what is extreme sports essay

Extreme Sports Essay

Extreme sports are becoming increasingly popular all over the world. While some people see them as dangerous and reckless, others see them as exciting and adrenaline-pumping.

There are many different extreme sports to choose from, such as Bungee jumping, sky diving, snowboarding, and surfing. Extreme sports often require a lot of skill and training, which can be part of the appeal for some people.

For others, the appeal of extreme sports is simply the thrill of doing something that is considered dangerous. Extreme sports can be a great way to get an adrenaline rush and feel alive.

No matter what the reason is for their popularity, extreme sports are here to stay. They provide an opportunity for people to push themselves to the limit and experience something truly exhilarating.

People are extremely attracted to relatively new sports, like extreme sports, because they offer an adrenalin rush and allow for self-expression in new ways .

Extreme sports are usually associated with young people, but there are more and more adult fans of these activities. Extreme sports provide an opportunity to forget about the daily routine and immerse oneself in the moment. Also, many people find it attractive that extreme sports require a high level of skill and athleticism.

There are different types of extreme sports, from relatively safe ones like bungee jumping to dangerous ones like base jumping. Some people prefer solo sports, while others enjoy team sports. Extreme sports can be performed in different natural environments – on land, in water or in the air.

The most popular extreme sports include BMX, freestyle motocross, skateboarding, surfing, cliff diving, free solo climbing, parkour, base jumping, and wingsuit flying. Extreme sports have become so popular that there are now professional athletes who compete in Extreme Games and X Games – special events where only the most skilled athletes can participate.

The popularity of extreme sports is likely to continue to grow in the future as more and more people are looking for new ways to challenge themselves and experience thrills.

It’s no secret that we humans are suckers for new experiences. This is especially true when it comes to sports. With the recent media push to get kids active, participation in extreme sports has seen a dramatic increase. People are now indulging in activities like skydiving, mountain biking, and rock climbing more than ever before.

Extreme sports require special equipment, which sometimes is very expensive, but it does not prevent young people from indulging in these activities. Extreme sports are considered to be more dangerous than traditional ones, but this fact only adds to the popularity of these activities.

There are several reasons for the popularity of extreme sports. First of all, they are accessible to everyone. You do not need to be a professional athlete to try them. Secondly, they are very exciting and can give you a real adrenaline rush. Thirdly, they help you push your limits and test your boundaries. And last but not least, they allow you to meet new people and make new friends.

People are bored with traditional sports like basketball, soccer, and football. Martial arts have become too generic. It’s in human nature to want to stand out, and extreme sports are a good way to do it. I believe that people think your activities are linked directly to your personality: if you’re boring, you do dull things; controversial or unusual activities mean you have a great personality and positive outlook.

Extreme sports are a great way to show off your personality. They’re also a great conversation starter. When you meet someone new, instead of asking them what they do for a living, you can ask them about their favorite extreme sport. It’s a great way to get to know someone quickly.

Extreme sports are also popular because they’re dangerous. I’m not talking about the kind of danger that comes with playing football or hockey, where you might get a concussion or break a bone. I’m talking about the kind of danger that comes with doing something that could kill you if you’re not careful. People are drawn to this kind of danger because it’s exciting and makes them feel alive.

So why are extreme sports so popular? I believe it’s because they’re a great way to show off your personality, they’re a great conversation starter, and they’re dangerous. If you’re looking for a new way to show off your personality, or if you’re just looking for something new to do, consider trying an extreme sport.

It’s easy to feel stuck in the same routine day-after-day when we’re dealing with work, school, and other predicaments. Sometimes our lives can feel quite lackluster when we’re constantly seeing the same people and thing. To have a more active lifestyle, try spending more time outside surrounded by nature.

Extreme sports are a great way to do this. Extreme sports are becoming increasingly popular all over the world, especially among young people. These activities give us a chance to break free from our everyday routines and push ourselves physically and mentally. They’re also super exciting and can be quite addicting.

There are many different extreme sports to choose from, so there’s something for everyone. Some popular ones include rock climbing, surfing, BASE jumping, and skydiving. If you’re looking for a new challenge, why not give one of these a try? You might just find your new favorite hobby.

Such living undoubtedly causes us stress, fatigue, and a lack of peace of mind. I spend half my day at university lectures and now I feel like a tightly wound spring about to snap. In other words, many people including myself need an adrenaline rush that dangerous sports can provide.

Extreme sports are popular because they give people an adrenaline rush. They are a way to release stress and tension. They are also a way to feel alive. Extreme sports are not for everyone but for those who enjoy them, they can be a great way to relax and have fun.

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Essay on Extreme Sports

Students are often asked to write an essay on Extreme Sports in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on Extreme Sports

What are extreme sports.

Extreme sports are activities that give a thrill. They often involve speed, height, or physical effort. Examples are skateboarding, skydiving, and mountain biking. People enjoy these sports because they are exciting and challenging.

Why People Like Them

Many like extreme sports for the rush they feel. It’s a way to test limits and face fears. These sports can also build confidence and give a sense of adventure.

Risks Involved

These sports can be dangerous. Injuries might happen, and safety is very important. Wearing helmets and other protective gear is a must.

Learning Extreme Sports

To start, learn from a pro and practice a lot. Start slow and know your limits. With time, skills will improve and so will safety.

250 Words Essay on Extreme Sports

Extreme sports are activities that give a rush of excitement and danger. They are not like usual games such as soccer or basketball. Instead, they include things like skydiving, rock climbing, and surfing big waves. People who enjoy these sports love the thrill and challenge that come with them.

Many like extreme sports because they are thrilling. When someone jumps from a plane or rides a wave, they feel alive and full of energy. These sports also help people to overcome their fears and to feel strong.

These sports can be risky. A small mistake can lead to injury or even worse. That is why it is important to train well and use the right safety gear. People who do these sports must be careful and know what they are doing.

Learning and Safety

To be safe, one must learn from a good teacher and practice a lot. Using helmets, ropes, and other safety items is a must. It is also smart to do these sports with friends so that someone can help if there is trouble.

Extreme sports are not for everyone. They are for those who enjoy being on the edge and are ready to take on risks for the sake of fun and adventure. With the right training and care, these sports can be enjoyed safely and give a sense of pride and joy.

500 Words Essay on Extreme Sports

Extreme sports are thrilling activities that give a rush of excitement to those who try them. These sports are not like regular games such as soccer or basketball. They often involve a higher level of danger and are more adventurous. Some examples include skydiving, mountain biking, rock climbing, and surfing big waves. People who enjoy extreme sports are usually looking for a special kind of excitement that they cannot find in everyday sports.

Why People Like Extreme Sports

People are drawn to extreme sports for many reasons. One big reason is the feeling they get from doing something that is a bit scary but also very exciting. This feeling is often called an adrenaline rush. When someone is high up on a rock face or about to jump out of an airplane, their body releases adrenaline. This makes their heart beat faster and can make them feel more alive.

Another reason people like these sports is because they can be a way to challenge themselves. They test their strength, bravery, and skill. Overcoming a tough rock climb or learning to do a new trick on a skateboard can make someone feel very proud.

The Risks of Extreme Sports

Extreme sports come with more risks than regular sports. Since they can be dangerous, it is important for those who take part in them to know what they are doing. They must train and use the right safety gear. For example, a helmet is a must when mountain biking, and a parachute is necessary for skydiving. By being careful and prepared, many of the risks can be lessened but not completely removed.

It is also important for people to know their limits. Trying something too hard or too risky can lead to accidents. This is why learning from a good teacher and practicing a lot is very important in extreme sports.

Extreme Sports and Teamwork

Some extreme sports are done alone, but many require teamwork. In rock climbing, for example, climbers rely on each other to stay safe. One person climbs while the other manages the rope that can catch them if they fall. This teamwork helps build trust and friendship between people.

Extreme Sports and Nature

Many extreme sports take place outdoors in nature. This gives people a chance to enjoy beautiful places while doing the sport they love. Surfers catch waves at beautiful beaches, and mountain bikers ride through forests and over hills. Being in nature can make the experience of extreme sports even more special.

Extreme sports are not for everyone. They can be dangerous and scary. But for those who enjoy them, they offer a chance to feel excited, to challenge themselves, and to experience the beauty of nature. It is important for anyone interested in these sports to learn about them, practice, and always remember to be safe. By doing this, they can enjoy the thrill of extreme sports while keeping the risks as low as possible.

That’s it! I hope the essay helped you.

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LESSON PLAN

Should young people be allowed to do extreme sports.

Analyzing Authors’ Claims

Read the Article

YES: Jamie Burr, Professor of Human Health and Nutritional Science, University of Guelph, Canada NO: Vani J. Sabesan, M.D., Associate Professor, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit

Analyze the debate.

1. Set Focus Frame the inquiry with these essential questions: What is a reasonable risk? When do the risks of an activity outweigh its benefits? Who gets to decide when something is too risky?

