research study.

A clear understanding of their different purposes, structures, and requirements will enable you to set a clear, comprehensive stage for your research topic, attracting readers and reviewers in academia. 

Remember, an abstract is a succinct, quick overview of your entire document, while a good introduction sets the context and highlights the significance of your research study. Mastering these two sections is fundamental to engaging your audience and giving them a reason to read on. Keep this guide handy as you delve into your next academic writing task!

Dr Andrew Stapleton has a Masters and PhD in Chemistry from the UK and Australia. He has many years of research experience and has worked as a Postdoctoral Fellow and Associate at a number of Universities. Although having secured funding for his own research, he left academia to help others with his YouTube channel all about the inner workings of academia and how to make it work for you.

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Abstract vs Introduction: Explaining the Differences and Similarities

by  Antony W

November 14, 2022

Writing a research paper can be challenging because you have to consider so many factors before you start to put words on the paper. You have to choose a research topic, go through the entire research process, create an outline, write your first draft, and proofread your work for coherence, factualness, and clarity.

One area many students don’t seem to get right is on the outline of the paper. Often, they struggle to see a visible difference between an abstract and an introduction, so much so that they confuse the two to mean the same thing. 

Before we go any further, it’s important to understand that an introduction and an abstract for a research paper are not synonymous. They’re different in length, context, writing approach, and the intended purpose.

In this guide, you’ll learn about abstract vs introduction to understand the differences between these two parts of a research paper. In the end, you should find it easy to write a more comprehensive research paper that your instructor will love to read.

Without further ado, let’s get to it.

What is an Abstract in a Research Paper?

An abstract is a section of a research project that gives a reader a condensed version of a research project. Written in past tense, the abstract shows why the study was necessary, the overall purpose of the project, the research question, the materials and methods used, and the drawn conclusions and results. In some cases, an abstract might include an executive summary, which is a conclusive sentence that demonstrates the significance of the research.

The overall goal of an abstract in a research paper is to give a reader the complete summary of the entire project. In fact, by reading this section alone, one should get a clear understanding of the topic and understand the significance of the study.

Abstract are particularly useful because they help with decision-making. After reading the abstract of your research paper, a reader can decide if they want to read the rest of the document for more insights.

What is an Introduction in a Research Paper?

An introduction is the first main section in a research paper. Written immediately after the abstract and before the literature review , the introduction is the part of the project that gives a reader more information on the topic under investigation.

By reading the introduction, a reader should easily understand the knowledge that already exists on the subject and clearly see why your research is necessary for the topic in question. Given that you’re trying to add new understanding to the subject, the aim of your study and research objectives should be very clear.

Where possible, and if indeed necessary, the introduction of the research paper should include a hypothesis. 

Abstract vs Introduction: How Do They Compare?

The comparison table below shows the side-by-side comparison between an abstract and an introduction in a research paper.

Explaining the Differences between an Abstract and an Introduction

There are at least three significant differences between an abstract and an introduction, and it’s important to learn about them before you start writing a research paper.

Abstract vs Introduction: Purpose

The purpose of an abstract is to give your reader a clear, concise summary of the study you conducted on a particular subject. Written in past tense, the abstract is the section that demonstrates whether the paper fits the needs of the reader enough to get them to read other section of the paper. So to grab their attention, pique their interest, and get them to want to continue reading, you should write the abstract in such a manner that it conveys what the paper is about and why it’s important.

An introduction, on the other hand, prepares your reader to discover what you did in your study. It’s in the introduction that you explain:

• Why your study on the subject is important
• Exactly what the study examines
• The studies already conducted in the field

The introduction should also give a summary of what you did in the study.

Abstract vs Introduction: Structure

An abstract doesn’t require the use of subheadings and it’s mostly one block of text. Still, you can structure the abstract such that the information you present flows in a given sequence. You may want to organize your information in the following order:

• The significance of your study
• The basics of your subject
• Questions you’re trying to answer
• How you arrived at your answer and
• The answer to the question

By including this information in their right sequence, you’ll not only be able to give a clear overview of the whole research paper but also give your readers the reasons to keep reading. 

