computer essay waec 2022

waec/wassce past questions and answers for COMPUTER STUDIES-2022

Jun 16 2024 11:29:00 AM

WAEC/GCE/NECO

2022 Computer Studies objectives, paper 2 and practical for WASSCE(WAEC)

Table of contents, wassce/waec computer studies (2022) questions and answers 11 - 20, wassce/waec computer studies (2022) questions and answers 21 - 30, wassce/waec computer studies (2022) questions and answers 31 - 40, wassce/waec computer studies (2022) questions and answers 41 - 50, download wassce/waec computer studies pdf (2022) paper 2 (essay questions and answer 1 - 5), download wassce/waec computer studies pdf (2022) paper 3 (practical questions and answer 1 - 5), wassce/waec computer studies (2022) questions and answers 1 - 10, 1. one millionth of a second is also referred to as, 2. examples of quantitative data types are, 3. one difference between data and information is that, 4. the following options are examples of information except, 5. modern computers compared to earlier computers are, 6. what type of computer would be most suitable for a student who lives in a remote village without constant electricity, 7. edsac was produced using a concept known as, 8. the process of running more than one program concurrently is known as, 9. how many binary digits are contained in 10 mb of a memory stick, 10. a student would require the following devices to fill an online application, use the figure below to answer questions 11 and 12.

11. The logic gate in the figure above is called

12. the logic equation for the logic gate in the figure above is.

13. The part labelled X in the figure above is called

14. The logic equation for the logic circuit in the figure above is

15. the program that is loaded into a special area on a microprocessor or rom on a one-time basis and becomes part of the hardware is called, 16. the following programs are general purpose application software except, 17. one similarity between bespoke software and application packages is that they are, 18. one function of operating system is, 19. the process of testing the logic of algorithm to ensure they give correct result is known as, 20. the following instructions are guidelines for drawing flowcharts except that, 21. key skills of a system analyst include the following except, 22. the result of the expression 2 * 6 + 2/4 * 2 * 4^2 is, use the qbasic program below to answer question 23, 23. the numbers 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, and 70 as stated in the program indicate, 24. the qbasic statement let x = y - 3 means.

25. The part labelled Y in the compiler interface in the figure above represents

26. the virtual communication platform where many people keep in contact with family and friends is known as, 27. the protocol used for email transmission is known as.

28. The signals from computer A to moderm X in the figure above are

29. What type of network is represented in the figure above

30. in the url https://www.waec.org.ng, the domain name is.

31. The type of transmission in the part labelled Q in the figure above is called

32. the maximum length of a text field in ms access is.

33. The number of entries in the figure above is

34. the shortcut key for the open dialog box in ms word is.

35. The part of the corelDraw window labelled II in the figure above is called

36. which of the following operations will not run a slide show in ms powerpoint, 37. what will be the result of writing the formula = year(now())+3 in a worksheet of a spreadsheet, if the current calendar date is 14 august, 1960, 38. if a is in cell a1 and b is in cell b1 of a worksheet in a spreadsheet application, write a formula to calculate x = (a^2 + b^(1/2))/100, 39. the pictorial representation of an object or application in the computer is called, 40. deleted items in the computer are temporarily stored in the, 41. the keyboard key combination alt + f4 in microsoft windows will, 42. select two stages of booting from the following list: i. power on self test, ii. loading of operating system iii. loading of e-mails iv. start in safe mode, 43. in number system, base 16 is called, 45. the octal fraction 0.65 converts to binary as, 46. sequential files are.

47. The file access method illustrated in the figure above is called

48. serial files are, 49. duplicating copyrighted electronical or digital content without the author's approval is considered, 50. viruses, worm and trojan horses are regarded as, i recommend you check my article on the following:, poscholars team..

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WAEC Computer Studies Past Questions and Answers | PDF Download

We have a list of WAEC Computer Studies past questions and answers for every student preparing to write their WAEC Examination.

You should make it a goal to practice with past WAEC questions and Answers regularly. Without a doubt, doing this would eventually assist you in getting the WAEC grades you want.

You should be aware that you must look at the WAEC Syllables for Computer Studies to know what topics will be treated in this year’s WAEC examination.

Why Should You Study WAEC Past Questions?

You get familiar with the exam question pattern, giving you an edge over an average person who didn’t practice with the past questions.
You get to know the frequently set questions that might appear in your exams.
It reduces the exam tension on you. Seeing the past question eases the tense as you would imagine the exam before heading to the exam hall.
It will help you manage your time well, and you already know what questions to expect. (Our WAEC past questions are actual WAEC exams that have been written)

WAEC Computer Studies Past Questions – Free Download PDF

You can begin studying by downloading the WAEC Computer Studies past questions and answers below.

Computer Studies Paper 2, May/June. 2007 – With Answers

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WASSCE / WAEC Computer Studies Past Questions

Welcome to our WASSCE / WAEC Computer Studies past questions page.

Computer Studies is a relatively new subject on the WASSCE / WAEC examination. In fact, it was just introduced by WAEC Nigeria in 2014.

Larnedu has the largest WASSCE past questions collection on the web and this is not an exaggeration.

We’re not perfect but we have been working towards improving every day and achieving our mission , which includes helping every student that accesses our learning resources and is ready to work hard, excel academically.

All the WAEC Computer Studies past questions on this page have been 100% free since day one and would likely remain so in the foreseeable future.

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Remember, we started this page to help students who don’t have the budget for hardcopy WASSCE Computer Studies past question papers or who want easy access to the past question papers on their mobile devices or computers.

Go directly to the WASSCE / WAEC Computer studies section on this page (skip the introductory text).

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The West African Senior School Certificate Examination (WASSCE) is a type of standardized test taken in West Africa, mostly by students who wish to proceed to the higher institution. It is administered by the West African Examination Council (WAEC).

It is only offered to candidates residing in Anglophone West African countries namely: Ghana, Gambia, Nigeria, Liberia and Sierra Leone and is written 2 times a year ( May/June and Nov/Dec) .

The WASSCE tests candidates according to the topics on the WAEC syllabus.

The contents in each WASSCE Computer Studies question paper (for a specific year) is usually similar from one country to another. Questions on the WASSCE Computer Studies theory section may be specified to be answered by candidates from a particular country and this happens mostly in the theory section.

A WASSCE question paper on a particular subject may be entirely cancelled and changed in a region when the West African Examination Council (WAEC) heading that region suspects a leakage of examination papers before the start of the exam.

Benefits of regular WAEC past questions practice

Speed: Regular practice of our WASSCE Computer Studies past questions makes you faster on the exam day. It’s no secret that questions on the WASSCE for each particular subject are usually similar to questions in previous years since they’re from the same WAEC syllabus . WAEC also sometimes repeats questions word-for-word.

Exposure: Regular practice exposes you to your weaknesses and gives you a chance to better yourself before the exam.

Decreases chances of anxiety: Regular and efficient practice improves your confidence before the exam.

These and many more are some of the beautiful benefits of practising WASSCE Computer Studies past questions.

So it’s important you make it a habit to regularly practice with the past question papers. There’s no doubt that this would help you achieve the grades you desire on the WASSCE on the long run.

Don’t just focus only on the WAEC past questions we provide on this page. We also have other WASSCE related resources that will be of great help to you.

Below this section are the Computer Studies WASSCE / WAEC past questions we have for now. Feel free to use them in accordance to the rules stated on this page and our Terms of Service .

Download (pdf) or view WASSCE / WAEC Computer Studies past question papers online


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WAEC Past Questions and Answers are available here, in PDF format. You can download the WACE past questions for all available subjects. See the list of available subjects for the WAEC Past Papers and how to download them.

We have WAEC Past Questions and Answers for all the most popular WAEC subjects. Most of the WAEC past papers start from the most recent WAEC exam, down to a couple of years back.

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WAEC COMPUTER STUDIES OBJECTIVES and Essay Questions

OBJECTIVES QUESTIONS

1. Quantitative data can exist in A. continuous form only B. continuous and discrete forms C. nominal and ordinal forms D. ordinal form only

2. Data created by the user is called A. primary data B. qualitative data C. quantitative data D. secondary data

3. The sequence of operation of a computer is A. accept data, process data and produce output B. accept data, produce data and information C. produce data, supply data and produce output D. process data and display information

4. Which of the following description is not true about data? A. can be converted to information B. are easily affordable C. is unorganized D. is used for decision making

5. Which of the following statements is true about supercomputers? They A. can fit on a single small chip B. are easily affordable C. can process billions of operation in a second D. are found among various homes and offices

6. The Slide Rule is accurate to A. 1-2 decimal places B. 3-4 decimal places C.5 decimal places D. 6 decimal place

7. What factors will motivate a field engineer into choosing a notebook computer over a desktop computer? A. cost, convenience and battery life B. cost, siZe and convenience C. size, Convenience and battery life D. size, cost and battery life

8. A collection of wires through which data are transmitted from one part of the computer to another is known as A. address B. bus C. driver D. register

9. The total possible comnbinations of the input variables for a logic gate containing three input variables is A. 3 B. 4 C. 8 D, 12

10. What is the least number of 750 MB capacity CD-ROM discs needed to transfer 10 GB size file? A. 75 B. 31 C. 14 D. 13

11. The logic gate represented in Figure 1 is called A. AND gate B. NAND gate C. NOR gate D. OR gate

12. Which of the logic gate will give an opposite to the state? A. X B. Y and Z C. ZD. X and Y

13. Which of the following statements is true about the logic gate X and Y? A. they both have multiple output variables B. the out state of each depends on the input C . The output is true only if all inputs are true D. They are both equivalent.

14. The logic equation for the logic circuit in Figure 3 is

15. The operation of a conputer and peripherals attached to it is controlled by A. application software B. hardware C. live ware D. system software

16. COBOL was developed for A. business operations B. game developers C. mobile application developers D. search engine optimization

17. The operating system performs the following operations except A. organization of data B. resource allocation C. creation of data D. arrangement of files

18. The fundamental purpose of the BIOS is A. initializing and testing hardware components B. testing the system performance. C. updating the system performance D, saving the operating system’s life

19. The IF… THEN statement in BASIC is called A. an assignment statement B. an object C. a class D. a control structure

20. The use of natural language and symbols to write instructions for the computer is called A. machine language programming B. assembly language programming C. algorithm language| programming D. high level languagel programming

21. Which of the following stages of SDLC is post operation stage? A. analysis B. design C. investigation D. maintenance

22. The expression 5 + 3*4/2 – 3^2 in OBASI evaluate to A. 7 B.4 C. 2 D. 1

Use figure to answer questions 23 to 25

23. The basic problem with the flowchart is that it has A. no direction B. no algorithm C. END as process D. improper branch out

24. What activity is the flowchart made to represent? A. How to pick an orange B. Instruction to pick an orange C. Evaluation on how to pick an orange D. Number of times to pick an orange

25. If N in the flowchart is represented by 10, which of the following conditions is not true? A. if C>10, do not pick orange B. If C=10, stop picking orange C. If C<10 keep picking orange D. If C=10, continue picking orange

26. A computer system on the network that stores pages, takes requests from client as well as send out information is called a A. client B. web page C. wed server D. website

The device in figure 5 uses a transmis- sion method called A. broadcast B. podcast C. multicast D. unicast

Figure 6 In figure 6, the signals from modern X to modem Y is A. analogue B. digital C. imaginary D. aperiodic

29. The “exams” in the web address: https://www.waec.or.ng/exams is called A. domain name B. path C. port D. subdomain.

30. Which of the following statements about URL is true? It is A. a computer software program B. a type of web server C. an acronym for unlimited resources for learning D. address of document or ‘page’ on the worid wide web.

