2020).
Format | Author surname, initial. (Year) . Available at: URL (Accessed: Day Month Year). |
Example | Google (2019) . Available at: https://policies.google.com/terms?hl=en-US (Accessed: 29 April 2020). |
Notes |
Format | Author surname, initial. (Year) ‘Article title’, , Date. Available at: URL (Accessed: Day Month Year). |
Example | Rakich, N. (2020) ‘How does Biden stack up to past Democratic nominees?’, , 28 April. Available at: https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/how-does-biden-stack-up-to-past-democratic-nominees/ (Accessed: 29 April 2020). |
Notes |
Format | Author surname, initial. [username] (Year) or text [Website name] Date. Available at: URL (Accessed: Day Month Year). |
Example | Dorsey, J. [@jack] (2018) We’re committing Twitter to help increase the collective health, openness, and civility of public conversation … [Twitter] 1 March. Available at: https://twitter.com/jack/status/969234275420655616 (Accessed: 29 April 2020). |
Notes |
Format | Author surname, initial. (Year) [Medium]. Institution, City or Available at: URL (Accessed: Day Month Year). |
Example | Bosch, H. (1482) [Triptych]. Groeningemuseum, Bruges. |
Notes |
Format | Author surname, initial. (Year) . Date. Available at: URL (Accessed: Day Month Year). |
Example | Vox (2020) . 10 April. Available at: https://youtu.be/BE-cA4UK07c (Accessed: 29 April 2020). |
Notes |
Format | Author surname, initial. (Year) ‘Article title’, , date, p. page number. Available at: URL (Accessed: Day Month Year). |
Example | Butler, S. (2020) ‘Women’s fashion manufacturer to make reusable gowns for NHS’, , 28 April. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/society/2020/apr/28/womens-fashion-manufacturer-to-make-reusable-gowns-for-nhs (Accessed: 29 April 2020). |
Notes |
Format | Author surname, initial. (Year) ‘Article title’, , Volume(Issue) or (Month) or (Season), pp. page range. Available at: URL (Accessed: Day Month Year). |
Example | Newman, J. (2020) ‘For autistic youths entering adulthood, a new world of challenges awaits’, , (May), pp. 20–24. |
Notes |
When a source has up to three authors, list all of them in the order their names appear on the source. If there are four or more, give only the first name followed by ‘ et al. ’:
Number of authors | Reference example |
---|---|
1 author | Davis, V. (2019) … |
2 authors | Davis, V. and Barrett, M. (2019) … |
3 authors | Davis, V., Barrett, M. and McLachlan, F. (2019) … |
4+ authors | Davis, V. (2019) … |
Sometimes a source won’t list all the information you need for your reference. Here’s what to do when you don’t know the publication date or author of a source.
Some online sources, as well as historical documents, may lack a clear publication date. In these cases, you can replace the date in the reference list entry with the words ‘no date’. With online sources, you still include an access date at the end:
When a source doesn’t list an author, you can often list a corporate source as an author instead, as with ‘Scribbr’ in the above example. When that’s not possible, begin the entry with the title instead of the author:
Though the terms are sometimes used interchangeably, there is a difference in meaning:
In Harvard referencing, up to three author names are included in an in-text citation or reference list entry. When there are four or more authors, include only the first, followed by ‘ et al. ’
In-text citation | Reference list | |
---|---|---|
1 author | (Smith, 2014) | Smith, T. (2014) … |
2 authors | (Smith and Jones, 2014) | Smith, T. and Jones, F. (2014) … |
3 authors | (Smith, Jones and Davies, 2014) | Smith, T., Jones, F. and Davies, S. (2014) … |
4+ authors | (Smith , 2014) | Smith, T. (2014) … |
In Harvard style referencing , to distinguish between two sources by the same author that were published in the same year, you add a different letter after the year for each source:
Add ‘a’ to the first one you cite, ‘b’ to the second, and so on. Do the same in your bibliography or reference list .
To create a hanging indent for your bibliography or reference list :
If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the ‘Cite this Scribbr article’ button to automatically add the citation to our free Reference Generator.
Caulfield, J. (2022, November 07). Harvard Style Bibliography | Format & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved 12 August 2024, from https://www.scribbr.co.uk/referencing/harvard-bibliography/
Other students also liked, a quick guide to harvard referencing | citation examples, harvard in-text citation | a complete guide & examples, referencing books in harvard style | templates & examples, scribbr apa citation checker.
An innovative new tool that checks your APA citations with AI software. Say goodbye to inaccurate citations!
Order of elements: apa student essays, title page and header, table of contents, body and section headings, references page, video tutorial: formatting essays.
Sara Carman , Librarian
Call: 320-629-5169
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APA formatted student essays typically contain the following elements in the order listed:
| A separate page containing the title of the essay, the author's name, the name of the university the assignment is being completed at, the class number and title, the instructor's name and the assignment's due date. |
| A short summary of the content of your essay. APA Student essays do not require abstracts, but your instructor may require one. Check the assignment to be sure. |
| A list of all of your essay's headings, including page numbers. If you properly assign headings to your essay, this list can be auto-generated in Word. APA Student essays do not require Tables of Contents, but your instructor may require one. Check the assignment to be sure. |
| The content of the essay. APA provides guidelines for formatting section headings, writing style, in-text citations and all other aspects of integrating sources into the body of your essay. |
| A page containing bibliographic citations for all sources used in the essay. |
| Visual representations of data and images. Tables and figures may be inserted directly in the body of the essay when they are mentioned. If not, create a separate section for each at the end of the essay. |
| Appendices might contain datasets, interview questions, simulation scripts, or any other element that is relevant to the essay, but not necessary to include directly in the body of the text. |
Note : Individual instructors may not require that you include all of these elements. If you are unsure of which elements to include in your essay, read your assignment's guidelines or ask your instructor.
VIDEO CONTENTS
0:00 Introduction
1:20 General Formatting and Paper Set-Up
3:23 Title Page
7:11 Writing the Main Text
9:08 Section Headings
12:42 End Matter: References, Footnotes, Tables, Figures, Appendices
15:56 Closing Thoughts
Home » Table of Contents – Types, Formats, Examples
Table of Contents
Definition:
Table of contents (TOC) is a list of the headings or sections in a document or book, arranged in the order in which they appear. It serves as a roadmap or guide to the contents of the document, allowing readers to quickly find specific information they are looking for.
A typical table of contents includes chapter titles, section headings, subheadings, and their corresponding page numbers.
The table of contents is usually located at the beginning of the document or book, after the title page and any front matter, such as a preface or introduction.
In Research, A Table of Contents (TOC) is a structured list of the main sections or chapters of a research paper , Thesis and Dissertation . It provides readers with an overview of the organization and structure of the document, allowing them to quickly locate specific information and navigate through the document.
Here are some reasons why a TOC is important:
There are different types of table of contents depending on the purpose and structure of the document. Here are some examples:
This is a basic table of contents that lists the major sections or chapters of a document along with their corresponding page numbers.