The introduction, on the other hand, may have subheadings to better prepare your reader to understand the study. So you might want to have the following structure overall:

• The importance of the study
• Background information that provides readers with a clear roadmap for the study
• A touch on the previous research that have an impact on the study
• Reasons to investigate the topic even further
• What you intend to do in the study

Structuring your introduction in this manner makes it easy for your readers to care about the study.

Abstract vs Introduction: Length

Many journals require that an abstract be between 200 and 600 words long. For your research paper, you’ll have to make yours at most 350 words, which means you have to write a lot in a small space.

An introduction tends to be longer, often up to 2 pages double-spaced for a normal research article. 

About the author 

Antony W is a professional writer and coach at Help for Assessment. He spends countless hours every day researching and writing great content filled with expert advice on how to write engaging essays, research papers, and assignments.

An Abstract or an Introduction — What’s the Difference?

Are you working on a paper or scholarly article? Need to know the difference between an abstract and an introduction? Here’s what you need to know. 

An abstract and an introduction are two different sections of a research paper, thesis, or dissertation. An abstract is a short summary of the entire piece, and it comes before the table of contents. An introduction is a full-length chapter, and often includes a layout of the rest of the piece.

Abstract vs. Introduction — Key Takeaways

An abstract.

• Can be very short — a basic abstract only needs four sentences.
• A summary of the entire work. 
• Used in scholarly, academic, or scientific papers and articles.
• Comes before the table of contents. The page is not numbered.

An Introduction

• Is a full-length chapter.
• Often includes a map or layout of the piece to come. 
• Found in papers, articles, books, essays, compendiums, and more.
• After the table of contents. Considered a part of the work itself.

An abstract is a brief summary of the entire paper, that provides a concise overview of the research question, methods, results, and conclusions. According to the Chicago Manual of Style, an abstract may be “as many as a few hundred words but often much shorter.” 

It should be able to stand alone as a summary of the paper, allowing readers to quickly determine whether the paper is relevant to their interests.

An Example Abstract Format

For those in the sciences, the American Medical Association says, “Abstracts should summarize the main point(s) of an article and include the objective, methods, results, and conclusions of a study.”

In the arts and humanities — my field — a basic abstract format includes four statements:

• They say/I say

Methodology

What do these all mean? Let’s dive in.

They Say/I say

This is where you position your research within the broader field of scholarship. For example: 

Many scholars believe that vampires don’t like sunshine (they say), but most aren’t considering all the vampires who do like sunshine (I say). Tweet

This is where you discuss the kind of research you did. For example:

Over the course of one year, I trekked across Transylvania looking at ancient records and interviewing contemporary vampires.

This is where you summarize the main argument (thesis) that your paper asserts. For example:

This paper reveals that 77% of vampires do in fact tolerate or even enjoy sunshine.

The takeaway answers the question, So what? This is where you make a case for the broader implications of your claim. For example:

By understanding the diurnal (daytime) nature of most vampires, we can renovate our understanding of their culture and begin to break down barriers between vampires and non-vampires.

Introductions

As opposed to an abstract, which comes before a paper, the introduction is the first section of the paper , which introduces the research question, provides background information on the topic, and outlines the purpose and objectives of the study. The introduction sets the stage for the research and helps readers understand why the research was conducted and what it hopes to achieve. I had a professor who used to say that the introduction “sets the table for the meal of the paper to come.”

Information from the abstract may appear in the introduction, but it will be expanded upon and more detailed. 

The Format of an Introduction

An introduction, unlike most abstracts, will contain multiple paragraphs. While the abstract comes before the table of contents, the introduction comes after, and, according to the Oxford Style guide and common academic practice, begins on page #1. 

An introduction will often include the following information:

• Opening Gambit — An anecdote, joke, personal narrative, etc. to ‘hook’ the reader.
• They Say/I say — Position your work in the broader field of study. This will be more fleshed out than in the abstract. 
• Thesis Statement — Your main argument.
• Methodology — An overview of the kind of research you conducted. (Note that the methodology comes after the thesis statement in an introduction, unlike in the abstract.)
• Map of the Paper — This is where you tell your reader what to expect from each section of the paper. “In chapter 1, I look at…” etc.
• Restate the Thesis — Restate your main argument.

As to the “map of the paper,” I should note that not everyone agrees on this — the Chicago Manual of Style advises against it. And yet, it is a common academic practice. When in doubt, always check with your teacher or publisher.