The type of network represented in Figure 7 is calledA. LAN, B. MAN C. PAN D. WAN

32. In MS Excel, the cell that contains the pointer or cursor is called A. active Cell B. Current cell C. default cell D. passive cell.

A. superscript B. subscript C. root D. exponentiation

35. The part of the graphic interface in Figure 8 1labelled V is called A. pan B. Zoom in C. zoom out D. fit to window

36. Which of the following formulas will display current seconds past the minute of the clock in MS Excel? A, = MNUTE () B. =MINUTE (NOWO) C. =MINUTE(YEARO) D.=MINUTE(HOUR(NOWO))

The part of the MS Word interface labelled II in Figure 10 is called A. Read mode B. Print Layout C. Proofing error D. Web layout

38. What type of relationship can you deduce from the statement a departmnent has many employees? A. One to-one B. One to-many C. Many to-many D. Many-to-one

39. The screen background where icons and windows are displayed in GUI is called A. explorer B. desktop C. opening screen D. homepage

40. The windows shortcut key for closing an active application is A. Alt+F4 B.Ctrl+Alttdel C. Ctrl+Esc D. Ctrl+Shift+Del

41. Changing the default settings or appearance of the Taskbar in windows by a user is known as A. customization B. designing C. generalization D. globalization

The part of the computer system shown in Figure 11 is used to A. perform memory test B. power on or off of the computer C. print a document from the computer D. reset the computer to factory settings

43. A single character in EBCDIC encoding system can be represented using A. 4bits B. 6bits C. 8bits D. 16bits

45. The binary number 0.1101 in decimal is A. 0.81 25 BO.8215 C. 0.8225 D 0.8512

46. To Prevent unforseen data loss, a user must A. Edit the data B. Create the data C. Back up the data D. Defragment the data.

The file access method shown in Figure 12 is called A. hashed access B. indexed access C. random access D sequential access

48. Which of the following options is not a similarity between computer file and manual file A. be accessed B. be retrieved C. store multimedia D. contain information

49. A computer program that gathers information about a person or organi- zation without their knowledge or consent is known as A. adware B. time bomb C. Trojan horse D. spyware

50. The following actions are the effects of virus infection in a system except A. deletion of files B. slow operation C. hard disk failure D. display of unwanted messages.

WASSCE JUNE 2021 COMPUTER STUDIES 1 OBJECTIVE TEST ANSWERS 1.B 2.A 3.A 4.D 5.C 6.B 7 B. 8 B 9.B 10.C 11.B 12.A 13.D 14. D 15.D 16.A 17.C 18.A 19.D 7.C 29.B 30.D 31.B 32.A 20.D 21.C 22.A 23.A 24.D 25.D 26.C27.A 28.A 29.B 30.B 31.C 32.A 33.C 34.B 35.B 36.B 37.B 38.B 39.B 40.A 41.A 42.,B 43.C 44.B 45.C 46.C 47.A 48.C 49.C 50.C

WASSCE JUNE 2021 COMPUTER STUDIES 2 THEORY QUESTIONS

1. (a) what are Report in a database system? (b) List four ways in which Reports can be viewed in database management system (c) Outline the steps to print a Report in MS Access

3.(a)(i) what is Universal Serial Bus (USB)? (ii)state two benefits of USB connection between a computer and another device. (b) In Table1, three storage devices are described, use it to answer 3(b)(i) and 3(b)(ii). (i) In column 1 by ticking in any of the columns 3,4 or 5

4a(i) Define computer graphics. (ii) List two applications of computer graphics in advertising. (b) Give one use of the following computer graphics application tools: ) Interactive Fill Tool: (ii) Texture Fill Tool; (iii) Envelope Tool; (iv) Extrude Tool. (c) Name one Fill Tool in computer graphic application which is needed to: i)create a background that is faded from light blue to white; (ii) fill an object with two colours that blend from one to another.

5. Write a BASIC program to grade any score entered from the keyboard as either “Poor” for a score that is below 50% or “Satisfactory” for a score that is equal to or above 50%. The program execution should stop as soon as a score that is less than zero is entered.

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Free WAEC Past Questions and Answers for All Subjects

Free WAEC past questions and answers are available here for download!

Are you in your last stage of Secondary School Education (May/June) or not in the School system (GCE)? If yes, you can now download West African Senior School Certificate Examination (WASSCE) past papers to assist you with your studies.

The importance of using past questions in preparing for your West African Senior School Certificate Examination (WASSCE), cannot be over emphasised. By using past exam papers as part of your preparation, you can find out what you already know and at the same time also find out what you do not know well enough or don’t know at all.

See: WAEC Timetable for May/June Candidates and WAEC Timetable for GCE Candidates .

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Practice WAEC Past Questions and Answers Online – All Subjects.

WAEC recently launched a portal called WAEC e-learning to curb the number of failures in the WAEC May/June SSCE by creating a portal that contains the resources for all WAEC approved subjects that will students understand the standards required for success in respective examinations.

WAEC e-learning contains past questions and solutions of all subjects.

WAEC e-learning portal is accessible from http://waeconline.org.ng/e-learning/index.htm.

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WAEC Syllabus 2022/2023 For All Subjects |Download in PDF

December 20, 2021

Here is the recommended WAEC Syllabus 2021/2022 for all subjects. You can easily view and download them in Pdf format for free.

You will get all the necessary guidance on downloading the free WAEC Syllabus 2021 & the recommended Textbooks for WAEC exam 2021:

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Download 2021 WAEC Timetable

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How to cover this WAEC Syllabus in less than a 2 weeks

As a WAEC Candidate, you may not have to go through all textbooks you see and start reading them line-to-line and text-to-text. There are some techniques that you can put in to help you speed up your studies.

So if you have four subjects to write and four syllabuses to cover each in two months, you will realize that spending more than two weeks on a particular subject’s syllabus will put you in a position where you will end up not touching some subject.

Almost all WAEC candidates always try to complete the syllabus even when there is a shortage of time. But the guides below will give you some of the basic ideas and methods to cover your syllabus in a very short time.

With the guide below, you can easily cover up your WAEC syllabus in less than 2 weeks.

First Principle:

Go through the entire syllabus thoroughly.
Collect related study materials from different sources including textbooks.
Visit different websites and textbooks to make contribution studies.
Make notes on every topic you read. This will help in various ways.
Make important points and remember those points. Also, make sub-points of those main points and store them up.
Form Abbreviation for yourself and use them to memorize.

Second Principle

Having too many textbooks around will give you a burden and leave you nowhere. It is advisable to find a solution to all problems you come across.

After completing your preparation, try to jot down the important points which you have learned or write the whole answer in your practice notebook with the help of a stopwatch. It will help you to manage your time. This will help you to analyze how much time you spent on different types of answers.

Third Principle

Practice at last 5 years past Question Papers and try getting all of them right..
Try to read-only efficient and comprehensive textbooks. Consider the references on those textbooks because it will help you to cover objectives and other micro topics.

Fourth Principle:

First, choose the easy topic and complete it. You can complete this type of topic in no time.
After that try to first read the book and take small notes of that book.
If you are preparing for a yearly exam, then try to analyze the question pattern.
Try to focus on that topic which was repeated frequently in the exam.
Don’t try to remember everything just understand the concept.
Take a little break while studying.
Discuss problems and topics with your friend and you will remember the maximum concept in no time.
Take complete rest because a tired brain will not be able to learn fast.
Get a mentor to help you plan and select the most essential part of the syllabus
Ask for regular feedback from them.
Make realistic every day goals and achieve them
Form your own note and Set Questions for yourself as you cover your syllabus.

WAEC Area Of concentration Pattern

You can get a free WAEC Syllabus from Your WAEC Brochure. So if you have your WAEC Brochure, then head over to where you will see “ WAEC syllabus ” and there you will see the complete WAEC syllabus for 2021/2022.

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Krasnodar Krai, Russia

The capital city of Krasnodar krai: Krasnodar .

Krasnodar Krai - Overview

Krasnodar Krai is a federal subject of Russia located in the south-west of the country, part of the Southern Federal District. Krasnodar is the capital city of the region.

The population of Krasnodar Krai is about 5,687,400 (2022), the area - 75,485 sq. km.

Krasnodar krai flag

Krasnodar krai coat of arms.

Krasnodar krai map, Russia

Krasnodar krai latest news and posts from our blog:.

13 September, 2021 / Park "Krasnodar" - one of the best parks in Russia .

4 April, 2019 / Cities of Russia at Night - the Views from Space .

14 April, 2018 / Parus (Sail) Rock - a natural monument near Gelendzhik .

21 December, 2016 / Flying over diverse Russia .

29 October, 2016 / Krasnodar - the view from above .

News, notes and thoughts:

8 July, 2012 / Unexpected flooding that occurred on July 6-7 in Krasnodar krai killed at least 150 people mostly in small town of Krymsk. The water level in Krymsk region rose to 7 meters, entire villages were washed away. The situation is exacerbated by the fact that the flood occurred at night, when most people were asleep in their homes.

History of Krasnodar Krai

The territory of today’s Krasnodar Krai was inhabited as early as the Paleolithic, about 2 million years ago. It was inhabited by various tribes and peoples since ancient times. There were several Greek colonies on the Black Sea coast, which later became part of the Kingdom of the Bosporus. In 631, the Great Bulgaria state was founded in Kuban. In the 8th-10th centuries, the territory was part of Khazaria.

In 965, the Kievan Prince Svyatoslav defeated the Khazar Khanate and this region came under the power of Kievan Rus, Tmutarakan principality was formed. At the end of the 11th century, in connection with the strengthening of the Polovtsy and claims of Byzantium, Tmutarakan principality came under the authority of the Byzantine emperors (until 1204).

In 1243-1438, this land was part of the Golden Horde. After its collapse, Kuban was divided between the Crimean Khanate, Circassia, and the Ottoman Empire, which dominated in the region. Russia began to challenge the protectorate over the territory during the Russian-Turkish wars.

