Ways of Reading the Text

literary analysis essay of the short story summer solstice

Despite its brevity, “The Summer Solstice” by acclaimed author Nick Joaquin remains an interesting text because of the multiple ways it can be read. Below are some of the approaches to reading the short story and a few questions that guide such reading.

The formalist method is the most basic of the approaches to reading the story. Through formalism, a reader may look at the structure, point of view, tone, and literary devices, among others, to understand how they work together to create the meaning of “The Summer Solstice.” Even the title itself may trigger a discussion on the significance it bears to the plot. One may also look into how the characters are developed—their actions, dialogue, and internal thoughts may be examined.

Guide Questions:

  • How do the literary elements, such as the plot, character, setting, imagery, and symbolism, work together in the story?
  • Are there recurring patterns or motifs that exist in “The Summer Solstice?” How do these contribute to the overall meaning?
  • How does the narrative structure (point of view, chronology, pacing) affect the reader’s experience and understanding of the story?

This method puts a spotlight on language. It may examine what language was used to narrate “The Summer Solstice,” how the characters spoke (e.g., how Paeng and Lupeng would speak vs. how Entoy would speak), and what role language plays in moving the story forward. The linguistic method may also look further into specific word choices, sentence structures, and figures of speech (metaphors, similes, etc.) and how Joaquin uses these to create the mood in the key scenes. One may also consider the language used in the context of social class, gender, or historical setting.

An example is “Representing Men’s and Women’s Speech: A Linguistic Analysis of Nick Joaquin’s ‘The Summer Solstice’” by Aileen O. Salonga, published in the Journal of English Studies and Comparative Literature .

Another example is “Analysis of Language Functions in the Short Story ‘The Summer Solstice’ by Nick Joaquin” by Mary Joy C. Cahigus and Kay Tepait Juanillo, published in Primacy: Journal of English Education and Literacy .

  • What is the narrative voice of “The Summer Solstice” like? How does it influence the reader’s interpretation?
  • How does the dialogue function within the story? Do conversations reveal character traits, advance the plot, or create a certain atmosphere?

Feminist/Gender-based

The story paints colorful portraits of its female characters; each of them experiences their own catharsis that makes for the most memorable scenes. A key event, for instance, is when the conventional housewife Lupeng joins the Tadtarin procession after earlier dismissing it as repulsive. The male characters also provide perspectives on the lives of the women through their treatment of them. Gender roles or expectations influence the characters’ behaviors and interactions.

Women Reading… Feminist Perspectives on Philippine Literary Texts edited by Thelma B. Kintanar features the essay “Sexism and the Mythification of Woman: A Feminist Reading of Nick Joaquin’s ‘The Summer Solstice’ and Alfred Yuson’s ‘The Hill of Samuel’,” which argues that “Solstice” only offers an illusion of female empowerment without any substantive change in their long-term power dynamics.

  • How does the story depict the relationship between men (Paeng, Entoy, Guido) and women (Lupeng, Amada)?
  • How are Lupeng, Amada, and other women portrayed in the story? Are they limited by societal expectations, or do they challenge gender roles?
  • What is the author’s perspective on gender? Does the story promote a feminist message, or does it perpetuate traditional gender stereotypes?

literary analysis essay of the short story summer solstice

Psychoanalytic

Psychological insights contribute to understanding character development and conflicts. This approach explores the hidden desires or fears of the characters that may be revealed in their utterances or actions. In reading the story, one may examine each of the characters’ motivations and behaviors that pushed the plot forward, such as the transformation of Lupeng from submissive to self-determined and of Paeng to domineering and meek.

  • How do the characters’ desires and fears manifest in the story?
  • Are there recurring symbols or motifs that suggest unconscious conflicts or anxieties?
  • Psychoanalytic readings often focus on how characters grapple with formative experiences and their impact on their present behavior. Does the plot suggest any unresolved conflicts for the characters?

Historical/Postcolonial

Joaquin provides readers a snapshot of life in colonial-era Manila in his short story; this enables readers to analyze the text for colonial influences on the lives of the characters, as well as the folk beliefs that permeate the tale. The Tadtarin ritual, for instance, mixes folk animism with Catholicism. The themes of identity, culture, and resistance are also present in the text. One may also examine how the historical setting of the story influences its plot and characters.

In Re-envisioning the Tropics: Nick Joaquin’s Philippine Gothic , author Ella Marie Jaman uses a postcolonial approach to dissect the works of Joaquin (“Solstice” included) and how these uncover ideas of nationhood and means of historical erasures in the regions.

