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Persuasive Essay.

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Presentation on theme: "Persuasive Essay."— Presentation transcript:

Persuasive Writing Basics

Notes Arguing/Persuasive Writing

The Persuasive essay Format and Style.

Argument Writing. Convince Me… In argumentative writing, a writer takes a position _______ or _________ an issue and writes to convince the reader to.

Persuasive Essay Writing The art of persuading someone to think like you!

Persuasive Writing In persuasive writing, a writer takes a position FOR or AGAINST an issue and writes to convince the reader to believe or do something.

Persuasive Writing.

FORMAT, EXAMPLES, AND TIPS Persuasive Essay. Introduction “Setting up your essay” The introduction provides the reader the necessary information so that.

Expository Writing.

Argumentative essays.  Usually range from as little as five paragraphs to as many as necessary  Focus is mainly on your side  But there is also a discussion.

THE ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY Mr.Wilson – LMAC - English.

Persuasive Thesis Statements Sands English II. What is it?  A thesis statement is a clear statement of your position.  It is the claim you will make.

How Are We Persuaded. What is Persuasion? In persuasive or argumentative writing, we try to: convince others to agree with our facts, share our values,

Writing a Persuasive Essay

Organizing Your Writing PART 2 - Introduction. There are 3 main parts to an introduction, what are they?

 In persuasive writing, a writer takes a position FOR or AGAINST an issue and writes to convince the reader to believe or do something.  Persuasive.

Weekly Objectives Students will write for a variety of purposes and audiences using the Standard English conventions of grammar, spelling, capitalization,

The Persuasive Essay Guidelines, Planning, & Effectiveness.

DEBATES!!!! Otherwise known as Opposing Persuasive Essays with an audience.

ARGUMENTATIV E ESSAY WRITING What is it?. What is the point of arguing? You want to get your point across! You want others to believe in what you have.

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Effective Persuasion Presentation

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This presentation is designed to introduce your students to a variety of factors that contribute to strong, effective, and ethical persuasion in their writing. The slides presented here are designed to aid the facilitator in an interactive presentation of the elements of persuasive writing and include examples and questions for those viewing the material. This presentation is ideal for any course in which students will be required to write a persuasive document and also helps students think in depth about audience.

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Persuasive Essay Sample

Composition

Sample Argument

Thesis: All schools should educate students not only about abstinence, but also about safe sex practices and pregnancy prevention methods.

Who is the audience?

• Religious leaders/followers who oppose sex education
• People who feel that sex education promotes sex
• People who feel that sex education prevents pregnancies and STDs

Introduction Paragraph

• Transition sentence(s) connecting hook to background
• Explain necessary background information, including the controversy (7-8 sentences).
• Transition sentence(s) preparing for the thesis
• Thesis statement – your stand on the issue.

Introduction

Sex education is important, but many students finish sex education classes with a distorted view of sexuality and without a good understanding of contraception and safe-sex practices.

Instead, children only learn that they should not have sex until they are married.

Sex education, first introduced in public schools as social hygiene education in the early 1900s, expanded in scope over several decades in an effort to reduce the rate of venereal diseases (Brown). Controversy over contraception options began in 1960 with the advent of the birth control pill (Goraliski). Curriculum in the 1970s aimed to reduce teenage pregnancy rates while awareness of AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) shifted the focus to safe sex in the 1980s (Brown). The Adolescent Family Life Act in 1981 introduced abstinence-only programs that gained momentum in the late 1990s (Brown).

These programs have the good intention of persuading young people to wait until marriage before having sex, but abstinence-only programs are not achieving this goal and are flawed by the distorted and biased perspective that they promote.

All schools should educate students not only about abstinence, but also about safe sex practices and pregnancy prevention methods.

Transition to background

Background information

Transition to thesis

Rhetorical Appeals

• Effective persuasive writers use varied persuasive strategies to convince their audiences.

Rhetorical Appeals - Sample

• Statistics/facts on teen pregnancy and STDs with and without sex education
• Expert testimony on effectiveness of sex education
• True stories of teen pregnancy
• True stories of STDs
• True accounts of parents of teens affected- negatively
• Establish common ground with audience (introduction)
• Fair coverage of opposing arguments (concessions)
• Possible benefits of abstinence education
• Consideration of drawbacks of sex education

When to Counter Argue

• Counter arguments/rebuttals should appear as a quick move within a paragraph, where you imagine a counter-argument not to your main idea but to the sub-idea that the paragraph is arguing or is about to argue.
• Counter arguments may appear just after a topic sentence, or within the paragraph when a possible objection may arise.
• Not every paragraph will include a counter argument; however, make sure that all valid counter arguments to your thesis are addressed within the body of the essay.