More historical facts…

In 1783, by decree of Catherine II, the right-bank Kuban and Taman Peninsula became part of the Russian Empire after the liquidation of the Crimean Khanate. In 1792-1793, Zaporozhye (Black Sea) Cossacks resettled here to protect new borders of the country along the Kuban River. During the military campaign to establish control over the North Caucasus (Caucasian War of 1763-1864), in the 1830s, the Ottoman Empire for forced out of the region and Russia gained access to the Black Sea coast.

Prior to the revolutionary events of 1917, most of the territory of present Krasnodar krai was occupied by the Kuban region, founded in 1860. In 1900, the population of the region was about 2 million people. In 1913, it ranked 2nd by gross harvest of grain, 1st place for the production of bread in the Russian Empire.

Kuban was one of the centers of resistance after the Bolshevik revolution of 1917. In 1918-1920, there was a non-Bolshevik Kuban People’s Republic. In 1924, North-Caucasian Krai was founded with the center in Rostov-on-Don. In 1934, it was divided into Azov-Black Sea Krai (Rostov-on-Don) and North Caucasus Krai (Stavropol).

On September 13, 1937, the Azov-Black Sea region was divided into Rostov Oblast and Krasnodar Krai that included Adygei Autonomous Oblast. During the Second World War, the region was captured by the Germans. After the battle for the Caucasus, it was liberated. There are about 1,500 monuments and memorials commemorating heroes of the war on the territory of Krasnodar Krai.

In 1991, the Adygei Autonomous Oblast withdrew from Krasnodar Krai and became the Republic of Adygea.

Beautiful nature of Krasnodar Krai

Sunflower field in Krasnodar Krai

Author: Alexander Egorov

Krasnodar Krai landscape

Author: Vladislav Shutyy

On the coast in the Krasnodar region

Author: Sotnikov

Krasnodar Krai - Features

Krasnodar Krai is located in the south-western part of the North Caucasus. The territory is washed by the Azov and Black Seas. The length of the region from north to south - 327 km, from west to east - 360 km. The Republic of Adygea, another federal subject of Russia, is located entirely within the Krasnodar region.

The Kuban River divides Krasnodar Krai into two parts: the northern - lowland (2/3 of the territory), located on the Kuban-Azov plain, and the southern - foothills and mountains (1/3 of the territory), located in the western highlands of the Greater Caucasus. The highest point is Mount Tsakhvoa (3,345 m).

The population is concentrated in the basin of the Kuban (also known as the Cossack land). The main cities and towns of Krasnodar Krai are Krasnodar (974,000), Sochi (433,500), Novorossyisk (277,000), Armavir (186,000), Anapa (95,900), Eisk (83,200), Kropotkin (76,300), Gelendzhik (75,100), Slavyansk-na-Kubani (67,200), Tuapse (60,400).

Krasnodar Krai is the warmest region of Russia. The climate is mostly temperate continental, on the Black Sea coast from Anapa to Tuapse - semi-arid Mediterranean climate, south of Tuapse - humid subtropical. Winters are mild and summers are hot. The average temperature in January in the plains is minus 3-5 degrees Celsius, on the Black Sea coast - 0-6 degrees Celsius, in July - plus 22-24 degrees Celsius.

Krasnodar Krai - Economy and Tourism

There are reserves of oil, natural gas, iodine-bromine water, marble, limestone, sandstone, gravel, silica sand, iron ore, rock salt, mercury, gypsum, gold. Krasnodar krai is Russia’s oldest oil producing region (since 1865).

The local economy is based on the industrial, construction, fuel and energy, agriculture, transport, resort and recreational, tourist sectors.

The seaports of the Krasnodar region provide direct access, through the Azov and the Black Seas, to international trade routes and handle more than 35% of foreign trade and transit cargoes of all Russian seaports. The air gateway of the region is Krasnodar International Airport (Pashkovsky Airport) - one of the largest airports in Russia.

Tourism is an important sector of the economy of Krasnodar krai. It is actively developing on the coast of the Black and Azov Seas, as well as in mountain and steppe districts of the region. The main centers of tourism are the resorts of federal significance (Sochi, Gelendzhik and Anapa) and the resorts of regional significance (Yeisk, Goryachiy Klyuch and Tuapse district).

Due to a combination of favorable climatic conditions, availability of mineral waters and curative mud, Krasnodar krai is the most popular resort and tourist region of Russia and in fact the only one in Russia seaside spa and recreational center.

Krasnodar krai of Russia photos

Krasnodar krai scenery.

Cretaceous rocks in Krasnodar Krai

Steep cliffs on the coast in the Krasnodar region

Author: Aleksey Kleymenov

Country road in Krasnodar Krai

Author: Nikola Mitinskiy

Pictures of Krasnodar Krai

Memorial Field of Cossack glory in Kushchevskaya village in Krasnodar Krai

Author: Sergey Timofeev

Jet fighter monument in the Krasnodar region

Author: Konstantin Seryshev

Village in Krasnodar Krai

Author: Alena Amplieva

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Computer Studies Paper 3, WASSCE (SC), 2021

Subject Home

General Comments

The Chief Examiner reported that the standard of the paper compared favourably to that of the previous year in terms of the concept tested and the skills measured. The questions were within the scope of the syllabus as well as the ability of the candidates. It was reported that the rubrics were clearly stated and the marking scheme was comprehensive.

The time allotted for the paper was adequate. The Chief Examiner also reported that candidates’ performance was slightly lower than that of the previous year. The paper this year recorded a drop of 9.10% in candidature with raw mean score of 27 out of 45 and standard deviation of 8.60 as compared to WASSCE for School Candidates, 2020 which had a raw mean score of 24 out of 45 and standard deviation of 7.55 . WASSCE for School Candidates, 2019 recorded a raw mean score of 29 out of 45 with standard deviation of 8.77 .

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Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, June 21, 2024

Angelica Evans, Nicole Wolkov, Christina Harward, Karolina Hird, and George Barros

June 21, 2024, 6:30pm ET

Click here to see ISW’s interactive map of the Russian invasion of Ukraine. This map is updated daily alongside the static maps present in this report.

Click here to see ISW’s 3D control of terrain topographic map of Ukraine. Use of a computer (not a mobile device) is strongly recommended for using this data-heavy tool.

Click here to access ISW’s archive of interactive time-lapse maps of the Russian invasion of Ukraine. These maps complement the static control-of-terrain map that ISW produces daily by showing a dynamic frontline. ISW will update this time-lapse map archive monthly.

Note: The data cut-off for this product was 1:30pm ET on June 21. ISW will cover subsequent reports in the June 22 Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment.

Russian President Vladimir Putin continues to invoke nuclear threats as part of his ongoing information campaign to discourage further Western support for Ukraine and undermine the international community's efforts to cohere its strategic vision for defeating Russia’s war of conquest against Ukraine. Putin claimed during a speech to graduating Russian officers on June 21 that Russia plans to further develop its nuclear triad as a "guarantee of strategic deterrence" and to maintain the balance of power in the world.[1] Putin noted that Russia is also working to increase its conventional combat capabilities and defense industrial production. Putin claimed during a press conference in Vietnam on June 20 that Russia is considering "lowering the threshold" for nuclear use in Russia's nuclear doctrine and that a possible future strategic defeat of Russian forces on the battlefield in Ukraine would result in the "end of [Russia's] statehood."[2] ISW noted that Putin may have falsely equated a Russian defeat in Ukraine with an existential threat to the Russian state in order to invoke an "exceptional case" in which existing Russian nuclear doctrine would allow for the use of nuclear weapons.[3] Putin's June 21 statement appears to be the continuation of his recent information operation intended to sabotage the West's efforts to develop a common strategic objective of decisively defeating Russia’s invasion as the West’s envisioned end state for the war in Ukraine. ISW continues to assess that the threat of nuclear escalation is a core aspect of Russia's ability to manipulate foreign decision-makers and is highly unlikely to result in actual nuclear escalation due to nuclear and conventional deterrence.[4]

Putin and Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov continued to emphasize Russia's initiative to create an alternative "Eurasian security architecture," likely as part of ongoing efforts to establish a coalition of friendly states to act as an alternative to the West and undermine NATO. Putin reiterated on June 21 his intention to create "equal and indivisible security in Eurasia."[5] Putin claimed that Russia is ready to discuss Eurasian security issues with the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU), and BRICS and claimed that Russia is ready to have discussions with European and NATO countries "when they are ready." Lavrov similarly emphasized Russia's effort to form a "Eurasian security architecture to replace... the Euro-Atlantic [security system]" at a June 21 Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) foreign ministers meeting in Almaty, Kazakhstan.[6] Lavrov further promoted the need for joint efforts to create a new Eurasian security architecture and coordination with other unspecified multilateral organizations on the Eurasian continent.[7] Lavrov is likely referencing Russian efforts to increase cooperation with the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), as Putin signaled his interest in developing relations with ASEAN during his state visit to Vietnam on June 20.[8] Putin notably included Vietnam - a country not typically included in political conceptions of Eurasia - in addition to North Korea in his proposed formation of a new Eurasian security system, suggesting that Putin seeks to include Southeast Asia into this alternative Eurasian security structure by leveraging select Southeast Asian countries' historically friendly ties with the Soviet Union. Putin first laid the informational groundwork for this Eurasian security structure during his visit to the People's Republic of China (PRC) in May 2024 before proposing it in a speech on June 14, in which he claimed that the "Euro-Atlantic security system" is collapsing and that Western "schemes for security and prosperity in Europe do not work."[9] ISW continues to assess that Putin and other senior Russian officials will likely continue to amplify Russia's efforts to create a coalition of countries that Putin could use to posture as an alternative to NATO while also supporting ongoing Kremin information operations to falsely portray Western countries as Ukraine's only supporters.[10]

The Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA) criticized South Korean and Japanese objections to the Russian-North Korean strategic partnership agreement and directly tied the agreement to Russian President Vladimir Putin's "Eurasian security architecture" initiative. South Korea's Yonhap News Agency reported on June 21 that South Korean government sources stated that South Korea may send 155mm artillery shells and unspecified air defense systems to Ukraine, after South Korean National Security Director Chang Ho-jin stated on June 20 that South Korea would respond to the Russian-North Korean agreement by reconsidering its policy preventing it from sending aid to Ukraine.[11] The South Korean MFA summoned Russian Ambassador to South Korea Georgiy Zinovyev on June 21 to urge Russia to stop its military cooperation with North Korea.[12] Zinovyev accused South Korea of trying to "threaten and blackmail" Russia and that Russia's cooperation with North Korea is not directed against any other country and claimed that Russian-North Korean cooperation helps strengthen stability on the Korean peninsula.[13] Director of the Russian MFA's Third Department for Asia Lyudmila Vorobyova met on June 21 with Director of the Japanese MFA's Europe Department Masashi Nakagome following the introduction of a new round of Japanese sanctions targeting Russia.[14] The Russian MFA claimed that the Japanese sanctions are the "next step towards the complete destruction" of Russian-Japanese relations, which the Russian MFA claimed are at an all-time low.[15] The Russian MFA claimed that Russia would respond to the sanctions with "tough and painful countermeasures." The Russian MFA responded to Nakagome's protests about the Russian-North Korean strategic partnership by outlining Putin's June 14 initiative for the creation of "a new continent-wide security architecture" in Eurasia.

