congressional research service report citation

• Walsh University

Q. How do I cite a Congressional Research Services report in APA?

• 104 About the Library
• 59 About Walsh University
• 12 Archives
• 30 Business Resources
• 25 Checking out Items
• 204 Citing Sources
• 49 Copyright
• 53 Finding articles
• 34 Microsoft Office
• 10 Miscellaneous
• 3 Nurse Theorists
• 3 Nursing Theory
• 3 Practice Tests
• 184 Research
• 42 Tech Questions
• 32 Technology Tools
• 10 Textbooks
• 93 Using Databases
• Share on Facebook

Was this helpful? Yes 26 No 2

Answered By: Katie Hutchison Last Updated: Mar 27, 2020     Views: 36405

Author, A. A. (Year).  Title of report in sentence case and italics  (CRS Report No. xxxxxxx). Retrieved from Congressional Research Service website: URL

Example: 

Erwin, M. C. (2011).  Intelligence issues for Congress  (CRS Report No. RL33539). Retrieved from Congressional Research Service website: http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/intel/RL33539.pdf

Comments (1)

• APA 7th doesn't use "retrieved from" and "website" anymore. by Peter Coogan on Sep 24, 2020

Contact Us!

Questions? Ask Us!

Related topics.

• Citing Sources

• Research guides

A Guide to APA Style 7th Edition

Citing government documents, example legal references and citations in apa.

• Bill Digest or Bill Summary
• Federal Legislation and Laws
• Hearings and Testimonies
• House and Senate Reports
• Congressional Debates
• Codes/Regulations
• CQ Databases
• Unnumbered Federal/Committee Documents
• State Legislation and Laws
• Executive Documents
• Congressional Research Service Reports
• European Union Directives and Proposals
• Govtrack.us
• Court Rules
• UN Convention/Treaty
• Symbols and Abbreviations

Bill summary from a database

Congressional Research Service. (1993, September 10). Violence Against Women Act of 1993: S. 11, 103rd Cong. Proquest Congressional.

(Congressional Research Service [CRS], 1993), successive citations as (CRS, 1993)

Congressional Research Service (1993)

Bill summary from Congress.gov

Congressional Research Service. (1993, September 10). Summary: S.11 - Violence Against Women Act of 1993. https://www.congress.gov/bill/103rd-congress/senate-bill/11

Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act, P.L. 103-322, 108 Stat. 1796. (1994).

Violence Against Women Act of 1994, P.L. 103-322, 108 Stat. 1902.

Violence Against Women Act, 42 U.S.C. § 13701 (1994).

(Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act [VCCLEA], 1994), successive citations as (VCCLEA, 1994)

Unenacted Bill

Violence Against Women Act, H.R. 1502, 102nd Cong. (1991).

H.R. 1502, 102nd Cong. (1991).

(Violence Against Women Act [VAWA], 1991), successive citations as (VAWA, 1991)

(H.R 1502, 1991)

Enacted Bill

Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act, H.R. 3355, 103rd Cong. (1994) (enacted).

(Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act, 1994)

Entire Hearing

Violence against women: Victims of the system: Hearings before the Committee on the Judiciary, Senate , 102nd Cong. 1 (1991).

( Violence Against Women , 1991)

Testimony during the Hearing:

Violence against women: Victims of the system: Hearings before the Committee on the Judiciary, Senate , 102nd Cong. 131 (1991) (testimony of Amy Kaylor).

( Violence Against Women , 1991, p. 131)

State Hearing

An Act Relative to Work and Family Mobility H.3012 & S.2061: A Public Hearing before the Massachusetts Joint Committee on Transportation , 191st Gen. Crt. (Mass. 2019, September 4). https://malegislature.gov/Events/Hearings/Detail/3261

( An Act Relative to Work , 2019)

Senate Report

S. Rep. No. 103-138 (1993).

Senate Report No. 103-138 (1993)

(S. Rep. No. 103-138, 1993)

House Report

H. Rep. No. 103-395 (1993).

House Report No. 103-395 (1993)

(H. Rep. No. 103-395, 1993)

Congressional Record Daily

140 Cong. Rec. E1,449 (daily ed. July 13, 1994) (statement of Rep. Schroeder).

(140 Cong. Rec. E1,449, 1994)

In her statements to Congress, Rep. Schroeder stated that, "VAWA would send an unequivocal message that police, prosecutors, and judges, the public can no longer cast aside domestic violence and stalking as personal problems" (140 Cong. Rec. E1449, 1994).

Permanent Bound Edition of Congressional Record

140 Cong. Rec. 16,496 (1994) (statement of Rep. Schroeder).

(140 Cong. Rec. 16,496, 1994)

State Journals or Records

H. 166-1, 2nd Sess., at 89 (Nh. 2020). http://www.gencourt.state.nh.us/house/caljourns/journals/2020/HJ_1.pdf

(H. 166-1, 2020)

Code of Federal Regulations

8 C.F.R. § 101.1 (2018). https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/CFR-2018-title8-vol1/CFR-2018-title8-vol1-sec101-1

Presumption of Lawful Admission, 8 C.F.R. § 101.1 (2018). https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/CFR-2018-title8-vol1/CFR-2018-title8-vol1-sec101-1

8 C.F.R. § 101.1 (2018).

Presumption of Lawful Admission, 8 C.F.R. § 101.1 (2018).