2. R ead and Discuss Have students read the debate and then answer the following questions:

What is the issue being debated? How does it relate to current events? (The issue is whether kids and teens should be allowed to participate in extreme sports. The issue is timely because youth participation in extreme sports is at an all-time high.)
Evaluate why these two authors might be interested in and qualified to comment on this issue. (Jamie Burr is a professor of human health and nutritional sciences. Vani J. Sabesan is a doctor who also teaches at a university medical school.)
Analyze Burr’s view. (Burr says that young people should be allowed to participate in extreme sports. He says that risk is a part of life and that barring young people from risky activities would deprive them of the chance to develop risk-management skills. He says adults can help manage the risk for young people by properly ramping them up to the activity.)
Analyze Sabesan’s view. (Sabesan says that young people should not be allowed to participate in extreme sports. She says the risks, including paralysis and death, related to extreme sports are far greater than with traditional sports and that most protective equipment can’t prevent injuries. She also says that young people’s brains haven’t developed sufficiently for them to make good choices about these activities.)

Extend & Assess

4. Writing Prompt In an essay, evaluate one of the debaters’ arguments. Assess whether the reasoning is valid and whether it’s supported with evidence. Point out biases or missing information.

5. Classroom Debate Should young people be allowed to do extreme sports? Have students use the authors’ ideas, as well as their own, in a debate.

6. Vote Go online to vote in Upfront’s poll—and see how students across the country voted.

Download a PDF of this Lesson Plan

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Front Psychol

Editorial: Understanding Extreme Sports: A Psychological Perspective

Eric brymer.

1 Australian College of Applied Psychology (ACAP), Sydney, NSW, Australia

Francesco Feletti

2 Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy

Erik Monasterio

3 Department of Psychological Medicine, Christchurch School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand

Robert Schweitzer

4 The School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia

A new class of sport has emerged in the last few decades, variously called extreme, adventure, action, and lifestyle sports. These activities are revolutionizing the notion of sport, exercise and physical activity and overtaking many traditional sports in terms of participation, and influence. They have developed into a significant worldwide phenomenon with considerable social and economic impact (Brymer and Schweitzer, 2017a ). While participant numbers in many traditional team and individual sports such as golf, basketball, and racket sports have declined over the last decade or so, participant numbers in so-called extreme sports have surged. The current trajectory suggests that traditional sports will soon play second fiddle to these new and exciting opportunities. With the continually rising participation rates in these activities, science and medicine is starting to give these sports the same attention already given to traditional sports (Feletti et al., 2017 ). However, this attention needs to consider the unique and nuanced characteristics of the people involved, their motivation, and the activities. As already noted and further highlighted by many articles in this special edition, extreme sports are not well-served by approaches that stem from traditional sports research ( Arijs et al. ).

From a psychological viewpoint, while the tendency has been to assume that the activities and experiences described as extreme sports are somehow homogenous, research is questioning these assumptions and revealing important nuances between activities and subdisciplines within the same activity (Collins and Brymer, 2018 ). These nuances are pointing to understandings that not only help explore extreme sports more generally but also revealing important information about what it means to be human (Brymer and Schweitzer, 2017b ).

Traditional explanations for why extreme sports have become so popular are varied but for the most part stem from a notion that extreme sport participation is deviant or undesirable. Indeed, there are many examples of the downside of extreme sports. For example, Everest and other high and popular mountains have long been associated with the rubbish left over by mountaineers (Bishop and Naumann, 1996 ) and with notorious images of mountaineers walking past dying colleagues (Elmes and Barry, 1999 ). This special edition does not set out to refute these happenings, rather add to the work already undertaken.

Traditional notions on motivations include perspectives that stress rebellion against a society that is becoming too risk-averse. For others, it is about the spectacle and the merchandise that is associated with organized activities and glamorous athletes. Authors have also proposed that extreme sport participation is merely an outlet for those people attracted by risk and danger or the desire to brag. For others still, it is about the desire to belong to sub-cultures and the glamor that goes with extreme sports. This confusing array of explanations is unfortunate as despite their popularity there are still negative perceptions about extreme sports participation particularly acute immediately after accidents or adverse incidents.

Attempts to categorize extreme sport activities have been challenging but as authors in this special edition attest (see Immonen et al. ; Cohen et al. in this edition) we are rapidly moving into an age where the nuances make a considerable difference when we investigate motivations, performance and outcomes, and as such clarity is fast becoming essential. Traditional attempts to define extreme sports have variously focused on either task elements, environmental characteristics or individual participants, separately, or in combination. From a task perspective, the traditional emphasis has been on the activity being high-risk or dangerous with the potential to cause considerable harm or even death of the participant. More recently, the risk notion has been downplayed, and extreme sport activities have been differentiated from mainstream sports because extreme sports are typically not governed by external rules and regulations. In this special edition, activities have been described as both competitive (see Cohen et al. ) or non-competitive and creative (see Immonen et al. ; Cohen et al. ).

The traditional participant perspective has generally accepted that participants are outliers (at times deviant), emphasizing personality, emotional impact, and the role of adrenaline and thrill. Participants are assumed to search out opportunities for participation because they have underlying personality structures that demand novel, risky, and dangerous experiences. The environment perspective has leant on both social and physical explanations. Those studies espousing the social environment most often write about the impact of social pressure on performance or how extreme sports are an invention stemming from sub-cultural desires to rebel against mainstream society or demonstrate perceived masculine characteristics. Those studies focusing on the physical environment tend to project the environment as key to understanding extreme sport participation and focus on the natural world as dynamic, unconstrained by human intervention, or dangerous and needing to be tamed or controlled. The traditional approach has suggested that participants compete against the environment. However, research has critiqued this perspective, pointing out that participants recognize competition with the environment would be fruitless. More recent research has differentiated extreme sport participation from traditional sport participation because the environment is not constrained by artificial boundaries (Feletti and Brymer, 2018 ).

Part of the confusion seems to be that extreme sports activities are continually evolving, partially facilitated by technology and partially by the creative capacities and skills of participants. For example, extreme activities such as BASE (an acronym for Buildings, Antennae, Span, Earth) jumping has evolved to include proximity flying. Tow-in surfing, developed in the 90s and facilitated the capacity to ride bigger waves. Equally, although extreme sports are still assumed to be a Western pastime, there has been considerable uptake across the globe (Brymer and Schweitzer, 2017a ). The idea that extreme sports are only for the young is also changing as participation rates across generations are growing. Baby boomers are enthusiastic participants of a variety of adventurous sports more generally. The gender divide is another presupposition that is being questioned (see Frühauf et al. ; Monasterio et al. in this edition). Extreme sports now support a multi-billion dollar industry, and the momentum seems to be intensifying. Interestingly, as noted above, this has also opened up opportunities for versions of extreme sports to be included in mainstream events such as the Olympic Games. For example, kitesurfing made its first appearance at the 2018 Youth Olympic Games in Buenos Aires, Argentina and will be included in the 2024 Paris Olympic Games. Surfing, rock climbing and skateboarding will also be making their debut at the 2020 Olympic Games in Tokyo, Japan. Media and the general public have been captivated by images of high velocity, high altitude, forceful accelerations, and extreme physical precision required to perform these sports. In turn, these developments have has added to the confusion about the importance of competition.

There is a pressing need for clarity. The dominant research perspective has focused on positivist theory-driven perspectives that attempt to match participation in extreme sports against predetermined characteristics. For the most part, empirical research has conformed to predetermined societal perspectives. Other ways of knowing have revealed more nuanced perspectives of the human dimension of extreme sport participation. There has been considerable development of research into extreme sports since the early days in the 1960s. Studies focusing on medicine, sociology, physiology, and psychology are now being published in mainstream outlets, and extreme sports research has become a visible part of many traditional research agendas. While, researchers are still working to understand the experience better map out how best to support learning and document the outcomes from extreme sport participation, researchers also realize that extreme sports have a lot to offer research in mainstream sports and findings from extreme sports research are proving pertinent to our understanding of everyday experiences.

The impact of extreme sports on health and well-being represents one of the most interesting themes to emerge from the extreme sport experience reported in this special edition and supported by contemporary research. Research in this special edition indicates that, if managed effectively ( Schüler et al. ; Buckley , in this edition), participation in extreme sports can induce positive emotions and resilience, and facilitate the development of skills and physical capacities that support flourishing in everyday life (see Maclntyre et al. and Hetland et al. ). Maclntyre et al. , highlight findings that support the idea that extreme sport participation can lead to positive relationships with the natural world and pro-environmental behaviors (Brymer et al., 2009 ; Brymer and Gray, 2010 ). Extreme sports are described as meaningful and life-enhancing (see Immonen et al. ) with the potential to be used as therapeutic interventions to address everyday psychological issues and drug abuse (see Roberts et al. ; Roderique-Davies et al. ). Holmbom et al. , argue that extreme sport participation is very different from traditional sports perhaps because the potential outcome is far more serious. They argue that extreme sports have profound positive transformational capacities and that the skills learnt during extreme sports were relevant for, and enhanced everyday life.

