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We have provided below free printable Class 10 Physics Assignments for Download in PDF. The Assignments have been designed based on the latest NCERT Book for Class 10 Physics . These Assignments for Grade 10 Physics cover all important topics which can come in your standard 10 tests and examinations. Free printable Assignments for CBSE Class 10 Physics , school and class assignments, and practice test papers have been designed by our highly experienced class 10 faculty. You can free download CBSE NCERT printable Assignments for Physics Class 10 with solutions and answers. All Assignments and test sheets have been prepared by expert teachers as per the latest Syllabus in Physics Class 10. Students can click on the links below and download all Pdf Assignments for Physics class 10 for free. All latest Kendriya Vidyalaya Class 10 Physics Assignments with Answers and test papers are given below.

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We have provided below the biggest collection of free CBSE NCERT KVS Assignments for Class 10 Physics . Students and teachers can download and save all free Physics assignments in Pdf for grade 10th. Our expert faculty have covered Class 10 important questions and answers for Physics as per the latest syllabus for the current academic year. All test papers and question banks for Class 10 Physics and CBSE Assignments for Physics Class 10 will be really helpful for standard 10th students to prepare for the class tests and school examinations. Class 10th students can easily free download in Pdf all printable practice worksheets given below.

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Class 10 Maths Chapter 1 Assignments

Class 10 Maths Chapter 1 Real Numbers Assignments and Worksheets with solutions and answers updated for academic session 2024-25. All the chapter is divided into 4 assignments taking easy, average, and difficult questions. These set of questions provide a complete revision for the preparation of CBSE and State board exams 2024-25.

CBSE NCERT Class 10 Maths Chapter 1 Real Numbers Assignments

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Extra questions of chapter 4 class 10 Quadratic Equations with answer and  hints to the difficult questions. Important and useful math assignment for the students of class 10

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NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 4 - Quadratic Equations

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Complete Resource of NCERT Class 10 Maths Chapter 4 Quadratic Equations - Free PDF Download

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Chapter 4 Quadratic Equation , covers a crucial aspect of algebra that every student must grasp. This chapter introduces quadratic equations, detailing methods to solve them, including factoring, using the quadratic formula, and completing the square. Understanding these concepts is key, as they are foundational for higher mathematics and problem solving in science and engineering. Focus on mastering the techniques for finding the roots of quadratic equations and recognizing their practical applications. Clear explanations and step-by-step solutions in Vedantu’s materials help understand complex concepts, making them accessible and understandable.

Glance of NCERT Solutions of Maths Chapter 4 Quadratic Equations for Class 10 | Vedantu

Chapter 4 of Class 10 Maths deals with quadratic equations, which are equations  of the form  ax^2 + bx + c = 0, where a ≠ 0.

Learn about standard forms, where a, b, and c are real numbers.

The chapter focuses on finding the roots/solutions of these equations, which are the values of x that satisfy the equation.

There are different methods for solving quadratics, such as Factorization and by using Quadratic Formula

A key concept is the discriminant (b² - 4ac). It helps determine the nature of the roots:

Distinct Real Roots (D > 0): When the discriminant is positive, there are two distinct real solutions for x.

Equal Real Roots (D = 0): A positive discriminant of zero indicates two equal real roots.

No Real Roots (D < 0): A negative discriminant means there are no real number solutions, but there might be complex solutions.

The chapter also covers forming quadratic equations from word problems and applications of quadratic equations in real-life scenarios.

This article contains chapter notes important questions and Exercises link for Chapter 4 - Quadratic Equations, which you can download as PDFs.

There are four exercises and one miscellaneous exercise (24 fully solved questions) in class 10th maths chapter 4 Quadratic Equations.

Access Exercise Wise NCERT Solutions for Chapter 4 Maths Class 10

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Exercises under NCERT Solutions for Maths Chapter 4 Class 10 Quadratic Equations

Exercise 4.1:.

This exercise covers the introduction to quadratic equations and the standard form of a quadratic equation. It also includes methods for solving quadratic equations by factorisation. In this exercise, students will learn how to identify a quadratic equation, how to convert a quadratic equation into standard form, and how to factorise quadratic equations using different methods. The exercise includes a set of questions that range from easy to difficult, allowing students to gradually build their understanding of the concepts.

Exercise 4.2:

This exercise covers more advanced methods for solving quadratic equations, such as completing the square and using the quadratic formula. It includes the derivation of the quadratic formula and shows how to apply it to solve quadratic equations. In this exercise, students will learn how to complete the square of a quadratic equation to convert it into standard form, and how to use the quadratic formula to solve quadratic equations. The exercise includes questions that require students to use both methods to solve quadratic equations.

Exercise 4.3:

This exercise covers real-life applications of quadratic equations and includes word problems that require students to apply their knowledge of quadratic equations to solve practical problems. The exercise includes problems related to the trajectory of a projectile, finding the distance between two ships, and the dimensions of a garden. Students will learn how to formulate and solve quadratic equations to solve real-life problems. The exercise includes a set of word problems that gradually increase in difficulty, allowing students to develop their problem-solving skills.

Access NCERT Solutions for Class - 10 Maths Chapter 4 – Quadratic Equations

Exercise 4.1.

1. Check whether the following are quadratic equations:  

i. ${{\left( \text{x+1} \right)}^{\text{2}}}\text{=2}\left( \text{x-3} \right)$

Ans : ${{\left( \text{x+1} \right)}^{\text{2}}}\text{=2}\left( \text{x-3} \right)$

$\Rightarrow {{\text{x}}^{\text{2}}}\text{+2x+1=2x-6}$

$\Rightarrow {{\text{x}}^{\text{2}}}\text{+7=0}$

Since, it is in the form of $\text{a}{{\text{x}}^{\text{2}}}\text{+bx+c=0}$.

Therefore, the given equation is a quadratic equation.

ii. ${{\text{x}}^{\text{2}}}\text{-2x=}\left( \text{-2} \right)\left( \text{3-x} \right)$

Ans : ${{\text{x}}^{\text{2}}}\text{-2x=}\left( \text{-2} \right)\left( \text{3-x} \right)$

$\Rightarrow {{\text{x}}^{\text{2}}}\text{-2x=-6+2x}$

$\Rightarrow {{\text{x}}^{\text{2}}}\text{-4x+6=0}$

iii. $\left( \text{x-2} \right)\left( \text{x+1} \right)\text{=}\left( \text{x-1} \right)\left( \text{x+3} \right)$

Ans : $\left( \text{x-2} \right)\left( \text{x+1} \right)\text{=}\left( \text{x-1} \right)\left( \text{x+3} \right)$

$\Rightarrow {{\text{x}}^{\text{2}}}\text{-x-2=}{{\text{x}}^{\text{2}}}\text{+2x-3}$

$\Rightarrow \text{3x-1=0}$

Since, it is not in the form of $\text{a}{{\text{x}}^{\text{2}}}\text{+bx+c=0}$.

Therefore, the given equation is not a quadratic equation.

iv. $\left( \text{x-3} \right)\left( \text{2x+1} \right)\text{=x}\left( \text{x+5} \right)$

Ans : $\left( \text{x-3} \right)\left( \text{2x+1} \right)\text{=x}\left( \text{x+5} \right)$

$\Rightarrow \text{2}{{\text{x}}^{\text{2}}}\text{-5x-3=}{{\text{x}}^{\text{2}}}\text{+5x}$

$\Rightarrow {{\text{x}}^{\text{2}}}\text{-10x-3=0}$

v. $\left( \text{2x-1} \right)\left( \text{x-3} \right)\text{=}\left( \text{x+5} \right)\left( \text{x-1} \right)$

Ans : $\left( \text{2x-1} \right)\left( \text{x-3} \right)\text{=}\left( \text{x+5} \right)\left( \text{x-1} \right)$

$\Rightarrow \text{2}{{\text{x}}^{\text{2}}}\text{-7x+3=}{{\text{x}}^{\text{2}}}\text{+4x-5}$

$\Rightarrow {{\text{x}}^{\text{2}}}\text{-11x+8=0}$

vi. ${{\text{x}}^{\text{2}}}\text{+3x+1=}{{\left( \text{x-2} \right)}^{\text{2}}}$

Ans : ${{\text{x}}^{\text{2}}}\text{+3x+1=}{{\left( \text{x-2} \right)}^{\text{2}}}$

$\Rightarrow {{\text{x}}^{\text{2}}}\text{+3x+1=}{{\text{x}}^{\text{2}}}\text{+4-4x}$

$\Rightarrow \text{7x-3=0}$

vii. ${{\left( \text{x+2} \right)}^{\text{3}}}\text{=2x}\left( {{\text{x}}^{\text{2}}}\text{-1} \right)$

Ans : ${{\left( \text{x+2} \right)}^{\text{3}}}\text{=2x}\left( {{\text{x}}^{\text{2}}}\text{-1} \right)$

$\Rightarrow {{\text{x}}^{\text{3}}}\text{+8+6}{{\text{x}}^{\text{2}}}\text{+12x=2}{{\text{x}}^{\text{3}}}\text{-2x}$

$\Rightarrow {{\text{x}}^{\text{3}}}\text{-14x-6}{{\text{x}}^{\text{2}}}\text{-8=0}$

viii. ${{\text{x}}^{\text{3}}}\text{-4}{{\text{x}}^{\text{2}}}\text{-x+1=}{{\left( \text{x-2} \right)}^{\text{3}}}$

Ans : ${{\text{x}}^{\text{3}}}\text{-4}{{\text{x}}^{\text{2}}}\text{-x+1=}{{\left( \text{x-2} \right)}^{\text{3}}}$ 

$\Rightarrow {{\text{x}}^{\text{3}}}\text{-4}{{\text{x}}^{\text{2}}}\text{-x+1=}{{\text{x}}^{\text{3}}}\text{-8-6}{{\text{x}}^{\text{2}}}\text{+12x}$

$\Rightarrow \text{2}{{\text{x}}^{\text{2}}}\text{-13x+9=0}$

2. Represent the following situations in the form of quadratic equations.

i. The area of a rectangular plot is $\text{528 }{{\text{m}}^{\text{2}}}$. The length of the plot (in metres) is one more than twice its breadth. We need to find the length and breadth of the plot.

Ans : Let the breath of the plot be $\text{x m}$.

Thus, length would be-

$\text{Length=}\left( \text{2x+1} \right)\text{m}$

Hence, Area of rectangle $=$$\text{Length }\!\!\times\!\!\text{ breadth}$

So, $\text{528=x}\left( \text{2x+1} \right)$

$\Rightarrow \text{2}{{\text{x}}^{\text{2}}}\text{+x-528=0}$

ii. The product of two consecutive positive integers is $\text{306}$. We need to find the integers.

Ans : Let the consecutive integers be $\text{x}$ and $\text{x+1}$.

Thus, according to question-

$\text{x}\left( \text{x+1} \right)\text{=306}$

$\Rightarrow {{\text{x}}^{\text{2}}}\text{+x-306=0}$

iii. Rohan’s mother is $\text{26}$ years older than him. The product of their ages (in years) $\text{3}$ years from now will be $\text{360}$. We would like to find Rohan’s present age.

Ans : Let Rohan’s age be $\text{x}$.

Hence, his mother’s age is $\text{x+26}$ .

Now, after $\text{3 years}$.

Rohan’s age will be $\text{x+3}$.

His mother’s age will be $\text{x+29}$ .

