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• How to Define a Research Problem | Ideas & Examples

How to Define a Research Problem | Ideas & Examples

Published on November 2, 2022 by Shona McCombes and Tegan George. Revised on May 31, 2023.

A research problem is a specific issue or gap in existing knowledge that you aim to address in your research. You may choose to look for practical problems aimed at contributing to change, or theoretical problems aimed at expanding knowledge.

Some research will do both of these things, but usually the research problem focuses on one or the other. The type of research problem you choose depends on your broad topic of interest and the type of research you think will fit best.

This article helps you identify and refine a research problem. When writing your research proposal or introduction , formulate it as a problem statement and/or research questions .

Table of contents

Why is the research problem important, step 1: identify a broad problem area, step 2: learn more about the problem, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about research problems.

Having an interesting topic isn’t a strong enough basis for academic research. Without a well-defined research problem, you are likely to end up with an unfocused and unmanageable project.

You might end up repeating what other people have already said, trying to say too much, or doing research without a clear purpose and justification. You need a clear problem in order to do research that contributes new and relevant insights.

Whether you’re planning your thesis , starting a research paper , or writing a research proposal , the research problem is the first step towards knowing exactly what you’ll do and why.

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As you read about your topic, look for under-explored aspects or areas of concern, conflict, or controversy. Your goal is to find a gap that your research project can fill.

Practical research problems

If you are doing practical research, you can identify a problem by reading reports, following up on previous research, or talking to people who work in the relevant field or organization. You might look for:

• Issues with performance or efficiency
• Processes that could be improved
• Areas of concern among practitioners
• Difficulties faced by specific groups of people

Examples of practical research problems

Voter turnout in New England has been decreasing, in contrast to the rest of the country.

The HR department of a local chain of restaurants has a high staff turnover rate.

A non-profit organization faces a funding gap that means some of its programs will have to be cut.

Theoretical research problems

If you are doing theoretical research, you can identify a research problem by reading existing research, theory, and debates on your topic to find a gap in what is currently known about it. You might look for:

• A phenomenon or context that has not been closely studied
• A contradiction between two or more perspectives
• A situation or relationship that is not well understood
• A troubling question that has yet to be resolved

Examples of theoretical research problems

The effects of long-term Vitamin D deficiency on cardiovascular health are not well understood.

The relationship between gender, race, and income inequality has yet to be closely studied in the context of the millennial gig economy.

Historians of Scottish nationalism disagree about the role of the British Empire in the development of Scotland’s national identity.

Next, you have to find out what is already known about the problem, and pinpoint the exact aspect that your research will address.

Context and background

• Who does the problem affect?
• Is it a newly-discovered problem, or a well-established one?
• What research has already been done?
• What, if any, solutions have been proposed?
• What are the current debates about the problem? What is missing from these debates?

Specificity and relevance

• What particular place, time, and/or group of people will you focus on?
• What aspects will you not be able to tackle?
• What will the consequences be if the problem is not resolved?

Example of a specific research problem

A local non-profit organization focused on alleviating food insecurity has always fundraised from its existing support base. It lacks understanding of how best to target potential new donors. To be able to continue its work, the organization requires research into more effective fundraising strategies.

Once you have narrowed down your research problem, the next step is to formulate a problem statement , as well as your research questions or hypotheses .

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If you want to know more about the research process , methodology , research bias , or statistics , make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples.

Methodology

• Sampling methods
• Simple random sampling
• Stratified sampling
• Cluster sampling
• Likert scales
• Reproducibility

 Statistics

• Null hypothesis
• Statistical power
• Probability distribution
• Effect size
• Poisson distribution

Research bias

• Optimism bias
• Cognitive bias
• Implicit bias
• Hawthorne effect
• Anchoring bias
• Explicit bias

All research questions should be:

• Focused on a single problem or issue
• Researchable using primary and/or secondary sources
• Feasible to answer within the timeframe and practical constraints
• Specific enough to answer thoroughly
• Complex enough to develop the answer over the space of a paper or thesis
• Relevant to your field of study and/or society more broadly

Research questions anchor your whole project, so it’s important to spend some time refining them.