Federal Register

Presumption of Lawful Admission, 68 Fed. Reg. 9832 (Feb. 28, 2003) (to be codified at 8 C.F.R. pt. 101). https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2003/02/28/03-4935/aliens-and-nationality-homeland-security-reorganization-of-regulations

Presumption of Lawful Admission, 68 Fed. Reg. 9832 (2003)

State Codes

603 C.M.R. § 28.00 (2018). http://www.doe.mass.edu/lawsregs/603cmr28.html

Special Education, 603 C.M.R. § 28.00 (2018). http://www.doe.mass.edu/lawsregs/603cmr28.html

Massachusetts

603 C.M.R. § 28.00 (2018)

Special Education, 603 C.M.R. § 28.00 (2018)

Greenbook (Print/PDF)

Committee on Ways and Means, U.S. House of Representatives. (2004). 2004 green book: Background material and data on the programs within the jurisdiction of the Committee on Ways and Means (18th ed.). U.S. Government Printing Office.

Committee on Ways and Means (2004) reported that enrollment in the AFDC soared in 1994, covering more than a fifth of children in the country (p. 7-2).

(Committee on Ways and Means, 2004, p. 7-2)

Greenbook (Web Version)

Committee on Ways and Means, U.S. House of Representatives. (2014). 2014 green book: Background material and data on the programs within the jurisdiction of the Committee on Ways and Means (22nd ed.). http://greenbook.waysandmeans.house.gov/2014-green-book

According to the Committee on Ways and Means (2014) 50% of the Employee Benefits program is covered federally and the other half is covered by the state (chapter 4, Introduction section, para. 3).

(Committee on Ways and Means, 2014, chapter 4, Introduction section, para. 3)

Landmark education bill signed. (2002). CQ almanac 2001 (57th ed.). Congressional Quarterly.

"Landmark Education Bill" (2002)

("Landmark Education Bill," 2002, Highlights section)

Unnumbered Federal/ Committee Documents

Senate Committee on the Judiciary, 104th Cong., Rep. on Violence Against Women Act in action (Comm. Print 1995).

(Senate Committee on the Judiciary, 1995)

Senate Committee on the Judiciary (1995)

Unenacted State Bill

H. 199, 189 th Gen. Ct., Sess. (Mass. 2015). https://malegislature.gov/Bills/189/House/H199

(H. 199, 2015) or H. 199 (2015)

Enacted State Bill

H. 199, 189 th Gen. Ct., Sess. (Mass. 2015) (enacted). https://malegislature.gov/Bills/189/House/H199

State General Law

Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 106, § 1-101 (2017). https://malegislature.gov/Laws/GeneralLaws/PartI/TitleXV/Chapter106/Article1/Section1-101

Subscription Database

Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 106, § 1-101 (LexisNexis 2013)

(Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 106, § 1-101, 2013)

Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 106, § 1-101 (2013)

Association of Social Work Boards. (2012). Return of organization exempt from income tax [Form 990] . http://990s.foundationcenter.org/990_pdf_archive/222/222414510/222414510_201212_990.pdf

(Association of Social Work Boards, 2012)

Executive Order from Whitehouse.gov

Trump, D. (2017, February 9). Presidential executive order on enforcing federal law with respect to transnational criminal organizations and preventing international trafficking. White House Press Office. https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2017/02/09/presidential-executive-order-enforcing-federal-law-respect-transnational

Trump (2017)

(Trump, 2017, section 2(a))

Executive Orders in the Federal Register

Exec. Order. No. 13,515, 74 F.R. 53635 (2009). https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2009/10/19/E9-25268/increasing- participation-of-asian-americans-and-pacific-islanders-in-federal-programs

Exec. Order No. 13,515 (2009)

(Exec. Order No. 13,515, 2009, p. 53,637)

Memorandum From Other Departments or Agencies

Napolitano, J. (2012, June 15). Exercising prosecutorial discretion with respect to individuals who came to the United States as children [Memorandum]. United States Department of Homeland Security Digital Library. https://www.hsdl.org/?abstract&did=712428

Napolitano (2012)

(Napolitano, 2012, para. 5)

Letter From One Department to Another

Letter from Jessica Shahin, Assoc. Admin., Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program, to Elizabeth Berlin, Exec. Deputy Comm., New York State Office of Temporary and Disability Assistance (Aug. 18, 2011). https://www.foodpolitics.com/wp-content/uploads/SNAP-Waiver-Request-Decision.pdf

"Letter from Jessica Shahin" (2011)

("Letter from Jessica Shahin," 2011, para. 5)

Presidential Papers from the Public Papers of the Presidents

Remarks on a Parental Leave Initiative and an Exchange With Reporters, 2 Pub. Papers 2163 (Nov. 30, 1999). https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PPP-1999-book2/pdf/PPP-1999-book2-doc-pg2163.pdf

"Remarks on a Parental Leave" (1999)

("Remarks on a Parental Leave," 1999, p. 2165)

Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents

Presidential Statement on Signing S. 643 Into Law, 16 Weekly Comp. Pres. Doc. 503 (Mar. 18, 1980). Hein Online.