So, according to question-

$\left( \text{x+3} \right)\left( \text{x+29} \right)\text{=360}$

$\Rightarrow {{\text{x}}^{\text{2}}}\text{+3x+29x+87=360}$

$\Rightarrow {{\text{x}}^{\text{2}}}\text{+32x-273=0}$

iv. A train travels a distance of $\text{480 km}$ at a uniform speed. If the speed had been $\text{8km/h}$ less, then it would have taken $\text{3}$ hours more to cover the same distance. We need to find the speed of the train.

Ans : Let the speed of train be $\text{x km/h}$.

Thus, time taken to travel $\text{482 km}$ is $\dfrac{\text{480}}{\text{x}}\text{hrs}$.

Now, let the speed of train $\text{=}\left( \text{x-8} \right)\text{km/h}$.

Therefore, time taken to travel $\text{480 km}$ is $\left( \dfrac{\text{480}}{\text{x}}+3 \right)\text{hrs}$.

Hence, $\text{speed }\!\!\times\!\!\text{ time=distance}$

i.e $\left( \text{x-8} \right)\left( \dfrac{\text{480}}{\text{x}}\text{+3} \right)\text{=480}$

$\Rightarrow \text{480+3x-}\dfrac{\text{3840}}{\text{x}}\text{-24=480}$

$\Rightarrow \text{3x-}\dfrac{\text{3840}}{\text{x}}\text{=24}$

$\Rightarrow \text{3}{{\text{x}}^{\text{2}}}\text{-24x-3840=0}$

$\Rightarrow {{\text{x}}^{\text{2}}}\text{-8x-1280=0}$

Exercise 4.2

1. Find the roots of the following quadratic equations by factorisation:

i. ${{\text{x}}^{\text{2}}}\text{-3x-10=0}$

Ans : ${{\text{x}}^{\text{2}}}\text{-3x-10=0}$

$\Rightarrow {{\text{x}}^{\text{2}}}\text{-5x+2x-10}$

$\Rightarrow \text{x}\left( \text{x-5} \right)\text{+2}\left( \text{x-5} \right)$

$\Rightarrow \left( \text{x-5} \right)\left( \text{x+2} \right)$

Therefore, roots of this equation are –

$\text{x-5=0}$ or $\text{x+2=0}$

i.e $\text{x=5}$ or $\text{x=-2}$

ii. $\text{2}{{\text{x}}^{\text{2}}}\text{+x-6=0}$

Ans : $\text{2}{{\text{x}}^{\text{2}}}\text{+x-6=0}$

$\Rightarrow 2{{\text{x}}^{\text{2}}}\text{+4x-3x-6}$

$\Rightarrow 2\text{x}\left( \text{x+2} \right)-3\left( \text{x+2} \right)$

$\Rightarrow \left( \text{x+2} \right)\left( \text{2x-3} \right)$

$\text{x+2=0}$ or $\text{2x-3=0}$

i.e $\text{x=-2}$ or $\text{x=}\dfrac{3}{2}$

iii. $\sqrt{\text{2}}{{\text{x}}^{\text{2}}}\text{+7x+5}\sqrt{\text{2}}\text{=0}$

Ans : $\sqrt{\text{2}}{{\text{x}}^{\text{2}}}\text{+7x+5}\sqrt{\text{2}}\text{=0}$

$\Rightarrow \sqrt{\text{2}}{{\text{x}}^{\text{2}}}\text{+5x+2x+5}\sqrt{\text{2}}$

$\Rightarrow \text{x}\left( \sqrt{\text{2}}\text{x+5} \right)+\sqrt{\text{2}}\left( \sqrt{\text{2}}\text{x+5} \right)$

$\Rightarrow \left( \sqrt{\text{2}}\text{x+5} \right)\left( \text{x+}\sqrt{\text{2}} \right)$

$\sqrt{\text{2}}\text{x+5=0}$ or $\text{x+}\sqrt{\text{2}}\text{=0}$

i.e $\text{x=}\dfrac{-5}{\sqrt{\text{2}}}$ or $\text{x=-}\sqrt{\text{2}}$

iv. $\text{2}{{\text{x}}^{\text{2}}}\text{-x+}\dfrac{\text{1}}{\text{8}}\text{=0}$

Ans : $\text{2}{{\text{x}}^{\text{2}}}\text{-x+}\dfrac{\text{1}}{\text{8}}\text{=0}$

\[\Rightarrow \dfrac{\text{1}}{\text{8}}\left( 16{{\text{x}}^{\text{2}}}-8x+1 \right)\]

\[\Rightarrow \dfrac{\text{1}}{\text{8}}\left( 4x\left( 4x-1 \right)-1\left( 4x-1 \right) \right)\]

$\Rightarrow \dfrac{\text{1}}{\text{8}} {{\left( \text{4x-1} \right)}^{2}}$

$\text{4x-1=0}$ or $\text{4x-1=0}$

i.e $\text{x=}\dfrac{1}{4}$ or $\text{x=}\dfrac{1}{4}$

v. $\text{100}{{\text{x}}^{\text{2}}}\text{-20x+1=0}$

Ans : $\text{100}{{\text{x}}^{\text{2}}}\text{-20x+1=0}$

$\Rightarrow 100{{\text{x}}^{\text{2}}}\text{-10x-10x+1}$

$\Rightarrow 10\text{x}\left( \text{10x-1} \right)-1\left( \text{10x-1} \right)$

\[\Rightarrow \left( \text{10x-1} \right)\left( \text{10x-1} \right)\]

\[\left( \text{10x-1} \right)=0\]or \[\left( \text{10x-1} \right)=0\]

i.e $\text{x=}\dfrac{1}{10}$ or $\text{x=}\dfrac{1}{10}$

2. Solve the problems given in Example 1

i. John and Jivanti together have $\text{45}$ marbles. Both of them lost $\text{5}$ marbles each, and the product of the number of marbles they now have is $\text{124}$. Find out how many marbles they had to start with.

Ans : Let the number of john’s marbles be $\text{x}$.

Thus, number of Jivanti’s marble be $\text{45-x}$.

According to question i.e, 

After losing $\text{5}$ marbles.

Number of john’s marbles be $\text{x-5}$

And number of Jivanti’s marble be $\text{40-x}$.

Therefore, $\left( \text{x-5} \right)\left( \text{40-x} \right)\text{=124}$

$\Rightarrow {{\text{x}}^{\text{2}}}\text{-45x+324=0}$

$\Rightarrow {{\text{x}}^{\text{2}}}\text{-36x-9x+324=0}$

$\Rightarrow \text{x}\left( \text{x-36} \right)\text{-9}\left( \text{x-36} \right)\text{=0}$

$\Rightarrow \left( \text{x-36} \right)\left( \text{x-9} \right)\text{=0}$

Case 1 - If $\text{x-36=0}$ i.e $\text{x=36}$

So, the number of john’s marbles be $\text{36}$.

Thus, number of Jivanti’s marble be $\text{9}$.

Case 2 - If $\text{x-9=0}$ i.e $\text{x=9}$

So, the number of john’s marbles be $9$.

Thus, number of Jivanti’s marble be $36$.

ii. A cottage industry produces a certain number of toys in a day. The cost of production of each toy (in rupees) was found to be $\text{55}$ minus the number of toys produced in a day. On a particular day, the total cost of production was Rs $\text{750}$. Find out the number of toys produced on that day.

Ans: Let the number of toys produced be $\text{x}$.

Therefore, Cost of production of each toy be $\text{Rs}\left( \text{55-x} \right)$.

Thus, $\left( \text{55-x} \right)\text{x=750}$

$\Rightarrow {{\text{x}}^{\text{2}}}\text{-55x+750=0}$

$\Rightarrow {{\text{x}}^{\text{2}}}\text{-25x-30x+750=0}$

$\Rightarrow \text{x}\left( \text{x-25} \right)-30\left( \text{x-25} \right)\text{=0}$

$\Rightarrow \left( \text{x-25} \right)\left( \text{x-30} \right)\text{=0}$

Case 1 - If $\text{x-25=0}$ i.e $\text{x=25}$

So, the number of toys be $25$.

Case 2 - If $\text{x-30=0}$ i.e $\text{x=30}$

So, the number of toys be $30$.

3. Find two numbers whose sum is $\text{27}$ and product is $\text{182}$ .

Ans: Let the first number be $\text{x}$ ,

Thus, the second number be $\text{27-x}$.

$\text{x}\left( \text{27-x} \right)\text{=182}$

$\Rightarrow {{\text{x}}^{\text{2}}}\text{-27x+182=0}$

$\Rightarrow {{\text{x}}^{\text{2}}}\text{-13x-14x+182=0}$

$\Rightarrow \text{x}\left( \text{x-13} \right)-14\left( \text{x-13} \right)\text{=0}$

$\Rightarrow \left( \text{x-13} \right)\left( \text{x-14} \right)\text{=0}$

Case 1 - If $\text{x-13=0}$ i.e $\text{x=13}$

So, the first number be $13$ ,

Thus, the second number be $\text{14}$.

Case 2 - If $\text{x-14=0}$ i.e $\text{x=14}$

So, the first number be $\text{14}$.

Thus, the second number be$13$.

4. Find two consecutive positive integers, sum of whose squares is $\text{365}$.

Ans: Let the consecutive positive integers be $\text{x}$ and $\text{x+1}$.

Thus, ${{\text{x}}^{\text{2}}}\text{+}{{\left( \text{x+1} \right)}^{\text{2}}}\text{=365}$

$\Rightarrow {{\text{x}}^{\text{2}}}\text{+}{{\text{x}}^{\text{2}}}+1+2\text{x=365}$

$\Rightarrow 2{{\text{x}}^{\text{2}}}\text{+2x-364=0}$

$\Rightarrow {{\text{x}}^{\text{2}}}\text{+x-182=0}$

$\Rightarrow {{\text{x}}^{\text{2}}}\text{+14x-13x-182=0}$

$\Rightarrow \text{x}\left( \text{x+14} \right)-13\left( \text{x+14} \right)\text{=0}$

$\Rightarrow \left( \text{x+14} \right)\left( \text{x-13} \right)\text{=0}$

Case 1 - If $\text{x+14=0}$ i.e $\text{x=-14}$.

This case is rejected because number is positive.

Case 2 - If $\text{x-13=0}$ i.e $\text{x=13}$

So, the first number be $\text{13}$.

Thus, the second number be $14$.

Hence, the two consecutive positive integers are $\text{13}$ and $14$.

5. The altitude of a right triangle is $\text{7 cm}$ less than its base. If the hypotenuse is $\text{13 cm}$, find the other two sides.

Ans: Let the base of the right-angled triangle be $\text{x cm}$.

Its altitude be $\left( \text{x-7} \right)\text{cm}$.

Thus, by pythagores theorem-

$\text{bas}{{\text{e}}^{\text{2}}}\text{+altitud}{{\text{e}}^{\text{2}}}\text{=hypotenus}{{\text{e}}^{\text{2}}}$

\[\therefore {{\text{x}}^{\text{2}}}\text{+}{{\left( \text{x-7} \right)}^{\text{2}}}\text{=1}{{\text{3}}^{\text{2}}}\]

$\Rightarrow {{\text{x}}^{\text{2}}}\text{+}{{\text{x}}^{\text{2}}}+49-14\text{x=169}$

$\Rightarrow 2{{\text{x}}^{\text{2}}}\text{-14x-120=0}$

$\Rightarrow {{\text{x}}^{\text{2}}}\text{-7x-60=0}$

$\Rightarrow {{\text{x}}^{\text{2}}}\text{+12x+5x-60=0}$

$\Rightarrow \text{x}\left( \text{x-12} \right)+5\left( \text{x-12} \right)\text{=0}$

$\Rightarrow \left( \text{x-12} \right)\left( \text{x+5} \right)\text{=0}$

Case 1 - If $\text{x-12=0}$ i.e $\text{x=12}$.

