the dictionary meaning of homework

• assignability
• best of all
• brain-teaser
• change magnitude
• concentrate
• homeshoring
• homesickness
• Home-speaking
• Homestead Act
• homestead exemption
• homestead law
• homesteader
• homesteading
• homestretch
• Homeward bound
• homeward(s)
• homeward-bound
• homework problem
• homeworking
• homewrecker
• homichlophobia
• homicide bomber
• Homicide by misadventure
• homicidomania
• homiletical
• homing adaptor
• homing device
• homing guidance
• hometraining
• Hometronic Internet Module
• HomeVestors of America, Inc.
• Homeward Bound
• Homeward Bound (disambiguation)
• Homeward Bound Animal Rescue Inc.
• Homeward Bound Greyhound Association
• Homeward Bound Theatre Company
• Homeward Trail Bible Camp
• homeward-boundly
• Homewood City Schools
• Homewood Institutional Review Board
• Homewood Maitland Safety Association
• Homewood Musical Instrument Co.
• Homewood-Flossmoor Swim Club, Inc.
• Homework Access Line
• Homework assignment
• Homework Assistance Hotline
• Homework Center
• Homework Diary
• Homework help
• Homework hotline
• Homeworkers
• Homeworkers Organized for More Employment
• Homeworkers' Union and Small Business Association
• Homeworking
• Homeworld 2
• Homewrecker
• Homewrecker (MTV series)
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homework noun

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What does the noun homework mean?

There are three meanings listed in OED's entry for the noun homework . See ‘Meaning & use’ for definitions, usage, and quotation evidence.

How common is the noun homework ?

How is the noun homework pronounced?

British english, u.s. english, where does the noun homework come from.

Earliest known use

The earliest known use of the noun homework is in the mid 1600s.

OED's earliest evidence for homework is from 1653, in the writing of Edmund Chillenden, parliamentarian army officer and General Baptist leader.

homework is formed within English, by compounding.

Etymons: home n. 1 , work n.

Nearby entries

• homeward-bounder, n. 1837–
• homeward-bound pennant, n. 1853–
• homewardly, adv. 1797–
• homewards, adv. & adj. Old English–
• homeware, n. 1782–
• home waters, n. 1838–
• home wear, n. 1836–
• home-whining, n. a1657
• home wind, n. 1732–
• home-woe, n. 1838–
• homework, n. 1653–
• homework club, n. 1900–
• homework diary, n. 1973–
• homeworker, n. 1843–
• homeworking, n. 1844–
• home-working, adj. 1850–
• home worship, n. 1849–
• homewort, n. Old English–
• home-wreck, n. 1845–
• home-wrecker, n. 1878–
• home-wrecking, n. 1878–

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Meaning & use

Pronunciation, compounds & derived words, entry history for homework, n..

homework, n. was revised in September 2011.

homework, n. was last modified in June 2024.

oed.com is a living text, updated every three months. Modifications may include:

• further revisions to definitions, pronunciation, etymology, headwords, variant spellings, quotations, and dates;
• new senses, phrases, and quotations.

Revisions and additions of this kind were last incorporated into homework, n. in June 2024.

Earlier versions of this entry were published in:

A Supplement to the New English Dictionary (1933)

• Find out more

OED Second Edition (1989)

• View homework in OED Second Edition

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Citation details

Factsheet for homework, n., browse entry.

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• homework (noun)
• Please do/finish your homework .
• She started her algebra homework .
• The candidate did his homework [=studied the issues] before the debate.

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From home +‎ work .

Pronunciation

• ( Received Pronunciation ) IPA ( key ) : /ˈhəʊmˌwɜːk/
• ( General American ) IPA ( key ) : /ˈhoʊmˌwɝk/

homework ( usually uncountable , plural homeworks )

• 2013 July 1, Peter Wilby , “Finland's education ambassador spreads the word”, in The Guardian ‎ [1] , archived from the original on 2022-10-15 : Even 15-year-olds do no more than 30 minutes' homework a night.
• 2023 January 12, Kevin Roose, “Don't Ban ChatGPT in Schools. Teach With It.”, in The New York Times ‎ [2] , archived from the original on 2023-01-17 : And I'm sympathetic to teachers who feel that they have enough to worry about, without adding A.I.-generated homework to the mix.
• 2024 May 15, 'Industry Insider', “Labour's plan for the railway”, in RAIL , number 1009 , page 68 : Under the proposals, an assurance is given that GBR (in the words of the plan) will not be marking its own homework .
• 2012 April 10, John Hudson, “North Korea Has a Clumsy Way of Soothing Concerns About Its Rocket Launch”, in The Atlantic ‎ [3] , archived from the original on 2022-01-22 : Since the whole world is watching this launch, they probably should've done some homework on their talking points.
• 2017 May 9, “Mindful sex is better sex, says B.C. researcher promoting new workbook”, in CBC News ‎ [4] , archived from the original on 2022-11-22 : Four years after her first sexual health book came out, Dr. Lori Brotto is giving her readers a little bit of homework for the bedroom.
• 2022 July 18, Donald Mcrae , quoting Michael Yormark, “Roc Nation's Michael Yormark on Romelu Lukaku: 'You have to play to his strengths... I don't think that happened'”, in The Guardian ‎ [5] , archived from the original on 2022-12-26 : I didn't even know who he was until I did my homework and realised he was a premier footballer for Bayern.
• 2023 August 7, Suzanne Wrack , “England beat Nigeria on penalties to reach Women’s World Cup quarter-finals”, in The Guardian ‎ [6] : Nigeria had done their homework and were well organised. Halimatu Ayinde was exceptional in her marking of James, who had scored twice and provided three assists as she ran the show against China.
• 1989 , Eileen Boris, Cynthia R. Daniels, Homework: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives on Paid Labor at Home , University of Illinois Press , →ISBN , page 241 : Hatch perceived homework to be one tool—along with various workfare schemes and private sector training programs—that would take women off welfare and make poor women "independent."
• 1933 , James T. Farrell , Gas-House McGinty , page 186 : My wife and I want a kid, and we do plenty of homework , but goddamn it, Dutch, I just can't connect.
• ( BDSM ) Tasks assigned by a dominant for a submissive to perform when they are physically away from their dominant or otherwise free.