In general, they should be:

• Focused and researchable
• Answerable using credible sources
• Complex and arguable
• Feasible and specific
• Relevant and original

Your research objectives indicate how you’ll try to address your research problem and should be specific:

A research aim is a broad statement indicating the general purpose of your research project. It should appear in your introduction at the end of your problem statement , before your research objectives.

Research objectives are more specific than your research aim. They indicate the specific ways you’ll address the overarching aim.

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Identifying a Researchable Problem

Nov 13, 2014

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Created by Heather Beanlands, PhD, RN. There is no conflict of interest in the creation of this education program. How to Turn a Problem. Identifying a Researchable Problem. Into a Research Project. Research Committee Module #4 1 CNE Available. Objectives.

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Presentation Transcript

Created by Heather Beanlands, PhD, RN There is no conflict of interest in the creation of this education program. How to Turn a Problem Identifying aResearchable Problem Into a Research Project Research Committee Module #4 1 CNE Available

Objectives • Describe the phases of the research process. • Identify sources of research problems. • Describe the process of formulating a research problem. • Describe the elements of a “researchable” problem.

What is research? • A systematic process of inquiry • Goal directed • Focused on uncovering new knowledge to help understand phenomena, answer questions, or address problems

What makes researchnursing research? Nursing research is“a scientific process that validates and refines existing knowledge and generates new knowledge, which directly and indirectly influences nursing practice” (Burns & Grove, 2005, p. 3)

Approaches toresearch in nursing Quantitative Research • Used to describe or test relationships among variables or to evaluate the effect of one variable on another • Variables are “measured” using standard data collection tools and data are numerical (numbers) Qualitative Research • Used when little is known about a phenomenon • Focused on developing a rich, holistic description of phenomena • Data are non numerical (i.e., dialogue, observation, etc.)

Thinking -identifying problem & purpose -reviewing literature Planning -Choosing study design & planning approach to sample, data collection etc. Informing -disseminating results (journal articles, presentations etc.) Analyzing - analyze data and interpret findings Implementing - Recruiting participants & collecting data Phases of the research process (Norwood, 2000)

Identifyingthe research problem • Critical first step in research process • Directs the entire research process and decisions you will make • Being clear about the problem you wish to address will assist in focusing your study • Start with a broad area of interest/concern which is gradually refined until you have a research problem

1. Outline areas of interest Read about your interests Observe your environment Be curious 2. Choose a topic Talk to your Colleagues Find out what others are doing Ask questions 3. Narrow your topic 4. Identify a research problem 5. Identify the purpose for your study Steps in identifyinga research problem

1 Areas of Interest • Start with an area you are familiar with • Begin broadly and think of things that interest you in your practice • What do you find frustrating?Perplexing? • What do you think works well?What could be improved? • Be creative and try to “think outside the box” • Brainstorm about general areas of interest • Write down all your thoughts and ideas

Potential topics:Some examples • Quality of life after kidney transplant • Body image concerns for adolescents with CKD • Role of the multidisciplinary team in managing stages 1-3 CKD • Experiences of people with early CKD • Foot care interventions for people with diabetes on dialysis • Safety issues for elderly dialysis patients

2 Choosing your topic • Choose one area of interestas a topic you will focus on • To help you select a topic consider: • Significance/relevance: Is this an important problem for nurses/nursing practice? Is it timely? • Gaps: What is already known about the topic? Have others already examined this issue? Is more research needed? • Interest: Is this something you would like to explore further?

3 Narrowing your topic • Refine your topic by becoming more specific about what you are interested in • Pose some questions about your topic to help you narrow your focus • Polit & Beck (2008) suggest some question stems to use to assist in refining your topic • What is going on with…. • What is the meaning of… • What influences or causes… • What is the process by which…. • What factors contribute to…. • How effective is…..

Narrowing your topic:Choosing a researchable question • Narrow down the questions you have posed by eliminating those that are not researchable • According to Brink & Wood (2001) researchable questions are • Focused on fact not opinion – answers will help to describe or explain a phenomenon • “Now” questions - deal with current, significant issues • Relevant - Generate useable information • Action oriented - usually require you to do something and provide direction for the rest of the research process.