Example: Table of Contents
I. Introduction …………………………………………. 1
II. Literature Review ………………………………… 3
III. Methodology ……………………………………… 6
IV. Results …………………………………………….. 9
V. Discussion …………………………………………. 12
VI. Conclusion ……………………………………….. 15
This type of table of contents provides more detailed information about the contents of each section or chapter, including subsections and subheadings.
A. Background …………………………………….. 1
B. Problem Statement ………………………….. 2
C. Research Questions ……………………….. 3
II. Literature Review ………………………………… 5
A. Theoretical Framework …………………… 5
B. Previous Research ………………………….. 6
C. Gaps and Limitations ……………………… 8 I
II. Methodology ……………………………………… 11
A. Research Design ……………………………. 11
B. Data Collection …………………………….. 12
C. Data Analysis ……………………………….. 13
IV. Results …………………………………………….. 15
A. Descriptive Statistics ……………………… 15
B. Hypothesis Testing …………………………. 17
V. Discussion …………………………………………. 20
A. Interpretation of Findings ……………… 20
B. Implications for Practice ………………… 22
VI. Conclusion ……………………………………….. 25
A. Summary of Findings ……………………… 25
B. Contributions and Recommendations ….. 27
This type of table of contents uses visual aids, such as icons or images, to represent the different sections or chapters of a document.
I. Introduction …………………………………………. [image of a light bulb]
II. Literature Review ………………………………… [image of a book]
III. Methodology ……………………………………… [image of a microscope]
IV. Results …………………………………………….. [image of a graph]
V. Discussion …………………………………………. [image of a conversation bubble]
This type of table of contents lists the different topics or keywords in alphabetical order, along with their corresponding page numbers.
A. Abstract ……………………………………………… 1
B. Background …………………………………………. 3
C. Conclusion …………………………………………. 10
D. Data Analysis …………………………………….. 8
E. Ethics ……………………………………………….. 6
F. Findings ……………………………………………… 7
G. Introduction ……………………………………….. 1
H. Hypothesis ………………………………………….. 5
I. Literature Review ………………………………… 2
J. Methodology ……………………………………… 4
K. Limitations …………………………………………. 9
L. Results ………………………………………………… 7
M. Discussion …………………………………………. 10
This type of table of contents displays the different levels of headings and subheadings in a hierarchical order, indicating the relative importance and relationship between the different sections.
A. Background …………………………………….. 2
B. Purpose of the Study ……………………….. 3
A. Theoretical Framework …………………… 5
1. Concept A ……………………………….. 6
a. Definition ………………………….. 6
b. Example ……………………………. 7
2. Concept B ……………………………….. 8
B. Previous Research ………………………….. 9
III. Methodology ……………………………………… 12
A. Research Design ……………………………. 12
1. Sample ……………………………………. 13
2. Procedure ………………………………. 14
B. Data Collection …………………………….. 15
1. Instrumentation ……………………….. 16
2. Validity and Reliability ………………. 17
C. Data Analysis ……………………………….. 18
1. Descriptive Statistics …………………… 19
2. Inferential Statistics ………………….. 20
IV. Result s …………………………………………….. 22
A. Overview of Findings ……………………… 22
B. Hypothesis Testing …………………………. 23
V. Discussion …………………………………………. 26
A. Interpretation of Findings ………………… 26
B. Implications for Practice ………………… 28
VI. Conclusion ……………………………………….. 31
A. Summary of Findings ……………………… 31
B. Contributions and Recommendations ….. 33
Here’s an example format for a Table of Contents:
I. Introduction
C. Methodology
II. Background
A. Historical Context
B. Literature Review
III. Methodology
A. Research Design
B. Data Collection
C. Data Analysis
IV. Results
A. Descriptive Statistics
B. Inferential Statistics
C. Qualitative Findings
V. Discussion
A. Interpretation of Results
B. Implications for Practice
C. Limitations and Future Research
VI. Conclusion
A. Summary of Findings
B. Contributions to the Field
C. Final Remarks
VII. References
VIII. Appendices
Note : This is just an example format and can vary depending on the type of document or research paper you are writing.
A TOC can be particularly useful in the following cases:
Here are the steps to create a table of contents:
A table of contents (TOC) serves several purposes, including:
Researcher, Academic Writer, Web developer
Rules that guide academic writing are specific to each paper format. However, some rules apply to all styles – APA, MLA, Chicago/Turabian, and Harvard. Basically, one of these rules is the inclusion of a table of contents (TOC) in an academic text, particularly long ones, like theses, dissertations, and research papers. Before starting a TOC, students or researchers should observe some practices regardless of different paper formats. Moreover, the process includes putting a particular TOC on a new page after the title page, numbering the first-level and corresponding second-level headings, and indicating the page number of each entry. Hence, scholars need to learn how to write a good table of contents in APA, MLA, Chicago/Turabian, and Harvard styles.
When organizing academic texts, such as theses, dissertations, and other research papers, students observe academic writing rules as applicable. Generally, the different paper formats – APA, MLA, Chicago/Turabian, and Harvard – have specific standards that students must follow strictly. In this case, one of the rules is the inclusion of a table of contents (TOC) in the document. By definition, a TOC is a roadmap that scholars provide in their composition, outlining each portion of a paper. In other words, it enables readers to locate specific information in documents or revisit favorite parts within completed texts. To make a good table of contents, writers ensure it is accurate, consistently formatted, clearly organized with proper headings and subheadings, and includes correct page numbers for all major sections and subsections. Moreover, this part of academic papers provides readers with a preview of the document’s text.
According to its definition, a table of contents (TOC) is a structured list that can be found at the beginning of books, reports, or other documents and provides key details on their chapters, sections, and major topics, along with their corresponding page numbers. The main purpose of writing a table of contents is to provide a clear and organized overview of a document’s text and help readers to understand its organization and flow of a material, making it easy to navigate (Heard, 2022). In this case, writers place their table of contents immediately after the title page and acknowledgments but before the main body of an entire work. Moreover, in lengthy or complex compositions, such as essays, research papers, theses, or dissertations, scholars often need to reference only specific information without reading them (Lewis et al., 2021). To achieve this purpose, they review a TOC page of a particular work under analysis and efficiently access the parts they need. Overall, a well-designed table of contents significantly improves the reader’s experience by providing a valid roadmap to a particular document’s text (Stadtlander, 2022). Besides, a dissertation table of contents should include all major sections, such as the introduction, literature review, methodology, results, discussion, conclusion, references, and appendices, along with their respective subsections and corresponding page numbers. In turn, here is an example template for writing a dissertation table of contents:
In essence, a TOC is a description of first-level headings (topics) and second-level headings (subtopics) within the paper’s body. For a longer document, writers may also include third-level titles to make the text good to read. To create a table of contents in Word, writers use the “References” tab to select “Table of Contents” and choose a style, ensuring that their document’s headings are formatted with the appropriate heading styles. Ideally, the length of papers determines the depth that authors go into detailing their writing in TOCs. For example, popular table of contents designs include hierarchical lists with indented subsections, dot leaders connecting titles to page numbers, and clear, consistent formatting with bold or italicized headings to distinguish different levels (Fitzpatrick, 2021). Basically, this feature means that shorter texts may not require third-level headings. In contrast, an essay outline is a summary of the paper’s main ideas with a hierarchical or logical structuring of the text. Unlike a TOC that only lists headings and subheadings, outlines capture these headings and then describe a written composition briefly under each one. As such, an outline provides a more in-depth summary of essay papers compared to a TOC.