So, the base of the right-angled triangle be $\text{12 cm}$ and Its altitude be $\text{5cm}$

Case 2 - If $\text{x+5=0}$ i.e $\text{x=-5}$

This case is rejected because side is always positive.

Hence, the base of the right-angled triangle be $\text{12 cm}$ and Its altitude be $\text{5cm}$.

6. A cottage industry produces a certain number of pottery articles in a day. It was observed on a particular day that the cost of production of each article (in rupees) was $\text{3}$ more than twice the number of articles produced on that day. If the total cost of production on that day was Rs $\text{90}$, find the number of articles produced and the cost of each article.

Ans:  Let the number of articles produced be $\text{x}$.

Therefore, cost of production of each article be $\text{Rs}\left( \text{2x+3} \right)$.

Thus, $\text{x}\left( \text{2x+3} \right)\text{=90}$

$\Rightarrow 2{{\text{x}}^{\text{2}}}\text{+3x-90=0}$

$\Rightarrow 2{{\text{x}}^{\text{2}}}\text{+15x-12x-90=0}$

$\Rightarrow \text{x}\left( \text{2x+15} \right)-6\left( \text{2x+15} \right)\text{=0}$

$\Rightarrow \left( \text{2x+15} \right)\left( \text{x-6} \right)\text{=0}$

Case 1 - If $\text{2x-15=0}$ i.e $\text{x=}\dfrac{-15}{2}$.

This case is rejected because number of articles is always positive.

Case 2 - If $\text{x-6=0}$ i.e $\text{x=6}$

Hence, the number of articles produced be $6$.

Therefore, cost of production of each article be $\text{Rs15}$.

Exercise 4.3

1. Find the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equations.  If the real roots exist, find them-

i. $\text{2}{{\text{x}}^{\text{2}}}\text{-3x+5=0}$

Ans: For a quadratic equation $\text{a}{{\text{x}}^{\text{2}}}\text{+bx+c=0}$.

Where Discriminant $\text{=}{{\text{b}}^{\text{2}}}\text{-4ac}$

Case 1- If ${{\text{b}}^{\text{2}}}\text{-4ac>0}$ then there will be two distinct real roots.

Case 2- If ${{\text{b}}^{\text{2}}}\text{-4ac=0}$ then there will be two equal real roots.

Case 3- If ${{\text{b}}^{\text{2}}}\text{-4ac<0}$ then there will be no real roots.

Thus, for $\text{2}{{\text{x}}^{\text{2}}}\text{-3x+5=0}$ .

On comparing this equation with $\text{a}{{\text{x}}^{\text{2}}}\text{+bx+c=}0$.

So, $\text{a=2}$, $\text{b=-3}$, $\text{c=5}$.

Discriminant $\text{=}{{\left( \text{-3} \right)}^{\text{2}}}\text{-4}\left( \text{2} \right)\left( \text{5} \right)$

$\text{=9-40}$

$\text{=-31}$

Since, Discriminant: ${{\text{b}}^{\text{2}}}\text{-4ac < 0}$.

Therefore, there is no real root for the given equation.

ii. $\text{3}{{\text{x}}^{\text{2}}}\text{-4}\sqrt{\text{3}}\text{x+4=0}$

Case 1- If ${{\text{b}}^{\text{2}}}\text{-4ac > 0}$ then there will be two distinct real roots.

Case 3- If ${{\text{b}}^{\text{2}}}\text{-4ac < 0}$ then there will be no real roots.

Thus, for $\text{3}{{\text{x}}^{\text{2}}}\text{-4}\sqrt{\text{3}}\text{x+4=0}$ .

So, $\text{a=3}$, $\text{b=-4}\sqrt{\text{3}}$, $\text{c=4}$.

Discriminant $\text{=}{{\left( \text{-4}\sqrt{\text{3}} \right)}^{\text{2}}}\text{-4}\left( \text{3} \right)\left( \text{4} \right)$

$\text{=48-48}$

$\text{=0}$

Since, Discriminant: ${{\text{b}}^{\text{2}}}\text{-4ac=0}$.

Therefore, there is equal real root for the given equation and the roots are-

$\dfrac{\text{-b}}{\text{2a}}$ and $\dfrac{\text{-b}}{\text{2a}}$.

Hence, roots are-

$\dfrac{\text{-b}}{\text{2a}}\text{=}\dfrac{\text{-}\left( \text{-4}\sqrt{\text{3}} \right)}{\text{6}}$

$\text{=}\dfrac{\text{4}\sqrt{\text{3}}}{\text{6}}$

\[\text{=}\dfrac{\text{2}\sqrt{\text{3}}}{3}\]

Therefore, roots are \[\dfrac{\text{2}\sqrt{\text{3}}}{3}\] and \[\dfrac{\text{2}\sqrt{\text{3}}}{3}\].

iii. $\text{2}{{\text{x}}^{\text{2}}}\text{-6x+3=0}$

Thus, for $\text{2}{{\text{x}}^{\text{2}}}\text{-6x+3=0}$ .

So, $\text{a=2}$, $\text{b=-6}$, $\text{c=3}$.

Discriminant $\text{=}{{\left( \text{-6} \right)}^{\text{2}}}\text{-4}\left( \text{2} \right)\left( \text{3} \right)$

$\text{=36-24}$

$\text{=12}$

Since, Discriminant: ${{\text{b}}^{\text{2}}}\text{-4ac>0}$.

Therefore, distinct real roots exists for the given equation and the roots are-

$\text{x=}\dfrac{\text{-b }\!\!\pm\!\!\text{ }\sqrt{{{\text{b}}^{\text{2}}}\text{-4ac}}}{\text{2a}}$

$\text{x=}\dfrac{\text{-}\left( \text{-6} \right)\text{ }\!\!\pm\!\!\text{ }\sqrt{{{\left( \text{-6} \right)}^{\text{2}}}\text{-4}\left( \text{2} \right)\left( \text{3} \right)}}{\text{4}}$

$\text{=}\dfrac{\text{6 }\!\!\pm\!\!\text{ }\sqrt{\text{36-24}}}{\text{4}}$

$\text{=}\dfrac{\text{6 }\!\!\pm\!\!\text{ }\sqrt{\text{12}}}{\text{4}}$

$\text{=}\dfrac{\text{6 }\!\!\pm\!\!\text{ 2}\sqrt{\text{3}}}{\text{4}}$

$\text{=}\dfrac{\text{3 }\!\!\pm\!\!\text{ }\sqrt{\text{3}}}{\text{2}}$

Therefore, roots are $\dfrac{\text{3+}\sqrt{\text{3}}}{\text{2}}$ and $\dfrac{\text{3-}\sqrt{\text{3}}}{\text{2}}$.

2. Find the values of $\text{k}$ for each of the following quadratic equations, so  that they have two equal roots.

i. $\text{2}{{\text{x}}^{\text{2}}}\text{+kx+3=0}$

Ans: If a quadratic equation $\text{a}{{\text{x}}^{\text{2}}}\text{+bx+c=0}$ has two equal roots, then its discriminant will be $\text{0}$ i.e., ${{\text{b}}^{\text{2}}}\text{-4ac=0}$

So, for $\text{2}{{\text{x}}^{\text{2}}}\text{+kx+3=0}$ .

So, $\text{a=2}$, $\text{b=k}$, $\text{c=3}$.

Discriminant $\text{=}{{\left( \text{k} \right)}^{\text{2}}}\text{-4}\left( \text{2} \right)\left( \text{3} \right)$

$\text{=}{{\text{k}}^{2}}-24$

For equal roots-

${{\text{b}}^{\text{2}}}\text{-4ac=0}$

$\therefore {{\text{k}}^{\text{2}}}\text{-24=0}$

$\Rightarrow {{\text{k}}^{\text{2}}}\text{=24}$

$\Rightarrow \text{k=}\sqrt{\text{24}}$

$\Rightarrow \text{k=}\pm \text{2}\sqrt{\text{6}}$

ii. $\text{kx}\left( \text{x-2} \right)\text{+6=0}$

So, for $\text{kx}\left( \text{x-2} \right)\text{+6=0}$

$\Rightarrow \text{k}{{\text{x}}^{\text{2}}}\text{-2kx+6=0}$

So, $\text{a=k}$, $\text{b=-2k}$, $\text{c=6}$.

Discriminant $\text{=}{{\left( \text{-2k} \right)}^{\text{2}}}\text{-4}\left( \text{k} \right)\left( \text{6} \right)$

$\text{=4}{{\text{k}}^{\text{2}}}\text{-24k}$

$\therefore \text{4}{{\text{k}}^{\text{2}}}\text{-24k=0}$

$\Rightarrow \text{4k}\left( \text{k-6} \right)\text{=0}$

$\Rightarrow \text{k=0 or k=6}$

But $\text{k}$ cannot be zero. Thus, this equation has two equal roots when $\text{k}$ should be $\text{6}$ .

3. Is it possible to design a rectangular mango grove whose length is  twice its breadth, and the area is $\text{800}{{\text{m}}^{\text{2}}}$ ? If so, find its length and breadth.

Ans: Let the breadth of mango grove be $\text{x}$.

So, length of mango grove will be $\text{2x}$.

Hence, Area of mango grove is $=\left( \text{2x} \right)\text{x}$

$\text{=2}{{\text{x}}^{\text{2}}}$.

So, $\text{2}{{\text{x}}^{\text{2}}}\text{=800}$

$\Rightarrow {{\text{x}}^{\text{2}}}\text{=400}$

$\Rightarrow {{\text{x}}^{\text{2}}}\text{-400=0}$

So, $\text{a=1}$, $\text{b=0}$, $\text{c=400}$.

Discriminant $\text{=}{{\left( \text{0} \right)}^{\text{2}}}\text{-4}\left( \text{1} \right)\left( \text{-400} \right)$

$\text{=1600}$

Therefore, distinct real roots exist for the given equation and the roots are-

$\text{x=}\dfrac{\text{-}\left( 0 \right)\text{ }\!\!\pm\!\!\text{ }\sqrt{{{\left( 0 \right)}^{\text{2}}}\text{-4}\left( 1 \right)\left( -400 \right)}}{2}$

$\text{=}\dfrac{\pm \sqrt{\text{1600}}}{2}$

$\text{=}\dfrac{\text{ }\!\!\pm\!\!\text{ 40}}{2}$

$\text{=}\pm \text{20}$

Since, length cannot be negative.

Therefore, breadth of the mango grove is $\text{20m}$.

And length of the mango grove be $\text{2}\left( \text{20} \right)\text{m}$ i.e., $\text{40m}$.

4. Is the following situation possible? If so, determine their present ages. The sum of the ages of two friends is $\text{20}$ years. Four years ago, the product of their ages in years was $\text{48}$.

Ans: Let the age of one friend be $\text{x years}$.

So, age of the other friend will be $\left( \text{20-x} \right)\text{years}$.