4 Identifyingthe research problem • To decide on your research problem consider the potentially researchable questions about your topic you identified earlier • Select one that you would like to explore in more depth • In choosing your focus consider • Your interests • The literature • Feasibility of studying the problem

Identifying the research problem To finalize the research problem consider: • Significance • “Researchability” • Nature of the problem • Ethical considerations • Feasibility • Time • Funding for the study • Researcher expertise • Availability of participants • Availability of facility and equipment (Polit & Beck 2008))

5 Identifying the study purpose • Clear, concise statement of the goal, aim, focus, or objective of the study (Burns & Grove, 2005) • Should include a description of • “what” = variables or phenomena of interest • “who” = sample or participants • “where” = setting

Moving from the problem to a research project: Next steps • Reviewing and critiquing the literature related to your problem • Find out what is known • Identify approaches to studying the problem • Consider theoretical approaches to studying the problem • Further refine your problem & purpose • Move to the planning phase of your study

Summary • Identifying a researchable problem is the first step in the research process and ultimately guides the remaining steps. • Research problems describe knowledge gaps that need to be addressed in order to understand or improve practice. • Research problems can be derived from observations, dialogue with others, and/or the literature.

Summary (cont.) • A good research problem is relevant, current and “researchable.” • Choose a problem that is of interest to you. • Identifying a “researchable” problem is a creative process that requires time for reflection. • Seeking input from others and referring to the literature will help to narrow your problem down. • A clear and focused problem statement provides direction for the next steps of the research process - the planning phase.

Example:Identifying a research problem

Area of interest • The number of adults over 65 on dialysis is growing • Aging is often associated with physical and mental changes that may put older persons’ safety at risk • Physiological and psychosocial stressors associated with dialysis may also place people at risk for safety concerns • Elderly people on dialysis may therefore be particularly vulnerable to safety issues.

Narrowing the topic • Consider the potential topic “Safety issues among elderly on dialysis” • Take a minute and brainstorm questions about this topic • What do you think needs to be known about this topic? • Write down everything that comes to mind - don’t rule anything out at this point

Safety issues for elderly on dialysis: Example Questions • Is safety an important concern for elderly on dialysis? • What are the common safety issues for elderly on dialysis? • Are there different safety issues for elderly on peritoneal versus hemodialysis? • How common are falls in elderly dialysis patients? What factors contribute to falls? • Should nurses assess safety issues among elderly dialysis patients?

Identifying researchable problems In reviewing the questions from the previous slide • Question # 2 “ What are the common safety issues for elderly on dialysis?” was selected as the focus. • Questions # 3 & 4 have potential but may require us to answer question 2 first. • Questions # 1 and 5 were excluded because they elicit “yes/no” answers or opinion and therefore are not researchable.

What are the safety concerns among elderly on dialysis? A brief review of the literature focusingon “safety” “dialysis” and “elderly” uncovered • Research focusing on safety of various medications and dialysis delivery methods among all age groups • No literature was found that examined safety concerns unique to older people on dialysis • Therefore, this was identified as a potential gap in the literature and a decision was made to continue to focus on this problem

What are the safety concerns among elderly on dialysis? To focus your topic further pose additional questions to help you be clear on what you are interested in. For example: • What is meant by safety concerns? • How do you define “elderly”? • Whose perspective are you interested in the patient? Family? Nurses? Other health care professionals? • Are you interested in safety issues in the dialysis unit? At home? • Are you interested in safety concerns for elderly on all forms of dialysis?

Problem statement & purpose • Elderly patients on dialysis may be at increased risk for physical injury while at home as result of the aging process and the consequences of CKD and dialysis. • However, little is known about safety concerns for elderly individuals on dialysis who live at home • Therefore, the purpose of this study is to explore concerns that individuals over 65 on all forms of dialysis have about their safety while at home.

References Burns, N., & Grove, S. (2005).  The practice of nursing research: Conduct, critique and utilization (5th ed.).  St. Louis: Elsevier Saunders. Leedy, P., & Ormrod, J.E. (2005). Practical research: Planning and design (8th ed.). New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. Norwood, S. (2000). Research strategies for advanced practice nurses. New Jersey: Prentice Hall

References Polit, D., & Beck, C.T. (2008). Nursing Research: Generating and asssessing evidence for practice (8th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. Wood, M., & Ross-Kerr, J. (2006). Basic steps in planning nursing research: From question to proposal (6th ed.). Boston: Jones and Bartlett.