Criteria | Rule |
---|---|
Font and Style | Use a readable font (e.g., Times New Roman, Arial, Calibri) and a consistent font size (12-point). Use bold or italics sparingly for section titles. |
Alignment and Indentation | Left-align main headings. Indent subsections to reflect hierarchy (e.g., 0.5 inches for each level). |
Spacing | Single or 1.5 line spacing within entries. Double space between major sections. |
Capitalization | Use title case (capitalize major words) for section titles. Ensure consistent capitalization style. |
Page Numbers | Align page numbers to the right margin. Use dot leaders to connect section titles to page numbers. |
Headings and Subheadings | Distinguish different levels of headings (e.g., main headings in bold, subheadings in regular font). Use numbering for chapters and sections (e.g., 1. Introduction, 1.1 Background). |
Consistency | Apply formatting rules consistently throughout an entire TOC. Ensure formatting matches the rest of the document. |
Lists of Figures and Tables | Follow same formatting rules as a main TOC. Place these lists immediately after a TOC page. |
Margins | Use standard document margins (e.g., 1-inch margins on all sides). Ensure it fits within margins without overcrowding. |
Templates and Styles | Use predefined styles or templates to ensure consistency. Adjust styles as necessary for specific requirements. |
Section | Description |
---|---|
Title Page | The title of an entire document with an author, institution, and date. |
Abstract | A brief summary of a document’s content. |
Acknowledgments | Section to thank those who helped in the creation of this document. |
Table of Contents | A list including all sections and subsections with page numbers. |
List of Figures or Illustrations | A list covering all figures in this document with page numbers. |
List of Tables | A list presenting all tables in this document with page numbers. |
List of Abbreviations | Definitions of abbreviations used in this document. |
List of Symbols | Descriptions of symbols used in this document. |
Chapters and Sections | The paper’s main content organized as chapters and sections. |
Introduction | Overview, research problem, objectives, and significance. |
Literature Review | Summary of existing research related to a study topic. |
Methodology | Methods used for research, including data collection and analysis. |
Results | Presentation and analysis of research findings. |
Discussion | Interpretation of results, implications, and comparison with existing literature. |
Conclusion and Recommendations | Summary of findings, conclusions drawn, and suggestions for future research. |
Reference List | A list acknowledging all sources cited in a finished document and according to APA, MLA, Chicago/Turabian, Harvard, or other referencing formats. |
Appendices | Additional materials, such as surveys, detailed data, and supplementary information. |
When writing a TOC in the APA format, writers should capture all the headings in the paper – first-level, second-level, and even third-level. Besides this information, they should also include an abstract, references, and appendices. The correct way to format a table of contents is to list all main sections and subsections in a logical order, use clear and consistent headings, indent subsections, align page numbers to the right with dot leaders connecting the titles to them, and ensure it matches the overall document style and layout (Lang, 2017). Notably, while a TOC in the APA style has an abstract, this section is not necessary for the other formats, like MLA, Chicago/Turabian, and Harvard. Hence, an example of a TOC written in APA format is indicated below:
Unlike papers written in the APA style, MLA papers do not require a table of contents unless they are long enough. In this case, documents, like theses, dissertations, and books organized in the MLA format should have a TOC. For example, a table of contents in a book is a list of the chapters and major sections, along with their corresponding page numbers, providing an organized overview of its structure and text (Silvia, 2015). Even where a TOC is necessary, there is no specific method that a writer should use when writing it, and its structure is left to the writer’s discretion. To write a table of contents, writers list the main sections and subsections of their documents in the order they appear, using consistent formatting and including corresponding page numbers for each entry. However, when they have to include a TOC in their compositions, the information they capture should be much more than what would appear in the APA paper. Hence, an example of writing a TOC in MLA format is:
To create a good table of contents, writers ensure it is well-organized, accurately lists all sections and subsections with corresponding page numbers, and is formatted consistently for clarity and ease of navigation. In the case of writing a research paper, an example of an MLA TOC should be:
Like the MLA style, a Chicago/Turabian paper does not require writing a table of contents unless it is long enough. When a TOC is necessary, writers should capitalize on major headings. In this case, authors do not need to add a row of periods (. . . . . . . .) between the heading entry and the page number. Writers should use a table of contents format that lists all main sections and subsections in proper order, with clear headings, correct indentation for hierarchy, dot leaders connecting titles to right-aligned page numbers, and consistent formatting throughout (Stadtlander, 2022). Then, the arrangement of the text should start with the first-level heading, then the second-level heading, and, finally, the third-level title, just like in the APA paper. In turn, all the information that precedes the introduction part should have lowercase Roman numerals. Besides, the row of periods is only used for major headings. Therefore, an example of writing a TOC in Chicago/Turabian format is:
Like in the other formats, writing a table of contents in the Harvard style is captured by having the title “Table of Contents” at the center of the page, in the first line. Basically, it comes after the title page and captures all the sections and subsections of Harvard papers. In other words, writers must indicate first-level headings in a numbered list. For example, to create a good table of contents, writers list the document’s main sections and subsections in the order they appear, apply consistent formatting, and include corresponding page numbers for each heading (Heard, 2022). Further on, scholars should align titles to the left side and capitalize them. In turn, if there is a need to show second-level headings, authors should list them under corresponding first-level headings by using bullet points. However, it is essential for students not to disrupt the numbering of first-level headings. Besides, writers should align second-level headings to the left side and indent them by half an inch and capitalize on a choosen piece. As a result, an example of writing a TOC in Harvard format should appear as below:
Any TOC is an essential component of any academic paper, particularly for long documents, like theses, dissertations, and research papers. When students are writing a TOC, they should be careful to follow the applicable format’s rules and standards. Regardless of the format, writers should master the following tips when doing a TOC page:
Fitzpatrick, R. (2021). Write useful books: A modern approach to designing and refining recommendable nonfiction . Useful Books Ltd.
Heard, S. B. (2022). The scientist’s guide to writing: How to write more easily and effectively throughout your scientific career . Princeton University Press.
Lang, T. A. (2017). Writing a better research article. Journal of Public Health and Emergency , 1 , 1–13. https://doi.org/10.21037/jphe.2017.11.06
Lewis, K. B., Graham, I. D., Boland, L., & Stacey, D. (2021). Writing a compelling integrated discussion: A guide for integrated discussions in article-based theses and dissertations. International Journal of Nursing Education Scholarship , 18 (1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1515/ijnes-2020-0057
Silvia, P. J. (2015). Write it up: Practical strategies for writing and publishing journal articles . American Psychological Association.