Usage notes

• ( exercises assigned by a teacher ) The term homework generally implies that the work is mandatory and worth marks; exercises that are optional are usually referred to as practice problems , review problems , extra practice , exercises , etc.
• ( exercises assigned by a teacher ) Work of a larger scale than homework (which involves a series of relatively simple exercises) is usually referred to as an assignment or project .

Coordinate terms

Derived terms.

• bit of homework
• do one's homework
• homework club
• homework diary
• piece of homework
• the dog ate my homework

Translations

• English compound terms
• English 2-syllable words
• English terms with IPA pronunciation
• English terms with audio links
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Synonyms of homework

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Thesaurus Definition of homework

Synonyms & Similar Words

Examples of homework in a Sentence

These examples are programmatically compiled from various online sources to illustrate current usage of the word 'homework.' Any opinions expressed in the examples do not represent those of Merriam-Webster or its editors. Send us feedback about these examples.

Thesaurus Entries Near homework

home videos

Cite this Entry

“Homework.” Merriam-Webster.com Thesaurus , Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/thesaurus/homework. Accessed 24 Sep. 2024.

More from Merriam-Webster on homework

Nglish: Translation of homework for Spanish Speakers

Britannica English: Translation of homework for Arabic Speakers

Britannica.com: Encyclopedia article about homework

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What does homework mean?

Definitions for homework ˈhoʊmˌwɜrk home·work, this dictionary definitions page includes all the possible meanings, example usage and translations of the word homework ., princeton's wordnet rate this definition: 3.8 / 4 votes.

homework, prep, preparation noun

preparatory school work done outside school (especially at home)

GCIDE Rate this definition: 1.0 / 1 vote

• homework noun

Paid work done at home, especially piecework.

Wiktionary Rate this definition: 0.0 / 0 votes

Work that is done at home, especially school exercises set by a teacher.

You must do your homework before you can watch television.

Preliminary or preparatory work, such as research.

The speaker had certainly done his homework before delivering the lecture.

Wikipedia Rate this definition: 0.0 / 0 votes

Homework is a set of tasks assigned to students by their teachers to be completed outside the classroom. Common homework assignments may include required reading, a writing or typing project, mathematical exercises to be completed, information to be reviewed before a test, or other skills to be practiced. The effects of homework are debated. Generally speaking, homework does not improve academic performance among young children. Homework may improve academic skills among older students, especially lower-achieving students. However, homework also creates stress for students and parents, and reduces the amount of time that students can spend in other activities.

ChatGPT Rate this definition: 0.0 / 0 votes

Homework refers to tasks or assignments given to students by their teachers that are expected to be completed outside of regular school hours. These assignments are usually related to the topics being taught in class and serve to reinforce learning, practice new skills, and prepare students for upcoming lessons or assessments. Homework can take various forms such as reading, writing, problem-solving, researching, or completing exercises. It is designed to encourage independent study, time management, and responsibility in students.

Wikidata Rate this definition: 4.8 / 4 votes

Homework, or homework assignment, refers to tasks assigned to students by their teachers to be completed outside of class. Common homework assignments may include a quantity or period of reading to be performed, writing or typing to be completed, problems to be solved, a school project to be built, or other skills to be practiced.

Matched Categories

• School Assignment

British National Corpus

Written Corpus Frequency

Rank popularity for the word 'homework' in Written Corpus Frequency: #2123

Usage in printed sources From:  

[["1688","1"],["1706","9"],["1757","1"],["1766","1"],["1804","1"],["1811","5"],["1816","1"],["1820","1"],["1834","3"],["1847","1"],["1850","2"],["1851","4"],["1852","3"],["1853","2"],["1854","9"],["1857","2"],["1859","1"],["1860","1"],["1861","1"],["1865","2"],["1866","1"],["1868","2"],["1869","9"],["1870","14"],["1872","1"],["1873","1"],["1874","6"],["1875","2"],["1876","1"],["1877","2"],["1878","2"],["1879","9"],["1880","11"],["1881","6"],["1882","3"],["1883","8"],["1884","2"],["1885","3"],["1886","2"],["1887","7"],["1888","3"],["1890","7"],["1891","7"],["1892","10"],["1893","7"],["1894","13"],["1895","8"],["1896","16"],["1897","13"],["1898","19"],["1899","4"],["1900","76"],["1901","46"],["1902","32"],["1903","18"],["1904","32"],["1905","40"],["1906","39"],["1907","149"],["1908","125"],["1909","38"],["1910","50"],["1911","50"],["1912","52"],["1913","91"],["1914","213"],["1915","263"],["1916","278"],["1917","153"],["1918","51"],["1919","96"],["1920","203"],["1921","140"],["1922","318"],["1923","208"],["1924","96"],["1925","213"],["1926","84"],["1927","140"],["1928","241"],["1929","196"],["1930","218"],["1931","268"],["1932","467"],["1933","257"],["1934","312"],["1935","643"],["1936","543"],["1937","1463"],["1938","659"],["1939","2203"],["1940","939"],["1941","798"],["1942","954"],["1943","582"],["1944","651"],["1945","820"],["1946","1091"],["1947","1033"],["1948","1266"],["1949","1486"],["1950","1786"],["1951","1758"],["1952","1615"],["1953","2212"],["1954","1921"],["1955","2283"],["1956","2409"],["1957","3050"],["1958","3253"],["1959","2910"],["1960","3901"],["1961","4482"],["1962","4355"],["1963","4876"],["1964","4665"],["1965","6198"],["1966","5526"],["1967","6626"],["1968","6704"],["1969","7408"],["1970","8156"],["1971","8207"],["1972","8850"],["1973","8290"],["1974","8741"],["1975","9163"],["1976","9897"],["1977","10931"],["1978","10072"],["1979","11249"],["1980","12832"],["1981","13471"],["1982","16363"],["1983","15690"],["1984","18497"],["1985","21057"],["1986","21607"],["1987","25314"],["1988","26924"],["1989","33434"],["1990","34297"],["1991","31469"],["1992","33233"],["1993","37301"],["1994","45107"],["1995","46265"],["1996","47438"],["1997","53559"],["1998","57833"],["1999","61185"],["2000","73547"],["2001","75337"],["2002","78382"],["2003","84116"],["2004","95867"],["2005","98679"],["2006","108042"],["2007","103408"],["2008","92646"]]

How to pronounce homework?