Another interesting theme to emerge from this special edition, and highlighted in the current discourse on extreme sports, concerns how extreme sports should be defined . Risk does not turn out to be as central a notion as has traditionally been assumed. Buckley points to a definition that combines person and task elements of participation. Extreme sports are placed further along a continuum from adventure sports where death is a potential; survival relies on “moment to moment skill” and emotions involved in thrill are the central notions. Cohen et al. propose extreme sports should be defined by the type of activity. They suggest that extreme sports are by nature competitive activities undertaken in natural contexts with atypical physical challenges and the potential of death as an outcome. On the contrary, Langseth and Salvesen focuses on the role of values and Immonen et al. argue for a more creative and meaning based definition where extreme sports and traditional sports differ precisely because competition is not emphasized in extreme sports. Attention is given to aesthetic criteria rather than traditional quantitative parameters (e.g., distance, time, score) when assessing performance. Like Buckley , Cohen et al. argues that risk is what differentiates extreme from traditional sports. However, as above the importance of risk is questioned by Immonen et al. who point out that the risk focus has important limitations and provide a more relational appreciation of extreme sports as emergent activities that afford opportunities for existential reflection and self-actualization. Again, they emphasize the relationship between performer and environment to argue their case.

The third outcome of this special edition links to learning and performance in extreme sports . First, the idea that only certain people undertake extreme sports, usually determined by the personality characteristics of the participant or underpinned by gender or the adrenaline junky explanation might not stand up to scrutiny ( Collins et al. ). Research reported in this special edition suggests that individual participant characteristics are broad and not easily captured by personality measures or gender ( Monasterio et al. ; Frühauf et al. ). Second, in contrast to more traditional perspectives that assume skilled performance relies on innate individual characteristics, articles in this special edition point to other mechanisms. Arijs et al. , argue that performance in extreme sports is very different from performance in traditional sports because of the seriousness and potential consequences of the activity. Instead of a traditional narrative that emphasizes winning, extreme sports accentuate exploration, discovery and a relational perspective linking profound knowledge of self and task and attunement to information in the environment as key to effective performance. Seifert et al. (this edition), in their skill acquisition focus, support a relational perspective, arguing that learning and performance are linked to a productive person-environment relationship and the development of more effective attunement to affordances (invitations for action) in the environment. Learning in extreme sports is about how well the performer perceives opportunities for action that combine personal characteristics with environmental characteristics. Collins et al. follow a skills training model demonstrating the ways in which knowledge of performance in emerging competitive versions of extreme sports extends traditional sporting models. Developing skills and expertise to perform effectively in extreme sports also facilitates opportunities to rethink learning in other sports, and more generally across learning environments.

Motives and motivations for participation in extreme sports emerged as a fourth theme in this special edition. The majority of articles in this edition have questioned the assumption that a particular type of person participates in extreme sports or that the desire for risk and danger underpinned participation. McEwan et al. (this edition) point out that traditional assumptions that emphasize homogeneity in extreme sport participation might be limited. Instead, they draw attention to differences in motivations and interests even within the same sport, in their case, mountain biking. Monasterio and Cloninger (this edition) examined personality structures of BASE jumpers and mountaineers; they determined that while personality measures did not suggest that extreme sports athletes were a homogenous group, there were trends toward being controlled and adventurous. Men and women shared similar characteristics and constructs such as self-actualization were more critical in understanding the motivation of extreme sports people compared to the traditional notion of social pressure. Happiness, challenging oneself, being in nature, friendships, and balance were also noted as important factors ( Hetland et al. ; Frühauf et al. ).

The themes highlighted above suggest four interesting take-home messages from this special edition:

Engaging in extreme sports and adventure more generally provides us with important insights into what it means to be human. From a practice and policy perspective, the scholarly study of extreme sport participation suggests that we should be finding ways to encourage participation across the lifespan and finding ways to include extreme sports and adventure in activities designed to enhance health, education and physical activity participation. While traditional perspectives on the reason for encouraging adventure may no longer be relevant, the impacts of participation in adventure are more essential today than ever before.
Extreme sports are complex. Looking for simple answers that emphasise aspects such as risk, personality, or social forces misses the point entirely. Perhaps more than any other type of human experience extreme sports provide a means to rethink the human-environment relationship and the importance of activities that do not focus on winning, rules, regulations, and manicured playgrounds. Extreme sports research should be encouraged across multiple disciplines.
Extreme sports participation is more likely to be suitable for the general population than not. Indeed, participation in extreme sports and their less extreme cousins support physical, social and psychological health and well-being across the lifespan and, notably, also the well-being of the planet. While there are challenges when it comes to the development of technology that supports advancements, in general, extreme sports should be encouraged, and should be considered significant positive activities worthy of consideration in policy development across the health, education, sport, and environment sectors. Extreme sports should be considered a fruitful approach for involving people in health-enhancing and active lifestyles. Young people, in particular, should be encouraged to take part in these activities to foster social interaction, informal learning, and socio-cultural integration.
Intriguingly, research reported in this special edition points to knowledge gained in extreme sports as useful for performance in other domains of life, such as business or sport.

In conclusion, extreme sports should not be considered activities for the few but fundamental aspects of human expression and the development of healthy populations and environments.

Author Contributions

All authors listed have made a substantial, direct and intellectual contribution to the work, and approved it for publication.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

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IELTS essay, topic: More and more people participate in extreme sports (reasons and solutions)

IELTS Essays - Band 8

IELTS Model Essay Sample Band 8 June 2023

This essay topic was seen in recent IELTS tests in Sri Lanka and Nigeria .

More and more people participate in extreme sports. Why do people take part in these dangerous sports? What can be done to reduce the danger associated with such activities?

Sample Band 8 Essay

In recent years, extreme sports have become increasingly popular among people of all ages. People are drawn to the thrill and adrenaline rush that comes with participating in these risky activities. From jumping out of airplanes to riding huge waves, these dangerous sports offer a unique set of challenges and opportunities for those willing to try them out.

Despite the obvious risk associated with extreme sports, there are still many people who participate in such activities. Some are driven by a need for adventure or a desire to test their physical capabilities. Others simply enjoy the sense of accomplishment they gain after mastering their chosen activity. Many cite the feeling of freedom and joy that accompanies extreme sports as something that cannot be found elsewhere.

To reduce risks associated with extreme sports, it is important for participants to first receive proper training and instruction from certified professionals. This will help ensure that they understand how to stay safe while engaging in such activities. It is also essential for participants to wear appropriate safety gear, such as helmets and protective clothing, when participating in any kind of sport. Finally, extreme athletes should always make sure they are aware of their abilities and limitations before taking part in any kind of dangerous activity, so they don’t overextend themselves or put themselves in danger unnecessarily.

Overall, while extreme sports can be extremely dangerous, they can also be a source of immense joy and satisfaction. Participating in such activities does not necessarily mean that individuals are putting themselves in peril, if all the essential safety precautions are taken. With proper training, equipment, education and awareness of one’s own limitations, anyone can enjoy these kinds of daring pursuits, knowing that the risks are properly managed.

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Home — Essay Samples — Life — Adventure Sports — Extreme Sports: Benefits and Challenges Explored

Extreme Sports: Benefits and Challenges Explored

Categories: Adventure Sports Fear

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What does John Green's book of essays say about the Indy 500? About the Indianapolis nod

Author John Green is no stranger to Indianapolis and the Indy 500, which is Sunday at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway.

Green has many works in his back pocket, including several with nods to Indianapolis. It seems fitting to revisit some of the mentions as we wait for drivers to start their engines.

The IndyStar has several guides to get fans ready for the Greatest Spectacle in Racing including a printable starting lineup , how to tune in to the race from outside the racetrack and what people can bring to the Indianapolis Motor Speedway.

Start the day smarter. Get all the news you need in your inbox each morning.

What to know about John Green and the Indy 500:

What does John Green's book of essays say about the Indy 500?

In " The Anthropocene Reviewed ," Green writes essays reviewing different topics from Halley's Comet to Diet Dr Pepper and even the Indianapolis 500, the IndyStar previously reported.

He wrote the Indy 500 review during the pandemic.

“I wanted to write about my experience of suddenly being unable to go to the race, and how it felt to go through all the same rituals that I always go through on that Sunday, and to bike to the race as I always do and to arrive at an empty Speedway, with the gates locked shut."

"It can be hard at times because we have to get used to a new normal to be able to reflect on how much has been lost in the last year and a half," he said. "And obviously the loss of fans at the speedway wasn't one of the big losses, but it was a loss. One loss among billions. For me, it was a way to feel that."

But people don't have to feel that loss again as they can attend the race on Sunday.

The book, which was released in 2021, is his first work of nonfiction and is inspired by his podcast of the same name where he also published monthly reviews.

'The Anthropocene Reviewed': John Green's new nonfiction book finds wonder in Diet Dr Pepper, Indianapolis 500

What John Green books mention Indianapolis?

"The Fault in Our Stars" and "Turtles All the Way Down" are both situated in Indianapolis.

In the latter, there are many references to the city, including:

White River
Pogue's Run
Michigan Road mansion
Applebee’s at 86th and Ditch
IU Health North Hospital
The Indianapolis Star
The Indianapolis Prize
Juan Solomon Park

Others are reading: John Green’s ‘Turtles’ at home in Indianapolis

Is John Green from Indianapolis?

Not originally.

In his webpage , Green states that he grew up in Orlando. He moved to Indianapolis in 2007 when his wife got a job at the Indianapolis Museum of Art, the IndyStar previously reported.