Stadtlander, L. (2022). Editorial: Rewriting a social science dissertation into a journal article and getting it published. Journal of Social, Behavioral, and Health Sciences , 16 (1), 94–102. https://doi.org/10.5590/jsbhs.2022.16.1.07
The following examples are intended to introduce you to the basics of citing sources using the MLA Handbook (eighth edition). For resources not covered by this guide, please refer to the Handbook or contact a librarian for assistance. For help with layout, margins, spacing, and page numbers, see The MLA Style Center . Consider using RefWorks to help you track your research and automatically create a bibliography in MLA style.
If you need help with the previous version of MLA, please see the guide for MLA (7 th edition, 2009) . If you are unsure which version of MLA to use, please consult with your professor.
Table of Contents:
Using MLA 8th Edition
Citing Books & Book Chapters
Citing Film and Television
Citing Online Content
In-Text Citations
For More Help
While earlier editions of the MLA Handbook provided specific rules for each format type, the current edition asks the same questions for all formats, identifying core elements for each source. The MLA Practice Template , which is available online and in the print style manual, can help you organize the core elements.
Often a particular work such as a journal article or book is found within a larger source, which MLA8 refers to as a container. Elements 3-9 all describe the container for a specific work (elements 1-2). A work may have one container (e.g., a printed collection of essays) or multiple containers (e.g., a journal article within an online journal within a database). When source has more than one container, you will answer questions 3-9 for each container.
To see examples of how to use the containers, see “Works Cited: A Quick Guide” at the MLA Style Center .
Works Cited List
The following section illustrates how to cite commonly used source types. This is not an exhaustive list. Use the containers and core elements describe above to create citations for other resources. For more specific examples, please refer to the Handbook (LAU Ref Stacks LB2369 .G53 2016 ) or contact a librarian for assistance.
Dickens, Charles. “To Miss Burdett Coutts, 3 November 1847.” The Letters of Charles Dickens , edited by Graham Storey and K.J. Fielding, Pilgrim ed., vol. 5, Clarendon Press / Oxford UP, 1989, pp. 181-188.
Dove, Rita. “The Breathing, the Endless News.” Collected Poems, 1974-2004 . W.W. Norton, 2016, p. 193.
Khalaf, Farida, and Andrea C. Hoffmann. The Girl Who Escaped ISIS: This is My Story . Translated by Jamie Bulloch, Simon and Schuster, 2016.
Marder, Tod A., and Mark Wilson Jones, editors. The Pantheon: From Antiquity to the Present . Cambridge UP, 2015.
Nesselrath, Arnold. “Impressions of the Pantheon in the Renaissance.” The Pantheon: From Antiquity to the Present , edited by Tod A. Marder and Mark Wilson Jones, Cambridge UP, 2015, pp. 255-295.
Wilken, Robert Louis. The Christians as the Romans Saw Them . 2nd ed. Yale UP, 2003. JSTOR , www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt32bdb2.
Citing Periodical Articles (including scholarly journals, magazines, and newspapers)
Meichtry, Stacy, and Anton Troianovski. “Terror Roils Continental Leaders.” Wall Street Journal , Europe edition, 28 July 2016, A1+.
Ratcliffe, Sophie. “The Episodic Trollope and An Editor’s Tales .” Victorian Studies , vol. 58, no. 1, Autumn 2015, pp. 57-83.
Ratcliffe, Sophie. “The Episodic Trollope and An Editor’s Tales .” Victorian Studies , vol. 58, no. 1, Autumn 2015, pp. 57-83. Project Muse , muse.jhu.edu/article/613211/pdf.
Wood, Graeme. “What ISIS Really Wants.” The Atlantic , Mar. 2015, www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2015/03/what-isis-really-wants/384980 .
Wood, Graeme. “What ISIS Really Wants.” The Atlantic , Mar. 2015, pp. 78-94. Academic Search Premier , search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=ip,uid&db=aph&AN=100848076&site=ehost-live&scope=site.
“Blame Canada.” Madam Secretary , season 1, episode 5, CBS Television Studios, 19 Oct. 2014. Netflix , www.netflix.com/title/80024232 .
Desire for Beauty . Directed by Miguel Gaudêncio, KinoNation, 2013. Snag Films , www.snagfilms.com/films/title/desire_for_beauty .
Suffragette . Directed by Sarah Gavron, performance by Carey Mulligan, Universal Studios Home Entertainment, 2016.
@BenjaminHarvey. “At least 59,644: # of people detained, removed from their jobs or stripped of professional licenses so far #TurkeyCoup #TurkeyPurge.” Twitter , 19 July 2016, 8:08 a.m., twitter.com/BenjaminHarvey/status/755418986096058369.
Hume, Tim, et al. “Pope on Priest Killing: World is at War, but It’s Not a Religious One.” CNN , 27 July 2016, 7:46 p.m., www.cnn.com/2016/07/27/europe/france-church-attack-aftermath.
Linjanco. Comment on “Theresa May Arrives in Berlin for Talks with Angela Merkel.” The Guardian , 20 July 2016, 7:29 p.m., discussion.theguardian.com/comment-permalink/79490863.
Manifold Greatness: The Creation and Afterlife of the King James Bible . Folger Shakespeare Library / Bodleian Libraries, U of Oxford / Harry Ransom Center, U of Texas, Austin, www.manifoldgreatness.org.
Roudman, Sam. “Can the Green Party Capitalize on Sanders’ Disillusioned Fans?” Vocativ , 26 July 2016, 5:30 p.m., www.vocativ.com/345196/can-the-green-party-capitalize-on-sanders-disillusioned-fans.
In-text citations should include the author’s last name and the page number(s) to which you refer. If you mention the author in the sentence, then you should only mention the page number in the parenthetical reference. If you cite more than one work by the same author, then include the title of the work in your notation. For example: (Dove, “Breathing” 193).
Trollope uses editing metaphors to represent “a range of complex matters relating to ethical judgment and ideas of selfhood in time” (Ratcliffe 59).
Ratcliffe argues that Trollope uses editing metaphors to represent “a range of complex matters relating to ethical judgment and ideas of selfhood in time” (59).
Following are links to sites that have additional information and further examples:
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Today we are going to learn how to make a proper APA table of contents. However, let’s start with some backstory to understand the formatting standards according to the latest APA 7th edition .
In an APA style paper , a table of contents is commonly used in longer research papers or dissertations to provide an organized outline of the document's structure. It helps to increase readability and navigation greatly. Even though a table of contents is not officially required by the APA guide, you may be asked by the instructor to include one. That’s why we compiled this guide on how to format a table of contents in APA style. Read our detailed instructions to arrange a contents page. Or you can always ask StudyCrumb to " write my paper for me " and get comprehensive help with your work, including assistance with formatting.
In the present APA table of contents guide, we will show the most convenient and recommendable format for an APA paper. The first thing that you need to remember — it can not exceed two pages in size. So if the table is a must according to the instructor, you may have to exclude some section headings to fit in. It is good to optimize your paper with subheadings, but don’t get obsessed with it. Here are some of the major formatting rules according to APA Style:
In all other regards, your formatting sticks to the plain text format. Don’t include any unnecessary formatting or highlighting. And don't be afraid to ask your instructor about it if you have any doubts or questions. At any time, you can buy essay quickly, remember about it.