Alex US English David US English Mark US English Daniel British Libby British Mia British Karen Australian Hayley Australian Natasha Australian Veena Indian Priya Indian Neerja Indian Zira US English Oliver British Wendy British Fred US English Tessa South African

How to say homework in sign language?

Chaldean Numerology

The numerical value of homework in Chaldean Numerology is: 2

Pythagorean Numerology

The numerical value of homework in Pythagorean Numerology is: 9

Examples of homework in a Sentence

Braden Holtby :

It’s one of those games that they deserved to win, for us, a bounce here and a couple of goals, it’s not like it’s a panic. It’s a good team over there. You play teams like that, you come back the next time you play them, do your homework , and be sharper.

Melanie Young :

People really need to do their homework . Don't be a bleeding heart, you have to use your head.

Anthony Carnevale :

Everybody likes education as a way to allocate opportunity, because as Americans we all sort of agree education attaches to individual responsibility : You've got to take the test, go to the school, do the homework and so on, but in practice it has become another form of institutional race and class stratification.

Tim Scott :

You do your homework and you do your best to... anticipate what he's going to say and be in a position to share with the nation a different way, at least what I think is a better way.

Donald Trump :

They have done their homework , they are very skilled, they are obviously all very loyal to the cause and loyal to the leadership, (but) they are extremely skilled at what they do.

Popularity rank by frequency of use

• ^  Princeton's WordNet http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=homework
• ^  GCIDE https://gcide.gnu.org.ua/?q=homework
• ^  Wiktionary https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Homework
• ^  Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homework
• ^  ChatGPT https://chat.openai.com
• ^  Wikidata https://www.wikidata.org/w/index.php?search=homework
• ^  Usage in printed sources https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=homework

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Ballot measures could remove definition of marriage from three state constitutions

By Kate Quiñones

Denver, Colo., Sep 23, 2024 / 07:00 am

The state constitutions of California, Colorado, and Hawaii still define marriage as a union between one man and one woman, but measures on the 2024 election ballots in those states could remove this traditional definition.

The proposed removal of the long-standing language on marriage is largely seen as symbolic , since the U.S. Supreme Court already legalized same-sex marriage in all U.S. jurisdictions in its 2015 Obergefell v. Hodges decision. Nonetheless, in 2020, Nevada became the first state to repeal its constitutional provision defining marriage as between a man and a woman.

In Colorado, the state constitution currently maintains that “only a union of one man and one woman shall be valid or recognized as a marriage in this state.” The ballot measure, if successful, would remove this definition , which has been defunct since 2015. 

The “Protecting the Freedom to Marry” amendment , also known as Amendment J, has been added to the state’s November ballot after being approved by a two-thirds vote of the Colorado House and Senate.

Colorado’s bishops take a stand

Brittany Vessely, executive director of the Colorado Catholic Conference, noted that “while Obergefell made same-sex marriage status quo, there are still important considerations concerning [Amendment J].”

“Marriage is based on the truth that men and women are complementary, the biological fact that reproduction depends on a man and a woman, and the social science that supports the reality that children need both a mother and a father to flourish,” Vessely told CNA. “This amendment rejects the truth of what marriage is.”

“This measure will change current Colorado law only if Obergefell is overturned,” Vessely noted. “If the decision is overturned, then there are no legal protections for marriage — the institution that best protects the interest of the family and children.”

The Colorado bishops made a statement opposing Amendment J earlier this year, saying that it was “imperative” for faithful Catholics to oppose Amendment J as well as a pro-abortion amendment that would allow public funding of abortion and enshrine abortion as a right in the constitution. 

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California’s bishops have not taken an official stance.

Meanwhile, California’s ballot measure proposes to not only remove the definition of marriage, like Colorado’s, but also add the “right to marry” as a “ fundamental right ” in the state’s constitution. Known as Proposition 3, the measure would repeal the 2008 state constitutional amendment that defined marriage as a union between one man and one woman.  

Jonathan Keller, president of the California Family Council , is leading opposition to Proposition 3. “If you abolish the definition of marriage and say that marriage can mean anything, then marriage actually means nothing,” Keller pointed out.

Keller also warned that passage of the amendment could easily lead to the legalization of other irregular forms of marriage, including child marriage and polygamy.

According to Kathleen Domingo, executive director of the California Catholic Conference, California bishops have not taken an official stance on Proposition 3.

“The bishops of California have not taken a position on Prop 3,” Domingo told CNA. “If passed, Prop 3 will not affect Catholic institutions in any way,” she indicated.

Supporters of the measure include California Gov. Gavin Newsom, Planned Parenthood Affiliates of California, and the American Civil Liberties Union of Northern California. 

(Story continues below)

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Hawaii’s bishops ‘will not take a formal position’ on the measure.

Hawaii’s ballot measure would potentially remove a 1998 constitutional amendment that states that “the Legislature shall have the power to reserve marriage to opposite-sex couples.” Subsequent to the 1998 amendment, Hawaii’s Marriage Equality Act of 2013 explicitly legalized same-sex marriage in the state two years before the 2015 U.S. Supreme Court ruling.

Eva Andrade, executive director of the Hawaii Catholic Conference, told CNA that removing the language from the state constitution would be “unnecessary.”

“The Hawaii Catholic Conference recognizes that in 1998, nearly 70% of voters granted state legislators the authority to define marriage,” she said. “Given that federal law now recognizes same-sex marriage, removing this language from the constitution is unnecessary.” 

Andrade noted that the conference “will not take a formal position” on the ballot measure. She noted that “a ‘yes’ vote removes the 1998 language, protecting same-sex marriage if the U.S. Supreme Court overturns current law; a ‘no’ vote retains legislative authority to define marriage; and a blank vote counts as a ‘no’ vote.”