"Presidential Statement" (1980)

("Presidential Statement",1980)

Congressional Research Services Reports

Sacco, L. (2014, March 6). Violence Against Women Act: Overview, legislation, and federal funding (CRS Report No. R42499). Hein Online.

Without author:

Congressional Research Services. (2015, May 26). Violence Against Women Act: Overview, legislation, and federal funding (CRS Report No. R42499). https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R42499

With author:

(Sacco, 2014)

Sacco (2014) stated that ... (p. 18)

(Congressional Research Services, 2014)

Congressional Research Services (2014) stated that... (p. 18)

Directive 2013/32 of the European Parliament and the Council of 26 June 2013 on Common Procedures for Granting and Withdrawing International Protection (recast), 2013 O.J. (L 108) 60.  http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=OJ:L:2013:180:TOC

(Directive 2013/32, 2013)

Proposal of the European Parliament and of the Council Establishing a Common Procedure for International Protection in the Unionand Repealing Directive 2013/32/EU , COM (2016) 467 final (July 13, 2016). http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52016PC0467  

(Proposal of the European Parliament, 2016)  

Govtrack.us Comparing Bill Versions

Reference both bills that are being compared and indicate their stage in parenthesis with the date.

Improving Access to Maternity Care Act, H.R. 315, 115th Cong. (as passed by House, January 9, 2017). Civic Impulse. https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/115/hr315/text/eh#compare=350473:is

Improving Access to Maternity Care Act, S. 783, 115th Cong. (as introduced by Senate, March 30, 2017). Civic Impulse. https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/115/hr315/text/eh#compare=350473:is

(Improving Access to Maternity Care Act, H.R. 315, 2017)

(Improving Access to Maternity Care Act, S. 783, 2017)

Govtrack.us as a Website Tool

Govtrack.us [Web tool]. (n.d.). https://www.govtrack.us/

Govtrack.us (n.d.)

State Court Rule

Mass. Sup. Ct. R. 3:30. (2012). https://www.mass.gov/supreme-judicial-court-rules/supreme-judicial-court-rule-303-legal-assistance-to-the-commonwealth

Mass. Sup. Ct. R. 3:30. (2012)

United Nations Convention or Treaty

United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and Optional Protocol, December, 13, 2006, http://www.un.org/disabilities/documents/convention/convoptprot-e.pdf

United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and Optional Protocol (2006)

Common Symbols and Abbreviations

§ = section, refers to a particular part of a document, usually in legal materials

• To create the § use the Character Map on a PC or go to Edit then Emoji and Symbols and search for "section" on Mac.

ch. = Chapter

Cong. = Congress, usually refers to a specific session of congress, i.e. 101st Cong.

CRS = Congressional Research Service, an arm of the Library Congress that conducts research on policy for the US Congress

Gen. Ct. = General Court, usually refers to a state level congressional session

H.R. or H. = House of Representatives

P.L. = Public Law

Rep. or Rep. No. = Report or report number

S. or Sen. = Senate

Sess. = Session

Stat. = Statute, usually refers to session laws, a chronological compilation of laws organized by volume and page number

U.S.C. = United States Code

Citation Resources

The APA Publication Manual gives guidelines for referencing some legal resources on page 216, Appendix 7.1. For anything not represented in the Manual, APA recommends using The Bluebook.

We include as many citation examples as possible in this guide. If you don't find what you are looking for in this guide, ask a librarian for assistance.

Quick Links to Example Legal Citations in APA:

• Basic Legal Citation - Cornell University
• Citing Government Documents in APA - Cornell University
• << Previous: Example References
• Next: Citing ChatGPT >>
• Last Updated: Apr 10, 2024 9:43 AM
• Subjects: Social Work
• Tags: apa_help , apa_style , social_work_apa

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

How do i cite a congressional research service report.

A Congressional Research Service report with an individual author:

Woolf, Amy F. (2021, December 14).  U.S. strategic nuclear forces: Background, development, and issues. (CRS Report No. RL33640).  https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/RL/RL33640 . 

A Congressional Research Services report without an individual author:

Congressional Research Services. (Date). Title.  (CRS Report No. RLxxxxx). https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdfRLxxxxx.

• Government Documents
• Congressional Research Service report citation
• Last Updated Dec 13, 2022
• Answered By Marsha Stacey

FAQ Actions

• Share on Facebook

Comments (0)

U.S. Federal Government: Citing Government Publications

• Legislative
• Citing Government Publications

Citing government information can be a daunting task. Citation managers do not always know how to handle government documents and there isn't really an agreed-upon standard for citing all types of government publications. Always check the style manual for your particular citation style and use this guide for general advice.

The following information was taken from The Complete Guide to Citing Government Information Resources (ed. 3) Revised by Debora Cheney, 2002 . The examples were taken from various resources found at the Government Information Library at the University of Colorado-Boulder.