The Turn Against

• First imagine a skeptical reader, or cite an actual source, who might resist your argument by pointing out:
• one or more disadvantages or practical drawbacks to what you propose.
• an alternative explanation or proposal that makes more sense.
• Introduce this turn against with phrases such as:
• One might object here that... or It might seem that... or It's true that... or Admittedly,... or Of course.
• State the case against you as briefly but as clearly and forcefully as you can, pointing to evidence where possible.

The Turn Back

• Return to your own argument—which you announce with a but, yet, however, nevertheless.
• In reasoning about the proposed counter-argument, you may use research to :
• Refute it, showing why it is mistaken—an apparent but not real problem;
• Acknowledge its validity or strength, but suggest why it's relatively less important or less likely than what you propose, and thus doesn't overturn it;
• Concede the force of the argument and restate your thesis in a more exact, way that takes account of the objection.

Body Paragraphs: T(R)IQA+C x 3

Follow the T(R)IQA+C pattern for b ody paragraphs :

T Topic sentence with transition between paragraphs

R Introduce and offer a rebuttal to opposing arguments

I Transition, introduce evidence #1

Q Paraphrase/quote evidence #1

A Analyze evidence #1

T Transition,

I Introduce evidence #2

Q Paraphrase/quote evidence #2

A Analyze evidence #2

C Clincher (emphasize topic sentence)

Body Paragraph

Studies show that abstinence-only programs do not reduce sexual activity by young people.

Some parents or others may object that teaching sex education to students encourages youth to engage in sexual activities.

Those in opposition believe that sex before marriage is wrong and abstinence is the only safe sex (ProQuest Staff).

However, the research overwhelmingly suggests that simply teaching students how to abstain from sex will not prevent students from engaging in sex before marriage.

In 2007, the United States Department of Health and Human Services released a study of abstinence programs.

This government-funded study involved more than 2000 students. The authors discovered that findings from this study provide no evidence that abstinence programs implemented in upper elementary and middle schools are effective in reducing the rate of teen sexual activity (“Impacts”). The authors concluded that findings indicate that youth in the abstinence-only programs were no more likely than students not in the programs to have abstained from sex (“Impacts”). In addition, among those who reported having had sex, they had similar numbers of sexual partners and had initiated sex at the same mean age (“Impacts”).

Apparently, students did not benefit from all of the effort and the millions of dollars that have gone into these programs. These ineffective programs are leaving students without the knowledge they need when they make certain choices; this type of education is failing today’s teenagers. Therefore, schools need to provide comprehensive sexual education classes.

Topic sentence

Set up evidence

Evidence #1

Paraphrase the concession

Concession Rebuttal

Another study by Peter Bearman of Columbia University shows that 88 percent of middle and high schoolers who pledge to stay virgins until marriage end up having premarital sex anyway (Kelly).

He adds that “the bad news is that they are less likely to use contraception the first time they have intercourse” (Kelly).

Although students may have good intentions in signing virginity contracts while enrolled in an abstinence program, the reality is that teaching abstinence does not prevent those students from engaging in sexual activities. While contracts like these may help students make good plans, the students also need education to help them know what to do if their plans change.

Additionally, Dr. S. Paige Hertweck, a doctor who contributed to an American Academy of Pediatrics report on teen sexual activity,

states that “teaching abstinence but not birth control makes it more likely that once teenagers initiate sexual activity they will have unsafe sex and contract sexually transmitted diseases” (“Doctors Slam Abstinence”).

In abstinence-only programs, students are taught to “just say no” to sex. They are not taught the information that they need to know about safe sex and contraception if they later choose to say “yes,” as many of them are doing. Schools need to close this gap and provide students with all the knowledge they will need in their adult lives.

Since abstinence-only programs have proven ineffective in reducing the number of young people engaging in sex, schools must provide sex education to protect students from diseases and pregnancy.

Evidence #3

Transition, set up evidence #3

Transition, set up evidence #2

Evidence #2

• Restate the thesis in different wording
• Transition, Summary of Body Paragraph #1 (2-4 sentences)
• Transition, Summary of Body Paragraph #2 (2-4 sentences)
• Transition, Summary of Body Paragraph #3 (2-4 sentences)
• Transition, Summary of Body Paragraph #4 (2-4 sentences)
• Transition, Summary of Body Paragraph #5 (2-4 sentences)
• Transition, Firmly restate your position on the issue.
• End strongly by connecting back to the hook.

Schools need to educate students on both abstinence and safe sex practices.

Sexual activity by young people is an important concern. In an ideal world, maybe everyone would wait until marriage before having sex and would then remain in a single, monogamous relationship. But this is not the reality. It might be a good goal to try to convince young people to wait until marriage before having sex, but taking this approach alone to sex education is not working. After ten years and a half of a billion dollars in federal funding, abstinence-only programs have not had a positive impact on the sexual behavior of teenagers. The programs may even cause harm because of the distorted and biased views that they promote and because of the information about safe sex and contraception that they do not teach.