John Green on TikTok: Author still can't stop talking about how great Indianapolis is

How to watch 'Turtles All the Way Down'

The movie adaptation is now available streaming on Max .

When is the 2024 Indy 500?

This year's Indy 500 race is on Sunday at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway.

David Lindquist, Rachel Fradette and Ethan May contributed to this article.

This article originally appeared on Louisville Courier Journal: What does John Green's book of essays say about the Indy 500? About the Indianapolis nod

Indiana author John Green discusses freedom to read as the Indianapolis Public Library kicks off national Banned Books Week with a discussion with bestselling author and Indianapolis resident John Green, Oct 2, 2023; Indianapolis Central Branch Public Library, Indianapolis, IN, USA

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There’s a New Covid Variant. What Will That Mean for Spring and Summer?

Experts are closely watching KP.2, now the leading variant.

Share full article

A man wearing a mask coughs into his hand on a subway train.

By Dani Blum

For most of this year, the JN.1 variant of the coronavirus accounted for an overwhelming majority of Covid cases . But now, an offshoot variant called KP.2 is taking off. The variant, which made up just one percent of cases in the United States in mid-March, now makes up over a quarter.

KP.2 belongs to a subset of Covid variants that scientists have cheekily nicknamed “FLiRT,” drawn from the letters in the names of their mutations. They are descendants of JN.1, and KP.2 is “very, very close” to JN.1, said Dr. David Ho, a virologist at Columbia University. But Dr. Ho has conducted early lab tests in cells that suggest that slight differences in KP.2’s spike protein might make it better at evading our immune defenses and slightly more infectious than JN.1.

While cases currently don’t appear to be on the rise, researchers and physicians are closely watching whether the variant will drive a summer surge.

“I don’t think anybody’s expecting things to change abruptly, necessarily,” said Dr. Marc Sala, co-director of the Northwestern Medicine Comprehensive Covid-19 Center in Chicago. But KP.2 will most likely “be our new norm,’” he said. Here’s what to know.

The current spread of Covid

Experts said it would take several weeks to see whether KP.2 might lead to a rise in Covid cases, and noted that we have only a limited understanding of how the virus is spreading. Since the public health emergency ended , there is less robust data available on cases, and doctors said fewer people were using Covid tests.

But what we do know is reassuring: Despite the shift in variants, data from the C.D.C. suggests there are only “minimal ” levels of the virus circulating in wastewater nationally, and emergency department visits and hospitalizations fell between early March and late April.

“I don’t want to say that we already know everything about KP.2,” said Dr. Ziyad Al-Aly, the chief of research and development at the Veterans Affairs St. Louis Healthcare System. “But at this time, I’m not seeing any major indications of anything ominous.”

Protection from vaccines and past infections

Experts said that even if you had JN.1, you may still get reinfected with KP.2 — particularly if it’s been several months or longer since your last bout of Covid.

KP.2 could infect even people who got the most updated vaccine, Dr. Ho said, since that shot targets XBB.1.5, a variant that is notably different from JN.1 and its descendants. An early version of a paper released in April by researchers in Japan suggested that KP.2 might be more adept than JN.1 at infecting people who received the most recent Covid vaccine. (The research has not yet been peer-reviewed or published.) A spokesperson for the C.D.C. said the agency was continuing to monitor how vaccines perform against KP.2.

Still, the shot does provide some protection, especially against severe disease, doctors said, as do previous infections. At this point, there isn’t reason to believe that KP.2 would cause more severe illness than other strains, the C.D.C. spokesperson said. But people who are 65 and older, pregnant or immunocompromised remain at higher risk of serious complications from Covid.

Those groups, in particular, may want to get the updated vaccine if they haven’t yet, said Dr. Peter Chin-Hong, an infectious disease specialist at the University of California, San Francisco. The C.D.C. has recommended t hat people 65 and older who already received one dose of the updated vaccine get an additional shot at least four months later.

“Even though it’s the lowest level of deaths and hospitalizations we’ve seen, I’m still taking care of sick people with Covid,” he said. “And they all have one unifying theme, which is that they’re older and they didn’t get the latest shot.”

The latest on symptoms and long Covid

Doctors said that the symptoms of both KP.2 and JN.1 — which now makes up around 16 percent of cases — are most likely similar to those seen with other variants . These include sore throat, runny nose, coughing, head and body aches, fever, congestion, fatigue and in severe cases, shortness of breath. Fewer people lose their sense of taste and smell now than did at the start of the pandemic, but some people will still experience those symptoms.

Dr. Chin-Hong said that patients were often surprised that diarrhea, nausea and vomiting could be Covid symptoms as well, and that they sometimes confused those issues as signs that they had norovirus .

For many people who’ve already had Covid, a reinfection is often as mild or milder than their first case. While new cases of long Covid are less common now than they were at the start of the pandemic, repeat infections do raise the risk of developing long Covid, said Fikadu Tafesse, a virologist at Oregon Health & Science University. But researchers are still trying to determine by how much — one of many issues scientists are trying to untangle as the pandemic continues to evolve.

“That’s the nature of the virus,” Dr. Tafesse said. “It keeps mutating.”

Dani Blum is a health reporter for The Times. More about Dani Blum

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Extreme weather is having a dire effects on animals. Here’s what’s being done to protect them.

At least 138 howler monkeys have been found dead in Mexico since May 16 amid a heat wave that reached 113 degrees on Tuesday.

The monkeys, which reportedly have been falling dead out of trees “like apples,” are among the latest victims of extreme heat caused by the current El Niño cycle , which is having dire effects on humans and animals alike. “They were in a state of severe dehydration, and they died within a matter of minutes,” wildlife biologist Gilberto Pozo told the Associated Press.

Yahoo News spoke to Nikhil Advani, senior director for wildlife and climate resilience at the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) about how global warming is affecting animals like the howler monkeys in Mexico, and what conservationists are doing to try to protect them.

🐵What is happening?

El Niño , a global climate-warming phenomenon that happens every few years, causing significant fluctuations in temperature and other weather disruptions, has been exacerbated in recent years by unprecedented heat from climate change.

This combination, Advani explained, has proven fatal for a variety of wildlife, including the howler monkeys, primates that are mainly found in Central and South America and known for their distinct roar.

“All species have temperature thresholds within which they can tolerate,” explained Advani. “In the case of these monkeys, these temperatures have clearly exceeded those thresholds.”

Advani said that in response to the increasingly hot temperatures, some animals are forced to move to new locations, and in some cases, even their body sizes have changed to adapt to new environments. For some species, such as sea turtles in Colombia , temperature changes have also caused an imbalance in sex ratios, which disrupts mating.

“There's also the impact of a lack of water availability that often goes hand in hand with extreme heat events,” said Advani, adding that natural disasters and other extreme weather events like severe flooding, cyclones and hurricanes can also cause a shortage of food for many animals.”

“All of these things are impacting species in many ways,” he said. “We're seeing species that are going extinct, potentially due to impacts of climate change.”

Climate change is also causing ocean temperatures to rise, resulting in the bleaching of about 63% of the world’s coral reefs. During these events, coral become pale and can eventually die. The devastation impacts other living creatures that depend on the coral.

“In the places where we have coral reef systems, they are the foundation of the ecosystem there … they are the lifeblood of that ecosystem,” said Advani. “If we lose that coral reef, you see a huge reduction in species diversity.”

Advani explained that once the El Niño season ends, flooding, droughts and extreme heat won’t be as severe as what we’re seeing now. However, climate change is worsening the long-term impacts of these cycles.

"Climate change is something that's here to stay,” said Advani. “We tend to look at El Niño years as a proxy for how bad things could get potentially within even a decade or two."

🌏What’s being done to protect wildlife?

Conservationists are working on a range of research and initiatives to reduce the negative effects of climate change on wildlife.

For example, WWF says that it has funded 25 projects around the world, including the Wildlife Adaptation Innovation Fund designed to help vulnerable animal populations. They include:

Improving nest design for birds

Providing artificial shade structures near watering holes

Controlling sand temperatures for sea turtles

Providing additional water sources for animals

Advani noted that there is a chance that some of these solutions may not work because creatures may face challenges adapting to human-made solutions. So organizations like WWF test out the solution on a smaller scale and then scale up if it proves to be successful.

'Demand is just so strong': Nvidia CEO Jensen Huang tells Yahoo Finance supply can't keep up

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Take the plunge! Bidets are on sale at Amazon, starting at just $34 — give your tush some TLC

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'Maxton Hall' is Prime Video's biggest hit. Fans credit the chemistry between its stars.

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Oneil Cruz hitting angry, Shohei Ohtani leading the league, the Royals are turning heads with Jake Eisenberg

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PERSPECTIVE article

Defining extreme sport: conceptions and misconceptions.

$\r\nRhonda Cohen*$

1 The London Sports Institute, Faculty of Science and Technology, Middlesex University London, London, United Kingdom
2 Department of Psychology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Middlesex University London, London, United Kingdom

One feature of how sport is defined is the distinction between extreme and non-extreme sport. BASE jumping is an example of an “extreme sport” because it involves a high degree of risk, whilst swimming is classified as “non-extreme” because the risks involved are minimal. This broad definition falls short of identifying the extent of risk and ignores the psychological, social-demographic and life style variables associated with engagement in each sport.