If your project or assignment requires citations in MLA style , please see the following document:

• Citing Samples for Government Information Sources: MLA This guide to citing Government Publications is provided by the University of Nevada, Reno and provides guidance on citing Government Information resources in MLA

Citing Government Publications by Type

• Legislation (Bills)
• Congressional Research Service Reports
• Laws & Regulations
• Books & Reports

General Format Should Include:

• Legislative body
• Session number
• Bill number
• Title (may be abbreviated)
• Version with date (if known)
• Accession source and date of accession

U.S. Congress

State Congress

• Legislative body, committee
• Title of Hearing
• Date of hearing/testimony
• Unique identifying numbers
• Publishing information (if print)
• Source information and date accessed

House of Representatives Hearing

• Congressional Research Service
• (Publication/Report Number)
• Prepared by Personal Author
• Publishing information
• Abbreviation (P.L. for public law, Pvt. L for private law)
• Popular title or abbreviated title

P.L. 113-5 -- Pandemic and All- Hazards Preparedness Reauthorization Act of 2013

• Section heading
• Title number
• U.S. Code or Code of Federal Regulations
• Section number (within title number)
• Edition/date of the last update, if known
• Publishing information, if print
• Source of information and date accessed

“Time for election of senators,” Title 2 U.S. Code , Pt. 1. 1934 ed. Available at: FDsys, http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionUScode; Accessed: 7/22/2013

Code of Federal Regulations

“Equal Access to Justice Act,” Title 29 Code of Federal Regulations , Sec. 16. Revised as of 7/1/2007. Available at: FDsys; http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?collectionCode=CFR; Accessed: 7/16/2013.

For Government Publications, the citation generally begins with the issuing agency rather than the author. One exception is if the work is part of a larger piece.

General Format

Geographic or Political Designation. Issuing Agency. Title: Subtitle (Medium). (Publication/Report Number). Edition. By Personal Author. (Series).(Notes).

Work by the Issuing Agency

U.S. Department of the Interior. Craters of the Moon: a guide to Craters of the Moon National Monument , Idaho. (Handbook).Washington: National Park Service, Division of Publications, 1991 (139).

One Personal Author

U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. On the Moon with Apollo 16, guidebook to Descartes region [with bibliographies] . By Gene Simmons. Washington, Apr. 1972. (NASA EP Series  No. 95).

More than Three Authors

U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Project Fog Drops 5, Task 1, Numerical model of advection fog, Task 2, Recommendation for simplified individual zero-gravity cloud physics experiments (Paper). By C. William Rogers et. al. Washington D.C., Dec. 1975. (NASA contractor report series No. 2633).

Chapter in a Larger Work

“Eastern Europe Region: Memorandum from Director of Central Intelligence to Helms to President Johnson,” pp. 65-66. In Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968 . (Vol. XVII). Washington: Government Printing Office, 1996.

Website as the Source of Information

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health. Advances in HIV/AIDS Research . Feb. 25, 2011. Available at: http://www.nih.gov/science/hiv/index.htm . Accessed: 6/20/2013.

For citing local, state, and federal court decisions, consult the Blue Book: A Uniform System of Citation . The following websites will take you to citation guides for the Blue Book.

• Georgetown Library Bluebook Guide The purpose of this guide is to introduce The Bluebook and basic concepts of legal citation to new law students.
• Introduction to Basic Legal Citation: Cornell The content of this guide is available in three different eBook versions, and the website also provides video tutorials
• Suffolk University Boston: Bluebook Guide for Students This guide provides commentary, models and tips on the Bluebook (19th Edition) for law students.

Ask Government Information

Chat with a Librarian

Email [email protected]

Writing Center

(303) 735 6906

[email protected]

Make an appointment

Norlin Commons, Room E111

• << Previous: Judicial
• University of Colorado Boulder Libraries
• Research Guides
• Location: Government Information
• U.S. Federal Government
• Last Updated: May 10, 2024 4:42 PM
• URL: https://libguides.colorado.edu/federal

How to Cite U.S. Government Documents in APA Citation Style: Congressional Record

• House and Senate Reports and Documents
• Congressional Hearings & Testimony

Congressional Record

A note about urls.

• Congressional Bills and Resolutions
• Federal Laws/Statutes
• Executive Documents -- Presidential Papers, Proclamations and Executive Orders
• Rules/Regulations -- Code of Federal Regulations (C.F.R.) and the Federal Register
• Foreign Relations of the United States
• State Legislative Documents
• State Statutes (Laws)
• Court Cases
• Government Agencies
• Other legal citations

The Publication Manual of the APA does not specifically address citing the Congressional Record . For materials not covered in the Publication Manual , the APA refers users to The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation . The recommendations below are based on the 21st edition of The Bluebook :

The Congressional Record is issued in two editions -- the Daily Edition and the Permanent Edition. Writers should "use the Daily Edition only for matters not yet appearing in the permanent collection." ( The Bluebook , 2020)

Citing to the Permanent Bound Edition:

In text citation:.

Following the general APA and Bluebook principles for citing legislative materials, the in-text citation would look like this:

• (142 Cong. Rec. 14979, 1996)

Reference list:

Cite to the volume and page number of the permanent edition of the Congressional Record:

• 142 Cong. Rec. 14979 (1996)
• 142 Cong. Rec 14982 (1996) (statement of Sen. John McCain).