It is time to put an end to abstinence-only programs and to give students more comprehensive sex-education programs that better prepare them for the future.

Restate Thesis

Summarize body paragraphs

Final clincher

• Preferences

Writing a Persuasive Essay - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Writing a Persuasive Essay

Writing a persuasive essay yes or no in persuasive writing, a writer takes a position for or against an issue the writer writes to convince the reader to believe or ... – powerpoint ppt presentation.

• In persuasive writing, a writer takes a position FOR or AGAINST an issue
• The writer writes to convince the reader to believe or do something.
• INTRODUCTION with hook and thesis statement
• BODY PARAGRAHS where the argument is developed
• CONCLUSION where main points are summarized and reviewed
• This is your chance to introduce the topic and give brief background information about it.
• You should start the first paragraph with a hook or grabber to catch the readers attention.
• You will choose one or two of the following seven methods to include in your introduction.
• Opening with an unusual detail.
• Did you know that a typical child needs 2,000 calories for an entire day and Burger Kings Whopper with triple cheese has 1,230 calories?
• Opening with a strong statement
• Fast food consumption has risen 500 percent since 1970 and today pervades nearly every segment of society, including some public school cafeterias.
• Opening with a Quotation
• University of Delaware professor John Doe, states, Advertising, including television ads, billboards, and other advertising, including toys in boxed meals, has had an effect upon children as never before. Children these days are growing up with low concern for their health and more concern for what tastes good.
• Opening with an Anecdote. An anecdote can provide an amusing and attention-getting opening if it is short and to the point.
• My hands felt sticky after pulling open the doors to Big Bobbys Boisterous Burger Hut. The odor smelled of fried everything. I ordered a Big Bobby Combo 2. There was enough food to serve a small third world country on my tray. I nibbled at the ¾ pound burger and my chin was covered in a mayonnaise and ketchup concoction. I asked the server if I could have a few fries with my salt. I left the place feeling like my stomach was mad at me.
• Open with a Statistic or Fact
• Thirty percent of the children in the survey ate fast food on any given day during the survey, and they ate an average of 187 calories a day more than those who did not eat fast food. These additional calories could account for an extra six pounds of weight gain per year, according to Smith.
• Open with a Question
• How many times have you eaten fast food this month?
• Opening with an Exaggeration or Outrageous Statement.
• Fast food is killing America!
• Unusual detail
• Strong statement
• Statistic or Fact
• Exaggeration or Outrageous Statement
• Surprisingly
• At the end of the first paragraph, you will need a thesis statement.
• It says to the reader
• Ive thought about this topic, I know what I believe about it, and I know how to organize it.
• Choose 3 main focus points to discuss in your essay. These points will become the focus of three paragraphs in the body.
• Lets use fast food as an example again.
• rapidly increases weight
• causes high blood pressure
• leads to lethargy
• Now take your three main focus points and summarize them. Put your completed thesis statement at the end of your first paragraph.
• THREE MAIN FOCUS POINTS
• I believe fast food is harmful because it rapidly increases weight, causes high blood pressure, and leads to lethargy.
• COMPLETED THESIS STATEMENT
• I believe fast food has negative health effects.
• The body of the essay is where you develop your three main focus points of your thesis.
• We will look at six different ways to develop the body of your essay. The example, again, will be the effects of fast food.
• Start by using Suppose that or What if along with your first focus point.
• I will use the first point from my thesis
• Suppose that you ate just one meal from a fast food restaurant a week. Typically, you would consume around 1,500 calories at that meal. Your daily intake may be 2,500 calories if you include all three meals. Thats 500 more calories than you need. You may gain ½ a pound a week, which would be 2 pounds a month. Your weight would rapidly increase.
• This is where you need to think about what needs to be explained. Do students need to know the facts about your issue to make a judgment?
• I will use the next focus point to clarify
• Do you know what high blood pressure is and what it does to your body? Blood pressure is the force in the arteries when the heart beats (systolic pressure) and when the heart is at rest (diastolic pressure). If you consume foods high in cholesterol, the cholesterol clings to your arteries and builds up over time. This raises your blood pressure and forces your heart to work harder to pump the blood through your veins.
• This is where you take someone through each step of the problem.
• I will use my third focus point for this.
• Eating fast food can also lead to lethargy, or extreme tiredness. When you eat foods that are high in fat and low in protein, you tend to have less energy. People eat fast food, feel tired, and end up sitting on the couch doing nothing. Then they decide that they dont want to make dinner the next night because it takes energy. The easiest solution is to get fast food again. They end up feeling even more lethargic and the dangerous cycle continues.
• This is where you choose something similar or an alternative to your topic.
• I will use the lethargy example again.
• Increased fat content in fast food leads to lethargy. There are alternatives to the typical fast food. Lets compare typical fast food meals (burger and fries) to a meal higher in proteins and vitamins.
• You can make an analysis by looking at all the parts to help the reader understand. Break down all elements of your topic.
• Fast food for example could be analyzed by looking at how each type of food contributes to high blood pressure.
• Fast foods contribute to high blood pressure. For example, French fries have tons of saturated fats that lead to clogged arteries. This is extremely dangerous to the health of Americans!
• This is where you identify significant likenesses between two objects or ideas when otherwise they are quite different.
• I will use the lethargy point for this.
• The food you eat is a lot like the fuel or oil you put in your car. A car that has clean fuel and an oil change runs smoothly and efficiently. Race cars use only the best fuel and oil to perform at top speeds. Cars that arent tuned-up, havent had an oil change, and use poor fuel, struggle to make it down the road. Your body is the same way. Feed it the energy it needs and stay away from excess fat and cholesterol and you will perform at your greatest. Feed it fast food high in fat content and it slows to a stop. Do you want to be a race car or a clunker that will end up in the mechanics hands.
• This is where you should explain why your opposition believes what they believe.
• For example, a fast food company would be furious with me presenting you this information. They would have lots of reasons why fast food is good. They may say
• Tastes great!
• Offers lots of choices
• Eaten on the go!
• For the whole family!
• State what the claims are of your opponent.
• Dispute as many as you can!
• Win the fight by stating what you know is right.
• Restate your thesis.
• A comment (Dont make your body suffer!)
• A question (Are you willing to risk your health?)
• A call to action (I highly recommend you consider your options the next time your faced with a decision about what to eat.)

