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- Knowledge Base
Methodology
- Critical Discourse Analysis | Definition, Guide & Examples
Critical Discourse Analysis | Definition, Guide & Examples
Published on August 23, 2019 by Amy Luo . Revised on June 22, 2023.
Critical discourse analysis (or discourse analysis) is a research method for studying written or spoken language in relation to its social context. It aims to understand how language is used in real life situations.
When you conduct discourse analysis, you might focus on:
- The purposes and effects of different types of language
- Cultural rules and conventions in communication
- How values, beliefs and assumptions are communicated
- How language use relates to its social, political and historical context
Discourse analysis is a common qualitative research method in many humanities and social science disciplines, including linguistics, sociology, anthropology, psychology and cultural studies.
Table of contents
What is discourse analysis used for, how is discourse analysis different from other methods, how to conduct discourse analysis, other interesting articles.
Conducting discourse analysis means examining how language functions and how meaning is created in different social contexts. It can be applied to any instance of written or oral language, as well as non-verbal aspects of communication such as tone and gestures.
Materials that are suitable for discourse analysis include:
- Books, newspapers and periodicals
- Marketing material, such as brochures and advertisements
- Business and government documents
- Websites, forums, social media posts and comments
- Interviews and conversations
By analyzing these types of discourse, researchers aim to gain an understanding of social groups and how they communicate.
Prevent plagiarism. Run a free check.
Unlike linguistic approaches that focus only on the rules of language use, discourse analysis emphasizes the contextual meaning of language.
It focuses on the social aspects of communication and the ways people use language to achieve specific effects (e.g. to build trust, to create doubt, to evoke emotions, or to manage conflict).
Instead of focusing on smaller units of language, such as sounds, words or phrases, discourse analysis is used to study larger chunks of language, such as entire conversations, texts, or collections of texts. The selected sources can be analyzed on multiple levels.
Level of communication | What is analyzed? |
---|---|
Vocabulary | Words and phrases can be analyzed for ideological associations, formality, and euphemistic and metaphorical content. |
Grammar | The way that sentences are constructed (e.g., , active or passive construction, and the use of imperatives and questions) can reveal aspects of intended meaning. |
Structure | The structure of a text can be analyzed for how it creates emphasis or builds a narrative. |
Genre | Texts can be analyzed in relation to the conventions and communicative aims of their genre (e.g., political speeches or tabloid newspaper articles). |
Non-verbal communication | Non-verbal aspects of speech, such as tone of voice, pauses, gestures, and sounds like “um”, can reveal aspects of a speaker’s intentions, attitudes, and emotions. |
Conversational codes | The interaction between people in a conversation, such as turn-taking, interruptions and listener response, can reveal aspects of cultural conventions and social roles. |
Discourse analysis is a qualitative and interpretive method of analyzing texts (in contrast to more systematic methods like content analysis ). You make interpretations based on both the details of the material itself and on contextual knowledge.
There are many different approaches and techniques you can use to conduct discourse analysis, but the steps below outline the basic structure you need to follow. Following these steps can help you avoid pitfalls of confirmation bias that can cloud your analysis.
Step 1: Define the research question and select the content of analysis
To do discourse analysis, you begin with a clearly defined research question . Once you have developed your question, select a range of material that is appropriate to answer it.
Discourse analysis is a method that can be applied both to large volumes of material and to smaller samples, depending on the aims and timescale of your research.
Step 2: Gather information and theory on the context
Next, you must establish the social and historical context in which the material was produced and intended to be received. Gather factual details of when and where the content was created, who the author is, who published it, and whom it was disseminated to.
As well as understanding the real-life context of the discourse, you can also conduct a literature review on the topic and construct a theoretical framework to guide your analysis.
Step 3: Analyze the content for themes and patterns
This step involves closely examining various elements of the material – such as words, sentences, paragraphs, and overall structure – and relating them to attributes, themes, and patterns relevant to your research question.
Step 4: Review your results and draw conclusions
Once you have assigned particular attributes to elements of the material, reflect on your results to examine the function and meaning of the language used. Here, you will consider your analysis in relation to the broader context that you established earlier to draw conclusions that answer your research question.
If you want to know more about statistics , methodology , or research bias , make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples.