  • In which historical period does “The Summer Solstice” take place? How does the historical context influence the characters’ actions, motivations, and the overall plot?
  • Do events in the story challenge or reinforce colonial ideologies?

literary analysis essay of the short story summer solstice

Geographical

In a geographical reading of the story, geographical features and landscapes may be examined to see if they can function as symbols or metaphors in the story. Many critics and scholars have written on Joaquin’s “tropical gothic”—does the tropical heat in “The Summer Solstice” catalyze conflict or resolution? The author’s use of description and imagery to evoke a particular sense of place and atmosphere during the colonial era may also be a point for investigation.

“What’s Tropical about Nick Joaquin’s Tropical Gothic? Heat and Corporeality in ‘The Summer Solstice’ and ‘The Dying Wanton’” by Ann Ang argues that the tropical environment plays a key role in Joaquin’s stories.

  • How does the story engage with the cultural, social, or political realities of its setting? 
  • Does the story explore themes of movement and migration?

Challenging the beliefs, experiences, and lifestyles of the characters motivated the key events in “The Summer Solstice.” For instance, Entoy yields his dominance on his possessed wife Amada, who the characters know to have been regularly beaten by her husband. Meanwhile, Paeng relents to Lupeng in the end. Europe-educated Guido also brings in different perspectives to Lupeng. The traditions and rituals depicted in the story are also noteworthy.

  • How do the story’s characters reflect or challenge the cultural values, traditions, and beliefs of a particular society?
  • Which symbols, rituals, and social practices depicted in the story are part of a larger cultural framework?

literary analysis essay of the short story summer solstice

Reading this story—or any other text for that matter—through various approaches offers unique perspectives that deepen understanding and appreciation. Using different lenses to read allows readers to uncover layers of meaning, which can lead to questions, interpretations, and analyses. Such critical thinking activities can foster meaningful discussions regarding the text and its afterlives .

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Diño, Lea Marie. “Ways of Reading the Text.” Joaquin’s “The Summer Solstice”: A Digital Journey . 2024. Web. <Day Month Year page was accessed>.

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A Feminist Reading of "The Summer Solstice" by Nick Joaquin

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Making memories last a lifetime, lit analysis: the summer solstice and wedding dance, the summer solstice and wedding dance: defiance of the stereotyped social roles, farrah marie e. catubay.

Nick Joaquin’s Summer Solstice and Amado Daguio’s Wedding Dance are eye-opening literary works that described the reality in the Philippines before and maybe also today. I can only imagine the criticisms that the authors went through because of these controversial pieces.

Both of these stories revolve around similar themes—defying or questioning the unwritten sociocultural scripts that compromise not only women but also men. The authors introduced characters that represented some if not most of the Filipinos. These characters highlighted the bravery needed to defy or even just to question the course of things happening in their surroundings. The main characters of Summer Solstice are Doña Lupeng and Don Paeng. They are an old wealthy couple living in accordance to the behavioural standards of their social status. Doña Lupeng was introduced as someone strict, uptight and meticulous but has shown a free and light-hearted nature at the end of the story. Don Paeng was first viewed as confident and light-hearted but eventually showed a restrictive personality. On the other hand, the Wedding Dance have Awiyao and Lumnay as main characters. They are a couple that can’t bear a child and so they have to separate for Awiyao to marry another woman. Awiyao was described as strong, muscular and very hardworking while Lumnay is someone passionate, very talented and a wonderful woman; “the best wife,” according to Awiyao.

Despite of the frailties of these characters, they still proved to be people who are brave enough to free themselves or at least face the fact that there is something wrong in the society they’re living. Yes, all of them face the same conflict—self versus society. They were all in a situation where their desires and their true selves are compromised because of the stereotypes in the society especially that of gender. Don Paeng adores and worships Doña Lupeng deep inside according to his revelation in the lines, “That the air you breathe and the ground you tread is so holy to me. That I am your dog, your slave… “ but he can’t show this because the society dictates that men should be lord over women. On the other hand, Doña Lupeng was denied of her enjoyment as a woman because of the roles that she has to take. But at the end, she was able to unleash her true nature and rise into dominance. In the Wedding Dance, the couple had to take the pain of separation because of the pressure that men must have children. Awiyao was mocked by the men. But it was a clear cut that they don’t want to separate. Awiyao even made the statement, “Why did the unwritten law demand, anyway, that a man, to be a man, must have a child to come after him?” Yes, he dared to question the “unwritten law” but in the end, he still conformed. Lumnay even decided to “go to the chief of the village, to the elders, to tell them it was not right” but failed to do so.