Thus, four years ago, the age of one friend be $\left( \text{x-4} \right)\text{years}$.

And age of the other friend will be $\left( \text{16-x} \right)\text{years}$.

Hence, according to question-

$\left( \text{x-4} \right)\left( \text{16-x} \right)\text{=48}$

$\Rightarrow \text{16x-64-}{{\text{x}}^{\text{2}}}\text{+4x=48}$

$\Rightarrow 20\text{x-112-}{{\text{x}}^{\text{2}}}\text{=0}$

$\Rightarrow {{\text{x}}^{\text{2}}}\text{-20x+112-=0}$

So, $\text{a=1}$, $\text{b=-20}$, $\text{c=112}$.

Discriminant $\text{=}{{\left( \text{-20} \right)}^{\text{2}}}\text{-4}\left( \text{1} \right)\left( \text{112} \right)$

$\text{=400-448}$

$\text{=-48}$

Since, Discriminant: ${{\text{b}}^{\text{2}}}\text{-4ac <0}$.

Therefore, there is no real root for the given equation and hence, this situation is not possible.

5. Is it possible to design a rectangular park of perimeter $\text{80 m}$ and area $\text{400}{{\text{m}}^{\text{2}}}$? If so find its length and breadth.

Ans: Let the length of the park be $\text{x m}$ and breadth of the park be $\text{x m}$.

Thus, $\text{Perimeter=2}\left( \text{x+y} \right)$.

$\text{2}\left( \text{x+y} \right)\text{=80}$

$\Rightarrow \text{x+y=40}$

$\Rightarrow \text{y=40-x}$.

Now, $\text{Area=x }\!\!\times\!\!\text{ y}$.

Substituting value of y.

$\text{Area=x}\left( \text{40-x} \right)$

$\text{x}\left( \text{40-x} \right)\text{=400}$

$\Rightarrow {{\text{x}}^{\text{2}}}\text{-40x+400=0}$

So, $\text{a=1}$, $\text{b=-40}$, $\text{c=400}$.

Discriminant $\text{=}{{\left( \text{-40} \right)}^{\text{2}}}\text{-4}\left( \text{1} \right)\left( 400 \right)$

$\text{=1600-1600}$

Therefore, there is equal real roots for the given equation and hence, this situation is possible.

$\dfrac{\text{-b}}{\text{2a}}\text{=}\dfrac{\text{-}\left( -40 \right)}{2}$

$\text{=}\dfrac{\text{40}}{2}$

\[\text{=20}\]

Therefore, length of park is $\text{x=20m}$ .

And breadth of park be $\text{y=}\left( \text{40-20} \right)\text{m}$ i.e., $\text{y=20m}$.

Important Points from NCERT Class 10 Quadratic Equations

A quadratic equation can be represented as:

ax 2 + bx + c = 0

Where x is the variable of the equation and a, b and c are the real numbers. Also, a≠0.

The nature of roots of a quadratic equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 can be find as:

A real number α be root of quadratic equations ax 2 + bx + c = 0 if and only if 

aα 2 + bα + c = 0.

Quadratic equations are very important in real-life situations. Learn all the concepts deeply and understand each topic conceptually. And, now let us solve questions related to quadratic equations.

Maths Class 10 Quadratic Equations Mind Map

Relation between the zeroes of a quadratic equation and the coefficient of a quadratic equation.

If α and β are zeroes of the quadratic equation $ax^2 + bx + c = 0$, where a, b, and c are real numbers and a ≠ 0, then

$\alpha + \beta = -\dfrac{b}{a}$

$\text{sum of zeros} = -\dfrac{\text{coefficient of x}}{\text{coefficient of }x^2}$

$\alpha \beta = \dfrac{c}{a}$

$\text{product of zeros} = -\dfrac{\text{constant term}}{\text{coefficient of }x^2}$

Methods of Solving a Quadratic Equation

The following are the methods that are used to solve quadratic equations:

(i) Factorization; (ii) Completing the Square; (iii) Quadratic Formula

Methods of Factorization

In this method, we find the roots of a quadratic equation $(ax^2 + bx + c = 0)$ by factorizing LHS into two linear factors and equating each factor to zero, e.g., $6x^2 - x - 2 = 0$ $\Rightarrow 6x^2 + 3x - 4x - 2 = 0$ …(i) $\Rightarrow 3x (2x + 1) - 2(2x + 1) = 0$ $\Rightarrow (3x - 2) (2x + 1) = 0$ $\Rightarrow 3x - 2 = 0$ or $2x + 1 = 0$

Therefore $x = \dfrac{2}{3}$ or $x = -\dfrac{-1}{2}$

Method of Completing the Square

This is the method of converting the LHS of a quadratic equation that is not a perfect square into the sum or difference of a perfect square and a constant by adding and subtracting the terms.

Quadratic Formula

Consider a quadratic equation: ax2 + bx + c = 0. If b2 – 4ac ≥ 0, then the roots of the above equation are given by:

$x = -\dfrac{-b \pm \sqrt{b^2 - 4ac}}{2a}$

Overview of Deleted Syllabus for CBSE Class 10 Maths Chapter 4 Quadratic Equation

Class 10 Maths Chapter 4: Exercise Breakdown

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 4 - provides a comprehensive guide to understanding quadratic equations. This chapter is important for students because it teaches topics that are fundamental to advanced mathematics. The solutions describe how to solve quadratic equations, apply the quadratic formula, and investigate the nature of the roots using the discriminant. For effective exam preparation, focus on understanding formula derivation and applying the many types of problem-solving approaches described in this chapter. Last year, four to six questions from this area featured in the board exams, demonstrating its importance. These answers are precisely crafted to help students succeed by improving their problem-solving skills and conceptual understanding.

Other Study Materials of CBSE Class 10 Maths Quadratic Equation

Chapter-Specific NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths

Given below are the chapter-wise NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths . Go through these chapter-wise solutions to be thoroughly familiar with the concepts.

FAQs on NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 4 - Quadratic Equations

The subject’s experts take online classes available at Vedantu. They have lots of experience in their respective subjects. Along with this, they are working in their field with consistency. So, they have been faced with all kinds of problems and learned the tricks on how to come out from it.

In online classes, teachers share all their experiences with the students and teach some essential tricks. These tricks will be useful at the time of solving questions in the examination hall. Apart from the teaching concepts and formulas, they also motivate students and remove the fear of examinations from the student’s mind that is built up somewhere due to some kind of society’s pressure and other things.

2. Instead of Class 10th Maths Chapter 4, What is the Maths Syllabus for Class 10 for 202 4-25 ?

Here is the complete syllabus for Class 10 Mathematics Revised Syllabus 2024-25:-

Unit- I: Number Systems

Real Numbers

Unit II: Algebra

Polynomials

Pair of Linear Equations in Two Variables

Quadratic Equations

 Arithmetic Progressions

Unit III: Coordinate Geometry

Lines (In two-dimensions)

 Unit IV: Geomtry

Constructions

Unit V: Trigonometry

Introduction to Trigonometry

Trigonometric Identities

 Heights and Distances: Angle of elevation, Angle of Depression

Unit VI: Mensuration

Areas Related to Circles

Surface Areas and Volumes

Unit VII: Statistics and Probability

 Statistics

Probability

3. What is the Weightage for Class 10 Mathematics Unit-Wise?

Students who don’t know the weightage then they should go through the table given below. Here, we have mentioned the entire Class 10 Mathematics Unit-Wise Weightage for the knowledge of the students.

4. Mention the important concepts that you learn in NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 4 Quadratic Equations.

If you want to score 100 per cent marks in Class 10 Maths, you have to practice daily. Chapter 4 Quadratic Equations is an important chapter. Students can find NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 4 Quadratic Equations on Vedantu. There are five exercises in Chapter 4. Students can download the NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 4 Quadratic Equations to learn the important concepts that will help them understand the topic.

5. How to download Class 10 Maths Quadratic Equations NCERT Textbooks PDF?

Students can easily download Class 10 Maths Quadratic Equations NCERT textbooks PDF online. NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Quadratic Equations are explained in an easy and simple language. Follow the given steps:

Click NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 4 Quadratic Equations.

Click on “Download PDF”.

Download and save it.

Students can use the PDF document without having an internet connection and can study Maths Quadratic Equations anytime. The NCERT Solutions give a clear understanding to them. 

6. What is the Quadratic formula Class 10th?

When a quadratic polynomial is equated to a constant, it forms a quadratic equation. An equation such as Ax = D, where Ax is a polynomial of degree two and D is a constant, forms a quadratic equation. The standard quadratic equation is a x 2 +bx+c=0 where a, b, and c are not equal to zero. You can refer to NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 4 Quadratic Equations to understand more about the topic. You can also download Vedantu’s app. All the resources are available free of cost. 

7. What are the important topics covered in NCERT Solutions Class 10 Maths Chapter 4?

Chapter 4 Class 10 Maths is based on Quadratic Equations. The chapter includes important concepts about quadratic equations. This chapter includes five exercises that explain the different concepts of quadratic equations. The following topics are covered:

Exercise 4.1- Introduction

Exercise 4.2- Quadratic Equations

Exercise 4.3- Solution of a Quadratic Equation by Factorisation

Exercise 4.4- Solution of a Quadratic Equation by Completing the Square

Exercise 4.5- Nature of Roots

8. How do you solve Quadratic Equations in Class 10?

If you want to learn how to solve quadratic equations in Class 10, you can refer to NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 4 Quadratic Equations. All the solutions are prepared by experts in an easy language. Students can understand the equations clearly. Students have to find the roots by using the quadratic formula. They can find the sum and product of both the roots. The method is simple and explained properly for easier understanding.

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths

Ncert solutions for class 10.

THE PATH TO SUCCESS IN EXAM...

Class 10 IT 402 Practical Activity for Practical File

Information technology code 402.

Dear Students,

According to the CBSE Skill Education Curriculum of Class X Information Technology Code 402, you must submit the PRACTICAL FILE / PORTFOLIO and PROJECT WORK / FIELD VISIT Work in class X before the Board Examination.

The Syllabus of Practicals works according to CBSE SKIL Education curriculum are: –

Here, i tried my best to provide you the list of practicals for your PORTFOLIO / PRACTICAL FILE of class 10 IT 402. I hope it will a great help for you all.

List of Suggested Practical Activity for Practical File

Unit 1: Digital Documentation – OpenOffice Writer (Minimum Five)

ACTIVITY – 1: Create a document and apply Styles and Formatting in OpenOffice Writer.

• Paragraph Style, Character Style, Frame Style, Page Style, List Style
• Fill Format Mode
• Drag and Drop

ACTIVITY – 2: Create a document and apply Styles and Formatting in OpenOffice Writer.

• Load the Style from the file/template.
• Create a Custom style using Drag and Drop
• Create a Custom style by Selection

ACTIVITY – 3: Insert an image and perform the following in OpenOffice Writer.

• Modify the image
• Resize the image
• Rotating the image

ACTIVITY – 4: Insert an image and perform the following in OpenOffice Writer.

• Horizontal and Vertical Flip the image
• Crop the image
• Wrap the image with paragraph/text.

ACTIVITY – 5: Create drawing objects and perform the following in OpenOffice Writer.

• Resizing and colouring
• Apply any 3 graphical properties

ACTIVITY – 6: Create a template in OpenOffice Writer:

• From a Document
• Using a Wizard

ACTIVITY – 7: Create a LetterPad in OpenOffice Writer:

• Save a document as Template under the MyTemplate
• Change the Default Template to LetterPad
• Reset the default template to Blank Text Document.