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- Conformity bias
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- Social desirability bias
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- Knowledge Base
- Methodology
- Critical Discourse Analysis | Definition, Guide & Examples
Critical Discourse Analysis | Definition, Guide & Examples
Published on 5 May 2022 by Amy Luo . Revised on 5 December 2022.
Discourse analysis is a research method for studying written or spoken language in relation to its social context. It aims to understand how language is used in real-life situations.
When you do discourse analysis, you might focus on:
- The purposes and effects of different types of language
- Cultural rules and conventions in communication
- How values, beliefs, and assumptions are communicated
- How language use relates to its social, political, and historical context
Discourse analysis is a common qualitative research method in many humanities and social science disciplines, including linguistics, sociology, anthropology, psychology, and cultural studies. It is also called critical discourse analysis.
Table of contents
What is discourse analysis used for, how is discourse analysis different from other methods, how to conduct discourse analysis.
Conducting discourse analysis means examining how language functions and how meaning is created in different social contexts. It can be applied to any instance of written or oral language, as well as non-verbal aspects of communication, such as tone and gestures.
Materials that are suitable for discourse analysis include:
- Books, newspapers, and periodicals
- Marketing material, such as brochures and advertisements
- Business and government documents
- Websites, forums, social media posts, and comments
- Interviews and conversations
By analysing these types of discourse, researchers aim to gain an understanding of social groups and how they communicate.
Prevent plagiarism, run a free check.
Unlike linguistic approaches that focus only on the rules of language use, discourse analysis emphasises the contextual meaning of language.
It focuses on the social aspects of communication and the ways people use language to achieve specific effects (e.g., to build trust, to create doubt, to evoke emotions, or to manage conflict).
Instead of focusing on smaller units of language, such as sounds, words, or phrases, discourse analysis is used to study larger chunks of language, such as entire conversations, texts, or collections of texts. The selected sources can be analysed on multiple levels.
Level of communication | What is analysed? |
---|---|
Vocabulary | Words and phrases can be analysed for ideological associations, formality, and euphemistic and metaphorical content. |
Grammar | The way that sentences are constructed (e.g., verb tenses, active or passive construction, and the use of imperatives and questions) can reveal aspects of intended meaning. |
Structure | The structure of a text can be analysed for how it creates emphasis or builds a narrative. |
Genre | Texts can be analysed in relation to the conventions and communicative aims of their genre (e.g., political speeches or tabloid newspaper articles). |
Non-verbal communication | Non-verbal aspects of speech, such as tone of voice, pauses, gestures, and sounds like ‘um’, can reveal aspects of a speaker’s intentions, attitudes, and emotions. |
Conversational codes | The interaction between people in a conversation, such as turn-taking, interruptions, and listener response, can reveal aspects of cultural conventions and social roles. |
Discourse analysis is a qualitative and interpretive method of analysing texts (in contrast to more systematic methods like content analysis ). You make interpretations based on both the details of the material itself and on contextual knowledge.
There are many different approaches and techniques you can use to conduct discourse analysis, but the steps below outline the basic structure you need to follow.
Step 1: Define the research question and select the content of analysis
To do discourse analysis, you begin with a clearly defined research question . Once you have developed your question, select a range of material that is appropriate to answer it.
Discourse analysis is a method that can be applied both to large volumes of material and to smaller samples, depending on the aims and timescale of your research.
Step 2: Gather information and theory on the context
Next, you must establish the social and historical context in which the material was produced and intended to be received. Gather factual details of when and where the content was created, who the author is, who published it, and whom it was disseminated to.
As well as understanding the real-life context of the discourse, you can also conduct a literature review on the topic and construct a theoretical framework to guide your analysis.
Step 3: Analyse the content for themes and patterns
This step involves closely examining various elements of the material – such as words, sentences, paragraphs, and overall structure – and relating them to attributes, themes, and patterns relevant to your research question.
Step 4: Review your results and draw conclusions
Once you have assigned particular attributes to elements of the material, reflect on your results to examine the function and meaning of the language used. Here, you will consider your analysis in relation to the broader context that you established earlier to draw conclusions that answer your research question.
Cite this Scribbr article
If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the ‘Cite this Scribbr article’ button to automatically add the citation to our free Reference Generator.
