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Chapter 3 Dissertation

How to Write Chapter 5 Dissertation?| A Beginner’s Guide

Writing a dissertation is a major undertaking. It requires countless hours of research, writing, and editing. One of the most important chapters in your dissertation is Chapter 4. This chapter should provide a detailed explanation of your methodology, results, and analysis.

Here, we'll provide an overview of the chapter 4 dissertation, how to structure it properly, and tips for writing it effectively. Read on to learn more!

Skimming through these dissertations, you can also check out how to craft Chapter 4 and what to discuss.

Example: 1   The Importance of Health and Safety in Construction Industry

Example:2   influence of different socio-physical attributes on individual’s weight.

Keep going through till the end to have a complete idea of how to compose a well-written and structured chapter 4 dissertation.

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What is chapter 4.

In an academic dissertation, chapter 4 is the data analysis chapter—the heart of the research project. That is where you will present the results of your research and analyze them in light of existing literature. In other words, this is where you will explain why your findings are significant and what they mean for the field as a whole.

Structure of Chapter 4

The structure of your chapter 4 should depend on the type of data that you collected during your research process. However, several key elements should be included in chapter 4:

• An introduction that explains the aims and objectives of this chapter.
• A detailed description of the approaches utilized to collect and analyze data.
• Results from both qualitative and quantitative analyses.
• Discussion about the implications for future research; and
• Conclusions about your findings as well as potential limitations or challenges faced in completing this research project.

Keep in mind that these are just general guidelines—your specific dissertation may require additional sections based on its own individual requirements. It's always best to check with your professor before starting work on any section of your dissertation. 

Writing an Effective Chapter 4 Dissertation

i.  Outline Your Goals & Objectives

Before you begin writing this chapter, it's important to think about the goals and objectives you want to achieve with it.

• What are the main points you want to make?
• What do you expect your readers to understand after they've read this chapter?

Having clear goals and objectives before you start writing will help ensure that your chapter is focused and organized.

ii.  Explain Your Methodology

When it comes time to discuss your methodology in Chapter 4, include all relevant details about the methods you used during your research process.

It should include information about what kind of data or materials were collected, how they were analyzed, and why those particular methods were chosen for the study.

It's also important to explain any limitations or challenges encountered during data collection so that readers can fully understand the process.

iii.  Discuss Results & Analysis

In Chapter 4 dissertation, it's also essential to discuss the results of your research and any analysis conducted on those results.

It should include detailed descriptions of any patterns or trends in the data collected as well as a discussion on how those patterns or trends may relate to the existing literature in the field or could potentially lead to further research questions in the future.

Make sure that all data presented here is accurate and reliable; If any differences exist between what was anticipated and what was observed, note them here as well.

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Tips for writing your chapter 4.

Here are some suggestions to make the writing process simpler if you have a clear grasp of what should be in your chapter 4;

• Take notes throughout your entire research process so that it's easier for you to compile all relevant information into one cohesive document later on.
• Utilize headings to make it easier for readers to follow along with your arguments.
• Ensure all references are correctly cited using an accepted academic style such as APA, MLA or Harvard.
• Use diagrams or graphs when necessary to visually demonstrate key points or trends among variables.
• Always proofread and edit carefully before submitting each section, so the content is free from errors or inconsistencies.

Writing a dissertation can seem overwhelming at first glance, but with some guidance, knowledge, and practice, it can become much more manageable. This guide provides an overview of everything you need to know about chapter 4 to write an effective dissertation.

Be sure not to forget to discuss both the methodology used during research and any results or analysis obtained from research; these are both integral components of this section that must not be overlooked if an effective Chapter 4 is desired.

To gain more information and academic assistance, check out the following resources:

• How To Write a Report Introduction: A Step-By-Step Guide
• How To Write a Conclusion Good Paragraph: Examples and strategies for an effective conclusion
• Mastering the Art of Academic Writing: Tips and Tricks on How to Write Academically?

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• Dissertation & Thesis Outline | Example & Free Templates

Dissertation & Thesis Outline | Example & Free Templates

Published on June 7, 2022 by Tegan George . Revised on November 21, 2023.

A thesis or dissertation outline is one of the most critical early steps in your writing process . It helps you to lay out and organize your ideas and can provide you with a roadmap for deciding the specifics of your dissertation topic and showcasing its relevance to your field.

Generally, an outline contains information on the different sections included in your thesis or dissertation , such as:

• Your anticipated title
• Your abstract
• Your chapters (sometimes subdivided into further topics like literature review, research methods, avenues for future research, etc.)

In the final product, you can also provide a chapter outline for your readers. This is a short paragraph at the end of your introduction to inform readers about the organizational structure of your thesis or dissertation. This chapter outline is also known as a reading guide or summary outline.

Table of contents

How to outline your thesis or dissertation, dissertation and thesis outline templates, chapter outline example, sample sentences for your chapter outline, sample verbs for variation in your chapter outline, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about thesis and dissertation outlines.

While there are some inter-institutional differences, many outlines proceed in a fairly similar fashion.