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Identification and formulation of research problem

A presentation by

Dr. Rajendra Kumbhar

Dept. of Library & Information Science

University of Pune, Pune

Current status of LIS Research: some observations

• Inadequate education, training
• Lack of sufficient guidance from practitioners
• Increased expectations and compulsions for research
• LIS professionals need to be both producers and consumers of research
• Increased availability of research funding
• It’s time to research and rule the world of librarianship

What is a research problem?�

• First step in research
• A question that need to be answered
• A concept the researcher wants to understand
• A crisis that need to resolved
• A situation that need to be changed
• A reason of dissatisfaction

Sources for identification of Research Problem-1

• Reading different types of documents
• Research articles: limitations, hypotheses, suggestions for further research
• Review articles, books
• Titles of books Titles of books and articles
• Library association’s websites
• Publisher’s websites
• Blogs of experts and libraries
• Discussion forums

Sources for identification of Research Problem-2

• Observations- in and around the library
• Issues related with
• Staff: job satisfaction, retention,
• Users: Needs of different types of users [students, children, senior citizens, writers, social workers]

Sources for identification of Research Problem-3

• Reading material:
• New formats (e-journals, e-books, collaborative,

Q&A, social media)

• Impact on users, staff, budget
• Collection development
• Problems in selection
• Quality v/s discount
• Study of supplier’s attitudes, performance

Sources for identification of Research Problem-4

• Usability testing
• Testing use pattern of DDC, OPAC, Library software, library portal, database
• Testing Performance :
• Time taken to use …
• Number of steps taken…
• Testing Accuracy :
• Number of mistake made
• How did they rectify the mistake
• Emotional response:
• User’s feelings about the use, usability – confident, stressed?
• Would he recommend it to others?

Sources for identification of Research Problem-5

• Innovations, evaluation, modification
• OPAC, Classification systems, Software, FRBR

Sources for identification of Research Problem-6

• Current social issues and trends:
• Reading ability/skills of children? Can libraries help?
• More books are published and sold? Any correlation?
• Political issues:
• Banned books, banning books, impact?
• Publishing world:
• What and why publishers publish?
• Changes in the publishing world: normal book size 170 pages- reasons and impact on reading, librarianship?
• Open access initiative- rationality, impact on libraries

Sources for identification of Research Problem-7

• Ideological issues:
• Internet, repositories, digital libraries- Competitors or facilities?
• Study of theories/principles/laws
• Bradford’s /Lotka’s law – are they still valid?
• Methodological issues: adapt methods
• Scope for experimentation
• Comparative / Benchmarking studies
• Exploratory studies
• Imagination
• Reading consultancy for parents/children
• Reading research in the other related subjects

Sources for identification of Research Problem-8

• Critical thinking:
• Ask questions
• Challenge ideas and claims in research papers
• A stem from present research
• Seminars/workshops/ refresher courses
• Personal interest: your favourite area
• Mentorship: working with experts

Check list for a researchable problem-1

• Advancement of knowledge, solving problem
• Development of innovative tools/services
• Considers people not studied so far
• Availability of data

Check list for a researchable problem-2

• Interesting
• Subject of researcher’s knowledge

� Formulation of research problem-1

Formulation of research problem-2

Formulation of research problem-3

Formulation of research problem-4

To formulate research problem one must-

• Know all aspects of the subject
• Understand relationship between variables
• Must have theoretical background

This can be done by-

• Literature review
• Discussions with experts having positive and negative views
• Concept mapping, brainstorming
• Identification of broad subject
• Read literature on the broad subject
• Identify few sub-themes
• Read thoroughly on the sub-themes
• Identify single topic for research

Simplified version of the problem identification process

�Examples of research problems-1

• Role of library in developing lifelong learning skills
• Reflection of institutions mission in library operations and services
• Impact of new communication methods on libraries
• Is organizational structure of libraries changing if so what are the forces and impacts?
• What is impact of growing distance education

Examples of research problems-2

• Retention: a new issue in personnel management
• Staff formula for libraries
• Criteria for evaluation of libraries
• Do we need college/university libraries?
• Negotiation skills for librarians
• What are the implications of –
• Barcode, RFID, CCTV
• Role of libraries in epidemics
• Criteria for evaluation of library professionals

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