Introduction

Indeed, the lack of consistency within the term “extreme sport" means that those wishing to study this field are forced to create their own criteria as a starting point, often in a less than scientific manner. This literary review of contemporary and historical research articles raises the key question of whether the definition of extreme sport is one of risk-taking with a high chance of injury or death or whether there are additional aspects to consider such as lifestyle or a relationship to the natural environment. This review does not examine any hypotheses and is a narrative based on key papers. Due to the lack of literature on this subject area it was not thought pertinent to conduct a systematic review.

The aim of this article is twofold: firstly, to demonstrate whether the term “extreme sport” in scientific terms, has developed into a misnomer, misleading in the context of the sports it tends to encompass, secondly, to propose a revised, more accurate definition of extreme sport, reflective of the activities it encompasses in the context of other non-mainstream sports. Based on this review it is argued that a new definition of an extreme sport is one of “a (predominantly) competitive (comparison or self-evaluative) activity within which the participant is subjected to natural or unusual physical demands. Moreover, an unsuccessful outcome is “likely to result in the injury or fatality of the participant, in contrast to non-extreme sport” ( Cohen, 2016 , p. 138).

“Extreme Sport” – Challenging the Definition

The question of what is an extreme sport and whether the term “extreme sport” should be used to label particular sports can be viewed from a variety of angles. “Extreme sport” appears to be used interchangeably with “high risk sport” in much of the research literature. Both “high risk” and “extreme sport” are defined as any “sport where one has to accept a possibility of severe injury or death as an inherent part of the activity” ( Breivik et al., 1994 ). In the same manner, classification of extreme or high risk could partly be due to peak static and dynamic components achieved during competition ( Mitchell et al., 2005 ), which may result in bodily changes such as high blood pressure (e.g., Squash vs. Archery). A further classification would consider physical risk (e.g., BASE Jumping vs. Darts) as a defining feature of any “extreme or high risk sport” ( Palmer, 2002 ). However, the implication that those who engage in extreme sport are exclusively high-risk taking participants is an over simplification which requires careful consideration. Part of the difficulty in being able to define extreme sport is, according to Kay and Laberge (2002) . There are so many contradictory factors aside from risk. It is suggested here that there are spatial, emotional, individualistic and transgressive dimensions to consider in these sports. Terms such as “alternative,” “action,” “adventure,” and “lifestyle” are also used to describe extreme sport, however, none of these terms categorically encompass what extreme sport actually entails.

What is Extreme?

According to Merriam-Webster’s online dictionary (retrieved September 2018) the word extreme means: (1) Exceeding the ordinary, usual or expected. (2) Existing in a very high degree. (3) Going to a great or exaggerated lengths. Therefore, extreme as used in “extreme sport” suggests a deviation beyond what is generally viewed as “normal” or “traditional” activity and assumes participants pursue activities beyond these limits. The online Oxford University Dictionary (2018) defines “extreme sport” as “Denoting or relating to a sport performed in a hazardous environment and involving great risk.” So, the concept of “going beyond normal limits” and “risk” seem integral to what constitutes extreme sport. Booker (1998) stated that “extreme sports” were beyond the boundary of moderation; surpassing what is accounted for as reasonable – i.e., radical, and sports that are located at the outermost. Breivik et al. (1994) defined extreme sport’ as a high-risk sport where the possibility of severe injury or death is a possibility as well as integral to the sport or activity. So, the components of these definitions include: going beyond the norm of what is considered reasonable and may result in severe injury or death, i.e., high physical and/or psychological risk.

What is Sport?

Historically the definitions of sport have evolved particularly as new activities such as “BASE jumping” and “extreme mountain ironing” have emerged to challenges the perception of what sport actually is. Eysenck et al. (1982) , in their seminal review paper began by highlighting the problems inherent in the definition of sport. They used the Collins dictionary in their paper to define sport as amusement, diversion, fun, pastime, game… individual or group activity pursued for exercise or pleasure often involving the testing of physical capabilities… ( Eysenck et al., 1982 ). Arguably, this type of definition is overly inclusive, incorporating activities of amusement and pleasure whereby virtually anything that is non-work could be considered sport.

A more recent definition of sport is “all forms of physical activity which, through casual or organised participation, aimed at expressing or improving physical fitness and mental well-being, forming social relationships or obtaining results in competition at all levels” ( Council of Europe [CEE], 2001 , The European Sports Charter, revised, p. 3 – CEE). This broad definition of sport can encompass “traditional” sports such as Archery, Football, and Cricket, as well as those hitherto regarded as extreme sports such as Drag racing, BASE Jumping and Snowboarding.

Historically the CEES’s definition is not entirely new as sport has traditionally been accepted to represent a competitive task or activity engaged in by an individual or a group, which requires physical exertion and is governed by rules. Mason (1989) saw sport as “a more or less physically strenuous, competitive, recreational activity…usually…in the open air (which) might involve team against team, athlete against athlete or athlete against nature, or the clock.” Sport is generally viewed to be performed by individuals or in a group, as an organised, evaluative activity where the outcome of performance is judged by winning or losing. However, the inclusion of the word “or” in the CEES definition changes the nature of what is considered to be sport. It implies that results in competition do not need to be present and can be self evaluative or competitive. The modification of this definition allows activities such as recreational swimming or bungee jumping to now be classified as sports.

Is “Extreme Sport” the Same as “High Risk Sport?”

If “extreme sport” is the same as a “high-risk” sport then those individuals that engage in these sports should be at greater risk of injury or even death than those engaging in traditional sports ( Yates, 2015 ). When investigating the available statistics relating to extreme sport, one comes across a minefield of contradictions as the classification of injuries and/or fatalities are reported in a myriad of different ways.

A further challenge is then to set parameters using statistics of extreme sport according to risk, injury or mortality. This would require traditional sports such as cheerleading and horse riding, due to their high annual incidence of catastrophic injuries, to be classified as high-risk sports ( Turner and McCory, 2006 ). In the United Kingdom the Rugby Football Union defined injury as something that “…prevents a player from taking a full part in all training activities typically planned for that day…” (p. 7 in the England Professional Rugby Injury Surveillance Project Season , England Professional Rugby Injury Surveillance Project Season ). Mean injuries per match for 2013 were identified as 62 and mean injuries per club (including training) were 35 (p. 6 England Professional Rugby Injury Surveillance Project Season , England Professional Rugby Injury Surveillance Project Season ). Annual Rugby Union incidents around the world account for 4.6 catastrophic injuries per 100,000 each year, e.g., the risk of sustaining a catastrophic injury in Rugby Union in England (0.8/100,000 per year) are relatively lower than in New Zealand (4.2/100,000 per year), Australia (4.4/100,000 per year), and Fiji (13/100,000 per year). The risk of sustaining a catastrophic injury in other contact sports are; Ice Hockey (4/100,000 per year), Rugby League (2/100,000 per year), and American Football (2/100,000 per year) ( Gabbe et al., 2005 ; Fuller, 2008 ).

Besides mortality as a relevant and possible outcome, the link between the “extreme” nature of sport and brain damage arguably should be considered. Recently, the association between contact sports such as American Football and Rugby, combat sports such as Boxing and the team sport of Soccer (which includes heading balls), has resulting in a raised awareness of the relationship between sport and brain injuries and/or cognitive disturbance such as that found in Dementia. Negative effects on neuro-functioning in terms of cerebral blood flow, resulting in poor cognitive performance, can be prevalent in several sports, e.g., there have been recommendations from scuba diving research which suggested that scuba diving should be classified as a high-risk sport for the purpose of subjecting it to tighter controls and increased medical advice ( Slosman et al., 2004 ). Alternative research suggests that classifying a sport as “extreme” should be based solely by mortality rate ( Schulz et al., 2002 ). Mortality figures (see Table 1 ) show that whilst BASE Jumping has an extremely high mortality rate so does boxing and, somewhat surprisingly, canoeing. One may argue that employing such methods to classify sports is anything but straightforward, moreover many of the sports currently viewed as “traditional” may need further consideration as to how they could fit into a proposed working definition of extreme sport.

TABLE 1. Categorising extreme sport.

Besides physical risk May and Slanger (2000) suggest there is potentially psychological risk when engaging in high risk sport. Their findings suggest such activities can be psychologically damaging leading to elevated stress levels, extreme competitiveness and excessive perfectionism. In view of this it could be pertinent to consider the tenets of high-risk sport as both physical and psychological. In a somewhat provocative statement, Slanger and Rudestam (1997) cited extreme sport as an expression of a death wish, whereby in a slightly different manner, Brymer and Oades (2009) considered extreme sport not to be about the expression of risk but rather about the experience of approaching danger. It is also evident that many researchers conducting studies into sensation seeking have used the term “high-risk” interchangeably with “extreme sport” (e.g., Cronin, 1991 ; Gomài Freixanet, 1991 ; Breivik et al., 1994 ; Wagner and Houlihan, 1994 ).