“In Hawaii, blank votes count as no votes, and the yes votes must be 51% to win,” Andrade said. “Historically speaking, changes to the constitution are difficult to make, and we must help the voters understand the process.”

American Civil Liberties Union of Hawaii, the Hawaii Civil Rights Commission, and the Democratic Party of Hawaii, among others, support the measure.

According to a 2023 Pew Research survey , 63% of Americans believe same-sex marriage should be legal, while 34% are against it. Support for same-sex marriage increased steadily in the U.S. from 2004 to 2017 while remaining steady since, according to Pew.

In point No. 46 of their 2023 document “ Forming Consciences for Faithful Citizenship: A Call to Political Responsibility from the Catholic Bishops of the United States ,” the country’s bishops state that “the family — based on marriage between a man and a woman — is the first and fundamental unit of society and is a sanctuary for the creation and nurturing of children. It should be defended and strengthened, not redefined, undermined, or further distorted. Respect for the family should be reflected in every policy and program.”

In addition, the Catholic Church teaches that “homosexual persons are called to chastity” and that homosexual acts are contrary to natural law and close the sexual act off from the gift of life, according to the Catechism of the Catholic Church ( Nos. 2359, 2357). The catechism also condemns any “unjust discrimination” toward people with homosexual inclinations.

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Bears' Focus Challenged as Matt Eberflus' Definition of Adversity Hits

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It was one game, one defeat the Bears believe they shouldn’t have suffered.

They’re quick to point out it’s not the end of their season, but a continuing trend of wasteful play will bring that about soon enough if it continues.

“I think that's a game where you look at our roster and look at theirs and I'd take ours over theirs any day of the week,” Bears tight end Cole Kmet said Monday, after Sunday’s 21-16 loss. “So yeah. I mean, it's not a game I think we should have lost.”

The glow of that unlikely comeback in Week 1 has faded away to two mistake-filled road losses and the Bears are starting to realize whatever they do, they need to minimize error to make their narrow victory margin with a rookie QB better.

Caleb Williams Insane Boot Move pic.twitter.com/TrOF0ebIvi — Tim Jenkins (@TJenkinsElite) September 23, 2024

IS BEARS SUPPORTING CAST FAILING THEIR ROOKIE QB?

BEARS REPORT CARD AGAINST COLTS OFFENSE'S IDENTITY NOW CLEAR

WINNERS AND LOSERS FOR BEARS AGAINST COLTS

CALEB WILLIAMS FINDS REASON FOR OPTIMISM AFTER LOSS

“We got to keep things tightened here, and I think coach said it well the other night, you know, when you drop two in the NFL, you know, that's adversity,” Kmet said. “So we have dropped two in a row here.

"So Braxton. I want you to use those long arms to go out there and just slap the hell out of his earhole." pic.twitter.com/ox5W8fnZQY — Quinten Krzysko (@ButkusStats) September 23, 2024

“Offensively we haven't played up to the standard that we wanted to yet. I think it has gotten better each game, but I mean, again, we're being real. Right now better is not good enough. We got to be better. We’ve got to be much better if we want to win these games, and you look at the positives from the other day. We were able to sustain some drives and ran the ball well at times and obviously good numbers in pass yards at the quarterback position there, so that was all good to see and we were able to control the clock, but we got to be able to punch the ball in the end zone and get points.”

Playing without turnovers is the key, Kmet said. They won the first game with less than 100 passing yards from Caleb Williams, and have lost both since then. They won the turnover battle in Week 1, lost it the last two games.

Ex-Bear Fun Fact: Justin Fields leads the NFL in fourth-quarter passer rating this season (129.6). Last year with the #Bears he was 32nd (53.4). 🤔 — Mark Potash (@MarkPotash) September 23, 2024

“Despite the performance against Tennessee that first week, the one thing that we could come out saying is that we took care of the football and we need to get back to doing that,” Kmet said. “And I think if we take care of that at the very least, we'll start winning some more games."

Defensively, the Bears realize their goal is to help keep things together until the offense has it all working.

“Yeah we’ve just got to try our best and not really worry about what’s going on on that side of the ball,” safety Kevin Byard said. “We have to do our jobs and at the end of the day this is a professional football league and we all get paid to do a job.

Caleb Williams passing chart vs. the Colts pic.twitter.com/HjLd5DRHbj — Dave (@dave_bfr) September 22, 2024

“I get paid to play safety for the Chicago Bears. And I have to make sure that I continue to do that job. It can be frustrating at times because we want to win. Like I said, everybody wants to win. But it’s not a pointing the finger type deal. Sometimes emotions are showing. But at the end of the day we’ve got to continue to do our job because I’ve been in situations in this league man where the offense has been struggling and eventually did get the ball rolling. Once everything is rolling then you know we can make a real run. Like I said, we just have to continue to do what we need to do–force turnovers to try to win ballgames. And that’s what it’s got to be until things change.”

If they do.

Caleb Williams in Week 3 when he had a clean pocket: 29-43 for 331 yards 15 first downs 2.31 average time to throw 1 TD pic.twitter.com/NyZ7N5EaVQ — Dave (@dave_bfr) September 23, 2024

Twitter: BearsOnSI

GENE CHAMBERLAIN

BearDigest.com publisher Gene Chamberlain has covered the Chicago Bears full time as a beat writer since 1994 and prior to this on a part-time basis for 10 years. He covered the Bears as a beat writer for Suburban Chicago Newspapers, the Daily Southtown, Copley News Service and has been a contributor for the Daily Herald, the Associated Press, Bear Report, CBS Sports.com and The Sporting News. He also has worked a prep sports writer for Tribune Newspapers and Sun-Times newspapers.

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Is this war? Why the Israel-Hezbollah conflict remains hard to define

This week saw a significant spike in tensions between Israel and the Lebanese militant group Hezbollah, with both sides exchanging heavy fire following a wave of pager explosions in Beirut last Tuesday.

However, no one is calling the conflict a "war" just yet. Israeli officials maintain they are not seeking war with Hezbollah and are encouraging the group to halt its attacks and back away from the border.

Hezbollah, for its part, has said it does not want a war but is prepared for one — and refused to cease its attacks until there is a cease-fire between Israel and Hamas in Gaza.