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How A.I. Tools Could Change India’s Elections

Avatars are addressing voters by name, in whichever of India’s many languages they speak. Experts see potential for misuse in a country already rife with disinformation.

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By Suhasini Raj

Reporting from Pushkar, India

For a glimpse of where artificial intelligence is headed in election campaigns, look to India, the world’s largest democracy, as it starts heading to the polls on Friday.

An A.I.-generated version of Prime Minister Narendra Modi that has been shared on WhatsApp shows the possibilities for hyperpersonalized outreach in a country with nearly a billion voters. In the video — a demo clip whose source is unclear — Mr. Modi’s avatar addresses a series of voters directly, by name.

However, it is not perfect. Mr. Modi appears to wear two different pairs of glasses, and some parts of the video are pixelated.

Down the ladder, workers in Mr. Modi’s party are sending videos by WhatsApp in which their own A.I. avatars deliver personal messages to specific voters about the government benefits they have received and ask for their vote.

Those video messages can be automatically generated in whichever of India’s dozens of languages the voter speaks. So can phone messages by A.I.-powered chatbots that call constituents in the voices of political leaders and seek their support.

Such outreach requires a fraction of the time and money spent on traditional campaigning, and it has the potential to become an essential instrument in elections. But as the technology races onto the political scene, there are few guardrails to prevent misuse.

Chatbots and personalized videos may seem more or less harmless. Experts worry, however, that voters will have an increasingly difficult time distinguishing between real and synthetic messages as the technology advances and spreads.

“It’ll be the Wild West and an unregulated A.I. space this year,” said Prateek Waghre, the executive director of the Internet Freedom Foundation, a digital rights group based in New Delhi. The technology, he added, is entering a media landscape already polluted with misinformation.

Around the world, elections have become a testing ground for the A.I. boom. The tools have been used to turn an Argentine presidential candidate into Indiana Jones and a Ghostbuster. During the New Hampshire primary, voters received robocall messages urging them not to vote, in a voice that was most likely artificially generated to sound like President Biden’s.

And in India, Mr. Modi’s Bharatiya Janata Party, or B.J.P., and the opposition Indian National Congress party have accused each other of spreading election-related deepfake content online.

One outpost on this new Indian frontier is in the western desert state of Rajasthan. On the ground floor of a residential building on a dusty back lane, a 31-year-old college dropout, Divyendra Singh Jadoun, operates an A.I. start-up, The Indian Deepfaker.

His team of nine people has been making commercials with A.I.-generated avatars of Bollywood actors and actresses. But earlier this year, political parties and politicians began asking him to do for them what he had done for celebrities. Of the 200 requests, Mr. Jadoun said, he took on 14.

Among those getting the A.I. treatment is Shakti Singh Rathore, a 33-year-old B.J.P. member. His job this election season is to tell as many people as possible about Mr. Modi’s programs and policies. So he decided to create a replica of himself.

“A.I. is wonderful and the way forward,” Mr. Rathore said as he settled in front of a video camera at the office of The Indian Deepfaker, preparing to become digitally incarnated. “How else could I reach the beneficiaries of Mr. Modi’s programs in such large numbers and in so short a period of time?”

As Mr. Rathore adjusted a saffron scarf with the party’s logo that hung around his neck, Mr. Jadoun instructed him, “Just look into the camera and talk as if the person is sitting right in front of you.”