Nevertheless, there is nothing more representative than a proper APA table of contents sample. Pay attention to the length of indents for different heading levels. Check out our sample right below.
Note, there is no fixed standard for the length of indents that you make to highlight every level of headlines. Make sure that your headlines look readable and easy to distinguish.
Looking for annotated bibliography example APA ? We have got you covered! Open one more of our blogs.
Microsoft Word is the most likely software for formatting APA style tables of content. That’s why right now, we will learn how to generate automated ones. It is a very simple operation, and you only have to remember easy 3 steps:
And now, look closer at each individual step, so it will be much easier to remember. So, let’s go! Buy APA format paper entirely from scratch if you have troubles at this point.
Before starting working with headings, make sure that all of them are in line with the general formatting style. Normally, the table of contents is generated after the text is finished and proofread. So don’t be in a hurry, even though the contents are located in the very beginning of the text. Make sure that your piece is flawless and doesn’t contain misspellings. Try an online typing test to hone your typing skills quickly. Formatting headings is easy — just highlight the heading first. Then, find a top panel featuring heading styles and make a right click on the one you want to choose. After it, select Please update Heading X to match selection. Do it with every heading that you have. Assign each one with Heading 1 — Heading 5 roles.
One more step and our APA paper with table of contents is as good as ready. From the very beginning, type the page name, keep it centered and aligned to the top. Remember about 1-inch long indents. Make the heading bold to increase readability and navigation. Then choose the “ Table of Contents ” option from the “References” menu that is located on the top panel. In the new window, choose the number of heading levels that will be displayed. As you remember, you need at least 2 and not more than 5 levels of headings.
From this point, all the highlighted headings will be automatically synchronized with your table of contents. In case if you make changes to the actual heading, you may also change it in your list in one click. Just make a right click on it and choose the “Update Field” option. In Microsoft Word, you can choose to update either one element or all elements at a time. We recommend updating all the elements to keep your paper consistent and good-looking. Hiring a bibliography writer to work on your table of contents might be helpful as well.
We hope our blog explained all those formatting tricks in a most understandable way. Check out other articles if you have any other questions about academic writing. Good luck with your writing!
Whether it is an APA-style paper or an opinion essay, be sure it will be delivered timely and composed with skill and diligence. Check out the writing service and give yourself a little break from writing! Contact us when you are ready.
1. is there a size limit for a table of contents in apa style.
Yes, your table of contents should not be bigger than two pages long. If it is larger, consider deleting it entirely or some of the headlines to fit in.
The table of contents is located after the Acknowledgment but before the Introduction paragraph.
You need to include at least 2 levels and not more than 5 levels of headings. Just analyze the text and come up with the right format for your paper.
Emma Flores knows all about formatting standards. She shares with StudyCrumb readers tips on creating academic papers that will meet high-quality standards.
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Usually, tables of contents are used in documents that consist of several chapters or sections. Creating a table of contents may seem to be a simple task, however, different formatting styles and rules regarding spacing may cause some problems if students are not familiar with these standards.
College-Writers.com decided to help you prepare a good table of contents by explaining the features of the most common styles: MLA and APA. The MLA style is popular in literature, while APA is used in social sciences. If there’s no particular style specified by your professor, you may need to create a basic table of contents.
First, let’s see what a basic table of contents looks like. This table should demonstrate how your paper is organized, and what topics are addressed in it. You should include every section of your paper and provide a corresponding page number. If your work has big sections, you can benefit from making descriptive headlines so that your audience could easily find the necessary information on any specific subtopic. For example, if this article was several pages long, its table of contents would look like this:
Introduction……………………………………………………….1
Basic Table of Contents…………………………………………3
APA Style Table of Contents……………………………………5
MLA Style Table of Contents……………………………………6
Entries in your table of content should be written using capital letters, just like headlines in your paper. To make your table easy to read, line up page numbers. You can do it manually or use various programs that can format your text documents automatically. These programs can also help with spacing.
You may or may not use the APA style in your papers, depending on your field of study, the type of your paper, and requirements of your school. Literature reviews traditionally don’t have a table of contents, having only a standard title page. In this case, you should also include an introduction and a reference list. If your paper has several major sections, its table of contents may look like this:
Abstract………………………………………………………….2
Introduction…………………………………………………….5
Method…………………………………………………………..6
Results……………………………………………………………9
Tables……………………………………………………………11
References………………………………………………………14
The title shouldn’t be underlined or written in bold font. An APA table of contents should also include an abstract and a list of references. Obviously, you should also follow the general guidelines of the APA style. When creating a table of contents according to the APA style, you may also benefit from making descriptive headlines.
Your MLA style paper may have a table of contents if it’s long enough. The MLA format doesn’t have any strict requirements regarding breaking up the text so you can approach this issue as you like, taking into account the type of content. Here’s a list of suggested sections for an MLA paper:
You should also include a title page, however, there’s no need to number it, unless your title is on the main page of your paper. Don’t forget that the MLA style also requires you to provide a list of tables and illustrations. Here’s an example of a table of contents written according to the MLA format:
Introduction……………………………………………………..2
Arts………………………………………………………………..5
Government……………………………………………………..8
Works Cited……………………………………………………..10
Introduction.
All final submissions must be made in pdf format to these 4 places:, google classroom, emailed to your supervisor, formal presentation basics.
All essays must follow this format:
The body of the essay must:
Your conclusion must be:
Your References and Bibliography must follow this format:
Appendices should only be used if required by the subject discipline:
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Note to students using Grammarly: See this resource on Grammarly’s Place in the Writing Process (pdf)
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Turabian Template (dotm) for assignments with NO headings ( NOTE : do not add quotation marks around the titles of your papers; all macro-enabled fields in the template have those marks to denote the macros; just click each field and type your content)
Turabian Template (dotm) for assignments WITH headings ( NOTE : do not add quotation marks around the titles of your papers; all macro-enabled fields in the template have those marks to denote the macros; just click each field and type your content)
Dissertation-style title page with basic Dissertation Template (dotm)
Visit the Chicago Manual of Style database in Liberty University’s Jerry Falwell Library by logging in and choosing that database (search for database by name, then “C,” and “Chicago Manual of Style”).
A discussion board is designed to mimic a real-time discussion between you and your classmates (and sometimes professors), so it should be fairly formal (i.e., proper citations and academic tone), but most can be slightly informal in the sense that if you wanted to refer to something a classmate said, you’d just write something like “As Christy wrote in her initial thread, xyz” or “I appreciate how Mike clarified xyz in his response to Marsha.”
Be sure to check with your professor for his or her expectations if you are required to cite your classmates’ content.
Below is a basic template. Remember to include footnote citations to credit your scholarly sources, along with a corresponding bibliography list . Prepare your thread in MS Word and save that file, then use Control-A to select all content, Control-C to copy all content, and Control-V in Canvas to paste your content.)