• Working Title
• “Elevator pitch” of your work (often written last).
• Introduce your area of study, sharing details about your research question, problem statement , and hypotheses . Situate your research within an existing paradigm or conceptual or theoretical framework .
• Subdivide as you see fit into main topics and sub-topics.
• Describe your research methods (e.g., your scope , population , and data collection ).
• Present your research findings and share about your data analysis methods.
• Answer the research question in a concise way.
• Interpret your findings, discuss potential limitations of your own research and speculate about future implications or related opportunities.

For a more detailed overview of chapters and other elements, be sure to check out our article on the structure of a dissertation or download our template .

To help you get started, we’ve created a full thesis or dissertation template in Word or Google Docs format. It’s easy adapt it to your own requirements.

 Download Word template    Download Google Docs template

It can be easy to fall into a pattern of overusing the same words or sentence constructions, which can make your work monotonous and repetitive for your readers. Consider utilizing some of the alternative constructions presented below.

Example 1: Passive construction

The passive voice is a common choice for outlines and overviews because the context makes it clear who is carrying out the action (e.g., you are conducting the research ). However, overuse of the passive voice can make your text vague and imprecise.

Example 2: IS-AV construction

You can also present your information using the “IS-AV” (inanimate subject with an active verb ) construction.

A chapter is an inanimate object, so it is not capable of taking an action itself (e.g., presenting or discussing). However, the meaning of the sentence is still easily understandable, so the IS-AV construction can be a good way to add variety to your text.

Example 3: The “I” construction

Another option is to use the “I” construction, which is often recommended by style manuals (e.g., APA Style and Chicago style ). However, depending on your field of study, this construction is not always considered professional or academic. Ask your supervisor if you’re not sure.

Example 4: Mix-and-match

To truly make the most of these options, consider mixing and matching the passive voice , IS-AV construction , and “I” construction .This can help the flow of your argument and improve the readability of your text.

As you draft the chapter outline, you may also find yourself frequently repeating the same words, such as “discuss,” “present,” “prove,” or “show.” Consider branching out to add richness and nuance to your writing. Here are some examples of synonyms you can use.

If you want to know more about AI for academic writing, AI tools, or research bias, make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples or go directly to our tools!

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When you mention different chapters within your text, it’s considered best to use Roman numerals for most citation styles. However, the most important thing here is to remain consistent whenever using numbers in your dissertation .

The title page of your thesis or dissertation goes first, before all other content or lists that you may choose to include.

A thesis or dissertation outline is one of the most critical first steps in your writing process. It helps you to lay out and organize your ideas and can provide you with a roadmap for deciding what kind of research you’d like to undertake.

• Your chapters (sometimes subdivided into further topics like literature review , research methods , avenues for future research, etc.)

Cite this Scribbr article

If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.

George, T. (2023, November 21). Dissertation & Thesis Outline | Example & Free Templates. Scribbr. Retrieved August 12, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/dissertation/dissertation-thesis-outline/

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Dissertation Chapter 4: How To Write Your Results Chapter

The results chapter , or dissertation chapter 4, is an integral part of any dissertation research.  The professionals at Statistics Solutions have assisted thousands of doctoral candidates with their dissertation results chapter.

The results chapter of your dissertation is one of the most important components of your study, where the accurate statistical analysis must be performed, assumptions examined, and findings reported and clearly explained.  Once you conduct your analyses, you have to present your results in a way that shows clear support or non-support of your hypotheses.  Statistical expertise is needed to effectively present the results and defend your findings.

Discover How We Assist to Edit Your Dissertation Chapters

Aligning theoretical framework, gathering articles, synthesizing gaps, articulating a clear methodology and data plan, and writing about the theoretical and practical implications of your research are part of our comprehensive dissertation editing services.

• Bring dissertation editing expertise to chapters 1-5 in timely manner.
• Track all changes, then work with you to bring about scholarly writing.
• Ongoing support to address committee feedback, reducing revisions.

Statistics Solutions can assist you with your dissertation chapter 4 in the following ways:

Data Management

• Enter, code and clean data: The first step in creating a results chapter is to import your data from Excel to SPSS.  (We also use stat-transfer if the data is in another form).  Once the data is in SPSS, the variables must be labeled and the levels of the variables assigned (e.g., male=1, female=2).  The data cleaning typically entails screening the variables for both univariate and multivariate outliers, normality, addressing missing values, and assessing for linearity.

Statistical Analysis

• Statistical analysis: The actual analyses takes many forms.  Most, if not all, dissertation results chapters include descriptive statistics of the demographic variables (means, standard deviation, frequencies and percentages), as well as the reliabilities of any composite scores.  The analyses should then be focused on addressing the research hypotheses by assessing, addressing and reporting of the assumptions of the particular analysis, and then the conducting and reporting of the relevant statistical output in the results chapter.
• Write results: The results chapter should be presented logically.   First the descriptives and then the results of the analyses that address the hypotheses.  The tables and figures must be in APA 6th edition.  The results chapter should flow smoothly, where the reader does not have to stop to question why an analysis was conducted.  There is an old saying that “hard writing makes for easy reading”–you want the committee to have a very easy time reading your results chapter.

Understanding Your Results

• Explain statistics: You must be able to defend every word of the results chapter.  At Statistics Solutions, we are teachers as well as statisticians and methodologists.  We make sure you completely understand what was conducted, why it was conducted, and the implications of the results.