Ukrainian forces struck oil refineries and military targets in Bryansk and Astrakhan oblasts, Krasnodar Krai, and occupied Crimea on the night of June 20 to 21. The Ukrainian General Staff reported on June 21 that Ukrainian drones targeted the Afipsky, Ilsky, and Krasnodar oil refineries in Krasnodar Krai and the Astrakhan oil refinery in Astrakhan Oblast and conducted strikes on unspecified Russian radar and electronic warfare (EW) stations in Bryansk Oblast and occupied Crimea on the night of June 20 to 21 and that Ukrainian forces are still conducting a battlefield damage assessment.[16] The Ukrainian General Staff reported that Ukrainian forces also struck a Shahed-136/131 storage facility, military training facilities, and several drone communication and control posts in Krasnodar Krai. The Krasnodar Krai Operational Headquarters reported that Ukrainian drones struck unspecified targets in Temryuk and Yeysk Raions and the Ilsky oil refinery in Seversk Raion and that debris from a Ukrainian drone fell near Volna.[17] The Russian Ministry of Defense (MoD) claimed that Russian air defenses destroyed six Ukrainian naval drones in the Black Sea, 70 drones over Crimea, and 43 drones over Krasnodar Krai on the night of June 20 to 21.[18] Russian milbloggers claimed that Ukrainian forces launched the drones in several waves of drone strikes beginning on the evening of June 20 and warned that Ukrainian forces may conduct more large-scale drone strikes in the near future.[19] The Ukrainian General Staff also confirmed that Ukrainian forces and Ukraine's Security Service (SBU) conducted successful drone strikes against the Tambovnefteprodukt fuel and lubricant warehouse in Tambov Oblast and the Lukoil-Yugnefteprodukt "Enemska" oil depot in Adygea Republic on the night of June 19 to 20, as ISW reported.[20]

Russian milbloggers reported that Ukrainian forces simultaneously used naval and aerial drones during the Krasnodar Krai strike and overwhelmed Russian defenses, causing a Russian air defense system to accidentally shoot down a Russian helicopter in a friendly fire incident. Several Russian milbloggers claimed on June 21 that Russian friendly fire destroyed a Russian Ka-29 helicopter and the helicopter's crew while defending against Ukrainian drone strikes near Krasnodar Krai.[21] The milbloggers claimed that Russian forces were using helicopters to search for Ukrainian naval drones while Russian air defense systems were simultaneously attempting to shoot down Ukrainian aerial drones and that a Russian Pantsir air defense system accidentally downed a Russian helicopter, reportedly due to a malfunction in the system's Identification Friend or Foe (IFF) system.[22] The milbloggers claimed that Ukrainian forces have previously used missiles to similarly overload Russian air defenses and criticized the Russian military for not improving its IFF systems to prevent these incidents.

Moscow State University (MGU) announced on June 21 that it has opened enrollment for a master's program on "strategic communications, information, and hybrid wars" under the guidance of Russian ultranationalist and former State Duma Deputy Zakhar Prilepin and other select Duma deputies. [23] MGU stated that the master's program has been part of the political science faculty since 2022, but that it is now being offered in an improved and "modernized form," and that Prilepin's team and other Duma deputies will participate in developing and presumably teaching the course. Graduates of the two-year program will receive a master's in "Conflictology" and learn about "national information sovereignty and countering the operations of hybrid, cognitive, and intellectual wars."[24] MGU admitted its first cohort of students to this program in 2022, but later reportedly ended the program in December 2023 due to financial concerns.[25] MGU's June 21 announcement, however, suggests that the university has been able to restart the program under the supervision of prominent ultranationalist voices such as Prilepin. ISW previously noted that the MGU master's program was likely intended to teach and promote Russian objectives for the war in Ukraine, setting multi-generational conditions to strengthen the ideology underpinning Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine.[26]

Key Takeaways:

Russian President Vladimir Putin continues to invoke nuclear threats as part of his ongoing information campaign to discourage further Western support for Ukraine and undermine the international community's efforts to cohere its strategic vision for defeating Russia’s war of conquest against Ukraine.
Putin and Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov continued to emphasize Russia's initiative to create an alternative "Eurasian security architecture," likely as part of ongoing efforts to establish a coalition of friendly states to act as an alternative to the West and undermine NATO.
The Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA) criticized South Korean and Japanese objections to the Russian-North Korean strategic partnership agreement and directly tied the agreement to Russian President Vladimir Putin's "Eurasian security architecture" initiative.
Ukrainian forces struck oil refineries and military targets in Bryansk and Astrakhan oblasts, Krasnodar Krai, and occupied Crimea on the night of June 20 to 21.
Moscow State University (MGU) announced on June 21 that it has opened enrollment for a master's program on "strategic communications, information, and hybrid wars" under the guidance of Russian ultranationalist and former State Duma Deputy Zakhar Prilepin and other select Duma deputies.
Russian forces recently advanced southeast of Kupyansk, southwest of Svatove, and west and southwest of Donetsk City.
The Russian Ministry of Defense (MoD) appears to be taking steps to address known bureaucratic issues as part of its efforts to formalize irregular Russian formations.
An investigation by Russian opposition outlet Verstka highlights how Russia is importing Russian judges to serve in courts in occupied Ukraine, supporting Russian efforts to control the judiciary while also providing a convenient cover for the resettlement of Russian citizens into occupied Ukraine.

We do not report in detail on Russian war crimes because these activities are well-covered in Western media and do not directly affect the military operations we are assessing and forecasting. We will continue to evaluate and report on the effects of these criminal activities on the Ukrainian military and the Ukrainian population and specifically on combat in Ukrainian urban areas. We utterly condemn Russian violations of the laws of armed conflict and the Geneva Conventions and crimes against humanity even though we do not describe them in these reports.

Russian Main Effort – Eastern Ukraine (comprised of three subordinate main efforts)
Russian Subordinate Main Effort #1 – Push Ukrainian forces back from the international border with Belgorod Oblast and approach to within tube artillery range of Kharkiv City
Russian Subordinate Main Effort #2 – Capture the remainder of Luhansk Oblast and push westward into eastern Kharkiv Oblast and encircle northern Donetsk Oblast
Russian Subordinate Main Effort #3 – Capture the entirety of Donetsk Oblast
Russian Supporting Effort – Southern Axis
Russian Air, Missile, and Drone Campaign
Russian Mobilization and Force Generation Efforts
Russian Technological Adaptations
Activities in Russian-occupied areas
Ukrainian Defense Industrial Base Efforts

Russian Information Operations and Narratives

Significant Activity in Belarus

Russian Main Effort – Eastern Ukraine

Russian Subordinate Main Effort #1 – Kharkiv Oblast ( Russian objective: Push Ukrainian forces back from the international border with Belgorod Oblast and approach to within tube artillery range of Kharkiv City)

Russian forces continued offensive operations in northern Kharkiv Oblast on June 20 and 21 but did not make any confirmed advances. The Ukrainian General Staff reported that Russian forces conducted ground attacks north of Kharkiv City near Lyptsi and northeast of Kharkiv City near Vovchansk and Tykhe (immediately east of Vovchansk) in the evening of June 20 but noted that Russian forces did not conduct active offensive operations in this direction on June 21 and instead conducted heavy guided glide bomb strikes from Belgorod Oblast.[27] Kharkiv Oblast Police Chief Volodymyr Tymoshenko reported that Russian forces launched 17 guided glide bombs at positions north and northeast of Kharkiv City as of 1200 local time on June 21.[28] Russian milbloggers claimed that Ukrainian forces continued counterattacks near Hlyboke (north of Lyptsi).[29] Russian sources additionally claimed that intense fighting continued in Vovchansk, with one milblogger reiterating claims that Russian forces have seized the entire Vovchansk Aggregate Plant and another claiming that Russian forces seized territory in the northern part of the Aggregate Plant, including near the children's music school.[30] One milblogger claimed that Russian forces have captured most of Tykhe, although ISW has not observed visual evidence of Russian forces in Tykhe and continues to assess that Ukrainian forces recently recaptured the settlement given more robust Russian reporting that Russian forces do not control Tykhe.[31]

Ukrainian military sources have not yet confirmed that Russian forces used an FAB-3000 glide bomb to strike Lyptsi on June 20 despite widespread Russian reporting that June 20 marked the first-ever strike using an FAB-3000 with this particular glide bomb modification. Ukrainian Air Force Spokesperson Major Ilya Yevlash noted that Ukrainian forces have not yet concluded their investigation of the blast site in Lyptsi and therefore cannot confirm yet whether Russia used an FAB-3000, noting that Russian forces most frequently use lighter FAB modifications such as the FAB-250 and FAB-500.[32] Ukrainian media also amplified comments from a Ukrainian aviation expert on June 21 who stated that the blast radius for the Lyptsi strike was only about 90 meters, whereas the FAB-3000 blast radius should be closer to 260 meters.[33] Russian milbloggers called into question the efficacy of using FAB-3000s, noting that a Russian fighter bomber can deliver a payload of one FAB-3000 versus three FAB-1500 bombs with glide modules and that Russian forces can inflict more effective damage if they drop a salvo of three FAB-1500 bombs, or four FAB-500 bombs on a target than one FAB-3000 because FAB-500 and FAB-1500 bombs are more accurate in general are more likely to strike a target.[34] Some milbloggers claimed that Russian forces conducted a second FAB-3000 strike in Lyptsi on June 21, but Ukrainian sources have not yet confirmed this strike, and ISW cannot independently verify the weapon used in either strike.[35]

Russian Subordinate Main Effort #2 – Luhansk Oblast (Russian objective: Capture the remainder of Luhansk Oblast and push westward into eastern Kharkiv Oblast and northern Donetsk Oblast)

Russian forces recently advanced along the Kupyansk-Svatove-Kreminna line amid continued Russian ground attacks in the area on June 21. Geolocated footage published on June 20 indicates that Russian forces recently advanced east of Pishchane (southeast of Kupyansk).[36] Additional geolocated footage published on June 21 indicates that Russian forces recently advanced west of Novovodyane (southwest of Svatove).[37] Fighting continued northeast of Kupyansk near Synkivka; southeast of Kupyansk near Stepova Novoselivka, Pishchane, and Berestove; northwest of Svatove near Stelmakhivka; northwest of Kreminna near Novosadove, Hrekivka, and Nevske; and south of Kreminna in the Serebryanske forest area on June 20 and 21.[38] Ukraine's Main Military Intelligence Directorate (GUR) Spokesperson Andriy Yusov stated that Russian forces are attempting to transfer reserves to the Borova direction (west of Svatove) but are not forming "powerful" new assault groups in the area that could meaningfully threaten Ukrainian defenses in the Borova direction.[39]