Discussion Board basic template (dotm)
Material on this page adapted from Kate L. Turabian’s A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations , 9th ed.
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I need to make my (BibTeX) references section appear in the table of contents of my LaTeX document (documentclass: article), with section numbering too.
My approach until now has been making a new section and including the bibliography ( references.bib ) at that point:
However, the final document shows both the section title that I have written and the section title that BibTeX writes, which is quite redundant and I definitely dislike.
How can I either remove BibTeX's section title, or make the BibTeX bibliography appear in the table of contents without making a new section?
If I were to make the BibTeX bibliography appear in the table of contents without making a new section, how could I assure that the section title that BibTeX writes looks exactly like sections typeset with \section ?
As Herbert has hinted, your document class may include options to control the inclusion of the bibliography in the table of contents. For standard classes ( article , book , report ), adding \usepackage[nottoc,numbib]{tocbibind} to your document preamble should work. See the tocbibind documentation for more details.
EDIT: Herbert's suggestion (adding \addcontentsline{toc}{section}{References} ) may result in an incorrect ToC entry unless the Reference section is forced on a separate page with \clearpage :
Using hyperref , one should say:
Another simple solution with Biblatex is found at https://fr.sharelatex.com/learn/Bibliography_management_with_biblatex
The following should help, I think:
If you don't want the bibliography to have a chapter number, use the following instead:
Here a simple solution for biblatex. Then you can omit the heading and just add a sections as you like.
It is easier with a class which supports a bib entry in the table of contents, eg. the KOMA-Script classes.
I do not like the previous answers because it does not provides you a full control on how the Reference section appears in the table of contents.
If you use natbib (that I recommend), simple add one line after the import of the package:
of course you can replace \section bu whatever you want: chapter, subsection, etc.
I found this in this answer to a similar question on the LaTeX.org forum .
This is the only thing that worked for me after much trial and error.
Not the answer you're looking for browse other questions tagged sectioning table-of-contents bibliographies ..
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Published on March 9, 2021 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on August 23, 2022.
An annotated bibliography is a list of source references that includes a short descriptive text (an annotation) for each source. It may be assigned as part of the research process for a paper , or as an individual assignment to gather and read relevant sources on a topic.
Scribbr’s free Citation Generator allows you to easily create and manage your annotated bibliography in APA or MLA style. To generate a perfectly formatted annotated bibliography, select the source type, fill out the relevant fields, and add your annotation.
An example of an annotated source is shown below:
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Annotated bibliography format: apa, mla, chicago, how to write an annotated bibliography, descriptive annotation example, evaluative annotation example, reflective annotation example, finding sources for your annotated bibliography, frequently asked questions about annotated bibliographies.
Make sure your annotated bibliography is formatted according to the guidelines of the style guide you’re working with. Three common styles are covered below:
In APA Style , both the reference entry and the annotation should be double-spaced and left-aligned.
The reference entry itself should have a hanging indent . The annotation follows on the next line, and the whole annotation should be indented to match the hanging indent. The first line of any additional paragraphs should be indented an additional time.
In an MLA style annotated bibliography , the Works Cited entry and the annotation are both double-spaced and left-aligned.
The Works Cited entry has a hanging indent. The annotation itself is indented 1 inch (twice as far as the hanging indent). If there are two or more paragraphs in the annotation, the first line of each paragraph is indented an additional half-inch, but not if there is only one paragraph.
In a Chicago style annotated bibliography , the bibliography entry itself should be single-spaced and feature a hanging indent.
The annotation should be indented, double-spaced, and left-aligned. The first line of any additional paragraphs should be indented an additional time.
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For each source, start by writing (or generating ) a full reference entry that gives the author, title, date, and other information. The annotated bibliography format varies based on the citation style you’re using.
The annotations themselves are usually between 50 and 200 words in length, typically formatted as a single paragraph. This can vary depending on the word count of the assignment, the relative length and importance of different sources, and the number of sources you include.
Consider the instructions you’ve been given or consult your instructor to determine what kind of annotations they’re looking for:
These specific terms won’t necessarily be used. The important thing is to understand the purpose of your assignment and pick the approach that matches it best. Interactive examples of the different styles of annotation are shown below.
A descriptive annotation summarizes the approach and arguments of a source in an objective way, without attempting to assess their validity.
In this way, it resembles an abstract , but you should never just copy text from a source’s abstract, as this would be considered plagiarism . You’ll naturally cover similar ground, but you should also consider whether the abstract omits any important points from the full text.
The interactive example shown below describes an article about the relationship between business regulations and CO 2 emissions.
Rieger, A. (2019). Doing business and increasing emissions? An exploratory analysis of the impact of business regulation on CO 2 emissions. Human Ecology Review , 25 (1), 69–86. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26964340
An evaluative annotation also describes the content of a source, but it goes on to evaluate elements like the validity of the source’s arguments and the appropriateness of its methods .
For example, the following annotation describes, and evaluates the effectiveness of, a book about the history of Western philosophy.
Kenny, A. (2010). A new history of Western philosophy: In four parts . Oxford University Press.
A reflective annotation is similar to an evaluative one, but it focuses on the source’s usefulness or relevance to your own research.
Reflective annotations are often required when the point is to gather sources for a future research project, or to assess how they were used in a project you already completed.
The annotation below assesses the usefulness of a particular article for the author’s own research in the field of media studies.
Manovich, Lev. (2009). The practice of everyday (media) life: From mass consumption to mass cultural production? Critical Inquiry , 35 (2), 319–331. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/596645
Manovich’s article assesses the shift from a consumption-based media culture (in which media content is produced by a small number of professionals and consumed by a mass audience) to a production-based media culture (in which this mass audience is just as active in producing content as in consuming it). He is skeptical of some of the claims made about this cultural shift; specifically, he argues that the shift towards user-made content must be regarded as more reliant upon commercial media production than it is typically acknowledged to be. However, he regards web 2.0 as an exciting ongoing development for art and media production, citing its innovation and unpredictability.
The article is outdated in certain ways (it dates from 2009, before the launch of Instagram, to give just one example). Nevertheless, its critical engagement with the possibilities opened up for media production by the growth of social media is valuable in a general sense, and its conceptualization of these changes frequently applies just as well to more current social media platforms as it does to Myspace. Conceptually, I intend to draw on this article in my own analysis of the social dynamics of Twitter and Instagram.
Before you can write your annotations, you’ll need to find sources . If the annotated bibliography is part of the research process for a paper, your sources will be those you consult and cite as you prepare the paper. Otherwise, your assignment and your choice of topic will guide you in what kind of sources to look for.
Make sure that you’ve clearly defined your topic , and then consider what keywords are relevant to it, including variants of the terms. Use these keywords to search databases (e.g., Google Scholar ), using Boolean operators to refine your search.
Sources can include journal articles, books, and other source types , depending on the scope of the assignment. Read the abstracts or blurbs of the sources you find to see whether they’re relevant, and try exploring their bibliographies to discover more. If a particular source keeps showing up, it’s probably important.