Presenting Your Results

• Create APA-style tables and figures:  Tables and figures can be a stumbling block for graduate students and is especially important when formulating the results chapter.  APA 6th edition has changed their format a bit from the 5th edition, and Statistics Solutions will make sure it is correct.  For example, there is a greater emphasis on reporting confidence intervals and the regression tables have been substantially modified.
• Dissertation editing:  While the results chapter should be edited properly, we can edit your entire dissertation for both APA and for basic English grammar, style, paragraphing, and punctuation.
• At Statistics Solutions, we use of SPSS, SAS , LISREL, M-Plus, AMOS, statistical packages, and NVIVO for qualitative data.

Dissertation Essentials

• Dissertation Essentials: Home
• Doctoral Record
• Working Ahead Guidelines
• Applied vs Theoretical Doctorates
• Technology Resources

Dissertation Resources

Completed dissertation examples.

• School of Health Professions
• Scholarly Writing This link opens in a new window
• Qualitative & Quantitative Research Support with the ASC This link opens in a new window
• Library Basic Training for Doctoral Students This link opens in a new window
• Dissertation Toolkit Series with the Library This link opens in a new window
• Template Formatting Help This link opens in a new window
• APA 7th Edition Help This link opens in a new window
• Dissertation Database A-Z Databases: Dissertations & Theses
• NU Dissertations ProQuest - Review National University Dissertations & Theses.

Writing a dissertation is a serious and lengthy task, with so many steps to complete, revise, and perfect. The NU Dissertation Template provides a lot of helpful info, but students still often have many questions and need additional guidance.  Seeing completed examples helps a lot.  This guide will help you to access completed NU dissertations in the NU library to inspire and inform your own research and writing.

Accessing completed NU dissertations can help students with the following common issues:

• Finding examples/inspiration for methodology, focus, topic, and other “big-picture” concerns.
• Identifying specifics on length/depth/breadth of each section of the dissertation.
• Seeing examples of formatting in context, such as APA style headings.
• Understanding specific dissertation committee expectations.
• Finding new references on completed reference lists.
• Supporting your peers’ scholarly work by reading their dissertations and participating in the scholarly community.

It’s easy to locate completed NU dissertations in the NU Library!

• Log into NCUOne and click on the NU Library link  - https://resources.nu.edu
• Access the pull-down menu on left entitled “Research Resources” and click on “Find Dissertations”.
• Access the pull-down menu for Vendors/Providers in the top middle of the page and click on “ProQuest”.
• Click on ProQuest Dissertations & Theses @ Northcentral University .

Narrow your search

Once you have located the published NU dissertations, you can narrow your search, just like you would with any other library resource.  Try the following strategies to start:

• Keywords/terms that you are using in your own research.
• General area of focus (for example, “Special Education”).
• Methodological approach (for example, “Phenomenology”).
• Dates (Tip – Consider narrowing your search to only the past 5 years).
• Advisors (Dissertation Chairs).
• Committee members.
• References/citations you plan to use.
• Just like with any other library resource, you can perform an advanced search using a combination of these strategies.
• In addition to the NU dissertations, you may want to consider accessing non-NU dissertations via the general ProQuest link on the pull-down menu (see steps outlined above).  This can be helpful if your topic is extremely specific, if you are very far along in your work, and if you need to broaden your search.

Now that you have accessed the completed NU Dissertations in the NU Library, the possibilities to inspire and guide you in your own work are endless.  Be excited that one day soon, your own dissertation will be published in the NU library!

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4.7 Guidelines for the Dissertation (PhD)

• 1.1 Graduate Program Resources
• 1.2 Academic Information
• 1.3 Program Advisors, Major Professors, & POS Committees
• 1.4 Degree Progress, Planning, and Time Limits
• 1.5 Minors and Co-majors
• 1.6 Course Policies
• 1.7 Registration
• 1.8 Graduate Assistantships
• 1.9 Graduate Student Travel and Support
• 1.10 Graduation
• 1.11 Graduate Faculty Members
• 2.1 About the MA programs
• 2.2 MA in English Degree Requirements
• 2.3 MA in Rhetoric, Composition, & Professional Communication Degree Requirements
• 2.4 MA in TESL/Applied Linguistics Degree Requirements
• 2.5 Minoring and Co-majoring in the MA Programs
• 2.6 The Program of Study Committee and the POSC Form (MA)
• 2.7 Guidelines for Thesis and Creative Component (MA)
• 3.1 About the MFA program
• 3.2 M.F.A. in Creative Writing & Environment Degree Requirements
• 3.3 The Program of Study Committee and the POSC Form (MFA)
• 3.4 Minoring and Co-majoring in the MFA Program
• 3.5 Guidelines for Thesis (MFA)
• 4.1 About the Doctoral programs
• 4.2 PhD in Applied Linguistics and Technology (ALT)
• 4.3 PhD in Rhetoric and Professional Communication (RPC)
• 4.4 Minoring and Co-majoring in the PhD Programs
• 4.5 The Program of Study Committee and the POSC Form (PhD)
• 4.6 Preliminary examination requirements and ABD Status
• 4.7 Guidelines for the Dissertation (Ph.D.)
• 5.1 About the Concurrent Bachelor’s and Master’s Degree Programs
• 5.2 Concurrent BA in Linguistics/MA in TESL/Applied Linguistics Degree Requirements and Curriculum Plans
• 5.3 Concurrent BS in Technical Communication/MA in Rhetoric, Composition, and Professional Communication Degree Requirements and Curriculum Plans
• 5.4 The Program of Study Committee and the POSC Form (Concurrent MA)
• 5.5 Guidelines for Thesis and Creative Component (Concurrent MA)
• 6.1 About the Certificate Programs
• 6.2 Certificate in TESL/TEFL Program Requirements

4.7.1 General Dissertation Guidelines 4.7.2a ALT Dissertation Guidelines 4.7.2b RPC Dissertation Guidelines The PhD degree programs have a research element in addition to the required number of credit hours. These guidelines will help you complete your dissertation for your specific major.