In the example, above, 142 is the volume, 14979 is the page number.

For proceedings that have not yet appeared in the Permanent Edition of the Congressional Record:

*If the text is not yet published in the permanent edition, you will need to cite to the Daily Edition. The Daily Edition includes the prefixes H, S and E.* before page numbers. (The Bluebook, 2020, p. 140).

Citing this in text is not specifically addressed in either The Bluebook or the APA Publication Manual. Following general APA and Bluebook principles for citing legislative materials:

• (159 Cong. Rec. H227, 2013)
• 159 Cong. Rec. H227 (daily ed. Jan. 23, 2013) (statement of  Rep. Yarmuth)  

These abbreviations refer to sections of the Daily Edition: H=House; S=Senate; E=Extension of Remarks

If you found your reference in an academic database (like Proquest Congressional Publications, or Hein Online), the database URL is not included.

If you found your reference on the open web (for example, govinfo.gov, add the DOI (or, if a DOI is not available, the URL), after the final period.

See page 296 of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association , (2020) for more information.

• << Previous: Congressional Hearings & Testimony
• Next: Congressional Bills and Resolutions >>
• Last Updated: May 8, 2024 10:57 AM
• URL: https://guides.library.cornell.edu/citing_us_gov_docs

Glossary Item Box

%%variable%%

Copyright © 2012 ProQuest LLC. All Rights Reserved.

Congressional Help: Citing

• Basic Search/Home
• Advanced Search
• Search by Number
• Members and Committees
• Regulations
• News and Social Media
• Congress in Context
• Browse Topics
• Search Syntax
• Document View
• Congressional Research Service (CRS) Reports
• Executive Branch
• Legislative Histories
• Vote Report
• Presidential Materials
• Bill Text & Bill Profile
• Miscellaneous Publications
• The Congressional Record Bound Edition and Predecessors
• Congressional Record Daily Edition 1985-Present
• House and Senate Documents
• House and Senate Reports
• Public Laws and the Statutes at Large
• Senate Treaty Documents
• Topic Pages
• Legislative Process
• Acronyms, Abbreviations & Search Equivalents
• Content Coverage Chart
• Major Legislation
• Publication Numbering System
• Sessions of Congress

How to Cite  

Citing: 

• Bill Tracking Reports
• Campaign Financial Information
• Candidate Financial Reports
• Code of Federal Regulations
• Committee Information
• Committee Prints
• Committee Reports
• Congressional Documents
• Congressional Record
• CRS Reports
• Federal Register
• Member Financial Information
• Member Information
• Member Voting Records
• Public Laws
• Testimony (Transcribed or Written)
• U.S. Serial Set

General Principles of Citation  

An ever-growing amount of federal government information is available in electronic format. This presents unique challenges to a scholar citing such works. The following principles should be followed to ensure that another researcher can locate exactly the same electronic text and distinguish the electronic text from the print equivalent.

• Use document header information to provide information about the electronic document. Header information is found at the top of each electronic record.
• Try to provide a unique identifier (either a record or entry number, a code, or a standard abbreviation) to help the reader identify the exact text being cited. Frequently, this information is in the header.
• Provide a document date or "Load date" for each record to provide information about the specific version being cited. This record may be updated later, and the date provided within the citation will alert a reader to a possible change in the text.
• Supply information (such as U.S. Congress or U.S. House) to clarify the source of the material; many databases do not provide this information in the header for each document. It can be found in the database description within the citation help provided in ProQuest ® Congressional.
• Indicate the database name and the vendor making the database available. Some databases are available from many different sources, and the text may be different in each. This information also allows the reader to contact the vendor for help in accessing the information.
• Insert a standard pattern of punctuation to clarify the relationship between the elements of the citation. Underlining or italicizing titles, dates, and vendor names can help the reader understand the source of the citation information.
• Since many full-text databases do not include page numbers, insert phrases such as "Quote from:" or "Appendix from:" to let your reader know that the information being quoted is from a larger document.

For more detailed information and guidelines for citing both print and electronically formatted government information resources, consult The Complete Guide to Citing Government Information Resources: A Manual for Social Science and Business Research, 3rd ed. by Debora Cheney, LexisNexis, Bethesda, MD. 2002. This manual was originally published in 1984 as The Complete Guide to Citing Government Documents: A Manual for Writers and Librarians by Diane Garner and Diane Smith.

Citing Bill Tracking Reports  

This database provides bill tracking information such as the date introduced, last action, sponsors, a list of major actions, and a bill digest and summary.