Abstracts and Introductions

The main difference between an abstract and an introduction is that an abstract is a brief summary of the entire paper which appears before the table of contents, while an introduction provides a more in-depth view of the research question, background information, and the purpose of the study. Unlike abstracts, many introductions include a map of the paper that follows.

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Intro Vs Abstract – Are They The Same?

Scholarly writing serves as a cornerstone for the dissemination of knowledge and the exploration of new ideas. Two crucial elements that play a pivotal role in framing the structure of academic papers are the introduction and abstract. While often used interchangeably, these components serve distinct purposes, each contributing to a scholarly work’s overall coherence and effectiveness.

Table of Contents

Understanding The Introduction

The introduction serves as the gateway to a scholarly work, setting the stage for what lies ahead. It is not merely a perfunctory beginning but a strategic piece that aims to engage readers, provide context, and establish the groundwork for the research to follow. The primary functions of an introduction can be delineated into several key aspects.

Contextualization

The introduction contextualizes the research by presenting the broader field of study. It provides a backdrop against which the specific research question or problem statement can be understood.

This involves reviewing relevant literature, highlighting gaps in existing knowledge, and justifying the need for the current study.

Statement Of The Problem Or Research Question

One of the critical elements of an introduction is the formulation of a clear and concise research question or problem statement. This sets the trajectory for the entire paper, guiding readers on what to expect and why the study is significant.

Objectives And Scope

The introduction outlines the objectives of the research and delineates the scope of the study. This helps readers understand the boundaries within which the research is conducted and what specific aspects will be addressed.

Hypotheses Or Research Hypothesis

In scientific research, the introduction may present hypotheses that the study aims to test. These hypotheses are formulated based on existing knowledge and are critical for guiding the research methodology and analysis.

Thesis Statement

In some academic disciplines, particularly in humanities and social sciences, the introduction may encapsulate the thesis statement —a concise summary of the main argument or position taken in the paper.

Understanding The Abstract

While the introduction sets the stage, the abstract serves as a concise summary that encapsulates the entire research paper. Positioned at the beginning of the paper, the abstract acts as a standalone piece, providing readers with a snapshot of the research without requiring them to delve into the full text. The abstract has its own distinct set of functions and characteristics.

Summary Of Key Elements

The abstract encapsulates the essential elements of the research, including the research question, methodology, key findings, and conclusions. It serves as a condensed version of the entire paper, offering readers a quick overview.

Conciseness And Clarity

Unlike the introduction, the abstract is highly condensed and should be succinct. It demands clarity and precision in conveying the main points of the research without unnecessary details.

A well-crafted abstract can stand alone, providing readers with a clear understanding of the study even if they choose not to read the full paper.

Keywords And Indexing

Abstracts often include keywords that are relevant to the research. These keywords are essential for indexing and categorizing the paper in databases, making it easier for researchers to locate relevant literature.

No Citations Or References

Unlike the introduction, the abstract typically does not include citations or references in APA or MLA to other works. It is a self-contained unit that focuses solely on summarizing the research conducted in the paper.

Structural Alignment

The abstract should mirror the structure of the paper, summarizing each section in a logical sequence. It typically includes brief statements about the introduction, methodology, results, and conclusion.

What Is The Difference Between Intro Vs Abstract

While the introduction and abstract share the common goal of providing readers with a roadmap to the research, they differ significantly in their depth, scope, and functions. Understanding these distinctions is crucial for crafting a well-rounded and impactful research paper.

While an abstract is a tightrope walker, restricted to a concise space, the introduction enjoys the freedom of expansiveness. It can stretch across paragraphs, weaving a tapestry of context and intrigue.

An abstract concentrates on the “what” and the “how” – highlighting the research question, methodology, and results. The introduction delves deeper, exploring the “why” – establishing the importance of your work and engaging the reader emotionally.

An abstract primarily caters to specialists and peer reviewers and needs technical accuracy and jargon. The introduction speaks to a broader audience, using accessible language and captivating storytelling to pique their interest.

An abstract follows a rigid format, typically outlining the research question, methodology, results, and conclusion. The introduction offers greater flexibility, allowing for creative storytelling and engaging transitions.