4.7.1 General Dissertation Guidelines

Detailed university requirements for the PhD dissertation appear in several online university documents:

• Graduate College Handbook, Ch. 7, “Finishing Up”
• Electronic Theses/Dissertations (ETDs) at ISU
• Thesis Checklist

University expectations

According to the Graduate College, a doctoral dissertation must

• follow all requirements detailed in the Thesis Checklist
• “demonstrate conclusively” your ability to conceive, design, conduct, and interpret independent and original research
• demonstrate your ability to analyze, interpret, and organize data
• be written independently ( e.g. , no co-authorship or joint writing)
• make a significant contribution to the field
• be worthy of publication in professional journals of quality or in book form

As the Graduate College Handbook points out, you (rather than the major professor or the Graduate College) are responsible for writing and editing the dissertation, as well as for completing any necessary paperwork.

Department expectations

In addition to general university expectations, there are a number of departmental expectations for students enrolled in the English department doctoral programs. These expectations involve the POS procedures, the structure and emphasis of the dissertation itself, and the oral defense of the dissertation.

POS procedures

You are responsible for reaching an understanding with POS committee members concerning their respective roles. In discussing member roles, you will find it useful to review such issues as

• whether or not each committee member wants to see every draft
• what your research and writing schedule will be
• how drafts will be submitted ( e.g ., whether or not the POS chair should see each draft before it’s circulated)

4.7.2 Dissertation options

When selecting an option for the dissertation, you and the POS Committee will need to reach a consensus regarding both the dissertation’s emphasis and structure.

4.7.2a ALT Dissertation options

Although dissertations are quite varied, many ALT dissertations fall into one of the following two categories: quantitative or qualitative.

Structural options

Given the expectations of the Graduate College, there are two typical arrangement options for structuring a dissertation: specified chapter option or articles within a framework. In working with your POS committee, you may develop variations on these options or discover additional options for structuring your work.

Whatever the dissertation structure, you will be asked to prepare an abstract of the dissertation. Abstracts of doctoral dissertations nationwide are available in the library. Actual dissertations may be available through interlibrary loan, depending on the policies of the lender. Even when a particular dissertation can be obtained, you may need to wait two to three weeks for delivery.

4.7.2b RPC Dissertation options

Although dissertations in the humanities are quite varied, many RPC dissertations fall into one of the following four categories: historical, theoretical, empirical (experimental or descriptive), and hybrid. A dissertation dealing with a problem in pedagogy, for example, might be either historical, theoretical, empirical, or some combination of the three in its emphasis.

Specified chapter option

Dissertations as described in Graduate College materials commonly have five chapters; however, the number of chapters in the dissertation can vary depending on the topic and nature of research. The chapter option might feature the traditional dissertation or a monograph. Monographs usually assume outside audiences.

For example, one version of a traditional dissertation is often organized this way:

• Chapter One contains a contextualized statement of purpose or a problem statement, definitions/explanations of terms or concepts, articulation of critical issues, and the research question(s) that will be explored in the dissertation.
• Chapter Two is a review of pertinent literature.
• Chapter Three. Dissertations that include an empirical study might contain a presentation of and rationale for the methodology.
• Chapter Four. If the dissertation includes an empirical study, this chapter might present the results and an interpretation of those results.
• Chapter Five. If the dissertation includes an empirical study, this chapter might discuss the implications and applications of the results.

Another example of a specified chapter dissertation would be a monograph. It might have the following organization:

• Chapter One might identify a problem or a series of related issues.
• Chapter Two might provide a historical context for the problem or issues.
• Chapters Three, Four, and Five might be organized topically and include a review of relevant literature as well as theoretical arguments.

Karen Burke LeFevre’s Invention as a Social Act is an example of a dissertation in monograph form. Her work, which explores a concept theoretically, is organized this way:

• Introduction: introduces the concept and problematizes it; offers definitions and names theoretical approaches.
• Chapter One: establishes the scope and provides overview of the study.
• Chapter Two: develops the problem and demonstrates the inadequacy of the currently dominant theoretical approach to the problem (the Platonic view).
• Chapter Three: demonstrates how another approach (the social perspective) might better address the problem.
• Chapter Four: proposes that the framework offered in Chapter Three (the social perspective) supplant the currently dominant approach (the Platonic view) in our understanding of the concept; dramatizes the new perspective in action.
• Chapter Five: discusses the argument (the problem and the proposal) in a broader theoretical context (the role of language); engages in theory-building.
• Chapter Six: addresses implications.