Once you’ve selected an appropriate range of sources, read through them, taking notes that you can use to build up your annotations. You may even prefer to write your annotations as you go, while each source is fresh in your mind.
An annotated bibliography is an assignment where you collect sources on a specific topic and write an annotation for each source. An annotation is a short text that describes and sometimes evaluates the source.
Any credible sources on your topic can be included in an annotated bibliography . The exact sources you cover will vary depending on the assignment, but you should usually focus on collecting journal articles and scholarly books . When in doubt, utilize the CRAAP test !
Each annotation in an annotated bibliography is usually between 50 and 200 words long. Longer annotations may be divided into paragraphs .
The content of the annotation varies according to your assignment. An annotation can be descriptive, meaning it just describes the source objectively; evaluative, meaning it assesses its usefulness; or reflective, meaning it explains how the source will be used in your own research .
A source annotation in an annotated bibliography fulfills a similar purpose to an abstract : they’re both intended to summarize the approach and key points of a source.
However, an annotation may also evaluate the source , discussing the validity and effectiveness of its arguments. Even if your annotation is purely descriptive , you may have a different perspective on the source from the author and highlight different key points.
You should never just copy text from the abstract for your annotation, as doing so constitutes plagiarism .
If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.
Caulfield, J. (2022, August 23). What Is an Annotated Bibliography? | Examples & Format. Scribbr. Retrieved August 12, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/citing-sources/annotated-bibliography/
Other students also liked, evaluating sources | methods & examples, how to find sources | scholarly articles, books, etc., hanging indent | word & google docs instructions, scribbr apa citation checker.
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We, the APA Style team, are not robots. We can all pass a CAPTCHA test , and we know our roles in a Turing test . And, like so many nonrobot human beings this year, we’ve spent a fair amount of time reading, learning, and thinking about issues related to large language models, artificial intelligence (AI), AI-generated text, and specifically ChatGPT . We’ve also been gathering opinions and feedback about the use and citation of ChatGPT. Thank you to everyone who has contributed and shared ideas, opinions, research, and feedback.
In this post, I discuss situations where students and researchers use ChatGPT to create text and to facilitate their research, not to write the full text of their paper or manuscript. We know instructors have differing opinions about how or even whether students should use ChatGPT, and we’ll be continuing to collect feedback about instructor and student questions. As always, defer to instructor guidelines when writing student papers. For more about guidelines and policies about student and author use of ChatGPT, see the last section of this post.
If you’ve used ChatGPT or other AI tools in your research, describe how you used the tool in your Method section or in a comparable section of your paper. For literature reviews or other types of essays or response or reaction papers, you might describe how you used the tool in your introduction. In your text, provide the prompt you used and then any portion of the relevant text that was generated in response.
Unfortunately, the results of a ChatGPT “chat” are not retrievable by other readers, and although nonretrievable data or quotations in APA Style papers are usually cited as personal communications , with ChatGPT-generated text there is no person communicating. Quoting ChatGPT’s text from a chat session is therefore more like sharing an algorithm’s output; thus, credit the author of the algorithm with a reference list entry and the corresponding in-text citation.
When prompted with “Is the left brain right brain divide real or a metaphor?” the ChatGPT-generated text indicated that although the two brain hemispheres are somewhat specialized, “the notation that people can be characterized as ‘left-brained’ or ‘right-brained’ is considered to be an oversimplification and a popular myth” (OpenAI, 2023).
OpenAI. (2023). ChatGPT (Mar 14 version) [Large language model]. https://chat.openai.com/chat
You may also put the full text of long responses from ChatGPT in an appendix of your paper or in online supplemental materials, so readers have access to the exact text that was generated. It is particularly important to document the exact text created because ChatGPT will generate a unique response in each chat session, even if given the same prompt. If you create appendices or supplemental materials, remember that each should be called out at least once in the body of your APA Style paper.
When given a follow-up prompt of “What is a more accurate representation?” the ChatGPT-generated text indicated that “different brain regions work together to support various cognitive processes” and “the functional specialization of different regions can change in response to experience and environmental factors” (OpenAI, 2023; see Appendix A for the full transcript).
The in-text citations and references above are adapted from the reference template for software in Section 10.10 of the Publication Manual (American Psychological Association, 2020, Chapter 10). Although here we focus on ChatGPT, because these guidelines are based on the software template, they can be adapted to note the use of other large language models (e.g., Bard), algorithms, and similar software.
The reference and in-text citations for ChatGPT are formatted as follows:
Let’s break that reference down and look at the four elements (author, date, title, and source):
Author: The author of the model is OpenAI.
Date: The date is the year of the version you used. Following the template in Section 10.10, you need to include only the year, not the exact date. The version number provides the specific date information a reader might need.
Title: The name of the model is “ChatGPT,” so that serves as the title and is italicized in your reference, as shown in the template. Although OpenAI labels unique iterations (i.e., ChatGPT-3, ChatGPT-4), they are using “ChatGPT” as the general name of the model, with updates identified with version numbers.
The version number is included after the title in parentheses. The format for the version number in ChatGPT references includes the date because that is how OpenAI is labeling the versions. Different large language models or software might use different version numbering; use the version number in the format the author or publisher provides, which may be a numbering system (e.g., Version 2.0) or other methods.
Bracketed text is used in references for additional descriptions when they are needed to help a reader understand what’s being cited. References for a number of common sources, such as journal articles and books, do not include bracketed descriptions, but things outside of the typical peer-reviewed system often do. In the case of a reference for ChatGPT, provide the descriptor “Large language model” in square brackets. OpenAI describes ChatGPT-4 as a “large multimodal model,” so that description may be provided instead if you are using ChatGPT-4. Later versions and software or models from other companies may need different descriptions, based on how the publishers describe the model. The goal of the bracketed text is to briefly describe the kind of model to your reader.
Source: When the publisher name and the author name are the same, do not repeat the publisher name in the source element of the reference, and move directly to the URL. This is the case for ChatGPT. The URL for ChatGPT is https://chat.openai.com/chat . For other models or products for which you may create a reference, use the URL that links as directly as possible to the source (i.e., the page where you can access the model, not the publisher’s homepage).
You may have noticed the confidence with which ChatGPT described the ideas of brain lateralization and how the brain operates, without citing any sources. I asked for a list of sources to support those claims and ChatGPT provided five references—four of which I was able to find online. The fifth does not seem to be a real article; the digital object identifier given for that reference belongs to a different article, and I was not able to find any article with the authors, date, title, and source details that ChatGPT provided. Authors using ChatGPT or similar AI tools for research should consider making this scrutiny of the primary sources a standard process. If the sources are real, accurate, and relevant, it may be better to read those original sources to learn from that research and paraphrase or quote from those articles, as applicable, than to use the model’s interpretation of them.
We’ve also received a number of other questions about ChatGPT. Should students be allowed to use it? What guidelines should instructors create for students using AI? Does using AI-generated text constitute plagiarism? Should authors who use ChatGPT credit ChatGPT or OpenAI in their byline? What are the copyright implications ?