With about five minutes’ worth of material, including an audio recording and profile shots, Mr. Jadoun went to work. He said he uses open-source A.I. systems and builds upon them with his own code.

First, Mr. Rathore’s face was isolated from each frame of the recording.

Then data was collected from his facial features, including the size of his face and lips, as well as his gaze.

Mr. Jadoun said the data set was then fed into A.I. models that learn to predict facial patterns.

“You need to keep running it through the program and fine-tuning the face until you get the best face possible,” he said.

A “cloning algorithm” also analyzed the audio recording, learning the voice’s cadence and intonations. Mr. Jadoun said it often takes six to eight hours of tweaking to perfect the face and for the lips to sync with the words. The rest is largely automated.

In one demo, it took about four minutes to create around 20 personalized greeting videos.

Mr. Jadoun said his team could produce up to 10,000 videos a day. For larger jobs on deadline, it will rent graphics processing units.

Generative A.I. can also remove language barriers, which is especially helpful in a linguistically diverse country. Mr. Rathore’s avatar can be programmed to speak regional languages to reach the remotest corners of India.

Political parties are not only texting constituents video messages but also using cloned voices to call people directly, all powered by chatbots like ChatGPT.

In the past, when a party representative would call voters, they would hang up, Mr. Rathore said. “But now, when a local leader utters a voter’s name, it immediately catches their attention.”

During the conversation, the chatbot asks about local government programs that offer free electricity or funding for start-ups. Mr. Jadoun said the calls were recorded and transcribed for quality control and A.I. training.

Mr. Rathore said he had spent around $24,000 of his own money to reach about 1.2 million people through his video messages and phone calls and to receive information about who didn’t answer. He called it an investment in his future with the B.J.P.

Nikhil Pahwa, the editor of MediaNama, which covers digital media in India, said the personalized messages could be particularly powerful among Indians.

“India is a country where people love to take photos with celebrity impersonators,” he said. “So if they receive a call from, say, the prime minister, and he speaks as if he knows them, where they live and what their issues are, they would actually be thrilled about it.”

Mr. Waghre of the Internet Freedom Foundation questions whether A.I. content is persuasive enough to affect this year’s election. But he said the long-term effects could be problematic. “Once you normalize this in people’s information diet, what happens six months later when there are deceptive videos?” he said.

Mr. Modi himself has discussed adding disclaimers to A.I.-generated content so people are not being “ misguided .” Mr. Jadoun and representatives of two other A.I. start-ups in India created what they call an “ A.I. coalition manifesto ,” pledging to protect data privacy and uphold election integrity. For instance, Indian Deepfaker videos are labeled “A.I. generated,” and its chatbots announce that they are A.I.-generated voices, Mr. Jadoun said.

Narendra Singh Bhati, 28, the owner of resorts in Rajasthan, received an A.I.-generated call from Mr. Rathore this week. Mr. Bhati said he was impressed with its personalization.

He said he had not realized that the call was A.I.-generated, although the script made that clear. “I even said goodbye to Mr. Rathore” at the end, Mr. Bhati said.

Suhasini Raj is a reporter based in New Delhi who has covered India for The Times since 2014. More about Suhasini Raj

ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY

Mar 31, 2019

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ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY. ARGUMENTATION. The aim of writing argumentative essays is to convince or persuade the reader. O ne attempts to change the reader’s mind and convince the reader to agree with the point of view or claim of the writer.

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ARGUMENTATION • The aim of writing argumentative essays is to convince or persuade the reader. • One attempts to change the reader’s mind and convince the reader to agree with the point of view or claim of the writer. • So an argumentative essay needs to be highly persuasive and logical.

Argumentation _____ Refutation _____ Proponent _____ Opponent _____ Counter Argument (CON) ____ Pro Argument (PRO) _____ Key Terms to Learn (p. 112) 1. a person who disagrees with something and speaks against it 2. the act or process of forming reasons, drawing conclusions, and applying them to acase in discussion 3. point or statement that supports one’s ideas and/or thesis 4. point or statement in opposition to the argument being made in a written documentor speech 5. the process of discrediting the arguments thatoppose your thesis statement 6. someone who argues in favor of something; advocate 2 5 6 1 4 3

WHAT ARE THE GOALS OF ARGUMENTATION? • present an opinion on a controversial topic to the reader; • explain, clarify and illustrate that opinion; • persuade the reader that the opinion supported in the essay is valid by: a. moving the reader to action, b. convincing the reader that the opinion is correct, or c. persuading the reader that the opinion is at least worth considering; • support the opinion by means of giving evidence: facts, examples, physical description, support of authority, and statistics; • present counterarguments to the thesis and refute them respectfully and critically.