There are also other alternatives available within the chapter option. For example, dissertations can include an extended narrative that incorporates all of the conventional components of other kinds of dissertations; that is, they include a statement of purpose, a review of pertinent literature, a presentation of methodology and results, a critical interpretation of findings, and a statement of significance(s). The narrative, whether embedded within the conventional dissertation components or acting as a frame for these components, must represent situations and ideas that would lose their essential character and meaning if presented outside a story framework.

It is difficult to argue that a narrative should govern a dissertation’s structure. Whereas narratives can readily be used as examples, writers have a more challenging task if they want to use narrative to shape their arguments. Nevertheless, the extended narrative option provides you with an opportunity for employing this strategy where appropriate.

Articles within a framework option

University regulations allow you, in agreement with your POS committee, to include in the dissertation individual papers submitted or to be submitted to scholarly, refereed journals.

It is very important that you discuss this option with your POS committee before planning to pursue it. Some committees, for example, might stipulate that only articles actually accepted in refereed journals will be acceptable, while other committees might disallow this option altogether.

Dissertation manuscripts that follow this option must adhere to structural and documentation standards outlined in the Thesis Checklist under “ Journal Paper Format .” This option must include

•  a rationale for the inclusion of the papers
• a statement about the organization of the dissertation
• a literature review
• a cover page for each journal article that includes the article’s title and information regarding the journal to which it has been (or will be) submitted
• content of articles should be identical to that submitted to journals)
• if the articles have already been published, written permission extending reproduction and distribution rights to University Microfilms International must be submitted at the time of final deposit
• a general summary discussing results as they apply to the larger problem detailed in the introduction
• works cited for references not included in articles

2024 Theses Doctoral

The Market Microstructure of Decentralized Exchanges

Jia, Ruizhe

Since Bitcoin’s inception in 2008, the spotlight has increasingly been towards its underlying blockchain technology (Campbell, 2016, Yermack, 2017, Cong and He, 2019, Chiu and Koeppl, 2019, Gan, Tsoukalas, and Netessine, 2021). The introduction of smart contracts in 2015 marked a pivotal shift, transforming blockchain from a mere payment infrastructure into a cornerstone for decentralized finance (DeFi) services, a domain where decentralized exchanges (DEXs) play a critical role. The book "DeFi and the Future of Finance" by Harvey, Ramachandran, and Santoro, 2021 presents a vision of a financial system dominated by DeFi, arguing that its decentralized nature could lead to more efficient, cost-effective financial systems than traditional centralized systems. However, transitioning from potential to reality necessitates a critical examination of the underlying market structures, particularly as they pertain to trading on DEXs. By focusing on the market microstructure of DEXs, the research presented in my thesis seeks to uncover existing inefficiencies, understand their origins, and propose solutions for more effective market designs. Chapter 1 sets the stage by exploring the background and foundational principles of blockchainand DEXs, preparing the reader for a deeper dive into their complexities. Chapter 2 highlights the challenges of the current DEX infrastructure, such as exposure to arbitrage losses for liquidity providers, and evaluates the effectiveness of design changes. Empirical evidence from the Silicon Valley Bank collapse illustrates the impact of arbitrageurs on liquidity provision. In Chapter 3, the focus shifts to the mechanics of price discovery in blockchain-based trading platforms. The study delves into how DEXs’ unique infrastructure, such as gas fee bidding and priority sequencing rules, impacts trading strategies and information dissemination. We delve into the trading strategies of informed traders within DEXs, revealing a preference for high-fee bids to signal information, employing a "jump bidding" strategy to limit competition. Finally, Chapter 4 challenges the current information settings of public blockchains, highlighting their inadequacies for trading due to issues like information leakage, frontrunning, and inefficient blockspace allocation. It evaluates the introduction of private transaction pools as a remedy to these challenges, examining their effects on allocative efficiency and overall welfare. It suggests that private transaction submission pools could enhance welfare and mitigate frontrunning risk, without eliminating it. In summary, this thesis aims to bridge the gap between the theoretical promise of DeFi and the practical challenges it faces. By investigating the market microstructure of DEXs, it provides insights into the design of more robust, efficient, and equitable financial systems operating over blockchain technologies.

• Operations research
• Blockchains (Databases)
• Exchange traded funds
• Stock exchanges

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Advanced Sensory-Integrated Alerting Systems: Balancing Functionality and Driving Experience

Each year, approximately 1.35 million people die globally due to vehicle crashes, and in the United States alone, 42,915 traffic fatalities were recorded in 2021, reflecting a 10.5% increase from 2020 and an 18% increase from 2019. Driver fatigue and drowsiness significantly contribute to these fatalities, as fatigue severely impairs a driver’s alertness and responsiveness, leading to a higher risk of accident. Given the prevalence of drowsy driving accidents, it is crucial to implement advanced systems that alert drivers to their drowsy condition, significantly reducing traffic-related deaths and injuries. While these systems have shown significant effects in reducing the risks related to drowsy driving, most commercially available and widely researched alert systems heavily rely on auditory and visual sensory channels. These modalities may cause "alarm fatigue," leading drivers to ignore or deactivate the systems entirely, and result in a lower driving experience. Due to their frequent occurrence and potential annoyance, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) recommends that auditory warnings, which are the most commonly used modality in current driver alert systems, are generally unsuitable for first-stage cautionary alerts. Despite NHTSA human factors guidance, most in-vehicle warning systems consist of auditory and visual modalities, even in the first cautionary stage alerts. Therefore, advanced alerting systems that balance the functionality of alerts and driving experience, using non-audio and non-visual modalities, are needed.