ACTIVITY – 8: Create a table and perform the following in OpenOffice Writer.

• Merge cells
• Add image and Colour to a cell

ACTIVITY – 9: Create and customize the table of contents and perform the following in OpenOffice Writer.

• Change the colour and apply styles.
• Set hyperlink for chapters.
• Remove page numbers from chapter names.

ACTIVITY -10: Prepare a birthday invitation using the Mail Merge feature of OpenOffice Writer.

Unit 2: Electronic Spreadsheet (Minimum Five) Practical Activities

Activity – 1: XYZ BANK has its deposit and withdrawal detail of customers for 3 months. Help them to prepare a CONSOLIDATED DATA for the above year using OpenOffice Calc.

Activity – 2: aps distributers distributes products in different areas. calculate the area wise distribution of products using subtotals in openoffice calc., activity – 3: prepare a scenario to calculate simple interest for different principal amount, rate of interest and year., activity – 4: calculate simple interest using one variable and two variables using multiple operations in openoffice calc:.

☑ Interest for different amount. (one variable)

☑ Interest for different amounts and years (two variables)

Activity – 5: A student is planning her goals about the marks she should attain in the forthcoming Semester 4 examinations in order to achieve a distinction (75%). Assuming that the examination of each subject is for 100 marks, her marks of the previous semesters are given as under. (Use GOAL SEEK in OpenOffice Calc)

Find out how many marks should she obtain in 4 th semester to secure distinction.

Activity – 6: using solver option in openoffice calc, project the simple interest amount by changing principal amount and rate of interest while calculating simple interest., activity – 7: create a macro to prepare a marksheet of 10 students for 5 subjects (marks out of 100 for each subject):.

☑ Find average of each subject.

☑ Find maximum mark of each subject

☑ Find minimum mark of each subject

☑ Highlight the marks of each subject >75 and change the cell and font colour.

Unit 3: RDBMS (SQL) Realtional Database Management System Practicals

SET – 1

1. Create a Database named – School

2. Write steps to Create a table Student in Design view with the following details.

3. Create a table Stream with the following details:

4. Create a new relation between table Student and Stream named – Student_Stream_Relationship

5. Consider the the following table named “GARMENT”. Write SQL command of SQL for (i) to (iv)

(i) To display names of those garments that are available in ‘XL’ size.

(ii) To display codes and names of those garments that have their names starting with ‘Ladies’.

(iii) To display garment names, codes and prices of those garments that have price in the range 1000.00 to 1500.00. Both values are included.

(iv) To change the colour of garment with code as 116 to “Orange”.

6. Create a Form – StudentEntry Form , to insert the record only in student table.

7. Create a Report to display details of all students of Non-Medical .

SET – 2

1. Create a database School in OpenOffice.

2. Create a Student table with attributes RollNo. (Set Primary Key), Name, Class and Total using SQL.

3. Insert records into the table Student.

4. Display all records.

5. Update the marks of the student with RollNo 333

6. Sort the records in descending order of name.

7. Display the details of the student with RollNo 444.

8. Delete the details of student with RollNo 222.

9. Create form using Wizard

10. Create report using Wizard

Class 10 Info Tech 402 Practical and Project File Download PDF

All the best.

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Class 10 info tech unit 1 digital documentation create and use templates mcqs, class 10 info tech digital documentation insert and use images, class 10 info tech unit 1 digital documentation create and customize table of contents mcqs 50+.

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Module 4 - Class 10 BBC Compacta Solutions - Class 10 - Notes, Videos & Tests

Part of the course

Module 4 Study Material

Other Chapters in Class 10 BBC Compacta Solutions

Frequently asked questions on class 10 preparation.

• What are the questions asked in Class 10 examinations? As per the CBSE exam pattern for Class 10 2021, the type of questions asked in the examination are Very Short Answer (VSA) type, Short Answer(SA) type, and Long Answer (LA) type. There will be CBSE internal marks for Class 10 2022 of 20 marks for both the terms.

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CBSE CLASS 10 IT (Information Technology) UNIT-4 :Web Applications and Internet Security pdf Notes Download

Cbse class 10 it (information technology) unit-4 : web applications and internet security pdf notes download.

CLASS 10 IT (Information Technology) CODE 402 (Part – B ) UNIT-4 : Web Applications and Internet Security pdf Notes Download

• CBSE Term 2 IT Notes Class 10
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WORKING WITH ACCESSIBILITY OPTIONS

Computer Accessibility refers to the user friendliness of a computer system for all, regardless of their disability., it enables a person with a disability or impairment to use a computer. It is known as Assistive Technology.

LAUNCHING ACCESSIBILITY OPTIONS

To launch accessibility options in WindowsXP, Click Start > Control Panel > Accessibility Options.

KEYBOARD TAB Notes IT

Sticky Keys StickyKeys is an accessibility feature to help computer users with physical disabilities, but it is also used by others as a means to reduce repetitive strain.

FilterKeys FilterKeys is a feature of Microsoft Windows. It is an accessibility function that tells the keyboard to ignore brief or repeated keystrokes, making typing easier for people with hand tremors.

ToggleKeys ToggleKeys is also a feature of Microsoft Windows. It is an accessibility function which is designed for people who have vision impairment or cognitive disabilities. When ToggleKeys is turned on, computer emits sound cues when the locking keys (Caps Lock, Num Lock, or Scroll Lock) are pressed. A high sound is emitted when the keys are switched on and a low sound is emitted when they are switched off.

Sound Tab Select the Sound Tab. A window with options to configure accessibility options for sound is displayed

SoundSentry SoundSentry is designed to help users with auditory impairments. SoundSentry generates visual warnings, such as a blinking title bar or a flashing border, whenever the computer generates a sound.

ShowSounds ShowSounds instructs applications that convey information by sound, to also provide information visually, through text captions or informative icons.

Display Tab Select the Display Tab. A window with options to configure accessibility options for display is displayed.

High Contrast High Contrast is an accessibility feature to assist people with vision impairment. You can change the size and color of fonts and the background for ease of viewing.

Cursor Options Cursor Options is also an accessibility feature that assists people with vision impairment by changing the blink rate and width of the cursor.

MOUSE TAB MouseKeys MouseKeys is an accessibility feature that assists people who have difficulty using a mouse. This option uses the keyboard (especially numeric keypad) as a pointing device instead of a mouse.

General Tab This tab enables you to configure accessibility options for all users. Select the General Tab, a window to configure additional accessibility options will be displayed

SerialKeys SerialKeys is an accessibility feature that assists people that have difficulty using a keyboard or a mouse (or both).NETWORKING FUNDAMENTALS

NETWORKING FUNDAMENTALS

A computer network is a collection of computers and other hardware components interconnected by communication channels (cables or satellites) that allow sharing of resources and information.

PEER-TO-PEER (P2P) ARCHITECTURE:

Networks in which all computers have an equal status are called peer to peer networks. Generally in such a network each terminal has an equally competent CPU.

CLIENT-SERVER ARCHITECTURE:

Networks in which certain computers have special dedicated tasks, providing services to other computers (in the network) are called client server networks. The computer(s) which provide services are called servers and the ones that use these services are called clients.

TYPES OF NETWORKS

There are two major types of network Local Area Network (LAN) and Wide Area Network (WAN).

LOCAL AREA NETWORK

A local area network (LAN) is one which connects computers and devices in a limited geographical area such as home, school, computer laboratory, office building, or closely positioned group of buildings. Usually local area networks offer very high speeds and are used for connecting computers and peripherals such as printers, scanners, etc.

WIDE AREA NETWORK

A wide area network (WAN) is one which covers a broad area (i.e., any network that links across metropolitan, regional, or national boundaries). The Internet is the most popular WAN, and is used by businesses, governments, non-profit organizations, individual consumers, artists, entertainers, and many others.

The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet protocol suite to serve billions of users worldwide. It is a network of networks that consists of millions of private, public, academic, business, and government networks.

WORLD WIDE WEB

World Wide Web (abbreviated as WWW or W3, commonly known as the Web), is a system of interlinked hypertext documents accessed via the Internet. With a web browser, one can view web pages that may contain text, images, videos, and other multimedia, and navigate between them via hyperlinks.

Some of the advantages associated with networking are:

Data Sharing: One of the most important uses of networking is to allow the sharing of data. Files transfer : Users can send text files, spread sheets, documents, presentations, audio files, video files, etc. to other users. Hardware Sharing: Hardware components such as printers, scanners, etc. can also be shared. Internet Access Sharing: You can purchase a single Internet connection and share it among other computers in a network instead of purchasing multiple Internet connection for each computer Usage of network based applications: Such as web browsers, email clients, chat application, audio & video calling, etc. is another advantage.

GETTING ACCESS TO THE INTERNET

To use the Internet, you need an Internet connection. Internet connections are provided by Internet Service Providers such as Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL), Airtel,Jio, Vodafone,

INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDER

An Internet service provider (ISP) is an organization which provides you with access to the Internet via a dial-up (using modem) or direct (hard wired) or wireless connection.

Á modem is a device that converts digital computer signals into a form (analog signals) that can travel over phone lines. It also re- converts the analog signals back into digital signals. The word modem is derived from its function MOdulator/DEModulator.

TYPES OF COMMON INTERNET CONNECTIVITY

Types of Internet Connectivity can be broadly categorized into Wired Technology and Wireless Technology. Wired Technology Dial-up:- It uses the facilities of the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) to establish a internet connection via telephone lines using a device called MODEM. Users dial a number and get access to internet. Dial-up connections are extremely slow.

DSL:- DSL is Digital Subscriber Line provides internet connectivity by transmitting digital data over wires of a local telephone network. It enables the use of Telephone and Data Transmission on a single telephone line. For using DSL Connection, we need a DSL modem and a subscription. Cable Internet Access:- It is a form of broadband Internet access that uses the cable TV infrastructure. It is provided through existing cable TV networks and it is similar to DSL.

DATA TRANSFER ON THE INTERNET

The data is broken up into bits of same sized pieces called packets. A header is added to each packet explaining where the data has come from, where it should end up and where it fits in with the rest of the packets. Each packet is sent from computer to computer until it finds its destination. All packets may not take the same route. At the destination, the packets are examined. If any packets are missing or damaged, a message is sent asking for them to be resent. This continues until all packets have been received intact.

I NTRODUCTION TO INSTANT MESSAGING

Instant messaging (IM) is a form of communication over the Internet that offers an instantaneous transmission of text-based messages from sender to receiver. Most instant messaging software include the option for performing file transfers, audio chat, video calling and conferencing, sharing desktops, etc. Key Features of an instant messaging are as follows: Text Messages can be sent to one or more person (Similar to SMS) Audio calling and conferencing. Video calling and conferencing. File transfers (Not limited to documents, spread sheets, audio files, video files, etc.) Message history (Save messages for future reference). .

INSTANT MESSAGING SERVICES

There are two kinds of instant messaging software – application based and Web based. Application Based:- These software are downloaded and installed on user’s computer. Eg. Google Talk , Yahoo! Messenger , Skype , Window Live Messenger , Rediff Bol etc. Web Based:- They are accessed using browsers such as Internet Explorer etc. Eg. MSN Web Messenger , Yahoo! Messenger for the Web , Meebo , IMO etc.