Luo, A. (2022, December 05). Critical Discourse Analysis | Definition, Guide & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved 27 September 2024, from https://www.scribbr.co.uk/research-methods/discourse-analysis-explained/
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Case study | definition, examples & methods, how to do thematic analysis | guide & examples, content analysis | a step-by-step guide with examples.
Master's Thesis - Critical Disourse Analysis: Media Representation of the Refugee (Magistrsko delo - Kritična analiza diskurza medijskih reprezentacij begunca)
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Introduction, section snippets, references (36), cited by (156).
Journal of English for Academic Purposes
A discourse analysis of master's theses across disciplines with a focus on introductions, overall organization of thesis, concluding comments, the apprentice approach to advanced academic literacy: graduate students and their mentors, english for specific purposes, the structure of phd conclusion chapters, non-native speaker graduate students' thesis/dissertation writing in science: self-reports by students and their advisors from two us institutions, a genre-based investigation of the discussion sections in articles and dissertations, humble servants of the discipline self-mention in research articles, authority and invisibility: authorial identity in academic writing, journal of pragmatics, the use of personal pronouns: role relationships in scientific journal articles, contrastive esp rhetoric: metatext in finnish–english economic texts, thesis and dissertation writing: an examination of published advice and actual practice, introductions in research articles: variations across disciplines, points of focus and position: intertextual reference in phd theses.
- Ahmad, U. K. (1997). Scientific research articles in Malay: A situated discourse analysis. Unpublished doctoral...
Social context and socially constructed texts: The initiation of a graduate student into a writing research community
Generic moves in phd thesis introductions, local interactions: constructing contexts for composing in a graduate sociology program, informal elements in english academic writing: threats or opportunities for advanced non-native speakers, genre analysis: an investigation of the introduction and discussion sections of msc dissertations, genre analysis: an approach to text analysis for esp, a cross-disciplinary investigation of multi-word expressions in the moves of research article abstracts, form and function of citations in discussion sections of master's theses and research articles.
The student writers in this study tend to use integral citations more frequently than the published writers, indicating a preference for granting prominence to individual authors. What is also noteworthy is that the percentage of integral citations is higher in the discussion sections than in the introductions of these same biology theses, where only 12% of citations were integral compared to 27.9% in the discussions, showing that citation use can vary across parts of the same genre which fulfill different discourse functions (see Samraj (2008) for results from an analysis of master's thesis introductions). The results of the analysis using this framework shed some interesting light on citation use by student writers and experts in biology and are provided in Table 2.
Metadiscourse repertoire of L1 Mandarin undergraduates writing in English: A cross-contextual, cross-disciplinary study
In research describing frequency of occurrence of specified linguistic features, practice varies as to the reporting of quantitative results. Studies based on smaller corpora, such as Bruce (2010) or Samraj (2008) discussed above, seem to present raw counts. Studies based on larger corpora, such as Hyland (2009) or Lafuente Millan (2010) tend to present frequencies per 10,000 words.
Commenting on results in published research articles and masters dissertations in Language Teaching
A classification of genre families in university student writing, issues in the development of the british academic written english (bawe) corpus.
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Postcolonial Critical Discourse Analysis: Theory and Method
- First Online: 16 October 2019
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- Ruth Sanz Sabido 2
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This chapter explains the tenets of Postcolonial Critical Discourse Analysis (PCDA) as a theoretical and methodological framework. It introduces the notion of the ‘postcolonial’ and ‘Orientalism’, before providing a review of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), and the connections between language and social structures of power. It then focuses on the ways in which both Postcolonial Theory and Critical Discourse Analysis share an interest in resisting social structures that are based on unequal relations of power. This theoretical framework is complemented by a methodological approach, which is based on an adaptation of historical approaches to Critical Discourse Analysis, which also includes quantitative Content Analysis. Finally, it explains the sampling criteria and the process of data collection and analysis for this research.
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Sanz Sabido, R. (2019). Postcolonial Critical Discourse Analysis: Theory and Method. In: The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict in the British Press. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-52646-5_2
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critical discourse analysis, education research, social inequality, qualitative research, analytical framework. Critical discourse analysis (CDA) is a qualitative analytical approach for critically describing, interpreting, and explaining the ways in which discourses construct, main-tain, and legitimize social inequalities (Wodak & Meyer, 2009).