With this motivation, the purpose of this Ph.D. dissertation work is to propose a novel approach to both olfactory and climate adaptive alerting systems and demonstrate their usability in in-vehicle engagement experiences. In Study 1 (Chapter 3), the use of behavioral metrics and physiological sensing was validated to assess drivers' cognitive states during driving. This validation laid the groundwork for the future evaluation of the effects of the proposed alerting system in Study 2(Chapter 4) and Study 3 (Chapter 5). In Study 2, the impact of olfactory and climate stimuli on drivers' cognitive states was investigated by studying time-variant changes. This investigation helped determine if the proposed stimuli can be effectively utilized in driver alerting systems. In Study 3, the proposed sensory-integrated alerting adaptive systems were developed and evaluated for their effect on drivers in a drowsy state. The evaluations focused on the systems’ abilities to provide a sufficient salient effect, sustained arousal effect, and driver satisfaction.

This dissertation introduces a new approach to driving alert systems to ensure both alert functionality and driving experience. Ultimately, this work offers a new direction for developing advanced alerting systems, particularly for first-stage warnings.

Degree Type

• Doctor of Philosophy
• Industrial Engineering

Campus location

• West Lafayette

Advisor/Supervisor/Committee Chair

Additional committee member 2, additional committee member 3, additional committee member 4, additional committee member 5, usage metrics.

• Industrial engineering
• Industrial and organisational psychology (incl. human factors)

Free Download

Discussion Chapter Template

The fastest (and smartest) way to craft a strong discussion section for your dissertation, thesis or research project.

Available in Google Doc, Word & PDF format 4.9 star rating, 5000 + downloads

Step-by-step instructions

Tried & tested academic format

Fill-in-the-blanks simplicity

Pro tips, tricks and resources

What It Covers

This template covers all the core components required in the discussion chapter (or section) of a typical dissertation or thesis, including:

• The opening/ overview section
• Overview of key findings
• Interpretation of the findings
• Concluding summary

The purpose of each section is explained in plain language, followed by an overview of the key elements that you need to cover. The template also includes practical examples to help you understand exactly what’s required, along with links to additional free resources (articles, videos, etc.) to help you along your research journey.

The cleanly formatted Google Doc can be downloaded as a fully editable MS Word Document (DOCX format), so you can use it as-is or convert it to LaTeX.

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FAQs: Thesis Discussion Template

Faq: thesis discussion template, what types of dissertations/theses can this template be used for.

The discussion chapter template follows the standard format for academic research projects, which means it will be suitable for the majority of dissertations, theses and research projects (especially those within the sciences).

Keep in mind that the exact requirements for the discussion chapter/section will vary between universities and degree programs. For example, your university may require that the discussion chapter and conclusion chapter are merged into one, or that the results and discussion are covered together (this is often the case with qualitative research). So, be sure to double-check your university’s requirements before you finalise your structure.

Is this template for an undergrad, Master or PhD-level thesis?

This template can be used for a dissertation, thesis or research project at any level of study. Doctoral-level projects typically require the discussion chapter to be more extensive/comprehensive, but the structure will typically remain the same. Again, be sure to check your university’s requirements and norms in terms of document structure.

How long should the discussion chapter be?

This can vary a fair deal, depending on the level of study (undergrad, Master or Doctoral), the field of research, as well as your university’s specific requirements. Therefore, it’s best to check with your university or review past dissertations from your program to get an accurate estimate.

Can I share this template with my friends/colleagues?

Yes, you’re welcome to share this template in its original format (no editing allowed). If you want to post about it on your blog or social media, please reference this page as your source.

What format is the template (DOC, PDF, PPT, etc.)?

The dissertation discussion chapter template is provided as a Google Doc. You can download it in MS Word format or make a copy to your Google Drive. You’re also welcome to convert it to whatever format works best for you, such as LaTeX or PDF.

Do you have templates for the other chapters?

Yes, we do. We are constantly developing our collection of free resources to help students complete their dissertations and theses. You can view all of our template resources here .

Can Grad Coach help me with my discussion/analysis?

Yes, we can provide coaching-based assistance with your discussion chapter (or any other chapter). If you’re interested, get in touch to discuss our private coaching services .

Additional Resources

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Fortnite Chapter 5 Season 4: Release date, downtime, leaks, and more

A new Marvel-themed season is upon us

The recent D23 expo revealed a ton of information about the future of Fortnite, corroborating previous leaks that suggested a new Marvel-themed season would be coming to the battle royale, with Epic Games confirming Chapter 5 Season 4, Absolute Doom.

A new season in Fortnite brings a ton of content, with returning weapons, new POIs, skins, and a battle pass to grind, and with Marvel heroes and villains at the center of Chapter 5 Season 4, this one is a must-play for comic book fans.

Let's break down everything we know about Fortnite Chapter 5 Season 4, including the start time, downtime, confirmed skins, POIs, and more.