Andreas Krieg, a military analyst at King’s College London, said the term hasn't yet been applied as there "haven’t been any boots on the ground".

What might a full-scale war look like?

Experts previously generally agreed that any future war between Israel and Hezbollah would look like the war they fought in 2006 — but much, much worse.

For years, Israel's idea of a future war with Lebanon became known as the "Daniyeh Doctrine," with officials warning that the army would punish parts of Lebanon itself to flatten Hezbollah strongholds.

Hezbollah, meanwhile, spent years expanding and improving its arsenal and is believed to have some 150,000 rockets and missiles capable of hitting all parts of Israel.

The military build-up and threats created a situation of mutual deterrence that kept the border largely quiet from 2006 until October of last year. For most of the past year, the region has been braced for the worst, but both sides have shown restraint, and the talk of “all-out war” has been hypothetical.

Recent tensions, however, threaten to upend this situation.

“We’ve gone up a step, but we haven’t yet made it to the penthouse floor,” said Uzi Rabi, the director of the Moshe Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies at Tel Aviv University. “At the end, I don’t see there’s going to be any alternative to a ground operation.”

Would boots on the ground make it a war?

Any Israeli decision to send tanks and troops into southern Lebanon would lead many to characterise the conflict as a war. However, the two don't necessarily always go hand in hand.

Although Israel officially declared war in Gaza nearly three weeks before it sent any ground troops in, Israeli ground forces have been operating in the occupied West Bank for decades without anyone suggesting the incursion constituted a war.

In a similar vein, Russia sent its forces to illegally annex Ukraine in 2014; however, only when Moscow declared a full-scale invasion of the country in early 2022 was the conflict internationally referred to as a war.

A limited Israeli ground incursion might still leave room for both sides to back down.

Lebanon would likely see a ground invasion as a blatant violation of its sovereignty and an act of war. However, Beirut has already accused Israel of violating its airspace and occupying disputed territory along the border.

On paper, the two countries have been officially in a state of war since 1948.

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Is this war? Why the Israeli-Hezbollah conflict is hard to define

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Egypt: Israel is bombing targets across many parts of Lebanon, striking senior militants in Beirut and apparently hiding bombs in pagers and walkie-talkies. Hezbollah is firing rockets and drones deep into northern Israel, setting buildings and cars alight.

But no one is calling it a war — not yet.

Israeli officials say they are not seeking war with Hezbollah and that it can be avoided if the militant group halts its attacks and backs away from the border. Hezbollah also says it doesn’t want a war but is prepared for one – and that it will keep up the strikes on Israel that it began in the wake of ally Hamas’ October 7 attack until there is a ceasefire in Gaza.

A Lebanese soldier sits behind his weapon on the top of an armoured personnel carrier at the site of an Israeli airstrike in Beirut’s southern suburb on Monday. Credit: AP

Israel and Hezbollah have repeatedly traded fire since then – but the intensity rose to another level when I sraeli airstrikes killed more than 490 people , according to Lebanese officials. That would make it the deadliest day in Lebanon since Israel and Hezbollah last went to war in 2006.

“If someone had told me or most analysts in summer 2023 that Hezbollah is striking Israeli bases in Israel, and Israel is striking southern Lebanon and parts of southern Beirut, I would have said, OK, that’s an all-out war,” said Andreas Krieg, a military analyst at King’s College London.

The term hasn’t yet been applied to the current conflict because “there haven’t been any boots on the ground,” but that might be “the wrong metric”, he added.

Is there any agreed definition of war?

Merriam-Webster defines war as “a state of usually open and declared armed hostile conflict between states or nations”. Scholars generally expand that definition to cover large-scale violence involving insurgents, militias and extremist groups.

But any attempt at greater precision is difficult since armed conflicts run the gamut from states clashing with tanks and fighter jets to lower-level fighting.

Sometimes states officially declare war, as Israel did after Hamas’ attack last year.

It has not made a similar declaration regarding Hezbollah, but it has linked its strikes against the group to the war in Gaza , saying since last week that allowing tens of thousands of residents to safely return to the north was an objective in that conflict. Israel’s Defence minister Yoav Gallant also frequently mentions an ongoing war with Iran and its allies along “seven fronts”, including Lebanon.

Emergency workers use excavators to clear the rubble at the site of Friday’s Israeli strike in Beirut’s southern suburbs, Lebanon. Credit: AP

States often refrain from declaring war even when they are plainly engaged in one. Russia officially refers to its invasion of Ukraine as a “special military operation” and has banned public references to it as a war. The United States has not formally declared war since World War II, even as it took part in major conflicts in Korea, Vietnam, Iraq and Afghanistan.

Why does neither side want to call it a war?

Part of the reason neither Israel nor Hezbollah is using the word “war” is because they both hope to achieve their aims without setting off a more severe conflict – or being blamed for one.

“Though tensions are flaring, the situation in southern Lebanon is not that of a full-scale war as both Hezbollah and Israel hope to use limited means to pressure one another,” said Lina Khatib, a Middle East expert at Chatham House.

Smoke rises from Israeli airstrikes on villages in the Nabatiyeh district, seen from the southern town of Marjayoun, Lebanon. Credit: AP

With its rocket and drone attacks, Hezbollah hopes to pressure Israel to agree to a ceasefire with Hamas – a fellow Iran-backed militant group – and to avoid being seen as bowing to Israeli pressure.

Hezbollah has said it would cease the attacks if there were a truce in Gaza, but the prospects for such a deal appear remote.

Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu has vowed to do whatever is necessary to halt the attacks so that displaced Israelis can return to their homes.

“I think the Israelis are trying to either tell Hezbollah, you come to the negotiation table and we’ll settle this through diplomacy, or we’ll push you into a corner until you overreact,” Krieg said. “And that will be the all-out war.”

What might a full-scale war look like?

Until recently, experts generally agreed that any future war between Israel and Hezbollah would look like the war they fought in 2006 – but much, much worse.

For years, Israeli officials warned that in any future war with Hezbollah, the army would exact a punishing toll on Lebanon itself, destroying critical infrastructure and flattening Hezbollah strongholds. It came to be known as the Dahiyeh Doctrine, named for the crowded southern Beirut district where the militant group is headquartered, and that suffered heavy destruction in 2006.