ADVERTISING MANIPULATES VIEWERS In the simplest form, advertising can be defined as a kind of message or message transmission that is designed to promote a product, service, or an idea. Today this basic marketing strategy has become a natural part of our daily life. Considering that the 20 billion dollars spent on advertisements in 1979 had drastically risen to 120 billion dollars in 1999 and that in the course of a lifetime, one will see about three years worth of advertisements on television and approximately 3,000 ads per day, a person may easily acknowledge the impact of advertising(DiChiara, 2008, para. 3). Nonetheless, as Giselle Touzard (2008) explains, advertising, which originally intended to be a source of information for people on the availability of products, “has developed into an industry that shapes people’s identity” (para. 2). Coming in various forms – in print, audio, or visual form – advertisements not only bombard audience with their messages, but they also sell the ideas of who we are and what we should do or be. Thus, advertisements are harmful for the society owing to their disruptive influence. Sample Essay - Introduction definition facts authority’sopinion Thesis statement

Some may argue that advertisements are beneficial.It is the opinion of these supporters that advertisements are essential in keeping the market alive and rivalry hot. They believe that it is thanks to advertisements that companies working on the same line can display their products on the market equally and fairly. However, this idea cannot go further than being an immature claim because this rivalry is unfair. It is only the companies who can “afford” broadcasting strong claims of their product that can actually survive in this competitive environment. In that sense, small companies are destined to be wiped out from the market. Followers of advertisements may also assert that consumers become more “aware” and “conscious”. This position goes on to say that advertisements help the undecided customers come to a decision seeing all the available products on the media.This point has advantages on the surface and could be acceptable to an point. It is true that advertisements inform the consumers on the availability and variety of goods. Yet, serious doubts can be raised against this view when one considers the shortcomings of the messages the viewers are exposed to.The target audience, that is the consumers, are forced to believe in illusions about the product rather than realities. When an advertiser focuses merely on the advantages of a product, it creates a false impression. Or when a commodity is equated with positive feelings such as happiness and self-confidence, this image builds up a false hope that once you buy it, you will be happy and self-confident. Eventually, when these illusions are not realized – as they have been lies of the advertiser all along -, the consumer is disappointed. The advertiser achieves the ultimate end and turns a gear in the consumer society, but it is a deception that is ethically unacceptable. The advertiser not only pushes the public deeper into consumption, but also disillusions it with false messages. The conclusion one needs to draw from these is that advertisements are detrimental. Sample Essay – Con Refute Paragraph An idea that is contrary/opposedto the thesis statement Showing the weaknesses of this opposite argument Another opposing claim Showing the weaknesses of this opposite argument

It is clear that advertisements manipulate viewers; first of all, they destroy public balance as they draw on gender stereotypes.Frequently advertisements make use of models and myths for the sake of making the message striking and memorable. Thus, it is a common practice to represent women as pretty objects at home who are obedient to men.Studies have identified that in advertising women are less often used in work representations compared with men (as cited in Jacobson & Mazur, 2007, p. 217). In the advertisements of house appliances, especially, women are typically equated with housewives and mothers. Even when women are portrayed in professional environments, they are often in lower positions, receiving instructions. Hence, professional women are reduced to order-takers. Men, on the other hand, are commonly associated with power, leadership, and efficiency. It is especially in car advertisements that these features are paired with masculinity. Also, professional men are shown in powerful and influential positions, giving orders. It is mostly men who solve the problems, lead a company or pursue professional goals. This double standard in the illustration of genders not only reveals the mainstream view but also affirms it because when consumers buy the advertised products, one indirectly approves of the advertisements, and therefore contributes to keeping and reproducing certain representations.Hence, advertisements destroy the possibility of a society where both genders are equal. Sample Essay – Pro Paragraph Back to the thesis statement and original argument Supporting techniques (example, explanation, authority’s opinion)

Secondly, advertisements present impossible body images both for men and women, and thus create an insecure society. Everywhere advertisements tell the audience what it means to be a desirable man or woman, just as directly as the advertisement that claims, “Image is everything”. For a man, the message is: You need to be athletic. It seems that whether a man is 20or 40, whether he has brown or silver hair, an athletic body is crucial for a strong, powerful, and confident man. The opposite is an exaggeration, just like the poor man, the anti-Mr. Muscle in the detergent advertisement. For a woman, too, the message is similar: You need to be beautiful and skinny. Women are constantly exposed to gorgeous looking women who have the perfect hair or skin, and a body like that of a model. Although all these images are simple illusions, women unfortunately ignore this. Due to this lack of self-satisfaction, today 25 percent of women are dieting and another 50 percent have recently started or quitted a diet (Jacobson & Mazur, 2007, p. 214). Some women take even more dangerous steps to be like the women they see in advertisements. They develop an eating disorder such as anorexia or bulimia. It is quite striking that today approximately one in five women have an eating disorder (p. 214). Hence, advertisements perpetuate disappointment as well as dissatisfaction in both genders. Sample Essay – Pro Paragraph 2 Another argument which is parallel to the thesis statement Examples, explanations, authority’s opinions, statistics to clarify the topic sentence