Russian Subordinate Main Effort #3 – Donetsk Oblast (Russian objective: Capture the entirety of Donetsk Oblast, the claimed territory of Russia’s proxies in Donbas)

Russian forces continued offensive operations in the Siversk direction on June 21, but there were no confirmed changes to the frontline in this area. Russian forces continued offensive operations east of Siversk near Verkhnokamyanske; southeast of Siversk near Spirne and Vyimka; and south of Siversk near Rozdolivka on June 20 and 21.[40] Russian milbloggers claimed that Russian forces gained a foothold on the outskirts of Rozdolivka, but ISW has not observed confirmation of this claim.[41]

Russian forces continued offensive operations near Chasiv Yar on June 21, but there were no confirmed changes to the frontline in this area. Russian forces continued offensive operations near Chasiv Yar, including in the Kanal Microraion (easternmost Chasiv Yar); north of Chasiv Yar near Kalynivka; and southeast of Chasiv Yar near Klishchiivka on June 20 and 21.[42] The commander of a Ukrainian brigade operating in the Chasiv Yar direction stated on June 21 that Russian forces operating in the area have a significant advantage in the quantity of artillery ammunition.[43] Elements of the Russian 58th Spetsnaz Battalion (1st Donetsk People's Republic Army Corps [DNR AC]) and the 4th Motorized Rifle Brigade (2nd Luhansk People's Republic [LNR] AC) are reportedly operating near Chasiv Yar.[44]

Russian forces continued offensive operations in the Toretsk direction (southwest of Chasiv Yar) on June 21, but there were no confirmed changes to the frontline in this area. Russian forces continued offensive operations near Toretsk; east of Toretsk near Pivnichne; southeast of Toretsk near Shumy; and south of Toretsk near Niu York on June 20 and 21.[45] Russian milbloggers claimed that Russian forces advanced two kilometers near Niu York and Toretsk and entered the outskirts of Pivnichne, but ISW has not observed visual confirmation of these claims.[46] Ukrainian Khortytsia Group of Forces Spokesperson Lieutenant Colonel Nazar Voloshyn stated on June 21 that Russian forces are attacking in the Toretsk direction, including near Niu York and Shumy from Horlivka (west of Torestk), in order to develop an offensive on Chasiv Yar from the south.[47]

Russian forces continued offensive operations near Avdiivka on June 21, but there were no confirmed changes to the frontline in this area. Russian forces continued offensive operations northwest of Avdiivka near Vozdvyzhenka, Arkhanhelske, Novooleksandrivka, Sokil, Novopokrovske, and Novoselivka Persha; west of Avdiivka near Yasnobrodivka; and southwest of Avdiivka near Karlivka on June 20 and 21.[48] Russian milbloggers claimed that Russian forces advanced on the northern bank of the Karlivske Reservoir and west of Netaylove (both southwest of Avdiivka), but ISW has not observed visual confirmation of these claims.[49]

Russian forces recently advanced west and southwest of Donetsk City amid continued Russian offensive operations in the area on June 21. Geolocated footage published on June 21 indicates that Russian forces recently advanced west of Novomykhailivka (southwest of Donetsk City) and within Krasnohorivka (west of Donetsk City).[50] Russian milbloggers claimed that Russian forces made additional gains within Krasnohorivka, but ISW has not observed confirmation of these claims.[51] A large number of heat anomalies detected by NASA’s Fire Information for Resource Management System on June 21 indicates fighting in central Krasnohorivka. Russian forces continued offensive operations west of Donetsk City near Krasnohorivka, Maksymilyanivka, and Heorhiivka and southwest of Donetsk City near Kostyantynivka, Pobieda, Paraskoviivka, and Vodyane on June 20 and 21.[52] Elements of the Russian 238th Artillery Brigade and 20th Motorized Rifle Division (both of the 8th Combined Arms Army [CAA], Southern Military District [SMD]) are reportedly operating near Kostyantynivka.[53]

Positional engagements continued in the Donetsk-Zaporizhia Oblast border area near Staromayorske and Urozhaine (both south of Velyka Novosilka) on June 21.[54] The Ukrainian General Staff reported on June 21 that Russian forces conducted guided glide bomb strikes on Novoukrainka (east of Velyka Novosilka).[55] Russian forces have also reportedly recently increased glide bomb strikes against Staromayorske, possibly in preparation for future ground attacks near the settlement.[56] Elements of the Russian 14th Spetsnaz Brigade (Russian General Staff's Main Intelligence Directorate [GRU]) are reportedly operating in the Donetsk-Zaporizhia Oblast border area.[57]

Russian Supporting Effort – Southern Axis (Russian objective: Maintain frontline positions and secure rear areas against Ukrainian strikes)

Positional engagements continued in western Zaporizhia Oblast on June 21, but there were no confirmed changes to the frontline. Positional engagements continued near Robotyne and northeast of Robotyne near Verbove and Mala Tokmachka on June 21.[58]

Positional engagements continued in east (left) bank Kherson Oblast near Krynky and Kozachi Laheri and on the islands in the Dnipro River Delta on June 21.[59]

Russian Air, Missile, and Drone Campaign (Russian Objective: Target Ukrainian military and civilian infrastructure in the rear and on the frontline)

Russian forces conducted missile strikes against Ukraine on the night of June 20 to 21 and during the day on June 21. Ukrainian Air Force Commander Lieutenant General Mykola Oleshchuk reported that Russian forces launched four Kh-59/69 cruise missiles against Kirovohrad and Kherson oblasts on the night of June 20 to 21 and that Ukrainian forces downed all four missiles.[60] Dnipropetrovsk Oblast Military Administration Head Serhii Lysak reported that Russian forces struck a food warehouse in Kryvyi Rih with an unspecified missile during the day on June 21.[61] Odesa Oblast Military Administration Head Oleh Kiper reported that Russia conducted a ballistic missile strike against the coast of Odesa Oblast on June 21, damaging recreational infrastructure.[62]

Russian Mobilization and Force Generation Efforts (Russian objective: Expand combat power without conducting general mobilization)

The Russian Ministry of Defense (MoD) is taking steps to address bureaucratic issues in order to formalize irregular Russian formations, including elements of the Wagner Group. Russian Deputy Defense Minister Anna Tsivileva announced on June 20 that she, Chairperson of the Special Military Operation (SVO) Veteran's Association Alexei Naumets, Khabarovsk Krai Deputy Chairman for Social Issues Leonid Nikonov, Khabarovsk Krai military enlistment officer Sergei Yevlampiev, and Defenders of the Fatherland Foundation Supervisory Board member Alexei Romanov presented combat veteran certificates to a group of Khabarovsk Krai veterans who fought in Ukraine as members of the Wagner Group private military company (PMC).[63] Tsivileva stated that these veterans are unable to qualify for the federal and regional social services that the government owes them in exchange for their military service. Tsivileva stated that the Defenders of the Fatherland Foundation and the MoD are working together to help veterans submit the necessary paperwork to receive their state benefits and that the foundation and MoD worked together to "restore the rights" of veterans who served under the Wagner Group to receive the same social benefits as other veterans of the war in Ukraine. Tsivileva stated that this is fair because all soldiers fight together in Ukraine and congratulated the Wagner veterans on receiving their long-awaited documents.

Several Russian milbloggers responded to Tsivileva's announcement on June 21, and one milblogger claimed that this is a significant gesture of goodwill towards the Wagner veterans given the MoD's "complex relationship" with the Wagner Group and deceased Wagner Group financier Yevgeny Prigozhin.[64] The milblogger claimed that it is significant that Tsivileva presented these certificates on the eve of the first anniversary of the Wagner Group's armed rebellion on June 24, 2023, and noted that this gesture indicates that former Russian Defense Minister Sergei Shoigu and his team were "driving" the confrontation between the MoD and the Wagner Group - a misrepresentation designed to save face and likely mollify disaffected Wagner Group personnel whom the Kremlin is now trying to reapproach and ultimately assimilate. Another Russian milblogger claimed that Tsivileva's progress in presenting these certificates could be a sign of "new life" in the MoD and claimed that this could have been Tsivileva's personal initiative.[65] Veterans of irregular Russian military formations, such as the Wagner Group and the recently dissolved Donetsk People's Republic's (DNR) Ministry of Internal Affairs (MVD) “Kaskad” Operational Combat Tactical Formation, have repeatedly complained about the MoD's unwillingness to issue them combat veteran certificates and monetary and social benefits due to their service in irregular formations, which previously did not have legal standing in Russia.[66] Tsivileva may prioritize addressing these bureaucratic issues in her role as deputy defense minister and could further streamline the MoD's efforts to formalize the irregular formations that it has come to rely on in Ukraine.

Russian Defense Minister Andrei Belousov met with Minister of Digital Development, Communications, and Mass Communications Maksut Shadayev on June 21 to discuss the MoD's efforts to streamline the benefits process for Russian veterans following Tsivileva's June 20 meeting.[67] Belousov emphasized that Russian military personnel and their families are struggling to prepare the necessary documents to apply for their benefits and social services and suggested that the MoD should automate the process. Belousov and Shadayev decided that the MoD should digitally issue and approve documents and set a goal to digitize the MoD's services by the third quarter of 2024. Belousov also created a permanent interdepartmental working group to address any issues in digitizing combat veteran certificates and benefit applications.

Russia continues to improve its drone training capabilities as part of its long-term force generation efforts. Russian Deputy Defense Minister Lieutenant General Andrei Bulyga inspected the Ussuriysk Suvorov Military School on June 21, and Chief of the Ussuriysk Suvorov Military School Major General Nikolay Glinin told Bulyga that the school is developing a drone training course for students.[68] Russian loitering munitions manufacturer and Kalashnikov Concern subsidiary Zala Aero announced on June 14 that it is partnering with Russia's Udmurt State University and Moscow State Technical University to open a master's program on "automatic control in robotic systems."[69] Zala Aero reported that the programs will include programming and engineering courses and will train students to design drone control systems, develop optical navigation programs, and prototype autopilots for unmanned systems.

Russian Technological Adaptations (Russian objective: Introduce technological innovations to optimize systems for use in Ukraine)

Russian state-owned defense conglomerate Rostec published footage on June 21 and announced that it will begin testing its "Impulse-M" tracked unmanned ground vehicle (UGV) in the near future.[70] Rostec reported that the UGV is just over two meters long and can transport cargo weighing up to one ton. Rostec reportedly designed the UVG's tracked chassis to be highly reliable and easily maintainable in frontline conditions.

A Ukrainian commander reported on June 21 that Russian forces are installing lights on drones to illuminate potential targets for Krasnopol guided artillery systems.[71]

Ukrainian Defense Industrial Efforts (Ukrainian objective: Develop its defense industrial base to become more self-sufficient in cooperation with US, European, and international partners)

ISW is not publishing coverage of Ukrainian defense industrial efforts today.