Depth Of Detail

The introduction provides a comprehensive overview of the background, context, and rationale for the study. It delves into existing literature, establishes the research question, and outlines the objectives. In contrast, the abstract is a condensed summary, offering a snapshot of the entire paper without the depth of detail found in the introduction.

Inclusion Of Citations

The introduction extensively cites relevant literature reviews to provide a foundation for the research. It establishes the scholarly context and justifies the study’s significance. On the other hand, the abstract typically avoids citations and focuses on presenting the research’s key elements without reference to external works.

Readability And Accessibility

The introduction is designed to be read sequentially, guiding readers from the general to the specific. It is an integral part of the paper’s narrative, contributing to the overall flow. In contrast, the abstract is a standalone piece that should be easily understandable on its own. It serves as a quick reference for researchers scanning multiple papers to determine their relevance.

Function Within The Paper

The introduction serves as a foundation for the entire paper, providing the necessary context for readers to understand the study’s purpose and significance.

It invites readers into the research narrative, guiding them through the subsequent sections. On the other hand, the abstract is a succinct summary that allows readers to quickly assess the paper’s content, methodology, and findings without delving into the full text.

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Strategies For Crafting Effective Introductions And Abstracts

Crafting compelling introductions and abstracts is a skill that evolves with practice and a nuanced understanding of the research process. Here are some strategies to enhance the effectiveness of these key components:

Clarity And Precision

Both the introduction and abstract benefit from clarity and precision. Use clear language to convey ideas and avoid unnecessary jargon. Ensure that each sentence serves a specific purpose and contributes to the overall coherence of the text.

Engaging The Reader

The introduction should engage the reader from the outset. Consider using anecdotes, thought-provoking questions, or relevant statistics to capture attention. Create a narrative flow that seamlessly leads readers from the general context to the specific research question.

Conciseness In The Abstract

Given its condensed nature, the abstract requires a careful selection of words to convey maximum information in a limited space. Avoid unnecessary details and focus on presenting the core elements of the research. Aim for brevity without sacrificing clarity.

Both the introduction and abstract should align with the overall structure of the paper. Ensure that the abstract provides a coherent summary of each section, mirroring the paper’s organization. Similarly, the introduction should seamlessly transition into subsequent sections.

Highlighting Significance

Clearly articulate the significance of the research in both the introduction and abstract. Explain why the study is relevant, what gaps it addresses, and how

Proofreading And Editing

Thoroughly proofread and edited both the introduction and abstract to eliminate grammatical errors, typos, and inconsistencies. Pay attention to the overall flow of the text, ensuring that ideas are presented logically and coherently.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is an abstract vs introduction.

An abstract is a concise summary of a research paper, providing an overview of key elements. An introduction contextualizes the study, presents the research question, and outlines objectives, serving as the entry point to the paper.

How to write an abstract vs introduction?

Write a clear, concise abstract by summarizing key research elements: objectives, methodology, findings, and conclusions. Craft an engaging introduction by providing context, stating the research question, and justifying its significance, leading readers into the study seamlessly.

Is introduction and abstract the same?

No, introduction and abstract serve distinct purposes in academic writing. The introduction provides context, states the research question, and justifies the study’s significance. The abstract is a concise summary of the entire paper, presenting key elements independently for quick reference.

Is The introduction on the same page as the abstract?

Yes, in academic papers, the introduction and abstract typically appear on the same page. The abstract precedes the introduction, providing a brief summary of the paper’s key elements, while the introduction introduces the study in more detail on the same page.

What is the difference between abstract and background?

The abstract is a concise summary of a research paper’s key elements. The background provides context in the introduction, detailing the broader field of study, and existing literature, and establishing the foundation for the specific research question or problem.

What is the difference between abstract and overview?

An abstract is a concise summary of a research paper, highlighting key elements. An overview is a broader term, encompassing a brief explanation or review of a subject, topic, or process, providing a general understanding without the depth of detail found in an abstract.

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Abstract vs Introduction: Compare and Contrast

November 2, 2023 by Chief Admin Leave a Comment

In academic writing, the contrast between abstracts and introductions is akin to two sides of a coin, with each having its distinct purpose and significance. The “Abstract vs. Introduction” debate is central to understanding how these foundational sections function and contribute to the overall effectiveness of a scholarly work. In this article, we have discussed the concept of abstracts and introductions, including their differences and the roles they play in a scholarly work.