All in all, attempts trying to justify the gentleness of advertisements are destined to being weak because advertisements cause apparent harms on public. These written, audio or visual messages reinstate stereotypes and consequently crush gender equality. They also portray impossible body images for men and women, which eventually manipulates the public and shakes self-esteem. Finally, advertisements abuse the future generations for their own end and cause irreversible weakening on their health and psychology. As Sarah Bernhardt (n.d, para. 3) remarks, “The monster of advertisement... is a sort of octopus with innumerable tentacles. It throws out to right and left, in front and behind its clammy arms, and gathers in, through its thousand little suckers, all the gossip and slander and praise afloat, to spit out again at the public.”Therefore, we need to save ourselves from the evil tentacles of this monster and learn to make our own free choices, before it is too late. Sample Essay - Conclusion Linker signalling the conclusion + summary of the main points Authority’s opinion warning

HOW TO WRITE ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAYS • STAGE 1: CHOOSING A TOPIC AND WRITING THE THESIS STATEMENT • Decide on a controversial topic(debatable and interesting) • Write an argumentative thesis statement. • Generate ideas (free writing or brainstorming)

The Argumentative Thesis Statement • The thesis statement should define the scope of the argument and make a statement that is open to debate.

Sample Argumentative Thesis Statements • Something should be done on media bias. This is not an effective argumentative thesis statement because it does not clearly state the writer’s idea. The answers of questions like “what is that ‘something’ that should be done?” or “who should do it?” are not clear.

Sample Argumentative Thesis Statements • CNN is the best TV channel. This is not an effective thesis statement. This sentence is not debatable as it involves personal choice or preference.

Sample Argumentative Thesis Statements • There are three ways of media censorship. This is not an argumentative thesis statement as the writer aims at listing the types of media censorship. Therefore, the writer’s purpose of writing this essay is not to persuade the reader but to give information. Also, the ways of media censorship are not open to debate, thus, not suitable for argumentation.

Sample Argumentative Thesis Statements • Newspapers should not identify people by color, race, or religious faith in any way. This is an effective argumentative thesis statement. Firstly, the topic is open to discussion. There may be people who would oppose this argument claiming that this kind of restriction would damage the objectivity of the news. Therefore, the writer holds a clear stance. Above all, it is obvious that the writer’s aim is not simply to inform the readers but to convince them to take his or her side in the debate.

THE EXPOSITORY THESIS STATEMENT VS. THE ARGUMENTATIVE THESIS STATEMENT • Both expository and argumentative thesis statements express a certain opinion about a topic. • However, an expository thesis statement does not include a sharp opinion; rather, it discusses advantages, disadvantages, types, reasons, results, problems, solutions, processes, or categories of an issue often in the form of listing, enumeration, classification, or sequencing. • An argumentative thesis statement, on the other hand, has a clear stance on a debatable topic, fiercely argues that the writer’s opinion is correct and reflects this prejudiceboth in its style and tone.

More Examples to Show the Difference • There are three main reasons why the media manipulate the news. This thesis statement is not argumentative. Although the writer has the assumption that the media manipulate the news, the aim of this essay is not to convince the reader on this issue, but to simply list the three reasons for media manipulation. The reader, too, expects to learn the three reasons.

More Examples to Show the Difference • The media should not manipulate the news in any way. This thesis statement is acceptable as an argumentative thesis statement because the writer clearly takes a stand in the debate about whether the media should manipulate the news or not. Here, the writer intends to influence the mind of readers rather than to merely inform them.

On the Whole • On the whole, while writing argumentative thesis statements, be sure to have a debatable topic, state your claim and stance as strongly as possible and make the reader understand that your aim is to persuade rather than only to inform.

Time to Practice! Choose two of the topics, and write an argumentative thesis statement for each. 1. war journalism 2. advertisements / commercials 3. reality programs 4. radio programs 5. the government 6. newspapers

STAGE 2: GENERATING IDEAS • After formulating your argumentative thesis statement, you need to brainstorm a variety ofsupporting ideas, counter arguments and ways to refute these opposing views.