CREATING AN INSTANT MESSAGING ACCOUNT

In this exercise, you will learn to create an instant messaging account for using Google Talk. Note: You need to download and install Google Talk application from www.google.com/talk prior to this exercise.

LAUNCHING GOOGLE TALK

To launch Google Talk, Click Start > Programs >Google Talk>Google Talk. You can also double-click on the Google Talk icon on the desktop if available. You need to have a list of contacts that are available for chat. If you don’t have any contacts, you can add their Gmail account to your contact list by sending an invite. If you don’t have a Gmail account already you can create a new Gmail account.

CHATTING WITH A CONTACT ,GOOGLE TALK

Whenever your friend in the contact list is online you can see the person along with a green dot.

You can start sending text chat message instantly by double- clicking on a contact. There are some general rules and etiquettes to be followed while chatting.

•Messages should be short and to the point. Always introduce yourself by name if your screen name doesn’t reflect it.

Always ask if the other person has time to chat first – regardless of how important you think what you have to say is, it’s not going to be well received if the recipient is busy.

Give people time to respond – Multiple questions sent to a recipient before they’ve had a chance to answer can seem more like an interrogation rather than a conversation.

WEB PAGES – BLOG

A blog is a discussion style site used by non-technical users for creating personal web pages. Blog is similar to an online personal diary and similar to use. A blog is used to convey messages, events, news, announcements etc. Blogs are usually managed through web browser which needs an internet connection. A blog can also be created through Offline Blog Software and later publish the content when the internet connection is available.

Examples of Websites that offer blog services:-

www.blogger.com www.wordpress.com www.weebly.com www.blog.com

USING OFFLINE BLOG EDITORS

If you do not have an active internet connection, you can create blogs using a blog application and publish the blog whenever internet connectivity is available. There are several free offline blog editors available that can be downloaded and installed on the local computer such as: Qumana Windows Live Writer Blogdesk

ONLINE TRANSACTIONS The transactions over the internet are called Online Transactions

Like purchasing of goods, selling of goods, booking a ticket, payment of fees etc. all comes under the category of Online transactions. Examples For Buying Goods :- amazon, jabong, myntra, flipkart , ebay etc. For Booking of Tickets :- IRCTC , Redbus etc. For Payment of School Fee :- epay.unionbankofindia.co.in/kvfee

Payments tools to use Online transaction For completing an online transaction we must need:- Valid Debit Card Valid Credit Card Net Banking Subscription

INTERNET SECURITY

It is a branch of computer security specifically related to the internet, involving browser security and also network security.

Objectives of Internet Security The main objective of internet security is to establish rules and measures to use against attacks over the internet.

Online Threats The threats / vulnerabilities that uses World Wide Web (Internet) to facilitate crimes are called Online Threats. Like:-

Phishing :- The act of acquiring personal / private and sensitive data from personal computers for use in fraudulent activities. For eg. Mails from unknown persons that ask for your credit / debit card details. Email spoofing :- It is the creation of email messages with a forged sender address. For eg. Sending an email with a forged email address which appears to be original. These mails are infected mails which contain worms. Chat Spoofing:- Spoofing means hoax, trick, or deceive which contains false information. Hiding / Faking the identity of another person over the internet is called chat spoofing

Best practices for security over Internet

Use strong passwords: A combination of alphanumeric and special characters could be used for creating a password that is not so easy to crack or guessed by other users. General Guidelines for strong password Keep the length of the password at least 12-14 characters if permitted. Avoid keeping passwords based on repetition words, dictionary words, usernames, pet names etc. Include numbers and symbols in passwords.

Use Capital and lowercase letters. Avoid using same password for multiple sites or purposes. Avoid using something that the public or workmates know you strongly like or dislikes.

Backup your data: Always keep copies of data in CD, pendrives etc, so it could be helpful in situation when there is a loss of data. Use Encryption software: Use encrypted software available within the operating software to protect data from unauthorized users.

Keep username and password private:

Never save passwords or usernames on computers that are used in shared environments like net café. Registering with website: Read privacy policy whenever you register with a website, the policy will include information about how the website use personal data. Do not share personal information: Be cautious when filling out forms on internet. Because your personal information or emails could be used by unauthorized users to send fake or unwanted emails. So, first research and verify if it’s a trusted website or not before providing personal information to any website.

Secure transactions : It is always recommended to use only secure websites for online shopping or transactions, because these websites store your credit card or online banking personal information. Verify if the website uses secure transaction, usually it is indicated through a digital certificate represented as a golden lock in the web browser’s address bar. Use Antivirus and antispyware software: These softwares protect your computer from any changes by malwares/threats. Keep these softwares up to date.

Do not immediately respond to mails from unknown users: Some mails, that promise you jobs or announce lottery results, may contain virus or scripts or they can try to gather your personal information. Never open the attachments from unknown persons. Install firewalls: Firewalls keep your system and network secure. They could be software or hardware. So, Install and configure your firewall. Regularly update your operating system and software applications. When you visit websites, cookies are created on your system that may contain your personal or logon details. Clear browser cookies frequently so that your logon details could not be tracked by unauthorized users

Maintain workplace safety Maintain workplace safety Basic safety rules to follow at workplace – Fire safety, Falls and slips, Electrical safety, Use of first aid. Basic Fire safety rules in an organization are :

Fire escape plans must be installed at proper levels Conduct regular drills Maintenance of safety equipment must be taken care of regularly Falls and Slips Safety rules Workplace must be proper ventilated Floors must be clean and dry Oil spills, dust must be immediately cleaned. Electrical safety rules: Electrical equipment approved by a recognised organization. Take care that the outlets/ circuits should not be overloaded

Prevent Accidents and Emergencies

Accident : an accident is an unplanned event that may happen all of a sudden and may lead to unwanted or unprecedented results/outcomes. Handling accidents: Safety measures must be placed to prevent workplace accidents

Immediately call the medical team for any injury Stay alert Pay attention to and follow emergency drills

Protect Health and Safety at work Checklist for Workstations :

The workstation should: provide sufficient space for the user to alter position comfortably provide adequate lighting have windows fitted with adjustable coverings to alter the sunlight level be spacious enough when a workstation is shared by more than one person The display screen should: display well-defined characters of adequate size and spacing have easily adjustable brightness and contrast tilt and swivel easily to suit the user

The keyboard should :

be able to tilt easily and should be able to separate from the screen to allow the user to adopt a comfortable working position The work surface should: provide adequate space for the user be of an adequate size to allow the screen, keyboard and other peripherals to be flexibly arranged

Workplace Evacuation In case of emergency there should be provision for evacuation. Evacuation is the process of emptying a place in case of an emergency, disaster. Every company must ensure following points for evacuation in case of any emergency:

An evacuation policy : Every organization must have an evacuation policy. All the Team Leaders are responsible for informing about the policy to their employees about it. Proper attention must be paid when the Team Leader is informing you about these details. Negligence at this time may cost lives.

Organization must have a designated assembly point for emergencies. Ensure that every employee/ worker must know where it is.

A ‘buddy system’ for individuals with special needs or disabilities must be designated. This system ensures that differently-abled are assisted and guided out of the premises or the impacted area properly. If you are a buddy to someone, ensure that your buddy is safe at the assembly point with you.

Floor plans with evacuation routes in work areas. Ensure that you understand these so you can use it in time of need.

Assembly areas, where you are required to assemble after evacuation, must be properly taken care of.

Periodic evacuation drills should be conducted. Ensure that you pay attention during these drills. You need to save your life and you can be helpful in saving someone else’s life too.

Healthy Living ‘A healthy body has a healthy mind’ – a very popular saying is true ‘Healthy Lifestyle leads to a healthy being. A healthy living has a lasting impact on an individual which ultimately yields a healthy environment at home as well as at work place. a happy and healthy worker will always perform best to his ability. A healthy lifestyle helps to keep and improve people’s health and well being. a healthy lifestyle includes : healthy eating habits physical activities stress management healthy mind sound sleep

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NCERT Solutions for Class 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12

NCERT Solutions For Class 10 Maths Chapter 4 Quadratic Equations Ex 4.1

November 20, 2019 by Veerendra

NCERT Solutions Class 10 Maths Chapter 4 Quadratic Equations – Here are all the Class 10 Maths Chapter 4 Quadratic Equations NCERT Solutions. This solution contains questions, answers, images, step by step explanation of the complete Chapter 4 titled Quadratic Equations in Class 10. If you are a student of Class 10 who is using NCERT Textbook to study Maths, then you must come across Chapter 4 Quadratic Equations. After you have studied lesson, you must be looking for answers to its textbook questions. Here you can get complete NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 4 Quadratic Equations in one place.

• Class 10 Maths Quadratic Equations Ex 4.1
• प्रश्नावली 4.1 का हल हिंदी में
• Class 10 Maths Quadratic Equations Ex 4.2
• प्रश्नावली 4.2 का हल हिंदी में
• Class 10 Maths Quadratic Equations Ex 4.3
• प्रश्नावली 4.3 का हल हिंदी में
• Class 10 Maths Quadratic Equations Ex 4.4
• प्रश्नावली 4.4 का हल हिंदी में
• Quadratic Equations Class 10 Extra Questions

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 4 Quadratic Equations Ex 4.1 are part of NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths . Here we have given NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 4 Quadratic Equations Ex 4.1.

NCERT Solutions Class 10 Maths chapter 4 Quadratic Equations- Video

You can also watch the video solutions of NCERT Class10 Maths chapter 4 Quadratic Equations here.

NCVT Mis Result 2019

NCERT Solutions Class 10 Maths chapter 4 Quadratic Equations

Class 10, Maths chapter 4, Quadratic Equations solutions are given below in PDF format. You can view them online or download PDF file for future use.

or save the solution images and take the print out to keep it handy for your exam preparation. Click Here to Download  NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths chapter 4 Quadratic Equations.

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 4 Quadratic Equations (Hindi Medium) Ex 4.1

Class 10 Maths Quadratic Equations Mind Map

Quadratic equation.

Standard form of the quadratic equation in the variable x is an equation of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0, where a, b, c are real numbers and a ≠ 0. Any equation of the form P(x) = 0, Where P(x) is a polynomial of degree 2, is a quadratic equation.

Zero(es)/Root(s) of Quadratic Equation

A real number α is said to be a root of the quadratic equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0, a ≠ 0 if aα 2 + bα + c = 0. We can say that x = α, is a solution of the quadratic equation or that α satisfies the quadratic equation. The zeroes of the quadratic polynomial ax 2 + bx + c = 0 and the roots of the equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 are same. A quadratic equation has atmost two roots/zeroes.

Relation Between Zeroes and Co-efficient of a Quadratic Equation

Methods of Solving Quadratic Equation

Following are the methods which are used to solve quadratic equations:

(i) Factorisation (ii) Completing the square (iii) Quadratic Formula

Methods of Factorisation

Method of Completing the Square

Quadratic Formula

Nature of Roots

For quadratic equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 (a ≠ 0), value of (b 2 – 4ac) is called discriminant of the equation and denoted as D. D = b 2 – 4ac Discriminant is very important in finding nature of the roots. (i) If D = 0, then roots are real and equal. (ii) If D > 0, then roots are real and unequal (iii) If D < 0, then roots are not real.