Hezbollah, meanwhile, spent years expanding and improving its arsenal, and is believed to have some 150,000 rockets and missiles capable of hitting all parts of Israel.

The military build-up and threats created a situation of mutual deterrence that kept the border largely quiet from 2006 until last October. For most of the past year, the region has been braced for the worst, but both sides have shown restraint, and the talk of “all-out war” has been hypothetical.

That could change at any time.

“We’ve gone up a step, but we haven’t yet made it to the penthouse floor,” said Uzi Rabi, the director of the Moshe Dayan Centre for Middle Eastern and African Studies at Tel Aviv University. “At the end, I don’t see there’s going to be any alternative to a ground operation.”

Is it definitely a war if there’s a ground invasion?

Any Israeli decision to send tanks and troops into southern Lebanon would mark a major escalation and lead many to categorise the conflict as a war. But the two don’t necessarily always go hand in hand.

Israel officially declared war in Gaza nearly three weeks before it sent any ground troops in. Israeli ground forces have been operating in the occupied West Bank for decades, and in recent months have routinely launched airstrikes against militants, without anyone suggesting it’s a war.

A limited Israeli ground incursion might still leave room for both sides to back down.

Of course, Lebanon would likely see a ground invasion as a blatant violation of its sovereignty and an act of war. But Beirut already accuses Israel of routinely violating its airspace and of occupying disputed territory along the border.

In fact, the two countries are already officially in a state of war, and have been since 1948.

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Meaning of do your homework in English

Do your homework.

• batten down the hatches idiom
• break someone in
• bug-out bag
• build (someone/something) up
• gear (someone/something) up
• get/have your ducks in a row idiom
• gird your self idiom
• preparation
• roll up your sleeves idiom
• set something up
• set the scene/stage idiom

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a short word that is considered to be extremely rude and offensive

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The two women who define Trump Melania and Laura Loomer represent opposing paths

The orbiters of Trump

September 24, 2024   5 mins

One is loud, the other quiet. One is crude and unfiltered, the other reserved and prim. One courts controversy at every turn, the other mostly shuns it. One is a Donald Trump-seeking missile; the other seems to have as little to do with him as she can get away with. One got her start in the funhouse mirror of Right-wing media, the other as a model.

That Laura Loomer and Melania Trump should be two of the most important women in Trump’s orbit, though they have barely anything in common, is one of those odd realities of the Trump phenomenon. Each woman represents something essential about Trump’s 2024 campaign, and together they embody the past — and possible future — of his movement. While Laura is the keeper of the MAGA diehard flame, Melania is the inscrutable key to Trump’s life outside politics.

First, Loomer: the suspected source of Trump’s ludicrous “they’re eating the cats” claim during the recent presidential debate . The 31-year-old provocateur has made herself a crucial figure in Trumpworld to the chagrin of nearly everyone apart from Trump. She had travelled with Trump on his plane to the debate, and the following day was among his entourage to the 9/11 memorial for the yearly remembrance service despite being a 9/11 truther. The day before the debate, she had tweeted about the rumour regarding pet-eating Haitians in Springfield, Ohio, and so speculation soon began that she had helped plant the idea in Trump’s head.

Loomer is a quintessential MAGA character who gained notoriety for being shocking even by the far-Right’s standards. A self-proclaimed Islamophobe and “white advocate”, she’s been banned from nearly every social media platform for various bigoted remarks and provocations (though she’s been back on X since its sale to Elon Musk). In 2018, she chained herself to the Twitter headquarters in New York in 2018 in protest of her ban. She’s run for Congress in Florida twice; in 2020 she won the Republican primary in the district she was contesting.

“I don’t really have much of a life, you know?” Loomer told T he Washington Post earlier this year. “So I’m happy to dedicate all my time to helping Trump, because if Trump doesn’t get back in, I don’t have anything.” She had lost 25 pounds, she told the reporter, in an advance effort to look good for the communications job she hoped Trump would give her. She is the kind of wacky hanger-on that the pros around Trump have been trying to get rid of for years, never quite succeeding. While Trump’s top campaign officials reportedly blocked his effort to give Loomer a campaign job last year, they haven’t been able to keep her away from the man himself. Trump has always lacked quality control when it comes to his friends and advisers. He’ll listen to anyone who says the kind of things he likes to hear. And he seems to have no intention of distancing himself from Loomer even though almost-equally-hardcore MAGA luminaries including Marjorie Taylor Greene have condemned her. Trump told the press earlier this month that Loomer was a “free spirit” who he couldn’t control.

That Loomer could have inspired the massive flap about the Haitians in Ohio is of a piece with Trump’s long-standing modus operandi. He has always repeated half-baked rumours he hears about or sees on Fox News, no matter how sketchy the source is. The Loomer incident is a reminder of how close Trump remains to the milieu that gave him his political start and that he’ll never really abandon; in many ways, Loomer is the “ghost of Trump past”. Her brash world of Right-wing media injected Trump into the political conversation more than a decade ago, laying the groundwork for his 2016 campaign. Trump’s authenticity in this regard lies at the core of his political appeal. Unlike his rivals with their focus-grouped talking points and triangulated statements, Trump says what comes to mind, much like how his fans might act if they were in his position.

But this election has revealed the cracks in Trump’s say-anything approach. When Kamala Harris said in the debate that “bored and exhausted” supporters were leaving Trump’s rallies in droves this year, she had a point. There’s a tediousness to Trump’s rallies nowadays, and those rallies are taking place less frequently too. There’s something missing. Harris has reset the dynamic of the race; while before, polling showed Trump dispatching the feeble Joe Biden, now it shows a dead heat. Trump may really lose.

Kamala Harris, triumphant cat lady

By Kat Rosenfield

From the opposite corner of Trumpworld, another of Trump’s key women has been piping up after a long silence. The ever-mysterious Melania had so far been a non-factor in this campaign, shunning the trail and maintaining her froideur even through the Republican National Convention, when the candidate’s spouse would normally speak. Melania had seemed happy to remain behind the scenes in this election in both word and deed.