Fortnite Chapter 5 Season 4 start date and downtime

Chapter 5 Season 4, officially titled Absolute Doom, is scheduled to drop on August 16 . We know this thanks to the in-game battle pass schedule for Chapter 5 Season 3's pass, which states players have until August 15 to complete it.

As for the Fortnite downtime ahead of Chapter 5 Season 4, players will be unable to login to the game starting on August 15 at 11 PM EST if we go by an in-map timer located at Brutal Beachhead.

The maintenance period can be as short as three or four hours or could extend to well past 12, so not even Epic Games can provide a concise timeline for it.

Fortnite Chapter 5 Season 4 leaks

Ahead of every new Fortnite season, there are always plenty of leaks to dissect. Some seem solid, while others may be complete fabrications.

Doom Castle is coming to Fortnite

New map and POIs

As always, a new season brings new Points of Interest to the battle royale, and Chapter 5 Season 4 will see the iconic villain Dr. Doom take center stage, with Doom Castle being one of the major POIs added to the game.

Players could easily spot this structure in the launch trailer for this new season, while leakers pointed out some other landmarks players can expect to explore.

Players could easily spot this structure in the launch trailer for this new season, while leakers pointed out some other landmarks players could explore, including Galactus himself. Although this is unconfirmed, so take the leaks with a pinch of salt.

The full map has been teased with a top-down view shrouded in clouds:

Returning weapons

According to HYPEX , these are all the weapons that are being unvaulted for Chapter 5 Season 4. Many were spotted during the launch trailer, while others could possibly be datamined:

• Captain America's Shield
• Peelyverine's Claws
• Gwenpool's Blades
• Shuri's Mythics
• Iron Man's Gloves
• Stark Industries' Energy Rifle
• War Machine's Jetpack + Turret
• NEW Dual SMGs
• NEW Sniper Rifle
• NEW Single-Hand Pistol
• Silent Scar
• Heavy AR (AK)

Fortnite Chapter 5 Season 4 battle pass skins

As always, the battle pass skins are a major incentive for players to grind during a season and Absolute Doom will feature plenty of Marvel characters as well as some interesting crossovers that will see Fortnite original characters don iconic superhero costumes.

Jonesy will be featured as a new version of Captain America and Peely will go berserk as he'll make an appearance as Peelverine. According to HYPEX, these will be all the skins featured in the battle pass:

• War Machine
• Captain Jonesy

According to HYPEX, the Dr. Doom skin could be the extra mid-season outfit as Shuri would be the tier 100 battle pass reward in this case.

So that's all we know about Fortnite Chapter 5 Season 4. We'll update the article as more official information is shared by Epic Games in the coming days.

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All the marvel ‘fortnite’ skins in the chapter 5, season 4 ‘absolute doom’ battle pass.

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A brand new season of Fortnite: Battle Royale is about to drop, and this one is bringing in the next phase of the MCU in a very big way, with a bunch of new Marvel characters including Doctor Doom. The Absolute Doom Chapter 5, Season 4 season isn’t just adding these skins, but also quests and clues that point to the future of the MCU itself.

Here are the new Marvel skins headed to Season 4 later this week.

Tier 1 — Gwenpool

Hot on the heels of the success of Deadpool & Wolverine, Gwenpool makes her Fortnite debut, in her classic pink and white suit. She’s an amalgam of Gwen Stacy and Wade Wilson—part Spider, part Merc with a Mouth.

Speaking of Deadpool, I miss his Fortnite debut, which came with such fun little secret challenges and a great sense of humor. That was during the Spy vs Spy themed season, one of the best of all time.

Best Nintendo Switch Games: It’s Mario’s World, We’re Just Visiting

Level 15 — War Machine

War Machine

Iron Man’s right hand man, War Machine blasts into Fortnite as the second unlockable skin in the Battle Pass. Not only will you be able to play as the superhero, there will be in-game turrets and other War Machine powers you can use as well.

Level 30 — Peelverine

Much ado is made in Deadpool & Wolverine about how Hugh Jackman’s Wolverine replacement is the worst Wolverine. I’m sorry, but Peelverine is clearly the worst Wolverine and it’s not even close. Wolverine’s Claws make a return to Fortnite as well.

Level 45 — Emma Frost

Emma Frost is originally a bad guy on Doctor Doom’s team, but falls for Cyclops and joins the X-Men. Cyclops would also make a cool Fortnite skin.

Level 65 — Captain Jonesy

Captain Jonesy

Jonesy is awesome no matter what skin he turns up in, and that’s the case once again as he grabs Cap’s shield and dons the classic suit. Captain America has never looked so Jonesy. The Shield throw also makes its way to Fortnite in Season 4.

Level 80 — Mysterio

Wait, Mysterio looks nothing like Jake Gyllenhaal! What gives? Just kidding. This Mysterio is way cooler than the one in that Spider-Man movie. His illusion powers come to Fortnite as well.

Level 100 — Shuri

The final Battle Pass skin this time around is Shuri, the new Black Panther. Like many of these other skins, Shuri will have variant skins and other cosmetics to unlock. Vibranium Claws also make their way as a special power to the Fortnite island. You can check out the new Season 4 map right here.

Special Skin — Doctor Doom

Doctor Doom

Is that . . . Robert Downey Jr. behind the mask? This special skin is unlockable later in the season when the special Doctor Doom quests drop. This is in many ways our first (re)introduction to the new MCU supervillain that has replaced Kang going forward.