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths

• Chapter 1 Real Numbers
• Chapter 2 Polynomials
• Chapter 3 Pair of Linear Equations in Two Variables
• Chapter 4 Quadratic Equations
• Chapter 5 Arithmetic Progressions
• Chapter 6 Triangles
• Chapter 7 Coordinate Geometry
• Chapter 8 Introduction to Trigonometry
• Chapter 9 Some Applications of Trigonometry
• Chapter 10 Circles
• Chapter 11 Constructions
• Chapter 12 Areas Related to Circles
• Chapter 13 Surface Areas and Volumes
• Chapter 14 Statistics
• Chapter 15 Probability

We hope the NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 4 Quadratic Equations Ex 4.1, help you. If you have any query regarding NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 4 Quadratic Equations Exercise 4.1, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.

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Important Questions and Notes

IT code 402 Class 10 Unit-1 Digital Documentation | Important Questions of Session 1

Session 1: create and apply styles in the document.

Important Links

Click for it code 402 practical file questions and to download sample practical file, click for it 402 class 10 book solutions | unit 4 web applications and security, click for it 402 class 10 book solutions | unit 3 rdbms(basic), click for it code 402 class 10 book solutions | unit 2 spreadsheet (advanced), click for it 402 class 10 book solutions | unit 1 digital documentation, click for it code 402 class x (e-book), click for it 402 sample paper 2020-21, click for it 402 sample paper 2020-21 (marking scheme).

Q1. What do you mean by Style?

Show Answer Ans. A style is a set of formats that you can apply to selected pages, text, frames, and other elements in your document to quickly change their appearance

Q2. Write two advantages of using styles in digital documentation.

Show Answer Ans. Two advantages of using styles are :

1. Styles help to improve consistency in a document.

2. Styles also make the major formatting changes very simple.

Q3. Write four types of styles available in OpenOffice.org

Show Answer Ans. Four types of styles supported by OpenOffice.org

1. Paragraph Style

2. Page Style

3. Character Style

4. List Style

Q4. Define the following styles in reference to Writer.

A. paragraph style, b. character style.

Show Answer Ans. Paragraph Style : control all aspects of a paragraph’s appearance, such as text alignment, tab stops, line spacing, and borders .

Character styles : affect selected text with in a paragraph, such as the font and size of text, or bold and italic formats.

Q5. Under which menu Styles and Formatting option appear in Writer.

Show Answer Ans. Styles and Formatting option appear in Format menu.

Q6. What is the shortcut to open Styles and Formatting?

Show Answer Ans. F11 is the shortcut to open Styles and Formatting.

Q7. Write three ways to open Styles and Formatting Window.

Show Answer Ans. Three ways to open Styles and formatting window are as follows :

1. Click the Styles and Formatting icon located at the left-hand end of the object bar.

2. Click Format > Styles and Formatting

3. Press F11 from the keyboard

Q8. How can you apply style in Writer?

Show Answer Ans. We can apply styles in writer as follows:

1. Click Format > Styles and Formatting

2. The Styles and Formatting window shows the types of styles available.

3. To apply an existing style (except for character styles), position the insertion point in the paragraph and then double-click on the name of the style available in the lists. To apply a character style, select the characters first.

Q9. What is Fill Format mode in Styles and Formatting Window?

Show Answer Ans. Fill format mode is used to apply a style to many different areas quickly. This method is quite useful when you need to format many scattered paragraphs with same styles.

Q10. When Fill format mode is active then right click anywhere in the document will ____________ the last format action.

Show Answer Ans. Undo

Q11. How can you quit or deactivate file format mode?

Show Answer Ans. To quit Format mode, click the Fill Format mode icon again or press the Esc key from the keyboard.

Q12. Write two ways of creating new styles.

Show Answer Ans. Two ways of creating new styles are :

1. Creating a new style from a selection.

2. Dragging And Dropping To Create A Style.

Q13. How can you create new style by dragging and dropping? Explain

Show Answer Ans. Select some text and drag it to the Styles and Formatting window. If Paragraph Styles are active, the paragraph style will be added to the list. If Character Styles are active, the character style will be added to the list.

Q14. Write the steps of creating a new style from a selection?

Show Answer Ans. The steps of creating new style from a selection are as follows:

1 Open the Styles and Formatting window and choose the type of style you want to create.

2. In the document, select the item you want to save as a style.

3. In the Styles and Formatting window, click on the New Style from Selection.

4. Type the name for the new style.

5. Click OK to save the new style.

Q15. Write the steps for updating a style from a selection.

Show Answer Ans. The steps of creating a new style from a selection are :

1 Open the Styles and Formatting window.

2. In the document, select an item that has the format you want to adopt as a style.

3. In the Styles and Formatting window, select the style you want to update (single-click, not double-click), then long-click on the arrow next to the New Style from Selection icon and click on Update Style .

Q16. Can we modify the predefined style in Writer?

Show Answer Ans. Yes we can modify the predefined style in Writer

Q17. Write two ways of modifying styles in Writer.

Show Answer Ans. Writer provides several ways to modify styles :

1 Updating a style from a selection

2. Load or copy styles from another document or template.

Click for Session 2 : Important Questions

Click for Session 3 : Important Questions

Click for Session 4 : Important Questions

Click for Session 5 : Important Questions

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6 thoughts on “IT code 402 Class 10 Unit-1 Digital Documentation | Important Questions of Session 1”

The questions are very good .A very good exercise for students.

Best questions on the Internet you can find

the best for your exams. gives you a clear understanding

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Daily News Lesson

Sept. 11, 2024, 10:07 a.m.

Takeaways from the Trump/Harris presidential debate

Directions: First, watch the video above for a recap on the debate. Then read the summary and watch clips below from the actual debate. Questions for students follow each series of video clips. If you would like to read a transcript of the recap, click here . You can also watch the entire debate here . For a fact check of the debate, click here . Summary: The first (and possibly only) debate between Donald Trump and Kamala Harris took place on Tuesday, September 10 in Philadelphia. In the debate, each candidate was given two minutes to respond to questions with their opponent's microphone muted. The debate covered immigration, economic policy, abortion and foreign policy, among other topics.

Discussion: Warm up questions:

• Who are the two candidates and what are their political backgrounds?
• What topics did the debate planners try to cover?
• Where did the debate take place?
• How did the candidates attempt to connect with their supporters, independents and potential new voters?
• What seemed to be the strategies of the candidates according to the commentators?

Immigration Harris said that she prosecuted transnational gangs and criminals who were in the country. She blamed Trump for killing a bipartisan immigration bill. Trump spent much of the debate tying Harris to a dramatic rise in migrants in the U.S., which he blamed for increases in crime and threats to the economy.

Harris blames Trump for killing a bipartisan border deal:

Trump calls Biden/Harris border policy "one of the greatest mistakes in history":

Focus question: How important do you think immigration policy is to the outcome of this election? Taxes and the economy

Harris addressed her message on the economy to the middle class and suggested a policy focused on child tax credits, small business credits and housing. She criticized Donald Trump for focusing on tax breaks for the wealthiest and suggested his policy on tariffs that could raise costs. Donald Trump blamed Harris and President Joe Biden for dramatic inflation and suggested that immigration policies by the Biden administration would threaten the jobs of U.S. citizens.

Trump on tariffs:

Harris on the effects of Trump's plan:

Focus question: What strategies did each candidate use in framing the debate around the economy?

Trump accused Harris and her running mate Tim Walz of supporting abortion even after the birth of children (this claim was challenged by the debate moderators and is not true). He also said that his appointment of Supreme Court justices has led to abortion laws being decided at the state level. Harris claimed Trump would sign a national law outlawing abortion and spoke out against women suffering medical emergencies because doctors were afraid to provide medical care that might be considered an abortion under some state laws.

Harris on Trump insulting the public with misinformation about abortion :

Trump on supporting IVF and accuses Harris of supporting late-term abortions :

Focus question: Do you think abortion legislation should be left to the states, or should there be one national policy?

Environment

Harris accused Trump of claiming that climate change is a hoax. She also touted investment in a clean energy economy while boosting gas and oil production. Trump focused on trade deals and accused Harris and Biden of allowing China and other countries to gain an edge in manufacturing and energy and largely avoided the topic of the environment.

Trump and Harris debated climate and economic investment:

Focus question: Why do you think environment and climate change wasn't addressed early or as often as topics like the economy and immigration?

Foreign policy

Trump accused Harris and the Biden administration of being weak on the international stage and touted his support from Hungarian prime minister Viktor Orbán. Harris also accused Trump of being weak and easily manipulated by dictators and strongmen. Harris pointed to her work strengthening alliances such as NATO while Trump claimed conflicts such as Russia's invasion of Ukraine and the Hamas attack on Israel on October 7 wouldn't have happened under his administration.

Trump touts his support from leaders such as Viktor Orbán:

Harris claims Trump is easily manipulated by flattery and favors:

Focus question: What significant differences did you hear between foreign policy approaches between the two candidates?

Dig deeper: To help contextualize this debate in the history of presidential debates, you can choose clips from this NewsHour archive of past presidential debates , or use this lesson to explore presidential debate strategy and history. You can also use some or all of this series of mini-lessons on presidential debates.

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Most students in a Georgia district return to class nearly a week after a school shooting

A poster with images of shooting victims from left, Cristina Irimie, Mason Schermerhorn, Richard Aspinwall and Christian Angulo is displayed at a memorial outside Apalachee High School, Tuesday, Sept. 10, 2024, in Winder, Ga. (AP Photo/Charlotte Kramon)

A memorial is seen at Apalachee High School after the Wednesday school shooting, Saturday, Sept. 7, 2024, in Winder, Ga. (AP Photo/Mike Stewart)

Two students view a memorial as the flags fly half-staff after a shooting Wednesday at Apalachee High School, Thursday, Sept. 5, 2024, in Winder, Ga. (AP Photo/Mike Stewart)

This combo of images show shooting victims, from left, Christian Angulo, Mason Schermerhorn, Cristina Irimie and Richard Aspinwall, displayed at a memorial outside Apalachee High School, Tuesday, Sept. 10, 2024, in Winder, Ga. (AP Photo/Charlotte Kramon)

A poster with an image of shooting victim Richard Aspinwall is displayed at a memorial outside Apalachee High School, Tuesday, Sept. 10, 2024, in Winder, Ga. (AP Photo/Charlotte Kramon)

A poster with an image of shooting victim Christian Angulo is displayed at a memorial outside Apalachee High School, Tuesday, Sept. 10, 2024, in Winder, Ga. (AP Photo/Charlotte Kramon)

A poster with an image of shooting victim Mason Schermerhorn is displayed at a memorial outside Apalachee High School, Tuesday, Sept. 10, 2024, in Winder, Ga. (AP Photo/Charlotte Kramon)

A poster with an image of shooting victim Cristina Irimie is displayed at a memorial outside Apalachee High School, Tuesday, Sept. 10, 2024, in Winder, Ga. (AP Photo/Charlotte Kramon)

People leave Apalachee High School, Wednesday, Sept. 4, 2024, in Winder, Ga. A shooting at the Georgia high school Wednesday caused an unknown number of injuries and a suspect was arrested in a chaotic scene. (AP Photo/Mike Stewart)

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WINDER, Ga. (AP) — Many students in Georgia’s Barrow County headed back to class Tuesday, six days after a shooting killed two teachers and two students at the school district’s Apalachee High School northeast of Atlanta.

No return date has been set for the 1,900 students at that high school, but the 13,000 students in Barrow County’s other schools did return, including at the middle school and elementary school that border the Apalachee campus in Winder.