Despite the similarities of their works based on the theme, I see a difference in the writing style of the authors. But before looking deeper into their writing styles, perhaps it would be better to know them first. Nick Joaquin, born in Manila on May 14, 1917, was novelist, poet, playwright, essayist, and biographer. He has traveled to the  United States , Mexico, and Spain, and served as a cultural representative of the  Philippines  to Taiwan, Cuba, and China which may be the reason why his works reflect Filipino culture. Amado Daguio was born in January 8, 1912 in Laoag, Ilocos Norte. He was a writer, poet, educator and a lawyer, and a Republic Cultural Heritage awardee. For their writing styles, Nick Joaquin writes in a way that the reader feels a little bored because of the straightness of his narration and his choices of words, but he doesn’t fail to astonish us through the absurdity of the scenes in a way that the reader would read the scene again just to make sure s/he’s reading it right. Examples are the scenes of Amada in bed, the kissing of Dona Lupeng’s feet and the death and revival of the old Tadtarin. On the other hand, I have observed that Amado Daguio’s narration is somewhat emotional. I see his style as aesthetic and a little bit poetic. He used simple words which made it easy for the readers to understand and imagine the scenes. He also used very few scenes and characters to highlight the feels of the scenes and make the readers sympathize the characters, unlike Joaquin who used unnecessary details and characters.

However the differences, both works are amazing. Even the settings contribute to the understanding of the stories’ message and even to the mood. The settings explained to us the behaviours of the people. Knowing that the stories happened at a time when the Philippines is not yet that progressive, we understand why the people’s notions in their way of living was so primitive. We understand the fear, confusions and the dilemmas of the characters since they are to be the trail-blazers in the demolition of social stereotypes which goes on until now.

There were also symbolisms detected in both stories. One of them is Amada who symbolizes women who were once oppressed but came to realize that they are equally if not more important than men and that they can do whatever pleases them. Also, the kissing of the feet symbolizes submission and worship to the person. Additionally, the Lumnay’s unconscious pulling of the rattan that holds the bamboo floor symbolizes her unconscious desire to break away from the demands that hold them.

Summer Solstice and Wedding Dress, are indeed literary works that points out the sufferings of not only women but also men because of sexism rooted in the society and the culture. These two short stories highlighted the need to break away from the imprisonment that we put upon ourselves. And there really has to be a lot of bravery to defy these age-long way of life.

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Welcome to 12-C ABM Group 1's E-Portfolio! Here, we post about well-known and obscure pieces of literature, and we give our takes on the piece itself and how its genre helped it create social impact! --- (Members: Nathan Talosig, Patricia Anne Battad, Denise Pacaldo, Marco Reginio, Andrew Vipinosa and Rafael Valisno)

The Summer Solstice (By: Nick Joaquin)

The Summer Solstice

Lotha (2016) states that the short story “The Summer Solstice” was produced by Nick Joaquin. Nick Joaquin, whose full name is Nicomedes Joaquin, was a Filipino national artist for literature in the Philippines. Most of his works include explorations of the Philippine colonial past under Spain. Joaquin was awarded a scholarship to the Dominican monastery in Hong Kong after publication of his essay “La Naval de Manila” (1943), a description of Manila’s fabled resistance to 17th-century Dutch invaders. After World War II he traveled to the United States, Mexico, and Spain, later serving as a cultural representative of the Philippines to Taiwan, Cuba, and China (Lotha, 2016).

/// background context

“The Summer Solstice” represents the way of living of a Filipino during the 1850s set in the Spanish era. Hurtuhao (2018) states that the short story shows the equality gap between men and women.  It represents the everyday living of post-colonial Philippines as an example of the demands of women and as well as gender stereotypes, which even after all these years surprisingly still holds up. The author Nick Joaquin used Tatarin, a pagan celebration of women’s fertility also representing women breaking free of social norms and from men, as symbolism and a plot device to showcase the everyday fight between man and woman.

/// brief summary

The last day of Tatarin is the same day as St John's Day. The story is set on St John's Day in the 1850s in the Philippines. Entoy tells Dona Lupeng that Amada has participated in the ritual. While they are onboard a carriage, Dona Lupeng talks about why Amada still believes in the ritual. The carriage comes to a halt and everyone watches a procession taking place. Dona Lupeng mocks the arrogance of the men taking part in the procession. When they arrive at a house Dona Lupeng discovers that Guido, Don Paeng's cousin, had taken part in both the procession they have just witnessed and in the Tatarin ritual.Guido lifted Dona Lupeng's skirt whilst she was looking for her children. Dona Lupeng then tells Don Paeng about the incident and tells him that Guido had even kissed her feet. Don Paeng is disgusted that the woman has been shown adoration, as he feels that love and respect are more befitting. Dona Lupeng and Don Paeng go to witness the ritual and Dona Lupeng joins in with the ceremony. Once home, Dona Lupeng makes Don Paeng tell her that he adores her. He submits by kissing her feet. (Sheasby, 2015).