For each citation, include:

• Bill number and title the title usually appears in the entry header; when it does not, use the title as it appears in the synopsis. When the title is lengthy, abbreviate it, giving a portion sufficient to distinguish the bill from another with a similar subject. Use an ellipsis (...) to show that the title is abbreviated.
• Congress number (107, 108, etc.); date introduced; and date of last action
• Database name (Text from: Bill Tracking Report )
• Web service name (Available from: ProQuest ® Congressional)
• Date accessed by the user (Accessed:)

For example:

• "H.R. 2--Line Item Veto Act." (104th Congress; Introduced: 1/4/95; Last Action: 5/17/95). Text from: Bill Tracking Report . Available from: ProQuest ® Congressional; Accessed: 2/11/05.
• "S. 234--Bill To Exempt a State from Certain Penalties for Failing to Meet Requirements Relating To Motorcycle Helmet Laws if the State Has in Effect a Motorcycle Safety Program " (104th Congress; Introduced: 1/10/95; Last Action: 6/7/95). Text from: Bill Tracking Report . Available from: ProQuest ® Congressional; Accessed: 3/5/02.

[ Return to Top ]

Citing Bills  

This database contains acts, bills, and resolutions introduced in the House and Senate. As each act, bill, or resolution is introduced, it is assigned a unique number that allows researchers to track how the legislation changes during the legislative process. In order to cite legislation, it is important to understand how bills are numbered and where to find the bill title.

Acts, bills, and resolutions are assigned a unique number that acts as an identifying number for that legislation. This number stays with the legislation through the entire Congress. This number has three parts:

• A sequential number assigned when the legislation is first introduced in the House or Senate. When a new Congress convenes, numbering of legislation begins with "1" and continues sequentially until the close of that Congress.
• An abbreviation preceding the sequential number to indicate the Chamber of origin and type of legislation (that is, H.R. for House bills, H. Res. for House Resolutions, S. for Senate bills)
• The number of the Congress (for example, 101st Congress)

All three parts the number of the Congress (101st), the legislative Chamber and type abbreviation (H.R., S., etc.), and the sequentially assigned number must be supplied in the citation to link it to the text of a specific piece of legislation. For example, the 106th Congress would have both an S. 1 and an H.R. 1 and the 107th Congress would also have both an S. 1 and an H.R. 1. No committee information is required; all legislation is issued by the entire congressional Chamber, not by a committee. The congressional session number (1st or 2nd) can also be omitted.

The exact title of a bill may be difficult to determine. You may use the title given in the synopsis ("An Act To Restore the American Family, Enhance Support ") or the popular or "short" title given in the first section of the bill text ("This act may be cited as the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act of 1995 "). When the title is lengthy, you may abbreviate it, giving a portion sufficient to distinguish the bill from another with a similar subject. Use an ellipsis (...) to show the title is abbreviated.

• Either "U.S. Senate" or "U.S. House" and the Congress number, to distinguish bills with the same bill number introduced in each Chamber and in different Congresses
• Bill number (must be preceded by an abbreviation H.R., H.Res., S., S.J.Res., etc.) and the title (see discussion above)
• Version number and version date many bills go through many versions and each may be distinctly different in wording and content. The original version of a bill is always labeled "Version 1". Each version constitutes a separate document.
• Database name (Text from: Full Text of Bills )
• Date accessed by the user (Accessed: date)
• U.S. House. 104th Congress. "H.R. 3, A Bill To Control Crime." (Version: 1; Version Date: 2/9/93). Text from: Full Text of Bills . Available from: ProQuest ® Congressional; Accessed: 7/04/05).
• U.S. Senate. 104th Congress. "S. 4, An Act To Give the President Line Item Veto." (Version: 6; Version Date: 3/29/96). Text from: Full Text of Bills . Available from: ProQuest ® Congressional; Accessed: 7/04/05.

When the title is lengthy, abbreviate it, giving a portion sufficient to distinguish the bill from another with a similar subject. Use an ellipsis (...) to show the title is abbreviated.

U.S. House. 104th Congress. "H.R. 399: A Bill To Establish a Single, Consolidated Source of Federal Child Care Funding ." (Version: 2; Version Date: 3/12/95). Text from: Full Text of Bills . Available from: ProQuest ® Congressional; Accessed: 02/15/01.

Some bills will have neither a synopsis nor a popular title. In this case, the bill number and Congress provide enough information to locate the bill text.

U.S. House. 104th Congress. "H. Res. 222."(Version: 2; Version Date: 9/20/95). Text from: Full Text of Bills . Available from: ProQuest ® Congressional; Accessed: 08/03/03.

Citing Campaign Financial Information  

Database Information

This database provides campaign contribution reports for each incumbent or challenger for each federal office (House, Senate, or President) as required by the Federal Election Commission (FEC). Reports are provided for the current election cycle and for election cycles going back to 1989-90. When researching candidates for multiple federal offices, you will find a report on each election. Current and former reports are updated periodically. For this reason, your research must always indicate the date of the report cited.

Three types of reports are available in this database for each candidate:

• Political Action Committee (PAC) receipts (provide the total receipts for each PAC)
• Individual Contribution Receipt Reports (provide individual contributions made directly to a candidate)
• Individual Contribution Receipt Reports made to a specific PAC (provide individual contributions to a specific PAC; these always include the FEC Committee ID and the name of the PAC)
• Member name, election year cycle, and type of report when a candidate is not serving in Congress
• Forum (office candidate is running for), FEC Cand. ID these numbers begin with "H", "S", or "P" to designate the House, Senate, or Presidential forums
• Date (be sure to indicate if this is the "Final update")
• Database name (Text from: Candidate Receipts Reports )

PAC receipts report

"McEwen, Bob--1991-1992 Cycle PAC Receipts." (Forum: House; FEC Cand. ID: H00H06049; Date: 5/1/94, Final update). Text from: Candidate Receipt Reports . Available from: ProQuest ® Congressional; Accessed: 1/23/93.