Van Dijk (forthcoming) summarizes the history of Discourse Studies (DS) in a very. precise way, and emphasizes that 'the "core" of the new discipline remains the systematic. and explicit ...
V_xritical c discourse analysis (CDA) is an interdisciplinary approach to tex tual study that aims to explicate abuses of power promoted by those texts, by analyzing linguistic/semiotic details in light of the larger social and political contexts in which those texts circulate. In the words of Ruth Wodak, one of.
The critical approach is distinctive in its view of (a) the relationship between language and society, and (b) the relationship between analysis and the practices analysed" (Wodak 1997:173). CDA states that discourse is socially constitutive as well as socially conditioned. Furthermore, discourse is an opaque power object in modem societies and ...
Discourse analysis is a research method for studying written or spoken language in relation to its social context. It aims to understand how language is used in real-life situations. When you do discourse analysis, you might focus on: The purposes and effects of different types of language. Cultural rules and conventions in communication.
Student: Hannah E. Oliver. Title: Politics of Climate Action Plans: A Critical Discourse Analysis. This thesis has been accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Master of Community and Regional Planning in the Department of Planning, Public Policy and Management by: Robert Young Richard Margerum Vicki Elmer.
Critical Discourse Analysis 353 be based on such insights. Theory formation, description, and explanation, also in discourse analysis, are sociopolitically "situated," whether we like it or not. Reflec-tion on the role of scholars in society and the polity thus becomes an inherent part of the discourse analytical enterprise.
Critical Discourse Analysis (hereafter CDA) is a cross-discipline set forth in the early 1990s by a group of scholars such as Theo van Leeuwen, Gunther Kress, Teun van Dijk, and Norman Fairclough (Wodak & Meyer, 2001). At that time, theories and methods of CDA have been formulated to differentiate this paradigm from other theories and ...
Master's dissertation Critical Discourse Analysis: Media Representation of the Refugee deals with the issue of distorting the reality of refugees through media coverage during the time of the ...
critical. analysis of text and talk. In general, the answers to such questions presuppose a study of the relations between discourse, power, dominance, social inequality and the position of the discourse analyst in such social relationships. Since this is a complex, multidisciplinary and as vet underdeveloped domain of study, which one may call.
Critical discourse analysis (CDA) is a rapidly developing area of language study. It regards discourse as 'a form as social practice' (Fairclough & Wodak, 1997, p.258), and takes consideration of the context of language use to be crucial to discourse (Wodak, 2001). It takes particular interest in the relation between language and power.
Critical discourse analysis is an inter- and transdisciplinary methodology that aims to expose how power relations operate. Importantly, this analytic approach can not only be used to identify social injustice but also as a framework for understanding how these injustices came to be and how they are being/can be challenged. Critical discourse ...
Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) is an important analytical method or framework which draws its attitude to criticism from its immediate antecedents, Critical Applied Linguistics, and Systemic Functional Linguistics, both of which recognize the role of language in the production and maintenance of unequal power structures Lin, (2013).
However, the master's thesis has not received as much attention as the PhD dissertation. This investigation of master's theses from three disciplines, biology, philosophy and linguistics, employs both discourse analysis and interviews with subject specialists. An analysis of the overall organization of the thesis with a focus on the structure ...
Critical discourse analysis (CDA) is a type of discourse analytical. research that prim- arily studies the way social power abuse, dominance, and inequality are enacted, reproduced, and resisted by text and talk in the. social and political context (Dijk: 139) Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) is ̳a theory and method.
A Critical Discourse Analysis of Social Change in Women-related Posts on Saudi English-Language Blogs Posted between 2009 and 2012 Shrouq Hamad Al Maghlouth A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Linguistics and English Language Lancaster University United Kingdom
This thesis uses critical discourse analysis to study the discursive construction of EU counter-terrorism policy. It uses representative extracts from twenty counter-terrorism documents prepared by/or for the EU institution the European Council, across a ten-year period from November 1999 to December 2009.
Abstract. This chapter explains the tenets of Postcolonial Critical Discourse Analysis (PCDA) as a theoretical and methodological framework. It introduces the notion of the 'postcolonial' and 'Orientalism', before providing a review of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), and the connections between language and social structures of power.