The Abstract and the Introduction serve as the initial touchpoints for readers, offering distinct yet complementary insights into the research. While they both aim to engage and inform the audience, they do so in different ways.

The Introduction is the first substantive section of a scholarly work, providing context, defining the research problem or question, and elucidating the significance of the study. It serves as a roadmap for readers, helping them understand the broader landscape in which the research is situated and why it matters. The Introduction lays the foundation for the reader’s journey through the subsequent sections of the work.

In contrast, the Abstract is a condensed summary of the entire study, offering a high-level overview of the research question, methodology, key findings, and conclusions. Its purpose is to provide readers with a quick snapshot, allowing them to determine the relevance of the research to their interests or needs, without having to delve into the full text.

In the following sections, we will explore best practices and key differences between abstracts and introductions to help authors master these critical elements of scholarly communication.

What is Abstract?

An abstract is a brief summary of a research paper or academic article that provides an overview of the research question, methodology, results, and conclusions. The purpose of an abstract is to give readers a quick snapshot of the main points of the article, so they can decide whether or not to read the full paper. According to the American Psychological Association (APA) , an abstract should be between 150 and 250 words in length, and should be written in a clear and concise manner (APA, 2020).

There are several key elements that should be included in an abstract. First, the research question or problem that the study aims to address should be clearly stated. This should be followed by a brief description of the methodology used to conduct the research, including the sample size, data collection methods, and any statistical analyses that were performed. Next, the results of the study should be summarized, including any key findings or trends that were observed. Finally, the conclusions of the study should be discussed, including any implications for future research or practice.

According to a study by the University of Michigan , abstracts that are well-written and accurately reflect the content of the article are more likely to be read and cited by other researchers (University of Michigan, 2018). Therefore, it is important to take the time to write a clear and concise abstract that accurately represents the main points of the article.

What is an Introduction?

The introduction is the first section of a research paper or academic article, and it serves to introduce the reader to the topic of the study and provide context for the research question. According to the Modern Language Association (MLA) , the introduction should be written in a clear and engaging manner, and should provide enough background information to help the reader understand the significance of the research question (MLA, 2019).

The introduction should start with a broad overview of the topic, and then narrow down to the specific research question or problem that the study aims to address. This should be followed by a review of the relevant literature, which provides context for the study and helps to position the research question within the existing body of knowledge. Finally, the introduction should outline the purpose and objectives of the study, and provide a brief overview of the methodology and expected results.

According to a study by the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , introductions that are well-written and provide a clear and concise overview of the research question and methodology are more likely to engage the reader and encourage them to continue reading the article (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2017). Therefore, it is important to take the time to write a clear and engaging introduction that provides the necessary context and background information for the study.

Learn More: Foreword vs Forward: Compare and Contrast

Abstract vs. Introduction: Key Differences

Now that we have explored the individual characteristics and functions of abstracts and introductions, let’s highlight the key differences between these two sections in research papers:

• Abstract: Provides a concise summary of the entire research paper, condensing all essential information into a brief narrative.
• Introduction: Offers a more detailed and contextualized presentation of the research, focusing on engaging the reader, setting the stage, and highlighting the study’s significance.
• Abstract: Typically limited to 150-250 words, depending on journal or conference requirements.
• Introduction: Longer than the abstract, it can vary in length but is generally more extensive, providing a comprehensive introduction to the research.
• Abstract: Contains a structured summary of the research problem, objectives, methodology, key findings, and implications.
• Introduction: Includes a hook, background information, research problem, significance, review of literature, objectives, and an outline of the paper’s structure.
• Abstract: Primarily serves as an informative snapshot to help readers decide whether to read the full paper.
• Introduction: Aims to captivate the reader’s attention, establish the research’s relevance, and motivate them to delve deeper into the paper.
• Abstract: Typically the first section of the paper, providing a quick overview before the introduction.
• Introduction: Follows the abstract and precedes the main body of the paper, serving as the first substantive section.

Abstract vs. Introduction: Key Similarities

Although abstracts and introductions serve different roles in academic writing, they share some key similarities. Both are critical components of a scholarly work, designed to engage the reader and provide essential information about the research.