One important concern in writing an argumentative essay is tostrengthen your argument. Todo this, you need to base your argument on sound evidence. In supporting your argument,the evidence that you include can be facts, examples, support from authority (testimony), andstatistics. Facts: data that have been objectively proven and are generally accepted (suchas historical facts, scientific data, statistics etc.) Examples: should be sufficient number of examples toprove the case. Support from authority:Opinionsof experts Statistics: Averages, percentages, numbers etc. When Supporting your Argument

TASK 6 1. It is clear that TV triggers violence. According to a study by the American PsychologicalAssociation (2005), the average child living in a developed country will view 8000 murdersand 100.000 other acts of violence before finishing elementary school. The average 27 hours aweek kids spend watching TV - much of it violent - makes them more prone to aggressive andviolent behavior as adolescents and adults (p. 10). TV executives have known this for a longtime. One of the most comprehensive studies of the impact of violent TV was commissionedby CBS back in 1978. It found that teenage boys who watched more hours of violent TV thanaverage before adolescence were committing such violent crimes as rape and assault at a rate49 percent higher than boys who watched fewer than average hours of violent TV (as cited inAPA, 2005, p. 3). Supporting technique used: ____________________________________________________ Statistics / Research Findings

Task 6 2. Not letting their children watch television as a punishment is a futile effort of parents sincealmost every effect of punishment is negative. Dr. Bruno Bettleheim (2003, p. 8), famouspsychologist and professor at the University of Chicago, writes, “Punishment is a traumaticexperience not only in itself but also because it disappoints the child’s wish to believe in thebenevolence of the parent, on which his sense of security rests.”… Supporting technique used: ________________ Authority’s opinion / testimony

Counter Arguments One way to strengthen your argument is to show that you have a deep understanding of the issueand also to show that you can anticipate and address the counterarguments or objections thatyour audience may have. In this way, you show that you have thought the issue in detail.

Generating Counter Arguments • How strong is the opposition? • What arguments might be used against my thesis statement? • How can I refute these arguments? • Will I have to agree with some of these points? • Which of my arguments might the opposition try to discredit? • How closely does my audience identify with the opposition? • Can I see any weak links in the opposition’s thinking?

Pro-Con Chart • After finding pro and counter ideas for your topic, it may be a good idea to put these on a pro-conchart.

Pro-Con Chart

Counter Arguments Sometimes it may be difficult to anticipate the counterarguments. Here are some strategies thatyou can make use of if you are having difficulty at this stage: • Do some research. It may seem to you that no one could possibly disagree withyour position, but you will be astonished to find that someone most probably alreadyhas. • Talk with a friend or your instructor. Someone else may point out certaincounterarguments that may never have occurred to you. • Consider the thesis and your supporting arguments and think of how people mayobject to each of them.

Refuting the Counter Arguments Refuting Counter Arguments by Claiming that they are: 1. Incorrect:demonstrating that your opponent’s reasoning is wrong because it isbased on incorrect or misleading information 2. Irrelevant:showing that your opponent’s viewpoint is inappropriate and unrelatedbecause it is not relevant to the key point 3. Insufficient:showing that your opponent’s reasoning is weak because it is based oninsufficient information or ignores significant information. Partially agree with theopponent’s point of view but on the whole prove that it is weak

Important Reminder! • When writing an argumentative essay, arguments which have been suggested by opponentsand proponents should be made clear. Otherwise, the reader may be confused.

STAGE 3: ORGANIZING IDEAS INTO AN OUTLINE

Important Reminder! • As you have seen above, the writers of argumentative essays need to generate many supportingand opposing ideas to construct their argument and this much of information might cause someorganizational problems. Here are the most common mistakes:

Common Errors The refutation does not refute the counter argument. In other words, the refutation is irrelevant to the counter argument. • Thesis Statement: The medium of university education should be Turkish. • CON: Supporters of English as the medium of university education believe that English as is the language in which most academic studies are published. Therefore, they maintain, our education shoulf be in Englsih so as to be able to better understand and respond to these studies. • REF: However, learning English is very difficult and not everyone can master it.

Common Errors 2. In the counter argument refutation paragraph, one of the pro arguments, which is dealt with in another paragraph as well, is repeated as the refutation of the counter argument. In other words, the ideas are repetitious. Thesis statement: The medium of university education should be Turkish. I. PRO: It will make Turkish more prestigious if we use it in the academic and scientific context. II. The students will be more successful. III. CON: Supporters of English medium universities believe that English is the language of the academic publication, so having education in English will contribute to the students’ future accomplishments. REF: By doing so we miss the opportunity to make Turkish accepted in the academic circles; Turkish needs to be used in academic and scientific context so as to gain more prestige and be a world language.

Common Errors 3. The counter argument presented is not contradictory to the thesis statement. In other words, the counter argument does not present a direct opposition to the stance of the thesis statement. Thesis statement: The medium of university education should be Turkish. I. CON: Opponents of this idea believe that English is a world language and everybody should learn it.

Final Tips for Writing an Argumentative Essay • Find a debatable topic. • Word your thesis carefully to provoke thought or action. • Do research. • Make a pro-con chart. • Outline your arguments so that they are focused and organized. • Anticipate objections and differing viewpoints and show why your argument is strongereven if the others have some merit. • Support all your claims with convincing evidence and reasoned analysis. • Avoid logical fallacies; they weaken any argument.

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