Extreme sport has also been viewed as a contradiction to “normal” behaviour, which generally seeks safety and avoids high-risk ( Fletcher, 2004 ). The idea that participants choose to “accept the possibility” of injury or death ( Breivik, 1996 ) contradicts theories such as Maslow (1987) which stress that safety is a primary, innate need. Baudry (1991) writes that extreme sport is paradoxical in nature, as it requires one to contest his/her mortality through a strategy of premeditated suicide. This challenges normative thinking as it infers that extreme sport goes beyond official regulations and safety precautions and can purposefully place the participant in a potentially fatal situation. It implies that extreme sport is dangerous, unregulated and could arguably involve breaking laws or safety regulations, e.g., trespassing is often intrinsically linked to the sport of BASE jumping.

High Risk is a key concept in the definition of extreme sport and therefore Table 1 includes the component of risk of injury and mortality related to a range of sports. High risk is often used interchangeably with extreme sport.

Although terms such as Whiz ( Midol, 1993 ), Post-modern, Post-industrial, New sport, Unconventional, and Non-traditional and Panic sport, have been used in the past ( Rinehart and Sydnor, 2003 ) the most prevalent terms perceived as representing extreme sport which are subsequently outlined in this review, are: Alternative, Action, Adventure, Lifestyle, Media Driven, and Individualism.

Is “Extreme Sport” Just an “Alternative Sport” to “Traditional Sport?”

In North America, the word “alternative” is popularly used to denote any sport not American ( Humphreys, 1997 ; Rinehart and Sydnor, 2003 ) whereas researchers such as Kay and Laberge (2002) have used the term “alternative sport” in a more universal way to describe sports which are non-traditional sports. The difficulty in using this term as an all-encompassing word for extreme sport is that many sports are “alternative” as they challenge the societal concept of what is the norm but not all “alternative” sports are extreme ( Jarvie, 2006 ). Arguably then the term “alternative” can be merely a transient term until the “alternative” sport becomes mainstream, thus conventional. For example, Howe (1998) suggests that alternative sport depends on the masses for its continued existence, for once alternative sport becomes commercial and popularised by the public it becomes mainstream. Rinehart and Sydnor (2003) recognise this as an irony as they acknowledge that what is alternative quickly becomes conventional so a dynamic definition of extreme sport, due to perceptual changes, would be needed. Arguably then, in view of this, the term “extreme sport” is therefore considerably more accurate than the widely used term “alternative sport.”

Is “Extreme Sport” the Same as “Action” or “Adventure” Sport?

“Action” sports are an assortment of “risky, individualistic and alternative sports such as skateboarding, BMX biking, surfing, street luge, wakeboarding, and motor cross” ( Bennett and Lachowetz, 2004 ). Griffith (2002) explores the definition of action sports as something that has evolved from the broader sporting culture of surfing, skating, snowboarding and wakeboarding. Advertising companies employ the term as an effective association in creating a “cool” desirable, brand.

Winged suit jumper Chris “Douggs” McDougall prefers the term “adventure sport” to “extreme sport” because every time he participates he feels that he is going on a cool adventure ( O’Neil, 2017 ). The term adventure sport is used a great deal commercially. The Mintel Report (2003a) noted a division in the reporting of sporting holidays as either hard or soft adventure, whereby “hard” adventure holidays promote risk, danger, challenge and an adrenalin rush. These types of holidays offer caving, mountaineering, white water rafting and skydiving. Adventure sport may be a commonly used term amongst holiday promoters as the words themselves denote excitement and fun. Adventure sports also depict lifestyle sports as they are a leisure time pursuit with not only physical, but also mental exercise. They are journeys through which participants face their own limits of fear, exhaustion and risk, however, they are based more on individual achievement than many traditional sports. For example, the competition element between individuals could be lacking though it is evident that “competition” may exists between the participants and their environment. Adventure sport is a term commonly used in the tourism industry, however, when searching for a universal term for the sake of academic research it is limiting as sports such as BASE jumping or Stunt Cycling or Drag Racing would not readily fit into this category.

The key term, natural environment emanating from action and adventure research is another component placed in Table 1 so that the researchers could see whether there is a pattern of words which emerge to formulate the start of definition and this academic debate. In addition, the idea of competition versus self-evaluation found in the above literature was also included.

Is “Extreme Sport” Just a Lifestyle Sport?

The term “lifestyle sport” as utilised in the Mintel Report (2003b) identifies specific sports through an examination of the link between the participants, the activity and the environment. Their popularity represents a bottom-up approach steeped in grass root participation that is welcoming to all who want to participate. Those who have been alienated by traditional school-based and institutional sport are often attracted to lifestyle sports ( Wheaton, 2004 ). Affiliation provides participants with membership into an exclusive club – which includes equipment, clothes, like-minded people, books and web sites and can create a social group and sub-culture. In essence, it is sharing the enthusiasm for sport with others who share the same passions and yearn for the same excitement. There are commonalities between “Lifestyle” and “Extreme” sports whereby participants have a sense of camaraderie as they learn from each other via a dress code (e.g., Surfers, Skiers, Skateboarders), specialist web sites as well as the need for specialised equipment.

Tomlinson et al. (2005) considered the “lifestyle” definition to be ambiguous and problematic. They described lifestyle as a way in which individuals interpret their lives for themselves and for others. Using that definition to distinguish between sports would require a differentiation between each person’s motivations for participation in sport. Lifestyle sports relate to those sports pertaining to individual or personal factors. It is more of a descriptor than an encompassing way to describe a variety of sports. Those that do undertake extreme sport, however, may agree that participation in extreme sport does become a lifestyle of sorts when they are with others who are also engaging in their sport.

Alternatively, high risk can refer to spatial dimensions, based on “extreme locations – wilderness, remoteness, the forbidden” ( Tomlinson et al., 2005 ). Sport where participants compete with the natural elements in locations with snow, hills, canyons, islands, mountains, rivers, or volcanoes would fit into the category of “high risk” sport, e.g., extreme skiing and white water rafting. As mentioned previously these are also sometimes referred to as “adventure” sports. Brymer and Oades (2009) labelled “high risk” sport as being undertaken in the natural environment, however, not all “high risk” sports meet this criterion. BMX, Drag Racing and Big Air Snowboarding, for example, take place on a man-made track and Skateboarding can be performed inside or outside and may involve a ramp designed and manufactured specifically for the performance of sport. So although performance in a natural environment is true for some “high risk” sports and could be true for many extreme sports it is not categorically accurate for all extreme sports.

Is “Extreme Sport” Media Driven Terminology?

So is extreme sport merely a new term for high-risk sport and if so where did the term “extreme sport” emanate from? Arguably what constitutes extreme sport has been predominantly media led ( Kay and Laberge, 2002 ), whereby the term extreme sport has been based on the sale-ability in promoting non-traditional sport to the media and for the increase in consumerism and corporate interest. Sponsorships, endorsements, TV marketing and advertising all utilise the term “extreme sport” for these reasons. For example, the 2014 Winter Olympics became the first games to classify such events as Snowboarding, Ski Jumping, Freestyle Skiing, Skeleton, Luge, Kayaking, and Windsurfing under “extreme sport” umbrella. The 2018 games included as extreme sport events Big Air Snowboarding, Mixed Alpine Skiing, and Mass Start Speed Skating. The 2020 Olympic games in Tokyo has approved the inclusion of the extreme sports of surfing, rock climbing and skateboarding ( Herreria, 2016 ). Adaptive sport is pursuing extreme sport as a cultural norm with the characteristics of increasing heart rate, adrenalin rush, and action sport ( Denq and Delasobera, 2018 ). Interestingly, the term “extreme sport” is probably the most prevalent term used in the media for these types of sports.

Does “Extreme Sport,” Include a Component of Individualism?

“Extreme sport” can be a way of striving for self-actualisation. Those who are self-actualised according to Maslow (1987) have a sense of self-acceptance and the thrill in living for the moment. Researchers examining these terms for “extreme sport” have focused on the psychological motivation the participants need to find “self-actualisation and spiritualism” ( Borden, 2001 ), promote a “positive personal change” ( Brannigan and McDougall, 1983 ) or fulfil the desire of a “powerful life wish” ( Brymer and Oades, 2009 ).

Robinson (1992 , p. 99) viewed “extreme sport” as an activity based on both cognitive and emotional components, as a “a variety of self-initiated activities that generally occur in natural-environment settings and that, due to their always uncertain and potentially harmful nature, provide opportunity for intense cognitive and affective involvement.” Tomlinson et al. (2005) also recognised an “emotional dimension” within “extreme sport” which can be identified as a sensation of wholeness. This is akin to the concept of flow which Csikszentmihalyi (1975) described as a conscious state of being completely absorbed in a situation or sport. The sense of elation and peace experienced in “extreme sport” may be the result of a rush of adrenalin and release of endorphins, which are endogenous mood enhancers.

Puchan (2004) suggests that underlying the growth of “extreme sports” are societal factors such as computer games and various websites designed to promote excitement and/or fear. These cultural changes within particular areas of society encourage individuals to test themselves against great odds without having to leave the parameters of their home. However, in an effort to escape what Puchan (2004) calls boredom and mediocrity, individuals search for outlets where the self can be rediscovered. The concept of “extreme sport” as an answer to boredom fits in with the notion of boredom as a factor in Zuckerman’s (1994) subscale of sensation seeking.