Both abstracts and introductions require clarity, conciseness, and coherence to effectively communicate the main aspects of the study. They should be written in a way that is accessible to the target audience, ensuring that readers can understand the research question, methodology, and key findings.

Additionally, both sections necessitate accuracy and consistency, meaning that the information presented in the abstract and introduction must align with the content of the full work. Furthermore, abstracts and introductions play a significant role in the dissemination and impact of the research. They serve as the “face” of the work, attracting potential readers and contributing to the work’s visibility and citation in academic databases.

Finally, abstracts and introductions are often the sections that undergo multiple revisions during the writing process, as authors refine and polish their message to ensure that it is clear, compelling, and representative of the overall research.

Learn More: Language vs Dialect: Compare and Contrast

Best Practices for Writing Abstract vs. Introduction

To create effective abstracts and introductions in research papers, it is essential to adhere to the best practices:

Best Practices for Abstracts:

• Clarity and Brevity : Keep the abstract concise, avoiding unnecessary jargon or technical terms. Use clear and straightforward language to ensure accessibility.
• Structured Format : Follow the recommended structure, including the title, author(s), problem statement, objectives, methodology, key findings, and conclusions.
• Highlight Key Findings : Emphasize the most significant findings and implications of the research to draw the reader’s attention.
• Avoid Citations : Generally, avoid including citations or references in the abstract. Focus on summarizing the research’s main points.
• Tailor to Audience : Consider the target audience and adjust the abstract’s content and style accordingly. Make it accessible to readers with varying levels of expertise.

Best Practices for Introductions:

• Engaging Hook : Start the introduction with a compelling hook that piques the reader’s curiosity and draws them into the topic.
• Clear Research Problem : Clearly state the research problem or question to provide a solid foundation for the study.
• Highlight Significance : Articulate the importance of the research and how it contributes to the existing body of knowledge.
• Review of Literature : Offer a concise review of relevant literature to position the research within the academic context and demonstrate its connection to prior work.
• Objectives and Hypotheses : Clearly outline the research objectives and hypotheses to inform the reader about the study’s goals.
• Logical Flow : Ensure a logical flow of information and a smooth transition to the main body of the paper.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) on Abstract vs Introduction

What is the primary purpose of an abstract.

The primary purpose of an abstract is to provide a concise summary of a document’s content, including the research question or problem, methodology, key findings, and conclusions. It serves to attract readers, aid in information retrieval, and assist in decision-making regarding whether to read the full document.

Are citations or references included in an abstract?

No, citations or references to other works are typically omitted from abstracts. They are designed to be self-contained and stand-alone summaries of the document.

What should an introduction include?

An introduction should include contextual information about the research topic, a literature review summarizing existing work in the field, a rationale for the study, the research objectives or questions, and a brief outline of the document’s structure.

How long should an abstract be?

The length of an abstract typically ranges from 100 to 250 words, depending on the specific guidelines of the publication or organization.

Can I use jargon in an abstract?

It’s generally best to avoid using jargon or overly complex terminology in an abstract. Clarity and accessibility are key, as abstracts aim to be comprehensible to a broad audience.

Conclusion on Abstract vs. Introduction

In the world of academic and scientific writing, abstracts and introductions serve as critical elements in research papers. While they share the goal of providing readers with an understanding of the research, they have distinct purposes and content structures. An abstract condenses the entire paper into a concise summary, helping readers determine whether the paper aligns with their interests. In contrast, the introduction offers a more comprehensive introduction to the research, engaging the reader and setting the stage for the study’s significance.

Numerous studies and scholarly references emphasize the importance of both abstracts and introductions in academic and scientific writing. Crafting these sections effectively is essential for attracting and retaining the reader’s interest, conveying the research’s significance, and providing context and clarity.

To excel in academic writing, researchers must master the art of composing compelling abstracts and engaging introductions, recognizing their distinct roles in shaping the reader’s experience and understanding of the research presented. By following best practices and adhering to the guidelines specific to their discipline and target publication, authors can ensure that their research papers make a lasting impact on the academic community.

• American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). American Psychological Association.
• Modern Language Association. (2019). MLA Handbook (9th ed.) . Modern Language Association.
• University of Michigan. (2018) . The importance of writing a good abstract. University of Michigan Library.
• University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. (2017). Writing introductions. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Writing Center.

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