See all these skins in action in the new Season 4 trailer below :

The new Battle Pass will cost 950 V-Bucks and will include 1,500 V-Bucks to unlock.

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When does Fortnite downtime end and Chapter 5 Season 4 release?

A Marvel-themed season is coming soon

by Julia Lee

If you buy something from a Polygon link, Vox Media may earn a commission. See our ethics statement.

Chapter 5 Season 4 of Fortnite , called “Absolute Doom,” is a Marvel-themed season, so if you love the comics or movies, this one’s for you.

This is following up a Mad Max-esque wasteland-themed season, so while some parts of the island will remain unchanged, we can look forward to new points of interest and NPCs roaming the island.

We’ll break down the expected release times for Fortnite Chapter 5 Season 4 (based on your time zone) and explain when Fortnite downtime is supposed to end . You’ll also get a summary of what to expect from the new Fortnite season.

What time does Fortnite downtime end and Chapter 5 Season 4 release in your time zone?

Fortnite Chapter 5 Season 4 is set to launch in Friday, Aug. 16 , at the same time around the world. Based on the launch times of previous seasons, we can make a strong educated guess for when Fortnite will go down and come back up again.

According to the Fortnite Status X account , Chapter 5 Season 3 will end on Aug. 15 at 11 p.m. EDT with maintenance starting shortly after. Based on previous season releases, maintenance typically lasts about four hours, give or take. That means we can reasonably expect Fortnite Chapter 5 Season 4 to go live at the following times depending on your time zone:

• 8 p.m. - 12 a.m. PDT on Aug 15. for the west coast of North America
• 11 p.m. on Aug 15. - 3 a.m. EDT on Aug. 16 for the east coast of North America
• 4 a.m. - 8 a.m. BST on Aug. 16 for the U.K.
• 5 a.m. - 9 a.m. CEST on Aug. 16 for western Europe/Paris
• 12 p.m. - 4 p.m. JST on. Aug 16 on Japan/Tokyo
• 1 p.m. - 5 p.m. AEST on Aug. 16 for Australia

What to expect in Fortnite Chapter 5 Season 4

We already got a pretty big look at what’s coming during “Absolute Doom,” as shown at the Fortnite D23 event. Check out the trailer , showing a glimpse into all of those sweet skin reveals in the trailer.

That trailer shows off a ton of new stuff, including new weapons to use like Captain America’s shield, Iron Man-esque thrusters, and Black Panther claws.

The map will also be getting some minor facelifts, but some of the big POIs from previous seasons are sticking around.

One of the new POIs will be “ The Raft ,” which was also shown in the above trailer. It seems to be a high-security prison that was holding a bunch of baddies, though obviously now they’ve escaped on to the island.

More information will likely come out via the Fortnite social media channels as the launch date creeps closer.

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Avon files for bankruptcy in face of 200 lawsuits linking its talc products to cancer.

Avon Products Inc, the once-mighty direct sales company thanks to its army of door-to-door saleswomen, is filing for bankruptcy amid a mountain of lawsuits alleging talcum powder in its products causes cancer.

Avon Products, the US-based “non-operational” holding company that markets the brands product overseas, is seeking Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection “to address its debt and legacy talc liabilities,” the company said in a press release.

The beauty brand uses talc, a mineral that has been linked to cancer, in face powders and eye shadows.

In recent years, some 200 lawsuits have been filed against Avon Products that accuse the company of selling talc products that were contaminated with asbestos — another carcinogen.

John Dubel, chair of Avon Products, said the bankruptcy filing “will maximize the value of our assets and enable us to address our obligations in an orderly manner.”

“We remain focused on advancing our business strategy internationally, including modernizing our direct selling model and reigniting the brand to accelerate growth,” added Avon CEO Kristof Neirynck, who took over earlier this year.

In December 2022, a Los Angeles jury ordered Avon to pay more than $50 million to an Arizona woman who said she was diagnosed with cancer after she used cosmetic products that contained talc which was tainted with asbestos.

Last month, a Chicago-area man who worked as a janitor at an Avon manufacturing plant in Illinois was awarded $24.4 million by a jury after he was diagnosed with mesothelioma.

Those verdicts followed pharmaceutical giant Johnson & Johnson agreeing to a $6.5 billion settlement earlier this year following claims that its talc-based baby powder was responsible for ovarian cancer diagnoses.

The $350 billion New Jersey-based company also considered a bankruptcy filing in order to deal with the tens of thousands of lawsuits that have been filed by those who say they developed illnesses by using its products.

J&J and Avon Products have both denied claims that their talc products cause cancer.

The brand has said that it “only uses cosmetic grade talc which has been tested to confirm that it does not contain asbestos.”

In 2016, Avon Products divested its US, Canada and Puerto Rico-based business. Avon beauty products are sold in North America under the Avon Company umbrella.

Avon Company acts as an independent entity and is not affiliated with Avon Products.

“We understand there is confusion about our business structure and want to reassure our Representatives and customers that The Avon Company is operating as usual,” said Sun Moon, CEO of The Avon Company.

“The Avon Company has charted its own course under our parent company LG H&H and we remain committed to providing outstanding products and services while pursuing growth and innovation in the US, Canada and Puerto Rico.”

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