This is now changing. Next month she’ll release a memoir, Melania , which she has been promoting in a series of videos on X. In one of these gauzy black-and-white clips, she speaks icily to the camera: “As a private person who has been the subject of public scrutiny and misrepresentation, I feel a responsibility to clarify the facts.” In another, she described her past nude modelling work as part of the “timeless tradition of using art as a powerful means of self-expression”.

But why is she speaking now? And will there be any juicy revelations in the memoir? Probably not, though her husband joked about it in a recent rally in New York state. “I hope she said good things about me”, he said, encouraging the crowd to buy the book, but “if she says bad things about me, I’ll call you all up and say don’t buy it”. In all likelihood, Melania will say little directly about Trump at all. But her re-emergence in the waning days of the campaign is a reminder of the very real possibility that Trump will lose to Harris, freeing Melania from another term in DC. She’s perhaps the “ghost of Trump yet to come”. The memoir appears to be an effort to carve out her own space apart from Trump — or at least, maybe, prepare for a post-politics future. She’s selling a “collector’s edition” of the memoir for $250 on her website.

The mythical masculinity of Donald Trump

By Frederick Kaufman

Melania has always been something of an awkward figure in Trumpworld, the bombshell Slovenian model who found herself dragged to the White House to be First Lady of the United States. By all accounts she’s a genuinely shy person who would rather lead a quiet life tending to her son, Barron, who is now a student at New York University. She lingered at Trump Tower for months before moving to Washington after Trump won in 2016, and her efforts as First Lady were generally half-hearted, like her “Be Best” anti-bullying campaign. Apart from a few moments of defiance — most memorably, wearing a “I Really Don’t Care, Do U?” jacket to a migrant child detention centre — her aloof posture lasted throughout Trump’s term in office. But the occasional disclosures she has made have been intriguing. In a statement released after the attempt on Trump’s life in Pennsylvania in July, Melania emphasised her husband as a person, not a political figure. “A monster who recognised my husband as an inhuman political machine attempted to ring out Donald’s passion — his laughter, ingenuity, love of music, and inspiration,” she wrote. “The core facets of my husband’s life — his human side — were buried below the political machine.” Though Melania has never seemed to like Donald much, she does know him in a way that few others can.

Trump told an interviewer on Sunday that he won’t run again in 2028 if he loses this election. It’s a rare and telling admission from a man who has spent four years fervently denying that he lost the last election. Sooner or later a post-Trump future looms in American politics, and the contrast between Melania and Laura illustrates the forked road Trump himself will face. On the one hand, becoming a martyr among the Loomers of the Right-wing media; on the other, retreating to his pre-presidential life as a golfing TV celebrity with a model wife.

Rosie Gray is a journalist who has previously worked for  Buzzfeed News  and  The Atlantic

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This article seems truncated. We’re presented with two key women in Trump’s life. We learn a little of their personalities, the aspects of Trump they purportedly represent, and then…nothing. Maybe Melania is distancing herself from Trump, or maybe not. Maybe Loomer will have a role in a second Trump administration, or maybe not. The article is sort of about Trump, but not quite. It’s sort of about Melania and Loomer, but not quite. But, in fairness, it’s pretty good filler.

Yes, I agree. It reads like an intro to a longer story. It’s interesting, like bait, but it doesn’t really go anywhere. I’m not sure what to call this sort of writing. It’s a bit like the MSM where the story is really just a headline supported by general chit-chat. But this appears to be journalism today. I really think an AI could take over this sort of writing without any effort.

‘…….Trump’s ludicrous “they’re eating the cats” claim……’  With all the conflicting reports about the situation in Ohio I have no idea whether it’s true or not. But even the HaitianReport website publication confirms that cat meat is an occasional treat for some Haitians. So it’s not so ‘ludicrous’.

How about taking note of the clear statements of the local authorities and police that there have been absolutely no reports, official or otherwise, of anyone stealing pets for eating purposes or not.

Sure Tony. Maybe the claim is ‘unsupported’. Maybe it’s even ‘fallacious’. Almost certainly it’s ‘apocryphal’. But Kerry’s point – and I agree – is that the journo calls the claim ‘ludicrous’. Ludicrous can mean ‘unreasonable to the point of humour’, and this the claim is patently not, because Haitians do eat cats. In fact, what the journo really means to say when she calls Trump’s claim ‘ludicrous’ is that it is ‘out of place’. As in: “in my New York City liberal circles, it would be in such bad taste to state such a thing, even if true, that it can only be seen as comedy in bad taste.’

If I got horribly abused for everything I did and said for being the wife of my husband, then my efforts to please would have been stopped pretty soon aswell. Melania did and does right: if there’s nothing good in the deal for you, extricate yourself as far as possible.

I genuinely don’t understand why Democrats think calling Conservatives gullible idiots is a winning play.

Remember when Democrat Party including Harris along with the State Media ran with the false story about border agents “whipping Haitian immigrants.” Or when they all rushed to the defense of Jussie Smollet who alleged being a victim of a “brutal hate crime” courtesy of “MAGA Hat wearing extremists” at 2 AM in frozen Chicago. Or how about the “Fiery but Peaceful Protests” of 2020.

Democrats and the Media Regime are not going to win a game of volume stupidity insults. Conservative satire doesn’t even have to be nasty. They can just steelman. They simply point out that Democrat laws are terrible and Democrat Media allies are not reporting the news in a remotely objective Apolitical fashion. They’re not holding “truth to power.”

From what I’ve seen, the loony Lara Loomer is not an important woman in Donald Trump’s life. I follow American politics closely, and when I saw her picture, I had no idea who she was. Lara Loomer has no role in Donald Trump’s life. None. She traveled on Donald Trump’s plane to the recent debate in Philadelphia, and was part of his entourage to visit the 9/11 memorial the next day in New York. And she may have suggested a Haitian-refugees-eat-cats meme to Donald Trump. That makes her a crucial person in Donald Trump’s life? Lara Loomer could disappear from Donald Trump’s orbit and no one would even notice. Not so Melania Trump. One’s a groupie, and one’s a wife. One’s important, very important. One’s not important at all.