Activities in Russian-occupied areas (Russian objective: Consolidate administrative control of annexed areas; forcibly integrate Ukrainian citizens into Russian sociocultural, economic, military, and governance systems)

Officials from the Chuvashia Republic implicated themselves in the deportation of Ukrainian children to Russia. Chuvashia's Minister of Education and Health Dmitry Zakharov reported on June 16 that 43 children from occupied Berdyansk, Zaporizhia Oblast, arrived in Chuvashia to attend the "Brigantina" summer camp in Cheboksary, Chuvashia (notably over 1,200 kilometers from Zaporizhia Oblast).[72] Zakharov reported that the children are "resting" at the camp and will also have an opportunity to travel around Chuvashia. Ukrainian Ombudsman Dmytro Lubinets noted on June 21 that Russian authorities are using the camp to expose Ukrainian children to re-education programs meant to strengthen Russia's control of occupied Ukraine by erasing the children's Ukrainian identities.[73] Zakharov denied Lubinets' report as "fake," but in his refutation confirmed that Russia has actually deported 47 children to the "Brigantine" camp for "rest" and participation in other camp programs.[74] Russian authorities are using such summer camps to deport Ukrainian children to Russia and expose them to re-education efforts in order to separate them from their Ukrainian identities and encourage pro-Russian sentiments, as ISW has previously reported.[75]

An investigation by Russian opposition outlet Verstka highlights how Russia is importing Russian judges to serve in courts in occupied Ukraine, supporting Russian efforts to control the judiciary system while also providing a convenient cover for the resettlement of Russian citizens into occupied Ukraine.[76] Verstka found that the majority of judges serving at both the municipal and oblast level in occupied Kherson and Zaporizhia oblasts have come from Russia— 65 of 75 judges in occupied Zaporizhia Oblast are Russian, while 51 of 53 judges in occupied Kherson Oblast are Russian.[77] Most local judges are represented in courts in occupied Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts, since Russia has been cultivating collaborator networks in the Donetsk and Luhansk People's Republics (DNR and LNR) since 2014, and the court systems in these two oblasts are also notably much larger. In occupied Donetsk Oblast, 69 of 194 judges are Russian, while in occupied Luhansk Oblast only 20 of 147 judges are Russian. Verstka reported that high-quality and better-trained judges from Moscow City and St. Petersburg are more hesitant to take new jobs in occupied Ukraine, so judges from Nizhny Novgorod and Saratov oblasts are the most represented within the judiciary system in occupied Ukraine. Verstka noted that many of the Russian judges serving in occupied courts have corruption charges and that some served with DNR and LNR militias in 2014. The prevalence of imported Russian judges serving in courts in occupied Ukraine strengthens Russian control over the legal system in occupied Ukraine and supports Kremlin efforts to repopulate occupied Ukraine with Russian citizens in order to fundamentally alter Ukraine's demographics.[78] Verstka previously reported that over half of the senior and mid-level bureaucratic officials serving in Russian occupation administrations as of mid-2023 had relocated from Russia for similar purposes.[79]

Russia is using coerced passportization to pursue effective nationalization of seized Ukrainian properties in occupied areas. The Economist reported on June 19 that Russian occupation authorities in occupied Mariupol, Donetsk Oblast, are leaving notices on residential blocks declaring that apartment owners must have Russian passports and documentation and must re-register their properties with the occupation administration, or else the occupation administration will seize and nationalize the property.[80] The implications of this policy are clear—Russian occupation authorities are requiring residents of occupied Mariupol to obtain Russian passports and other documentation in order to keep their properties. ISW has also previously noted that Russian occupation authorities are trying to use nationalized housing in Mariupol to encourage Russians to resettle in occupied Ukraine, including by offering preferential mortgages on properties seized from Ukrainians to galvanize Russians to move to Mariupol.[81]

Russian officials continue efforts to discredit Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky and portray Zelensky as an illegitimate president as part of Russia's ongoing "Maidan 3" information operation. Russian Deputy Chairman of the Russian Security Council Dmitry Medvedev claimed on June 21 that Zelensky has committed a number of unspecified crimes as president of Ukraine and that Zelensky's presidential term expired in May 2024.[82] Russian State Duma Chairperson Vyacheslav Volodin claimed that the West is going to replace Zelensky in the near future due to Zelensky's "illegitimacy" and Ukraine's performance on the battlefield.[83] Medvedev and Volodin's statements are a continuation of Russia's “Maidan-3” information operation aimed at portraying Zelensky's government as illegitimate after Ukraine lawfully suspended its planned May 20 presidential elections in accordance with Ukraine’s constitution and martial law.

Significant activity in Belarus (Russian efforts to increase its military presence in Belarus and further integrate Belarus into Russian-favorable frameworks and Wagner Group activity in Belarus)

The Belarusian Ministry of Defense (MoD) announced on June 21 that it is conducting a surprise readiness check of Belarusian forces at training grounds in Brest and Gomel oblasts.[84] The Belarusian MoD stated that it would check regular Belarusian forces, special operations forces, missile and artillery forces, and air force and air defense forces. BBC News Russian Service reported that the Belarusian MoD conducted its previous surprise readiness check on May 7.[85]

Note: ISW does not receive any classified material from any source, uses only publicly available information, and draws extensively on Russian, Ukrainian, and Western reporting and social media as well as commercially available satellite imagery and other geospatial data as the basis for these reports. References to all sources used are provided in the endnotes of each update.

[1] http://kremlin dot ru/events/president/news/74363

[2] https://isw.pub/UkrWar062024 ; https://www.vedomosti dot ru/politics/news/2024/06/20/1045213-putin-zayavil ; http://www.kremlin dot ru/events/president/news/74357

[3] https://isw.pub/UkrWar062024

[4] https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/russian-offensive-campaign-assessment-june-20-2024 ; https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/denying-russia%E2%80%99s-only-strategy-success

[5] http://kremlin dot ru/events/president/news/74363

[6] https://t.me/MID_Russia/42252

[7] https://t.me/MID_Russia/42259

[8] http://www.kremlin dot ru/events/president/transcripts/74345 ; https://t.me/tass_agency/255674 ;

https://t.me/tass_agency/255676

[9] https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/russian-offensive-campaign-assessment-june-14-2024; http://kremlin dot ru/events/president/news/74285

[10] https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/russian-offensive-campaign-assessment-june-19-2024

[11] https://en.yna.co dot kr/view/AEN20240621006000315?section=search; https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/russian-offensive-campaign-assessment-june-20-2024

[12] https://en.yna dot co.kr/view/AEN20240621003553315; https://t.me/tass_agency/255947; https://www.yna.co dot kr/view/AKR20240621095500504?section=politics/all

[13] https://tass dot ru/politika/21160847; https://t.me/rembskorea/4777

[14] https://tass dot ru/politika/21167027; https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/japan-imposes-trade-curbs-china-based-firms-supporting-russias-war-ukraine-2024-06-21/ ; https://www.mofa.go.jp/erp/c_see/ua/pageite_000001_00413.html ; https://www.mid dot ru/ru/foreign_policy/news/1958611/

[15] https://www.mid dot ru/ru/foreign_policy/news/1958611/

[16] https://www.facebook.com/GeneralStaff.ua/posts/pfbid0LW2joWTr3CuhcdvrGkBvsrdL7LBQ1qeLmYxLFNiRgRNgirkLAxxPZJVXEnLRu6cVl

[17] https://t.me/opershtab23/8124 ; https://t.me/opershtab23/8127

[18] https://t.me/mod_russia/40054; https://t.me/mod_russia/40067

[19] https://t.me/rybar/61144 ; https://t.me/dva_majors/45668 ; https://t.me/dva_majors/45677

[20] https://www.facebook.com/GeneralStaff.ua/posts/pfbid0LW2joWTr3CuhcdvrGkBvsrdL7LBQ1qeLmYxLFNiRgRNgirkLAxxPZJVXEnLRu6cVl;

[21] https://t.me/milinfolive/124493 ; https://t.me/dva_majors/45692 ; https://t.me/ZOV_Voevoda/15470 ; https://t.me/Z13_Separ/29513 ; https://t.me/fighter_bomber/17121

[22] https://t.me/Z13_Separ/29513 ; https://t.me/fighter_bomber/17121

[23] https://polit.msu dot ru/abit/master/informationwars/

[24] https://polit.msu dot ru/abit/master/informationwars/

[25] https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/russian-offensive-campaign-assessment-december-20-2023; https://tass dot ru/obschestvo/15125541

[26] https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/russian-offensive-campaign-assessment-december-20-2023

[27] https://www.facebook.com/GeneralStaff.ua/posts/pfbid0xDCZFsNYjN8jkkQbzSWNf5gK1T5NrPewvJ17R3DDwvry6VDpzKhgTsNwg6R8RSi9l; https://www.facebook.com/GeneralStaff.ua/posts/pfbid0fdVjiQpHM6YmssYapYaewmdtcsQEphAxwUg3HZU11WUGKin86kDH1PbrRVLoCJvVl; https://www.facebook.com/GeneralStaff.ua/posts/pfbid06VQ2vDqkCeAcWkjcwxuPUfQrP69svbj2forffYz8juNYFo65m5xMDdCwvtBdLCUFl

[28] https://suspilne dot media/kharkiv/773139-golovni-novini-harkova-ta-oblasti-21-cervna-hronika-novin-dna/?anchor=live_1718963088&utm_source=copylink&utm_medium=ps

[29] https://t.me/RVvoenkor/70815; https://t.me/dva_majors/45677

[30] https://t.me/Sladkov_plus/10752; https://t.me/RVvoenkor/70815; https://t.me/dva_majors/45677; https://t.me/DnevnikDesantnika/12006; https://t.me/wargonzo/20633

[31] https://t.me/prigozhin_2023_tg/12441; https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/russian-offensive-campaign-assessment-june-19-2024

[32] https://armyinform dot com.ua/2024/06/21/v-sylah-oborony-rozpovily-pro-novitni-trytonni-bomby-voroga/

[33] https://suspilne dot media/kharkiv/773621-bilse-shoze-na-fab-1500-aviaekspert-pro-zaavu-rf-pro-udar-po-lipcah-fugasnou-aviabombou-vagou-u-3-toni/; https://suspilne dot media/kharkiv/773139-golovni-novini-harkova-ta-oblasti-21-cervna-hronika-novin-dna/?anchor=live_1718976185&utm_source=copylink&utm_medium=ps

[34] https://t.me/milinfolive/124506 ; https://t.me/fighter_bomber/17118

[35] https://t.me/RVvoenkor/70843 ; https://t.me/voenkorKotenok/57092; https://t.me/The_Wrong_Side/16713 ; https://t.me/voin_dv/9271 ; https://t.me/sashakots/47449 ; https://t.me/vysokygovorit/16265

[36] https://x.com/sternenko/status/1803788218338275386; https://x.com/blinzka/status/1803873185034838361

[37] https://x.com/fGr6JW3waJ1FKMN/status/1804193806205796554; https://x.com/blinzka/status/1804220551155573221