Individual contribution receipts report

"Boxer, Barbara--1995-1996 Cycle Individual Contributions Receipt." (Forum: Senate; FEC Cand. ID: S2CA000286; Date: 5/17/95). Text from: Candidate Receipt Reports . Available from: ProQuest ® Congressional; Accessed: 1/23/96.

Individual contributions receipt report to a specific PAC

Also include the PAC FEC Comm. ID and PAC name in the citation (for example, the Jack Kemp Compliance Fund is the name of the PAC below):

"Kemp, Jack--1993-1994 Cycle Individual Contributions." (Forum: President; FEC Cand. ID: P80000060; FEC Comm. ID: C00238972-Jack Kemp Compliance Fund; Date: 5/2/95, Final update). Text from: Candidate Receipt Reports . Available from: ProQuest ® Congressional; Accessed: 5/22/95.

Older reports that are missing information or split into two records

Some pre-1992-93 election cycle reports do not display the FEC Cand. ID number. This information can be omitted from the record. In addition, some longer records have been split into two parts. Be sure to indicate this in the citation:

"Bush, George--1991-1992 Cycle Individual Contributions (2 Parts)." (Forum: President; Date: 2/2/93). Text from: Candidate Receipt Reports . Available from: ProQuest ® Congressional; Accessed: 7/04/93.

Citing Candidate Financial Reports  

This database provides financial reports issued by the Federal Election Commission (FEC) for each incumbent and challenger candidate for federal office (President, House, or Senate). It includes information on total receipts, individual contributions, candidate contributions, and other financial information about each candidate's campaign and a list of political action committees (PACs).

This database has multiple reports on candidates who have run for office in more than one election cycle. Likewise, the database has multiple reports generated for candidates who have run for more than one office during the period. The FEC Cand. ID number serves as a unique identifier for each political race ("P" for President, "S" for Senate, or "H" for House). Records are updated regularly; be sure to include the date to alert your reader to the possibility of later changes to the record.

• Candidate name and election cycle years
• Political office (Forum), FEC Cand. ID, and date be sure to designate if this is the "Final update"
• Database name (Text from: Candidate Summary Reports )
• "Gingrich, Newt Leroy: 1995-1996." (Forum: House; FEC Cand. ID: H6GA06033; Date: 5/14/96). Text from: Candidate Summary Reports . Available from: ProQuest ® Congressional; Accessed: 8/04/97.
• "Bentsen, Lloyd M., Jr.: 1991-1992." (Forum: Senator; FEC Cand. ID: S6TX 00016; Date: 5/28/93, Final update). Text from: Candidate Summary Reports . Available from: ProQuest ® Congressional; Accessed: 8/04/97.
• "Bentsen, Lloyd M., Jr.: 1991-1992." (Forum: Presidential; FEC Cand. ID: P60000171; Date: 5/28/93, Final update). Text from: Candidate Summary Reports . Available from: ProQuest ® Congressional; Accessed: 8/04/97.

Citing the Code of Federal Regulations  

This database contains the full text of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) and is a grouping by subject of all current federal regulations. The CFR is published in 50 titles (numbered 1-50); each title contains many sections. Section symbols can be omitted from the citation.

The CFR is updated using information and text from the Federal Register (FR). A CFR title and section constitute a unique identifier and must be included in every citation. Since the CFR is constantly being updated by the Federal Register , it is crucial to alert your reader to the date of your CFR citation vis-à-vis the Federal Register . This information can be found in the header of the document in a statement of FR currency (for example, "This section is current though the 5/22/96 issue of the Federal Register ".)

• CFR title number, section number, and section heading (title, chapter, subchapter, part, and subpart headers should be omitted)
• "Current through" date (for example, 5/22/96)
• Database name (Text from: Code of Federal Regulations )

"40 CFR 745.113: Certification and Acknowledgment of Disclosure." (Current through 5/22/96). Text from: Code of Federal Regulations . Available from: ProQuest ® Congressional; Accessed 2/10/97.

The CFR title and section when accompanied by the "current through" date provide enough information to locate the exact section cited. Thus, the section heading can be omitted if it is not available or descriptive. For example:

"24 CFR 35.92" (Current through 7/5/96). Text from: Code of Federal Regulations . Available from: ProQuest ® Congressional; Accessed: 2/10/97.

Citing Committee Information  

This database provides information for all House, Senate, and joint committees and subcommittees of the current Congress. Each record provides committee jurisdiction, membership, and key staff.

• "U.S.", congressional Chamber (House or Senate) (omit for joint committees) followed by the complete name of the committee and subcommittee (if applicable)
• Database name (Text from: Committee Membership Profile Report )
• U.S. Senate. Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs Committee." Text from: Committee Membership Profile Report . Available from: ProQuest ® Congressional; Accessed: 7/23/05.
• U.S. House. Financial Services Committee, Subcommittee on Financial Institutions and Consumer Credit." Text from: Committee Membership Profile Report . Available from: ProQuest ® Congressional; Accessed: 7/23/05.
• "U.S. Joint Economic Committee." Text from: Committee Membership Profile Report . Available from: ProQuest ® Congressional; Accessed: 7/23/05.