/// genre and social impact

The role of its genre in relation to social impact is to highlight the unfair dynamic between men and women, and how women should be treated better. Though the genre is not explicitly stated or even obvious, the Summer Solstice is a short story that acts as a supernatural horror/mystery piece which showcases the horrors of gender roles and gender inequality. The story uses its supernatural elements as a way to highlight the “fight between man and woman”, which is the ethos of the story and life in general as said by Nick Joaquin himself. Amada’s instant shift to a more dominant stance and more aggressive behavior towards his husband is seen as a supernatural horror and occurrence, whereas the countless examples of husbands physically abusing their wives is seen as a real-life horror and occurrence. The story even frequently normalizes the abuse towards women, as it was back in the time period of when the story occurred. Younger (2017) talks about how the horror genre in film is now bringing more nuance to its story in regards of its gender equality commentary. The genre has moved from taking pleasure in victimizing women to focusing on women as survivors and protagonists. It has veered away from slashers and torture porn to more substantive, nuanced films that comment on social issues and possess an aesthetic vision (Younger, 2017). She also notes that a new study finds that horror is the only genre where women appear and speak as often as men. The horror genre, who always had a taste for either killing women in the most gruesome ways or watching them suffer and survive as the final girl, has now become an outlet to voice women’s commentary. The genre of supernatural horror in the story is used as a mechanism to drive through the horrors that women from 100 years to now is still experiencing, and how every woman might just need to go crazy every now and then to stay sane.

/// why readers should read The Summer Solstice?

The Summer Solstice is a literary piece that will make you question the gender roles placed upon us and how men treat women. As a woman, the story becomes a reminder to avoid abusive relationships and pursue more healthy environments for you wherein you are seen as an equal. As a man, the story becomes a wakeup call for you to look back on how you treat past women in your life and how you could have done better. It shows an interesting perspective on post-colonial Philippines’ views on women and it becomes a great conversation starter on how similar women are still being treated to this day. Nick Joaquin once said in an interview, “ang kwento ng storya ay lalaki, babae.” The story in itself is a look on the meaning of life, the fight between man and woman, with a supernatural twist.

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ANALYSIS OF LANGUAGE FUNCTIONS IN THE SHORT STORY THE SUMMER SOLSTICE BY NICK JOAQUIN

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literary analysis essay of the short story summer solstice

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literary analysis essay of the short story summer solstice

The Summer Solstice

A scene from Tadtarin, via
  • Wikipedia: Summer Solstice
  • I Talk Too Much - The Summer Solstice
  • Women celebrate superiority over men
  • Pista ng San Juan

The Order of Melkizedek  

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  • Donya Lupeng Moreta - long-married woman with three children
  • Don Paeng Moreta - the highly moral husband of Donya Lupeng
  • Guido - young cousin to the Moretas who studied in Spain
  • Amada - the family cook and Entoy's wife
  • Entoy - the family driver
  • The Guardian

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    literary analysis essay of the short story summer solstice

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  6. Summer Solstice play (Tatarin)by Nick Joaquin: Kikay & Rosa

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  1. Analysis of Language Functions in The Short Story the Summer Solstice

    Since the object of this study is a literary piece, this research design is the most suitable for this study. The research instrument of this study is a copy of the short story The Summer Solstice by Nick Joaquin. The language functions used by the main characters of the short story served as the research data.

  2. Ways of Reading the Text

    The formalist method is the most basic of the approaches to reading the story. Through formalism, a reader may look at the structure, point of view, tone, and literary devices, among others, to understand how they work together to create the meaning of "The Summer Solstice.". Even the title itself may trigger a discussion on the ...

  3. A Feminist Reading of "The Summer Solstice" by Nick Joaquin

    Applying Harraway's fractured identities to The Summer Solstice is quite clear cut. Applying Paula Gunn Allen's argument for tribal - feminism, however, is quite tricky for me.First, The Summer Solstice is not a folk tale. By this, I mean that the story is not written during its intended time, nor is it a tale told by the people's (tribe's) lived experience.

  4. Literary Analysis of Summer Solstice

    The short story entitled "The Summer Solstice" was published in 1972 by Filipino author Nicomedes Marquez Joaquin who received the honorary title of National Artist for Literature in 1976. The narrative was set in the colonial era and took place in the 1850s Philippines during St. John's Day celebrations.