Thrill seeker sports participants are typically 24–34 year old males, single and 80% are without children ( Sport England, 2015 ) therefore one could argue that they have ample spare time and are bored with life? Griffith (2002) sees the market of extreme sport as being youth oriented, as a sport that doesn’t require a group or team and therefore open to anyone who wishes to participate. Moreover if “extreme sports” were predominantly youth oriented, then this term makes an immediate assumption that those who participate are all younger adults which is not the case. Most extreme sport participants are on average aged around 30–31 years: e.g., in Triathlon (off road) the average age is 31 years, Windsurfing 30 years and Sport Climbing 30 years ( Outdoor Participation Report, 2013 ). The latest figure by the Outdoor Foundation Topline Report produced by the Physical Activity Council (2016) shows that 56% of all those that participate in outdoor activities are aged between 15 and 44 years. Clearly, from a developmental perspective, this age group is in a period of transition from adolescence into adulthood, therefore arguably there may be an individualistic nature to extreme sport. Moreover it could be viewed in some instances as a modern rite of passage ( Groves, 1987 ). Perhaps part of the appeal of extreme sport is due to its’ challenging nature at a period (in western culture) when the uncertainty of adulthood is approaching, thus further supporting the argument for a strong self or narcissist focus.

Wheaton (2004) discussed this narcissistic focus as a need for isolation. So while, in many cases, traditional sports promote the ideal of teamwork, extreme sports are focused on individual goals: a more personalised way of challenging oneself without an organised winning or losing concept. Here the emphasis is mostly on self-competition through personal challenges and the idea of just “doing it” ( Tomlinson et al., 2005 ). Arguably, for this reason the term “extreme sport” is often synonymous with “individualistic sport” ( Puchan, 2004 ), whereas traditional sport focuses on the challenge of competition, extreme sport focuses on individual achievement.

Conclusion and Implications

From a scientific perspective there are difficulties when setting out to examine extreme sport due to a lack of consensus on the tenets of extreme sport. One of the aims of this article was to contribute to the literature on extreme sport and enhance the academic debate prescribing a new workable definition for the sporting literature. However, this objective has been problematic as the definition of extreme sport is ill-defined due mainly to a variety of terms having been used interchangeably with little scientific evidence in support, namely extreme, alternative, high risk, action, and lifestyle sports. This lack of consistency in terminology means that those wishing to study this field are forced to create their own criteria as a starting point, often in a less than scientific approach. As definitions are important to the start of evidenced based research or argument, this article focused on examining the terminology commonly used to represent what is generally perceived as “sporting activities outside of the norm” in order to distinguish between the various terms.

When examining the available research, it also became evident that a variety of interchangeable terms are used by the media, e.g., high-risk sport, adventure sport, alternative sport, lifestyle sport, and action sport as well as extreme sport. These terms have been identified and are in use according to the Mintel Report (2003a) on “Sport Activity in the United Kingdom.” Interestingly, each definition or synonymous term also contains components that give insight into the personality and the motivation of “extreme sport” participants. For example, adventure sport infers challenge along with uncertainty, whilst lifestyle sport implies camaraderie.

Tomlinson et al. (2005) concluded that there were “no universally agreed terms to describe the sports (extreme sports), no agreed categorisations through which to order and understand them and little in the way of governance structures to regulate them” (p. 5). Yet extreme sport, because it has yet to be fully defined, has, to some extent, been a created by the media complete with a “marketing strategy, an ethic, a vocabulary, an attitude, and a style” ( Kay and Laberge, 2002 ).

This article proposes another way in which the term “extreme sport” may be considered so that ambiguity within research is reduced in the future. Specifically we argue that “extreme sport” is a predominantly competitive (comparison or self- evaluative) activity within which the participant is subjected to natural or unusual physical and mental challenges such as speed, height, depth, or natural forces. Moreover, an unsuccessful outcome is more likely to result in the injury or fatality of the participant more often than in a “non-extreme sport.” Therefore, it is suggested that incidents of injury/fatality are the defining factors that separate extreme sports from other sports which would fit into the alternative categories listed, i.e., adventure sport, alternative sport, lifestyle sport and action sport. High-risk sport immediately evokes a sense of danger and extremism, activities similar in nature to extreme sport. In this case, for the purpose of scientific investigation, it is suggested that the term “high risk” is not abandoned but that the use of the current new definition proposed incorporates it within a fuller richer definition of Extreme/High Risk Sport.

Extreme or High Risk sport is one of the fastest growing areas in sporting activity this century, due to its nature it attracts the interest of the media worldwide yet, in the context of sport science, it’s definition needs to be needs to be conceptually clear and linguistically accurate and not influenced by terminology promoted by the media. If our scientific endeavours are to be reliable and valuable then our parameters under investigation need to be consistently, clearly defined. A clear definition of “extreme/high risk sport” as contained in this review, employing a system categorised on the number of injuries/fatalities with a sport is, arguably, a solid basis on which to drive the scientific process for future research forward.

Limitations and Future Research

A limitation of this research is that we have neither discussed nor differentiated between extreme sport as a “sport” or an “activity” furthermore, between recreational or non-recreational as in CEES. Future research will be undertaken to examine a wide range of sports in order to devise a classification system, which ranges from traditional to extreme/high risk sport according to the current working definition which may be based on injury/fatality per capita for each sport in relation to general risk. Indeed, a recent study by Cohen et al. (2018) , has shown significant differences in personality traits between athletes engaged in extreme sport (drag racing) and traditional sport (archery). Personality traits are now playing a significant role in the psychological models of rehabilitation and predicted outcomes ( Pain and Kerr, 2004 ). Future research should capitalise on the distinctions made in the present study in examining the role of personality in sport injury and rehabilitation.

Ongoing research conducted by the current authors includes interviewing and surveying those who participate in extreme sport as well as those who don’t participate, in order to gain insight for future directions, with an immediate aim to ascertain where specific sports may lie on a continuum of sports ranging from traditional to extreme/high risk. Table 1 is a start on examining the categories of risk, extremes in nature (e.g., height, speed, depth) and (elements of the sport definition – competitive, evaluation) being proposed in the definition for extreme sport. The authors will further expand on any arising variables that have not yet been under consideration and on completion of our follow up work the aim is to develop a formula which enables the aspects of each sport to be analysed according to the current working definition, hence enabling evidence based inclusion on a sporting continuum.

A final recommendation is for subsequent researchers to examine sporting categories in line with the current working definition thus building a corpus of evidence by which the debate around what is extreme/high risk can be scientifically judged. This will enable an advance not only into the field of extreme/high risk sport but in sport science research in general.

Author Contributions

All authors approved the manuscript for publication and agreed to be accountable for all aspects of the work.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

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Keywords : extreme sport, sport, high risk sport, defining sport, thrill seeking, action sport, adventure sport, BASE jumping

Citation: Cohen R, Baluch B and Duffy LJ (2018) Defining Extreme Sport: Conceptions and Misconceptions. Front. Psychol. 9:1974. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01974

Received: 19 January 2018; Accepted: 26 September 2018; Published: 18 October 2018.

Reviewed by:

Copyright © 2018 Cohen, Baluch and Duffy. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) . The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

*Correspondence: Rhonda Cohen, [email protected]

Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

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FIFA must be prepared to deny Saudi Arabia the right to host the 2034 men's World Cup if the kingdom fails to comply with human rights obligations, according to a new legal submission filed with the governing body.

DAILY TELEGRAPH

Mauricio Pochettino will be a leading candidate for the England job if he remains out of work and the post becomes available after Euro 2024.

Chelsea players were left in shock after Mauricio Pochettino left the club by mutual consent on Tuesday.

Dan Ashworth is attempting to force Newcastle United to let him out of his lengthy gardening leave early so that he can start work at Manchester United and will argue he was sacked from the club rather than resigning.

Bookmakers have slashed odds on Manchester City getting relegated next season as the club awaits its hearing for 115 alleged financial breaches.

An American consortium of Silicon Valley-based private investors have revived their hopes of a takeover at Sheffield United following their relegation from the Premier League.

The Culture Secretary says she is intensifying pressure on the Football Association to toughen up its transgender policy which she maintains is not "correct".

Ipswich have offered Kieran McKenna a blockbuster new contract to try and keep him at Portman Road.

Robert Lewandowski agreed to join Manchester United after a phone call with Sir Alex Ferguson... before Borussia Dortmund blocked the deal.

DAILY MIRROR

Super-agent Jorge Mendes has put Porto boss Sergio Conceicao's name forward as a potential replacement for Mauricio Pochettino.

Newcastle are closing in on a deal to sign Fulham defender Tosin Adarabioyo on a free transfer.

Darwin Nunez has admitted that he was affected by 'negative comments' following his social media purge of Liverpool-related photos.

In-demand Ipswich manager Kieran McKenna is set to reject the offer of a new deal form the club, according to a report.

The FA and UEFA have vowed to crack down on online ticket touts after it emerged some seats for next Saturday's Champions League final at Wembley have been put on sale for as much as £134,000.

DAILY RECORD

Hibs will draw up a managerial shortlist in the coming days as they close in on appointing Nick Montgomery's successor.