When her 8-year-old daughter said over the weekend that she was scared to go back to school, Shonderi Williams broke down in her bathroom. She has two daughters Yargo Elementary School and one daughter at Haymon-Morris Middle School, the schools next door. She said she tried to put on a “hero face.”

“I’m trying to teach them, I’m here for you. I’m your protector. There’s nobody that’s going to hurt you, ” Williams told The Associated Press while she waited to pick up her two daughters who attend Yargo. “I can’t be around them 24/7, so I know that’s a lie that I told my child. But I have to go and be that strong parent for them.”

Williams had a son who died in 2003 at age 2, and said she was hesitant to send her kids back.

“My kids are still in danger,” Williams said. “It’s a mind-boggling situation that we all have to get through.”

Jaime Love said she was overwhelmed with relief when her daughter, who also attends Yargo, jumped into the car after school.

“I honestly could cry,” she said. “I’m really excited.”

Throughout the day, Love wondered if she would get a phone call from her daughter’s teacher, asking to pick her up. Her daughter struggled with nightmares over the weekend. But she seemed to feel better when Love and her husband explained that the police were there for safety, not because something was wrong.

“We spent a lot of time trying to just make her feel safe and understand that school can go back to being a happy, fun, and educational place,” Love said.

Superintendent Dallas LeDuff said sheriff’s deputies and state troopers would provide extra security when schools reopened, with counseling available at all campuses.

“We know the days ahead are going to be difficult, and that we have some staff and some students who are not ready to return to school,” LeDuff said. “We also believe as a school system that it is our responsibility to provide a safe space for those who are.”

Ashley Sanders has children at Yargo and Haymon-Morris, and next year her oldest daughter will attend Apalachee.

“Having police presence is a little comforting, but what is going to happen after they’re gone?” Sanders said. “What is going to be put in place to keep our kids safe after what happened Wednesday?”

Sanders felt relieved Tuesday after texting her daughter to say she loved her and receiving a response.

“It’s scary as a parent, having your kids here,” Sanders said.

Relatives and friends are mourning the victims , including teachers Richard Aspinwall, 39, and Cristina Irimie, 53, and students Mason Schermerhorn and Christian Angulo, both 14. A memorial service was held Sunday for Aspinwall, while a Romanian Orthodox Church congregation honored Irimie. Her funeral is set for Saturday.

Colt Gray, 14, is charged as an adult with four counts of murder, and District Attorney Brad Smith has said more charges are likely to be filed against him in connection with the wounded. Authorities have also charged his 54-year-old father, Colin Gray with second degree murder, involuntary manslaughter and cruelty to children. Investigators allege Colin Gray gave his son access to the gun when he knew or should have known that the teen was a danger to himself and others.

Another teacher and eight more students were wounded, with seven of those hit by gunfire. More of them are going home from hospitals. Doug Griffith said his 15-year-old daughter, Natalie Griffith, was released from a hospital on Monday after being treated for gunshot wounds to her arm and wrist.

Natalie Griffith is a freshman and a flute player in the band. She was shot in her algebra class.

“She’s got an A in algebra, and she’s extremely proud of that,” Doug Griffith said.

Griffith is one of a number of relatives seeking to raise donations through GoFundMe. He said he wants to make sure his daughter has help, as well as to support other victims.

Robert Runcie, the former superintendent of Broward County Public Schools in Florida, said Tuesday that people in Barrow County should “give each other a lot of grace, love and support” as students return. Runcie was the superintendent when a gunman killed 17 people at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School in Parkland, Florida, in 2018.

“Make the space and time for doing it, and recognize that you’re not going to have a normal school day, whatever that normal looks like,” he told the AP in an interview. “The recovery process is going to take years, much longer than folks imagine,” he said.

Amila Dawson said her son has been quieter than usual since the shooting. At one of the vigils, he broke down in tears, asking why people had to die and why a shooter got into the school.

“I’m ready to get him,” Dawson said as she waited in Haymon-Morris’ carpool line. “I’m ready to hear about his day. I’m praying all good things.”

This story has been updated to correct the spelling of Jaime Love’s first name.

Amy reported from Atlanta. Associated Press writer Jeff Martin contributed from Atlanta.

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Izuku Midoriya, a U.A. High School student who aspires to be the best hero he can be, confronts the villain who imitates the hero he once admired. Izuku Midoriya, a U.A. High School student who aspires to be the best hero he can be, confronts the villain who imitates the hero he once admired. Izuku Midoriya, a U.A. High School student who aspires to be the best hero he can be, confronts the villain who imitates the hero he once admired.

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• CBSE Notes For Class 10
• Class 10 Social Science Political Science
• Chapter 4 Gender Religion And Caste

CBSE Notes Class 10 Political Science (Civics) Chapter 4 - Gender, Religion and Caste

According to the CBSE Syllabus 2023-24, this chapter has been renumbered as Chapter 3.

In the previous chapter, you have learned that political expression of social differences is possible and sometimes quite desirable in a democratic system. In Chapter 4 of Class 10 Political Science, you will study 3 kinds of social differences based on gender, religion and caste that can take the form of social divisions and inequalities. In each case, you look at the nature of the division in India and how it gets expressed in politics. So, go through the “CBSE Notes Class 10 Political Science Chapter 4 – Gender, Religion and Caste” and know about all the topics in detail.

• Chapter 1 Power Sharing
• Chapter 2 Federalism
• Chapter 3 Democracy and Diversity
• Chapter 5 Popular Struggles and Movements
• Chapter 6 Political Parties
• Chapter 7 Outcomes of Democracy
• Chapter 8 Challenges to Democracy

CBSE Notes Class 10 Political Science Chapter 4 – Gender, Religion and Caste

Gender and politics.

The gender division tends to be understood as natural and unchangeable. It is not based on biology but on social expectations and stereotypes.

Public/Private Division

The result of this division of labour is that though women constitute half of humanity, their role in public life, especially politics, is minimal in most societies. Earlier, only men were allowed to participate in public affairs, vote and contest for public offices. Gradually the gender issue was raised in politics. It demanded to enhance the political and legal status of women and improve their educational and career opportunities. The movements which were raised by women to get equality in personal and family life are called Feminist movements .

The political expression of gender division and political mobilisation helped to improve women’s role in public life. As India is a male-dominated, PATRIARCHAL society, women face disadvantage, discrimination and oppression in various ways:

• The literacy rate among women is only 54 per cent compared with 76 per cent among men.
• On average, an Indian woman works one hour more than an average man every day and yet much of her work is not paid. The Equal Remuneration Act of 1976 provides that equal wages should be paid to equal work.
• In India, sex-selective abortion led to a decline in the child-sex ratio (number of girl children per thousand boys).
• Urban areas have become particularly unsafe for women.

Women’s Political Representation

Issues related to women are not given adequate attention. This has led many feminists and women’s movements to the conclusion that unless women control power, their problems will not get adequate attention. In India, the percentage of elected women members in Lok Sabha touched 12 percent of its total strength for the first time in 2014. Their share in the state assemblies is less than 5 per cent.

One way to solve women’s problems is to have a fair proportion of women in the elected bodies. In Panchayats and Municipalities, one-third of seats in local government bodies are reserved for women. Now there are more than 10 lakh elected women representatives in rural and urban local bodies. Gender division is an example that some form of social division needs to be expressed in politics. This also shows that disadvantaged groups do benefit when social divisions become a political issue.

Religion, Communalism and Politics

The division based on religious differences is often expressed in the field of politics. In India, there are followers of different religions. People should be able to express in politics their needs, interests and demands as a member of a religious community.

Communalism

The use of religion in politics is called communal politics:

• When beliefs of one religion are presented as superior to those of other religions
• When the demands of one religious group are formed in opposition to another
• When state power is used to establish the domination of one religious group over the rest.

Communalism can take various forms in politics, as mentioned below:

• The most common expression of communalism is in everyday beliefs that involve religious prejudices, stereotypes of religious communities and belief in the superiority of one’s religion over other religions.
• A communal mind often leads to a quest for political dominance of one’s own religious community.
• Political mobilisation on religious lines involves the use of sacred symbols, religious leaders, emotional appeal and plain fear in order to bring the followers of one religion together in the political arena.
• Sometimes communalism takes its ugly form of communal violence, riots and massacre. India and Pakistan suffered some of the worst communal riots at the time of the Partition.

Secular State

India is a secular state. Some of the features of India’s Secular states are:

• There is no official religion in the Indian state.
• The Constitution provides to all individuals and communities the freedom to profess, practice and propagate any religion or not to follow any.
• The Constitution prohibits discrimination on grounds of religion.
• The Constitution allows the state to intervene in matters of religion in order to ensure equality within religious communities. For example, it bans untouchability.

Caste and Politics

Caste and politics both have some positive and some negative aspects. Let’s look at them:

Caste Inequalities

In most societies, occupations are passed on from one generation to another. The caste system is an extreme form of this. In this system, members of the same caste group were supposed to form a social community that practised the same or similar occupation, married within the caste group and did not eat with members from other caste groups.

With economic development, large-scale urbanisation, growth of literacy and education, occupational mobility and the weakening of the position of landlords in the villages, the old notions of Caste Hierarchy are breaking down. The Constitution of India prohibited any caste-based discrimination and laid the foundations of policies to reverse the injustices of the caste system.

Caste in Politics

Caste can take various forms in politics:

• When parties choose their candidate or when governments are formed, political parties usually take care that representatives of different castes and tribes find a place in it.
• Political parties and candidates in elections make appeals to caste sentiment to win the elections.
• To gain support, political parties raise caste-based issues during elections to get political support, as the ‘one man, one vote’ system or adult franchise has made the voter very powerful.
• Political Parties have made people belonging to lower castes conscious about their rights to vote and their powers.

During elections, caste matters, but it is not everything. There are many other factors that impact the elections. People’s assessment of the performance of the government and the popularity rating of the leaders are considered during elections. Just have a look at the below points:

• Candidates and parties need to win the confidence of more than one caste and community to win elections.
• No party wins the votes of all the voters of a caste or community.
• Some voters have more than one candidate from their caste, while many voters have no candidate from their caste.
• The ruling party and the sitting MP or MLA keep changing whenever fresh elections take place.

Politics in Caste

Politics also influence the caste system and caste identities by bringing them into the political arena. Here are a few points that support this;

• Each caste group tries to become bigger by incorporating within its neighbouring castes or sub-castes.
• Various caste groups are formed with other castes or communities, and then they enter into a dialogue and negotiation.
• New kinds of caste groups have come up in the political arena, like ‘backward’ and ‘forward’ caste groups.

Thus, caste plays different kinds of roles in politics. In some cases, caste division leads to tensions, conflict and even violence.

We have compiled History, Geography, Political Science and Geography notes in one place. You can access them by visiting CBSE Class 10 Social Science Notes at BYJU’S. Keep learning and stay tuned for further updates on CBSE and other competitive exams. Download BYJU’S App and subscribe to the YouTube channel to access interactive maths and science videos.

Frequently Asked Questions on CBSE Class 10 Political Science Notes Chapter 4 Gender Religion and Caste

Is gender discrimination still an existing issue.

Yes, gender discrimination does exist in several parts of the world, even today.

How can we raise children without gender discrimination?

1. Make children aware of such societal issues 2. Treat a son and a daughter the same way in a household

What role do teachers play in controlling this indiscrimination?

Teachers should not act biased towards any particular gender. They should award marks to students only based on their performance in the exams.

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