[38] https://www.facebook.com/GeneralStaff.ua/posts/pfbid0qKpTmwwqXGQHmPpVqWt1eeD3j5sqgH15u3ZxpZcTSoVsqh8rKQ8jBJ6wVnngcZFPl ; https://www.facebook.com/GeneralStaff.ua/posts/pfbid0xDCZFsNYjN8jkkQbzSWNf5gK1T5NrPewvJ17R3DDwvry6VDpzKhgTsNwg6R8RSi9l ; https://www.facebook.com/GeneralStaff.ua/posts/pfbid0fdVjiQpHM6YmssYapYaewmdtcsQEphAxwUg3HZU11WUGKin86kDH1PbrRVLoCJvVl ; https://www.facebook.com/GeneralStaff.ua/posts/pfbid06VQ2vDqkCeAcWkjcwxuPUfQrP69svbj2forffYz8juNYFo65m5xMDdCwvtBdLCUFl

[39] https://armyinform.com dot ua/2024/06/21/ukrayinski-oboronczi-zlamaly-vorogu-plany-proryvu-na-harkivshhyni-gur/

[40] https://www.facebook.com/GeneralStaff.ua/posts/pfbid023R4GmH6iagh3EZByhPZisbnJ2Ya7jtAjkuQ19cq9rwNYMNfvVunG8TgSTjX3gmvfl ; https://www.facebook.com/GeneralStaff.ua/posts/pfbid0xDCZFsNYjN8jkkQbzSWNf5gK1T5NrPewvJ17R3DDwvry6VDpzKhgTsNwg6R8RSi9l; https://www.facebook.com/GeneralStaff.ua/posts/pfbid0fdVjiQpHM6YmssYapYaewmdtcsQEphAxwUg3HZU11WUGKin86kDH1PbrRVLoCJvVl

[41] https://t.me/boris_rozhin/127535; https://t.me/rusich_army/15336

[42] https://www.facebook.com/GeneralStaff.ua/posts/pfbid023R4GmH6iagh3EZByhPZisbnJ2Ya7jtAjkuQ19cq9rwNYMNfvVunG8TgSTjX3gmvfl ; https://www.facebook.com/GeneralStaff.ua/posts/pfbid0xDCZFsNYjN8jkkQbzSWNf5gK1T5NrPewvJ17R3DDwvry6VDpzKhgTsNwg6R8RSi9l ; https://www.facebook.com/GeneralStaff.ua/posts/pfbid0fdVjiQpHM6YmssYapYaewmdtcsQEphAxwUg3HZU11WUGKin86kDH1PbrRVLoCJvVl; https://t.me/dva_majors/45677; https://t.me/wargonzo/20633

[43] https://armyinform.com dot ua/2024/06/21/na-kramatorskomu-napryamku-rosiyany-mayu-suttyevu-perevagu-v-snaryadah/

[44] https://t.me/boris_rozhin/127544; https://t.me/boris_rozhin/127531 ; https://t.me/NeoficialniyBeZsonoV/37033; https://t.me/IronHelmets/3211

[45] https://www.facebook.com/GeneralStaff.ua/posts/pfbid0fdVjiQpHM6YmssYapYaewmdtcsQEphAxwUg3HZU11WUGKin86kDH1PbrRVLoCJvVl; https://www.facebook.com/GeneralStaff.ua/posts/pfbid06VQ2vDqkCeAcWkjcwxuPUfQrP69svbj2forffYz8juNYFo65m5xMDdCwvtBdLCUFl

[46] https://t.me/RVvoenkor/70804; https://t.me/NgP_raZVedka/18147; https://t.me/wargonzo/20633

[47] https://suspilne dot media/donbas/773741-prut-iz-boku-gorlivki-toreck-stav-novim-napramkom-nastupu-tak-rf-namagaetsa-zahopiti-na-casiv-ar-osuv-hortica/

[48] https://www.facebook.com/GeneralStaff.ua/posts/pfbid0fdVjiQpHM6YmssYapYaewmdtcsQEphAxwUg3HZU11WUGKin86kDH1PbrRVLoCJvVl; https://www.facebook.com/GeneralStaff.ua/posts/pfbid0xDCZFsNYjN8jkkQbzSWNf5gK1T5NrPewvJ17R3DDwvry6VDpzKhgTsNwg6R8RSi9l ; https://www.facebook.com/GeneralStaff.ua/posts/pfbid023R4GmH6iagh3EZByhPZisbnJ2Ya7jtAjkuQ19cq9rwNYMNfvVunG8TgSTjX3gmvfl; https://www.facebook.com/GeneralStaff.ua/posts/pfbid0qKpTmwwqXGQHmPpVqWt1eeD3j5sqgH15u3ZxpZcTSoVsqh8rKQ8jBJ6wVnngcZFPl; https://t.me/dva_majors/45677; https://t.me/wargonzo/20633

[49] https://t.me/NgP_raZVedka/18144; https://t.me/dva_majors/45677; https://t.me/NgP_raZVedka/18147

[50] https://t.me/kyianyn204/1069; https://x.com/giK1893/status/1804090706031526005; https://x.com/giK1893/status/1804090710083117160; https://x.com/giK1893/status/1804090713732251681; https://x.com/giK1893/status/1804090717502951443; https://x.com/giK1893/status/1804090720887693420; https://x.com/giK1893/status/1804091447387238596; https://x.com/giK1893/status/1804111266635477031; https://t.me/echoTrophyHunters/64 ; https://t.me/creamy_caprice/5868 ; https://t.me/WarArchive_ua/16310 [Note: This final source listed an incorrect geolocation of the provided footage.]

[51] https://t.me/NgP_raZVedka/18144 ; https://t.me/NgP_raZVedka/18147; https://t.me/motopatriot/24102

[52] https://www.facebook.com/GeneralStaff.ua/posts/pfbid06VQ2vDqkCeAcWkjcwxuPUfQrP69svbj2forffYz8juNYFo65m5xMDdCwvtBdLCUFl; https://www.facebook.com/GeneralStaff.ua/posts/pfbid0fdVjiQpHM6YmssYapYaewmdtcsQEphAxwUg3HZU11WUGKin86kDH1PbrRVLoCJvVl; https://www.facebook.com/GeneralStaff.ua/posts/pfbid0xDCZFsNYjN8jkkQbzSWNf5gK1T5NrPewvJ17R3DDwvry6VDpzKhgTsNwg6R8RSi9l; https://www.facebook.com/GeneralStaff.ua/posts/pfbid023R4GmH6iagh3EZByhPZisbnJ2Ya7jtAjkuQ19cq9rwNYMNfvVunG8TgSTjX3gmvfl ; https://www.facebook.com/GeneralStaff.ua/posts/pfbid0qKpTmwwqXGQHmPpVqWt1eeD3j5sqgH15u3ZxpZcTSoVsqh8rKQ8jBJ6wVnngcZFPl; https://t.me/wargonzo/20633

[53] https://t.me/RVvoenkor/70832; https://t.me/boris_rozhin/127527

[54] https://www.facebook.com/GeneralStaff.ua/posts/pfbid0fdVjiQpHM6YmssYapYaewmdtcsQEphAxwUg3HZU11WUGKin86kDH1PbrRVLoCJvVl; https://www.facebook.com/GeneralStaff.ua/posts/pfbid0qKpTmwwqXGQHmPpVqWt1eeD3j5sqgH15u3ZxpZcTSoVsqh8rKQ8jBJ6wVnngcZFPl; https://t.me/dva_majors/45677; https://t.me/voin_dv/9263; https://t.me/NgP_raZVedka/18150

[55] https://www.facebook.com/GeneralStaff.ua/posts/pfbid023R4GmH6iagh3EZByhPZisbnJ2Ya7jtAjkuQ19cq9rwNYMNfvVunG8TgSTjX3gmvfl

[56] https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/russian-offensive-campaign-assessment-june-16-2024

[57] https://t.me/boris_rozhin/127518

[58] https://www.facebook.com/GeneralStaff.ua/posts/pfbid0fdVjiQpHM6YmssYapYaewmdtcsQEphAxwUg3HZU11WUGKin86kDH1PbrRVLoCJvVl ; https://t.me/wargonzo/20633 ; https://t.me/dva_majors/45677 https://t.me/motopatriot/24106; https://t.me/gidrovdv/557

[59] https://www.facebook.com/GeneralStaff.ua/posts/pfbid0qKpTmwwqXGQHmPpVqWt1eeD3j5sqgH15u3ZxpZcTSoVsqh8rKQ8jBJ6wVnngcZFPl ; https://www.facebook.com/GeneralStaff.ua/posts/pfbid023R4GmH6iagh3EZByhPZisbnJ2Ya7jtAjkuQ19cq9rwNYMNfvVunG8TgSTjX3gmvfl ; https://t.me/dva_majors/45677 ; https://t.me/mod_russia/40064

[60] https://t.me/ComAFUA/318

[61] https://t.me/dnipropetrovskaODA/13895 ; https://t.me/dnipropetrovskaODA/13894

[62] https://t.me/odeskaODA/5614 ; https://suspilne dot media/odesa/773873-armia-rf-atakuvala-odesinu-balistikou-e-vlucanna-v-pribereznij-zoni/

[63] https://t.me/annatsivileva/8241 ; https://tass dot ru/obschestvo/21148887

[64] https://t.me/RSaponkov/8274 ; https://t.me/dva_majors/45696

[65] https://t.me/sashakots/47434

[66] https://understandingwar.org/backgrounder/russian-offensive-campaign-assessment-may-13-2024 ; https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/russian-offensive-campaign-assessment-march-16-2024 ; https://understandingwar.org/backgrounder/russian-offensive-campaign-assessment-november-15-2023 ; https://understandingwar.org/backgrounder/russian-offensive-campaign-assessment-november-14-2023

[67] https://t.me/mod_russia/40060 ; https://t.me/tass_agency/255979

[68] https://t.me/mod_russia/40047

[69] https://zala-aero dot com/news/magistratura-2024/ ; https://t.me/ZalaAero/219

[70] https://t.me/tass_agency/255941 ; https://ria dot ru/20240621/robot-1954425415.html; https://t.me/boris_rozhin/127543

[71] https://armyinform dot com.ua/2024/06/21/rosiyany-navodyat-svoyi-vysokotochni-snaryady-za-dopomogoyu-bpla/

[72] https://zonews dot ru/news/vtoraja-smena-detej-iz-berdjanskogo-rajona-otpravilis-na-ozdorovlenie-v-chuvashiju/; https://xn dot 21-6kcadm8ac8bb1a2a.xn--p1ai/

[73] https://t.me/dmytro_lubinetzs/5958

[74] https://ura dot news/news/1052659408

[75] https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/russian-offensive-campaign-assessment-may-28-2024; https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/russian-offensive-campaign-assessment-july-2-2023; https://www.understandingwar.org/sites/default/files/2024-05-28-PDF-Russian%20Offensive%20Campaign%20Assessment.pdf; https://www.understandingwar.org/sites/default/files/24-210-01%20ISW%20Occupation%20playbook.pdf