Just pointing out that you say she has “…no role…none”, then you say that she travelled on his plane and was part of his entourage. That looks like a clear contradiction to me!

Liz Wheeler has been putting up videos of cats being barbecued in Ohio on her show. She might be thought of as a prototype for Ms Loomer, whom frankly I’ve not heard of. I suspect Ms Loomer is not an enthusiastic believer though, whereas L Wheeler is Roman Catholic turned evangelical Christian. In that sense, she’s closer to Laura Southern then. From a personal perspective, this article doesn’t really transmit much information. What was quite good though, was the Unherd interview with the youngish conservative pundit who spoke on JD Vance’s political vision.

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Nih's definition of a clinical trial.

This page provides information, tools, and resources about the definition of a clinical trial. Correctly identifying whether a study is considered by NIH to be a clinical trial is crucial to how you will:

• Select the right NIH funding opportunity for your research study
• Write the research strategy and human subjects sections of your grant application and contract proposal
• Comply with appropriate policies and regulations, including registration and reporting in ClinicalTrials.gov

In 2016, NIH launched a multi-faceted effort to enhance its stewardship over clinical trials. The goal of this effort is to encourage advances in the design, conduct, and oversight of clinical trials while elevating the entire biomedical research enterprise to a new level of transparency and accountability. The NIH definition of a clinical trial was revised in 2014 in anticipation of these stewardship reforms to ensure a clear and responsive definition of a clinical trial. Learn more about why NIH has made changes to improve Clinical Trial Stewardship .

NIH Definition of a Clinical Trial

The term " study " refers to a research protocol or set of experiments designed to investigate a scientific question. in which one or more human subjects are prospectively assigned prospectively assigned The term "prospectively assigned" refers to a pre-defined process (e.g., randomization) specified in an approved protocol that stipulates the assignment of research subjects (individually or in clusters) to one or more arms (e.g., intervention, placebo, or other control) of a clinical trial. to one or more interventions interventions An "intervention" is defined as a manipulation of the subject or subject's environment for the purpose of modifying one or more health-related biomedical or behavioral processes and/or endpoints. Examples include: drugs/small molecules/compounds; biologics; devices; procedures (e.g., surgical techniques); delivery systems (e.g., telemedicine, face-to-face interviews); strategies to change health-related behavior (e.g., diet, cognitive therapy, exercise, development of new habits); treatment strategies; prevention strategies; and, diagnostic strategies. (which may include placebo or other control) to evaluate the effects of those interventions on health-related biomedical or behavioral outcomes. health-related biomedical or behavioral outcomes. A "health-related biomedical or behavioral outcome" is defined as the pre-specified goal(s) or condition(s) that reflect the effect of one or more interventions on human subjects' biomedical or behavioral status or quality of life. Examples include: positive or negative changes to physiological or biological parameters (e.g., improvement of lung capacity, gene expression); positive or negative changes to psychological or neurodevelopmental parameters (e.g., mood management intervention for smokers; reading comprehension and /or information retention); positive or negative changes to disease processes; positive or negative changes to health-related behaviors; and, positive or negative changes to quality of life.

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Use the following four questions to determine the difference between a clinical study and a clinical trial:

• Does the study involve human participants?
• Are the participants prospectively assigned to an intervention?
• Is the study designed to evaluate the effect of the intervention on the participants?
• Is the effect being evaluated a health-related biomedical or behavioral outcome?
• You are studying healthy participants
• Your study does not have a comparison group (e.g., placebo or control), or has a single arm
• Your study is only designed to assess the pharmacokinetics, safety, and/or maximum tolerated dose of an investigational drug
• Your study is utilizing a behavioral intervention, or measuring intent to change behavior
• Only one aim or sub-aim of your study meets the clinical trial definition
• Your study is no more than minimal risk

Studies intended solely to refine measures are not considered clinical trials. Studies that solely involve secondary research with biological specimens or health information are not clinical trials.

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Guest Essay

The Election Has Become a Race to See Which Campaign Can Define Kamala Harris

By Kristen Soltis Anderson

Ms. Anderson, a contributing Opinion writer, is a Republican pollster and a moderator of Opinion’s series of focus groups.

The battle to win over the remaining undecided voters in the 2024 presidential election looks as though it’s coming down to which campaign can successfully define Kamala Harris; look no further than the ads you see on TV in battleground states.

This may also explain why polls in battleground states can paint a very different picture of the race from that of national polls. In the past several days, we’ve had a flurry of national polls with mostly good news for the Harris campaign, only to be followed by Monday’s release of New York Times/Siena College polls of three Sun Belt battleground states — Arizona, Georgia and North Carolina — that presented a much more favorable view of the race for Donald Trump.

I’ve been on the road recently in the Phoenix area and took a moment to catch Sunday’s game between the Detroit Lions and the Arizona Cardinals on TV. Arizona voters are seeing their airwaves blanketed by political ads, and I was struck by the difference in approach from the Trump and Harris teams. Spots aired by Mr. Trump and his allies were largely negative ads about Ms. Harris, highlighting, in particular, her past position supporting the provision of gender transition surgery to incarcerated people. Meanwhile, ads from the Harris camp varied: While some hit Mr. Trump, particularly on the issue of abortion, more than a few were also purely positive ads, including highlighting her comment , during their debate, about her time as a prosecutor who “never asked a victim or a witness, ‘Are you a Republican or a Democrat?’”

The ads were representative of the mix of messaging that battleground state viewers have been seeing since on-air spending for the two campaigns ramped up in recent weeks. The Wesleyan Media Project estimated that the Trump team has spent almost zero on ads that only promote him in a positive light, while around a quarter of Harris ads are positive.

Why are both campaigns spending so much time talking about Ms. Harris? Because while most voters know how they feel about Mr. Trump, views of her remain very fluid.

Take the NBC News poll that came out this past weekend, showing Ms. Harris with a five-point advantage over Mr. Trump among registered voters. It also showed that since July, views on her swung significantly from deep unpopularity (a net 18 percentage points unfavorable) to a net positive (net three points favorable). NBC’s Mark Murray noted only three other times a presidential candidate’s favorability has swung so significantly in such a short period, including George W. Bush’s favorability immediately after Sept. 11.

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