Correctly predict six scorelines for a chance to win £250,000 for free. Entries by 3pm Saturday.

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Extreme sports
extreme sports, sporting events or pursuits characterized by high speeds and high risk. The sports most commonly placed in this group are skateboarding, snowboarding, freestyle skiing, in-line roller-skating, street lugeing, and BMX and mountain biking. Typically, extreme sports operate outside traditional mainstream sports and are celebrated ...
Extreme Sports Essay Essay
Extreme sports can be performed in different natural environments - on land, in water or in the air. The most popular extreme sports include BMX, freestyle motocross, skateboarding, surfing, cliff diving, free solo climbing, parkour, base jumping, and wingsuit flying. Extreme sports have become so popular that there are now professional ...
Essay on Extreme Sports
250 Words Essay on Extreme Sports What Are Extreme Sports? Extreme sports are activities that give a rush of excitement and danger. They are not like usual games such as soccer or basketball. Instead, they include things like skydiving, rock climbing, and surfing big waves. People who enjoy these sports love the thrill and challenge that come ...
Extreme sport
Extreme sports is a sub-category of sports that are described as any kind of sport "of a character or kind farthest removed from the ordinary or average". These kinds of sports often carry out the potential risk of serious and permanent physical injury and even death. However, these sports also have the potential to produce drastic benefits on ...
Why Would You Choose to Do an Extreme Sport?
Furthermore, extreme sports have the capacity to establish a strong bond between individuals, thanks to the dangerous elements of the activity that requires a high level of trust between people. Consequently, this kind of friendship bond has a good impact on mental health [ 2 ]. The typical challenges and performances of the so-called ...
IELTS Writing Task 2 Sample Answer: Extreme Sports (Real IELTS Test)
Paraphrase the overall topic - don't spend too much time on this simple sentence. Give your opinion and make it clear. 1. The reason that many have demanded limits on extreme sports is their potential for injury and death. 2. Take for example one of the most notorious extreme sports: base jumping. 3.
Should Young People Be Allowed to Do Extreme Sports?
The pandemic seems to have fueled a surge of interest in extreme adventure sports such as mountain biking, rock climbing, and snowboarding. And that includes young people: Youth participation rates in sports like bike motocross, skateboarding, and mountain biking are at all-time highs, according to the Outdoor Foundation, a trade organization for the outdoor recreation industry.
What Is Extreme Sports Essay
An extreme sport is when someone risks his or her life for the pleasure, or momentary thrill of just having fun, or getting paid for taking part in the a death defying sport. I believe that there are many extreme sports that are healthy challenging such as mountain climbing. On the other hand, I also believe that there are extreme sports like ...
3690: A Journal of First-Year Student Research Writing
Some popular and quickly growing extreme sports in today's society are snowboarding, speed and freestyle skiing, surfing, sky diving, mountain climbing, and wake boarding. Many researchers, psychologists, and sociologists look for the reasons athletes choose to participate in these high risk sports rather than more traditional sports such as ...
Understanding Extreme Sports: A Psychological Perspective
Extreme sports, those activities that lie on the outermost edges of independent adventurous leisure activities, where a mismanaged mistake or accident could result in death, have developed into a significant worldwide phenomenon. Extreme sport activities are continually evolving, typical examples include BASE (an acronym for Buildings, Antennae, Span, Earth) jumping and related activities such ...
Defining Extreme Sport: Conceptions and Misconceptions
"Extreme Sport" - Challenging the Definition. The question of what is an extreme sport and whether the term "extreme sport" should be used to label particular sports can be viewed from a variety of angles. "Extreme sport" appears to be used interchangeably with "high risk sport" in much of the research literature.
Extreme Sports Essay
Extreme Sports Not About Risk Taking Essay. The extreme sports world is very unique, with a wide variety of sports to choose from and risks that come along with them. Risks, although they do create a lot of adrenaline, are not the main reason why these extreme athletes participate in these sports. There's a lot more to the extreme sports ...
Should Young People Be Allowed to Do Extreme Sports?
(The issue is whether kids and teens should be allowed to participate in extreme sports. The issue is timely because youth participation in extreme sports is at an all-time high.) ... In an essay, evaluate one of the debaters' arguments. Assess whether the reasoning is valid and whether it's supported with evidence. Point out biases or ...
Editorial: Understanding Extreme Sports: A Psychological Perspective
Engaging in extreme sports and adventure more generally provides us with important insights into what it means to be human. From a practice and policy perspective, the scholarly study of extreme sport participation suggests that we should be finding ways to encourage participation across the lifespan and finding ways to include extreme sports and adventure in activities designed to enhance ...
IELTS essay, topic: More and more people participate in extreme sports
Sample Band 8 Essay. In recent years, extreme sports have become increasingly popular among people of all ages. People are drawn to the thrill and adrenaline rush that comes with participating in these risky activities. From jumping out of airplanes to riding huge waves, these dangerous sports offer a unique set of challenges and opportunities ...
Extreme Sports Narrative And Argumentative Essay Example (500 Words
Extreme Sports By canvasbacks extreme sport or activity is still questionable. One of the most important things that a port or activity must have to be even being considered extreme is a large amount of danger and in this case, the more the better. Other factors that go hand in hand with physical fitness as well as anything else that could be ...
Extreme Sports: Benefits and Challenges Explored
In fact, extreme sports intensify people's lives emotionally, intellectually and physically. People become more emotionally stable when encountering danger by doing extreme sports, because extreme sports help them to know more about fear. As the fear of excessive height and speed help human ancestor to survive, the fear passes down to people ...
Why Do Some People Enjoy Extreme Or Dangerous Sports?
Participating in extreme sports creates a feeling of being in 'flow' which very similar to the rush which monks go through while meditating. It is the sensation of being present in the moment, experiencing deeply and authentically; this is what makes these sensation seekers go back to these dangerous sports over and over again.
PDF Extreme Sport, Identity, and Well-Being: A Case Study and Narrative
extreme-sport participation and health-positive and -negative as-pects, which have been less explored in sport psychology in the context of identity. These points are underscored by recent calls
Extreme Sports Essay Examples
Stuck on your essay? Browse essays about Extreme Sports and find inspiration. Learn by example and become a better writer with Kibin's suite of essay help services.
Extreme sports
Sample. In recent years, extreme sports have become increasingly popular, and some people argue that governments should prohibit them. I completely disagree with the idea that these sports are too dangerous, and I therefore believe that they should not be banned. In my opinion, so-called extreme sports are not as dangerous as many people think.
IELTS Writing Task 2: 'extreme sports' topic
Conclusion: repeat / summarise the opinion. Tip: The key thing when planning this "completely disagree" answer was to find two separate reasons for the two main paragraphs. We decided to do this by disagreeing with the two ideas that are mentioned in the question: 1) extreme sports are dangerous 2) they should be banned.
Sub-Four-Minute Mile Runners Outlive General Population
Gwendolyn Rak. May 21, 2024. 1. 19. Elite athletes who have run a mile in less than 4 minutes tend to live longer than the general population, according to a retrospective study. The study adds to ...
What does John Green's book of essays say about the Indy 500 ...
In " The Anthropocene Reviewed ," Green writes essays reviewing different topics from Halley's Comet to Diet Dr Pepper and even the Indianapolis 500, the IndyStar previously reported. Continue ...
Extreme heat hits Texas and Florida early in the season
8.2k. Scorching heat and humidity have descended over parts of Texas, the Gulf Coast and South Florida this week — a bout of early-season extreme heat that has experts bracing for what's to ...
What to Know About New Covid Variants, 'FLiRT': Symptoms, Vaccines and
These include sore throat, runny nose, coughing, head and body aches, fever, congestion, fatigue and in severe cases, shortness of breath. Fewer people lose their sense of taste and smell now than ...
Extreme weather is having a dire effects on animals. Here's what's
Wed, May 22, 2024, 6:54 PM EDT · 3 min read. A veterinarian holds a young howler monkey rescued amid extremely high temperatures in Tecolutilla, Mexico, in late May. (Luis Sanchez/AP) At least ...
Defining Extreme Sport: Conceptions and Misconceptions
1 The London Sports Institute, Faculty of Science and Technology, Middlesex University London, London, United Kingdom; 2 Department of Psychology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Middlesex University London, London, United Kingdom; One feature of how sport is defined is the distinction between extreme and non-extreme sport. BASE jumping is an example of an "extreme sport" because it ...
Mauricio Pochettino interested in talking to Man Utd if ...
Plus: Arsene Wenger is to press ahead with his proposal to bring in the most radical change to the offside law for more than 30 years; Mauricio Pochettino will be a leading candidate for the ...

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LESSON PLAN

YES: Jamie Burr, Professor of Human Health and Nutritional Science, University of Guelph, Canada NO: Vani J. Sabesan, M.D., Associate Professor, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit

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Editorial: Understanding Extreme Sports: A Psychological Perspective

Francesco Feletti

Erik Monasterio

Robert Schweitzer

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IELTS essay, topic: More and more people participate in extreme sports (reasons and solutions)

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PERSPECTIVE article

Introduction

“Extreme Sport” – Challenging the Definition

What is Extreme?

What is Sport?