[76] https://verstka dot media/sudyi-na-okkupirovannoy-territorii?tg_rhash=e3cfde4cb11dfb; https://t.me/svobodnieslova/5097

[77] https://verstka dot media/sudyi-na-okkupirovannoy-territorii?tg_rhash=e3cfde4cb11dfb

[78] https://www.understandingwar.org/sites/default/files/24-210-01%20ISW%20Occupation%20playbook.pdf

[79] https://www.understandingwar.org/sites/default/files/24-210-01%20ISW%20Occupation%20playbook.pdf

[80] https://www.economist.com/europe/2024/06/19/russias-latest-crime-in-mariupol-stealing-property?utm_content=contentAutom-section-europe-article-1&utm_campaign=a.24regiondynamic_q1_content_registered_cemea_core_na_na_v1_na&utm_medium=email.owned.np&utm_source=salesforce-marketing-cloud&utm_term=6/19/2024&utm_id=1897672&sfmc_id=003J5000002xAXPIA2&mi_u=003J5000002xAXPIA2&mi_ecmp=1897672

[81] https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/russian-offensive-campaign-assessment-february-13-2024; https://www.understandingwar.org/sites/default/files/24-210-01%20ISW%20Occupation%20playbook.pdf

[82] https://t.me/tass_agency/255995

[83] https://t.me/tass_agency/255978

[84] https://t.me/modmilby/39641

[85] https://t.me/bbcrussian/66804

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Computer Studies

Computer Studies 2020 WAEC Past Questions

Which of the following is not a step involved in data conversion?

A. Input
B. Output
C. Process
D. Transfer

The communication of knowledge, concepts and ideas is referred to as?

A. information processing.
B. information transmission.
C. telecasting.
D. webcasting.

The equivalent of the decimal number 89 in base 4 is?

A. 1021.
B. 1201.
C. 1211.

Choose the incorrect statement about microcomputers?

A. A microcomputer can be placed on a single silicon chip.
B. A microcomputer can have more processing capability than a mainframe model.
C. ROM chips may be used in micros to permanently store program instruction.
D. Most micros use rigid disk storage devices rather than floppy disk drives.

Under classification by data representation. computers can be?

A. analogue, digital and hybrid.
B. hybrid, mainframes and analogue.
C. mini- computers, digital and supercomputers.
D. supercomputers and mini-computers.
Mathematics
English Language
Animal Husbandry
Literature in English
Accounts - Principles of Accounts
Christian Religious Knowledge (CRK)
Agricultural Science
Islamic Religious Knowledge (IRK)
Civic Education
Further Mathematics
Home Economics
Book Keeping
Data Processing
Catering Craft Practice
Physical Education
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2022 WAEC Computer Studies (Essay & OBJ) Answers [25th May]
2022 WAEC Computer Studies (Essay & OBJ) Answers [25th May]
WAEC Computer Studies Questions and Answers 2022/2023 (Essay and
WAEC 2022 Computer Studies Paper 3 No 1
2021/2022 WAEC Computer Essay/Obj/theory runz/expo may June
WAEC Computer Studies Practical Past Paper 2022

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BECE NECO Computer Studies Practical 2022 part 1
GCE 2024 ENGLISH LANGUAGE. ESSAY AND COMPRESSION. BE SURE!
WAEC 2022 Mathematics Question 6| Quadratic and Linear Graphs
10 Lines Essay on Computer in English
WAEC 2024 Q2 (ESSAY)

COMMENTS

Computer Studies 2022 WAEC Past Questions
A. data is meaningful while information is not meaningful. B. data are raw facts and figures while information is computed. C. information is independent of data while data is dependent on information. D. information is the raw material while data is the end product of information. View Answer & Discuss WAEC 2022. 4.
2022 WAEC Computer Studies Practical (a) Create a; (i) database and
(a) Create a; (i) database and save as WASSCE in the folder on the desktop. (i) table with headings as shown in Table 2 (11 rows). Define the fields appropriately.
waec/wassce past questions and answers for COMPUTER STUDIES-2022
WASSCE/WAEC Computer Studies (2022) Questions and Answers 1 - 10. 1. One millionth of a second is also referred to as. 2. Examples of quantitative data types are. 3. One difference between data and information is that. 4. The following options are examples of information except.
Computer Studies
The resources below on Computer Studies have been provided by WAEC to assist you understand the required standards expected in Computer Studies final Examination. Students performance in examination under review was done by the Chief examiner,this you will see while exploring links like General Comment, Performance, Weaknesses, Strength and ...
WAEC Computer Studies Past Questions and Answers
We have a list of WAEC Computer Studies past questions and answers for every student preparing to write their WAEC Examination. You should make it a goal to practice with past WAEC questions and Answers regularly. Without a doubt, doing this would eventually assist you in getting the WAEC grades you want. You should be aware that you must look ...
Computer Studies Paper 3, May/June 2023
The paper this year recorded raw mean score of 29 out of 45 and standard deviation of 7.94 as compared to WASSCE for School Candidates, 2022 which had a raw mean score of 28 out of 45 and standard deviation of 9.85. WASSCE for School Candidates, 2021 recorded a raw mean score of 27 out of 45 with standard deviation of 8.60.
WASSCE / WAEC Computer Studies Past Questions
Speed: Regular practice of our WASSCE Computer Studies past questions makes you faster on the exam day. It's no secret that questions on the WASSCE for each particular subject are usually similar to questions in previous years since they're from the same WAEC syllabus. WAEC also sometimes repeats questions word-for-word.
WAEC Computer Studies/Science Questions and Answers 2022/2023 Expo
Hints to WAEC Computer Science Theory Questions and Answers 2021. The WAEC Computer Studies theory/essay paper 2 has essay and theory questions. All the questions in the paper requires written answers. So candidates need to be very smart in this particular paper. As such, candidates are advised to acknowledge the following:
WAEC Past Questions and Answers (PDF) Free Download
We have WAEC Past Questions and Answers for all the most popular WAEC subjects. Most of the WAEC past papers start from the most recent WAEC exam, down to a couple of years back. ... Top 10 Universities and Polytechnics to Study Computer Science in Nigeria Federal Polytechnic Nekede HND Morning Admission List for 2024/2025 Released Free JAMB ...
WAEC COMPUTER STUDIES OBJECTIVES and Essay Questions
June 3, 2023 Myschoollibrary 0 Comments. OBJECTIVES QUESTIONS. 1. Quantitative data can exist in A. continuous form only B. continuous and discrete forms C. nominal and ordinal forms D. ordinal form only. 2. Data created by the user is called A. primary data B. qualitative data C. quantitative data D. secondary data.
Free WAEC Past Questions and Answers for All Subjects
Practice WAEC Past Questions and Answers Online - All Subjects. WAEC recently launched a portal called WAEC e-learning to curb the number of failures in the WAEC May/June SSCE by creating a portal that contains the resources for all WAEC approved subjects that will students understand the standards required for success in respective examinations.
Waec COMPUTER STUDIES Essay and objectives obj 2022/2023 Expo/Runz
NOTE: If You Want us To Assist You In Supplying Night Questions and Answers For The 2022 Waec Computer Studies Essay and objectives obj Questions and Answers Runz/Expo/dubs/chokes. You will Need to Subscribe with Us. We Have Two Ways of Sending questions and answers to Students,Teachers, Principals and School Owners ...
WAEC Syllabus 2022/2023 For All Subjects |Download in PDF
This free WAEC Syllabus 2021/2022, and even past questions and answers are now available online for free. ... Computer Studies Questions and Answers; ... Welcome to the NECO French Written Comprehension Answers to Questions OBJ/Essay for the years 2021-2022. Today is the… N NECO & WAEC. NECO Syllabus for Physics 2022/2023 & Textbooks Download ...
Krasnodar Krai, Russia guide
News, notes and thoughts: 8 July, 2012 / Unexpected flooding that occurred on July 6-7 in Krasnodar krai killed at least 150 people mostly in small town of Krymsk. The water level in Krymsk region rose to 7 meters, entire villages were washed away. The situation is exacerbated by the fact that the flood occurred at night, when most people were asleep in their homes.
Computer Studies Paper 3, May/June 2021
The paper this year recorded a drop of 9.10% in candidature with raw mean score of 27 out of 45 and standard deviation of 8.60 as compared to WASSCE for School Candidates, 2020 which had a raw mean score of 24 out of 45 and standard deviation of 7.55. WASSCE for School Candidates, 2019 recorded a raw mean score of 29 out of 45 with standard ...
2022 WAEC Computer Studies Practical (a) Create a; (i) database and
WAEC 2022; 2022 WAEC Computer S... 2022 WAEC Computer Studies Practical (a) Create a; (i) database and save as WASSCE in the folder on the desktop.... Computer Studies. ... Post-UTME Past Questions Papers; Post-UTME App for CBT; Post-UTME Software for CBT; Post-UTME Past Questions Agent; List of CBT Training Centres;
Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, July 6, 2024
Download the PDF. Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, July 6, 2024. Grace Mappes, Angelica Evans, Christina Harward, Riley Bailey, and Frederick W. Kagan. July 6, 2024, 4:20pm ET. Click here to see ISW's interactive map of the Russian invasion of Ukraine. This map is updated daily alongside the static maps present in this report. Click ...
Computer Studies Past Questions
A. can be displayed on the monitor. B. are computer inputs. C. are processed facts. D. are computer results. View Answer & Discuss (4) WAEC 2014. 3.
2022 WAEC Computer Studies Practical use microsoft power point
Digital Computer, Analogue Computer, Hybrid Computer. (Note: use bullet list for the items) (e) Insert next slide and type the following using the same font type and size as in 1 (b).Mini Computer, Mainframe Computer, (Note: use a different list type for the Micro Computer, Super Computer items)
Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, June 22, 2024
Use of a computer (not a mobile device) is strongly recommended for using this data-heavy tool. ... -party countries have sent roughly 800 million euros worth of Serbian-produced ammunition to Ukraine since February 2022 and that Vučić ... Russian Security Council Secretary and current Presidential Aide Nikolai Patrushev authored an essay in ...
Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, June 21, 2024
Use of a computer (not a mobile device) is strongly recommended for using this data-heavy tool. ... [24] MGU admitted its first cohort of students to this program in 2022, but later reportedly ended the program in December 2023 due to financial concerns.[25] MGU's June 21 announcement, however, suggests that the university has been able to ...
Computer Studies 2020 WAEC Past Questions
A. A microcomputer can be placed on a single silicon chip. B. A microcomputer can have more processing capability than a mainframe model. C. ROM chips may be used in micros to permanently store program instruction. D. Most micros use rigid disk storage devices rather than floppy disk drives. View Answer & Discuss (1) WAEC 2020.