  5. SUMMER SOLSTICE (Literary Analysis)

    SUMMER SOLSTICE (Literary Analysis) - Free download as Word Doc (.doc / .docx), PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read online for free. This document provides a literary analysis of Nick Joaquin's short story "The Summer Solstice". It begins with a synopsis of the plot, which follows a Filipino woman named Lupeng who questions her role after her cousin makes suggestive comments.

  6. Literary Criticism On Summer Solstice by Nick Joaquin

    This document provides a literary analysis of Nick Joaquin's short story "The Summer Solstice" through a feminist historical lens. It discusses how patriarchal values were introduced to Philippine society during colonization, changing women's roles. The story challenges gender norms and is set in a time still influenced by Spanish colonialism. The analysis will examine how the female ...

  7. The Summer Solstice is a short story written by Nick Joaquin

    The Summer Solstice is a short story written by Nick Joaquin. The book tells the story of a ritual performed by women to call upon the gods to grant fertility. The ritual they perform is to dance around a century-old Balete tree. The ritual was known as Tatarin and lasted for three days during the summer months.

  8. PDF The Summer Solstice

    The Summer Solstice. HE MORETAS WERE SPENDING St. John's Day with the chil-. dren's grandfather whose feast-day it was. Donia Lupeng awoke. feeling faint with the heat, a sound of screaming in her ears. In the dining room the three boys, already attired in their holiday suits, were at breakfast, and came crowding around her, talking. all at once.

  9. The Summer Solstice

    The Summer Solstice. "The Summer Solstice", also known as "Tatarin" or "Tadtarin", [1] is a short story written by Filipino National Artist for Literature Nick Joaquin. [2][3] In addition to being regarded as one of Joaquin's most acclaimed literary works, the tale is considered to be controversial. [2][3] The story narrates a ritual performed ...

  10. Lit Analysis: The Summer Solstice and Wedding Dance

    Nick Joaquin's Summer Solstice and Amado Daguio's Wedding Dance are eye-opening literary works that described the reality in the Philippines before and maybe also today. I can only imagine the criticisms that the authors went through because of these controversial pieces. Both of these stories revolve around similar themes—defying or ...

  11. The Summer Solstice (By: Nick Joaquin) : r/21stcenturyeportfolio

    The Summer Solstice /// author. Lotha (2016) states that the short story "The Summer Solstice" was produced by Nick Joaquin. Nick Joaquin, whose full name is Nicomedes Joaquin, was a Filipino national artist for literature in the Philippines. Most of his works include explorations of the Philippine colonial past under Spain.

  12. Analysis of

    The document provides an analysis of Nick Joaquin's short story "Summer Solstice". It summarizes the plot, which takes place in 1850s Philippines during a fertility festival. The main character Lupeng questions her role as a submissive wife after her cousin suggests women deserve admiration rather than obedience. Her participation in the women-led fertility ritual causes conflict with her ...

  13. Analysis of Language Functions in The Short Story the Summer Solstice

    analysis of language functions in the short story the summer solstice by nick joaquin

  14. The Summer Solstice and Other Stories by Nick Joaquin #booktrailadvent

    The Summer Solstice is a short story about the Tadtarin, a three-day fertility ritual held during the summer solstice. This pre-Hispanic religion celebrates the erotic woman and her dominance over man. The last day of the festival coincides with St. John's Day, highlighting how Catholicism and pagan religions are melded in Filipino belief systems.

  15. A feminist literary analysis of the summer solstice by nick joaquin

    2/14. "The Summer Solstice" is a short story published in 1972 by. Filipino author, Nicomedes Marquez Joaquin, also known as Nick. Joaquin, who was named National Artist for Literature in 1976. The. narrative was set in the colonial era and took place in the 1850s. Philippines during the St. John's Day celebrations.

  16. The Summer Solstice: Literary Analysis

    The Summer Solstice. "A woman should learn in quietness and full submission. I do not permit a woman to teach or to have authority over a man; she must be silent. For Adam was formed first, then Eve. And Adam was not the one deceived and became a sinner." (II Timothy 2: 11-14)

  17. Overview of Short Story Summer Solstice Free Essay Example

    3202. The Summer Solstice is a short story written by Nick Joaquin. The book tells the story of a ritual performed by women to call upon the gods to grant fertility. The ritual they perform is to dance around a century-old Balete tree. The ritual was known as Tatarin and lasted for three days during the summer months.

  18. Summer Solstice Summary And Analysis Essay (500 Words)

    Summer Solstice. Actually the Summer Solstice story of he famous Nick Joaquin and the Movie Tatarin was great. Great in the sense that it shows the true meaning of the story that men should sometimes be equal to women and women can also dominate men in all criteria of living. The following are some events that are not in the story itself and ...