On these questions, researchers, editors, instructors, and others are actively debating and creating parameters and guidelines. Many of you have sent us feedback, and we encourage you to continue to do so in the comments below. We will also study the policies and procedures being established by instructors, publishers, and academic institutions, with a goal of creating guidelines that reflect the many real-world applications of AI-generated text.
For questions about manuscript byline credit, plagiarism, and related ChatGPT and AI topics, the APA Style team is seeking the recommendations of APA Journals editors. APA Style guidelines based on those recommendations will be posted on this blog and on the APA Style site later this year.
Update: APA Journals has published policies on the use of generative AI in scholarly materials .
We, the APA Style team humans, appreciate your patience as we navigate these unique challenges and new ways of thinking about how authors, researchers, and students learn, write, and work with new technologies.
American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000
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Generating the table of contents. Now you can generate your table of contents. First write the title "Contents" (in the style of a level 1 heading). Then place your cursor two lines below this and go to the References tab. Click on Table of Contents and select Custom Table of Contents…. In the popup window, select how many levels of ...
Indent the first line of every paragraph of text 0.5 in. using the tab key or the paragraph-formatting function of your word-processing program. Page numbers: Put a page number in the top right corner of every page, including the title page or cover page, which is page 1. Student papers do not require a running head on any page.
At the end of the table of contents, include a page break and start the next section on a separate page. 3 Use 1-inch margins on each side of the page, the standard APA paper format. 4 Use pages that are 8½ by 11 inches—another part of the standard APA paper format. 5 The APA paper format uses a header (called the "running head") on ...
To summarize, the following steps will help you create a clear and concise table of contents to guide readers through your research paper: 1. Insert the table of contents after the title page. 2. List all the sections and subsections in chronological order. 3. Paginate each section.
General guidelines for referring to the works of others in your essay Author/Authors How to refer to authors in-text, including single and multiple authors, unknown authors, organizations, etc. ... including citation formats. Basic Rules Basic guidelines for formatting the reference list at the end of a standard APA research paper
In the "References" section at the top, locate the Table of Contents group. Click the arrow next to the Table of Contents icon and select "Custom Table of Contents.". Here, you can select which levels of headings you would like to include. You can also make manual adjustments to each level by clicking the Modify button.
Last Name, First Name. Title of Book. City of Publication, Publisher, Publication. Date. If the cited book was published prior to 1900, is from a publisher with offices in multiple countries, or is from a publisher that is largely unknown in the US, include the book's city of publication. Otherwise, this can be left out.
Now you need to format your headings to be included in the table of contents. Select the heading you want to include in your table of contents. Click on the "Styles" option in the top menu bar. Choose the appropriate heading style from the drop-down menu that appears. You can choose from "Heading 1," "Heading 2," "Heading 3," etc.
Formatting a Harvard style bibliography. Sources are alphabetised by author last name. The heading 'Reference list' or 'Bibliography' appears at the top. Each new source appears on a new line, and when an entry for a single source extends onto a second line, a hanging indent is used: Harvard bibliography example.
Throughout your paper, you need to apply the following APA format guidelines: Set page margins to 1 inch on all sides. Double-space all text, including headings. Indent the first line of every paragraph 0.5 inches. Use an accessible font (e.g., Times New Roman 12pt., Arial 11pt., or Georgia 11pt.).
Table of Contents (Optional) A list of all of your essay's headings, including page numbers. If you properly assign headings to your essay, this list can be auto-generated in Word. APA Student essays do not require Tables of Contents, but your instructor may require one. Check the assignment to be sure. Body (Required) The content of the essay.
Update the table of contents: If you make changes to your document, such as adding or deleting sections, you'll need to update the table of contents. In Microsoft Word, right-click on the table of contents and select Update Field. Choose whether you want to update the page numbers or the entire table, and click OK.
The correct way to format a table of contents is to list all main sections and subsections in a logical order, use clear and consistent headings, indent subsections, align page numbers to the right with dot leaders connecting the titles to them, and ensure it matches the overall document style and layout (Lang, 2017).
Just like in Word, it's easy to make a table of contents in Google Docs. Click on Insert in the top horizontal menu and then Table of Contents at the bottom of the dropdown menu. You will then have three options: Plain Text: a standard table of contents design. Dotted: a table of contents with dotted leader lines.
8.1Choose Verbal or Visual Representations of Your Data. 8.2Choose the Most Effective Graphic. 8.3Design Tables and Figures. 8.4Communicate Data Ethically. 9Revising Your Draft. 9.1Check for Blind Spots in Your Argument. 9.2Check Your Introduction, Conclusion, and Claim. 9.3Make Sure the Body of Your Report Is Coherent.
Using MLA 8th Edition. While earlier editions of the MLA Handbook provided specific rules for each format type, the current edition asks the same questions for all formats, identifying core elements for each source. The MLA Practice Template, which is available online and in the print style manual, can help you organize the core elements. Author.
Create Table of Contents in APA Formats. One more step and our APA paper with table of contents is as good as ready. From the very beginning, type the page name, keep it centered and aligned to the top. Remember about 1-inch long indents. Make the heading bold to increase readability and navigation.
Entries in your table of content should be written using capital letters, just like headlines in your paper. To make your table easy to read, line up page numbers. You can do it manually or use various programs that can format your text documents automatically. These programs can also help with spacing.
All essays must follow this format: Labelled "Table of Contents" in 12-point, readable font (Arial is recommended) Headings and page numbers for required components of the essay include: Introduction; Body of the essay: Headings and subheadings within the body of the essay may be included; Conclusion; References and Bibliography
Chicago style bibliography examples. Bibliography entries vary in format depending on the type of source. Templates and examples for the most common source types are shown below. Book. Book chapter. Journal article. Website. Template. Author Last Name, First Name.
Double-space the entire paper, except block quotes, footnotes, bibliography entries, reference lists, table titles, and figure captions. ... (including the table of contents), uses lowercase Roman ...
As Herbert has hinted, your document class may include options to control the inclusion of the bibliography in the table of contents. For standard classes (article, book, report), adding \usepackage[nottoc,numbib]{tocbibind} to your document preamble should work.See the tocbibind documentation for more details.. EDIT: Herbert's suggestion (adding \addcontentsline{toc}{section}{References}) may ...
This bibliography of Joe Biden is a chronological list of written and published works, by and about Joe Biden.In addition to works authored by Biden, the titles listed here are limited to notable non-fiction books about Biden or his presidency, published by well-known authors, journalists, and scholars. Tertiary sources (including textbooks and juvenile literature), satire, and self-published ...
Published on March 9, 2021 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on August 23, 2022. An annotated bibliography is a list of source references that includes a short descriptive text (an annotation) for each source. It may be assigned as part of the research process for a paper, or as an individual assignment to gather and read relevant sources on a topic.
For literature reviews or other types of essays or response or reaction papers, you might describe how you used the tool in your introduction. In your text, provide the prompt you used and then any portion of the relevant text that was generated in response. ... Narrative citation: OpenAI (2023) Let's break that reference down and look at the ...