Citing Committee Prints  

Citing committee prints (online).

Committee prints are a generic document type that can cover anything the committee wishes to have published in support of its legislative and oversight functions. Committee prints are issued by House, Senate, and joint committees.

• "U.S.", congressional Chamber (House or Senate) and the issuing committee. Use only the name of the main committee, not the name of any subcommittee.
• The title of the publication, shortened with an ellipsis (...) if the title is too long
• Print number, including CIS number, found in the bibliographic data for the publication
• Database name (Text from: Committee Prints )

U.S. Senate. Committee on Foreign Relations. Strategies for Homeland Defense . (CMP-2001-FOR-0002; Date: Sept. 26, 2001). Text from: ProQuest ® Congressional Research Digital Collection ; Accessed: 7/23/04.

For a joint committee, use "U.S. Congress" and the joint committee's full name. For example:

U.S. Congress. Joint Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe. Report on the Parliamentary Election in Turkmenistan . (CMP-1995-CSC-0003; Date: Feb. 1995). Text from: ProQuest ® Congressional Research Digital Collection ; Accessed: 7/23/04.

It is not uncommon for a copy of the act or other additional materials to be appended to a committee print. If it is necessary to cite directly to an appendix, use the phrase "Included in" to alert your reader that the item being cited is part of a larger document. For example:

"Countering the Changing Threat of International Terrorism." Included in: U.S. Senate. Committee on Foreign Relations. Strategies for Homeland Defense . (CMP-2001-FOR-0002; Date: Sept. 26, 2001). Text from: ProQuest ® Congressional Research Digital Collection ; Accessed: 7/23/04."

Citing Committee Prints (Printed or Microfiche)

Congressional committee prints are a generic document type that can cover anything the committee wishes to have published in support of its legislative and oversight functions. Committee prints are available in many libraries in either paper or microfiche and can be identified by using ProQuest ® Congressional.

• "U.S.", congressional Chamber (House or Senate), or “U.S. Congress” for joint, and the issuing committee. Use only the name of the main committee as the issuing agency, not the name of any subcommittee.
• The title when a title includes the bill number or phrases such as "to accompany" or "with separate views", this information should be included with the title. The title of the publication may be shortened using an ellipsis (...) if the title is too long. If there is a date as part of the title, include it.
• Print number (preceded by S.Prt.) combined with the number of the Congress (for example, 102, 103, 104).
• Extremely lengthy prints may be published in multiple volumes or parts. Include all part or volume numbers in the citation.
• The place of publication, publisher, and date of the original publication
• The library classification number assigned to the publication
• If citing a CIS microfiche version of the print, include the CIS year and fiche number in a note. If citing a government microfiche, include the word (Microfiche) after the title.

U.S. Senate. Committee on Governmental Affairs. Nuclear Proliferation Factbook.(S. Prt. 103-111). Washington: Government Printing Office, 1994. (Y4.G74/9:S.PRT.103-111).

U.S. House. Committee on Public Works and Transportation. Transportation and Environmental Infrastructure Needs (Vol. 2). Washington: Government Printing Office, 1995. (1995 CIS microfiche H642-1).

U.S. House. Committee on Energy and Commerce. Wishful Thinking: A World View of Insurance Solvency Regulation. (Microfiche). Washington: Government Printing Office, 1994. (Y4.EN2/3:103-R).

Citing Committee Reports  

Citing committee reports (online).

Committee reports are issued by House and Senate committees following the consideration of a specific piece of legislation. The report details the progress of the bill in the committee, including how the bill was amended, what amendments were adopted or rejected, the estimated cost of programs proposed in the legislation, opinions of the minority and majority members of the committee, and the "legislative intent" of the piece of legislation.

• "U.S.", congressional Chamber (House or Senate), and the issuing committee
• The title when a title includes the bill number or phrases such as "conference report", "to accompany", and "with separate views", this information should be included with the title
• Report number, including Congress number the report number (preceded by H. Rpt. or S. Rpt.), combined with the number of the Congress (for example, 102, 103, 104), creates a unique identifier for the report and should be included in every citation
• Database name (Text from: Committee Reports )

Note: For additional help citing online reports, see Citing U.S. Serial Set (Online)

Committee names

Since reports are issued by the committee, the committee name must be included in each citation, preceded by U.S. House or U.S. Senate. You need not include "Congress" in the hierarchical order since there is only one U.S. House or Senate. Use only the name of the main committee as the issuing agency, not the name of any subcommittee. For example:

• U.S. House. Committee on Appropriations. Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education, and Related Agencies Appropriations Bill, 1996, (to Accompany H.R. 2127) Together with Dissenting and Separate Views . (104 H. Rpt. 209). Text from: Committee Reports . Available from: ProQuest Congressional; Accessed: 4/20/04.
• U.S. Senate. Committee on Environment and Public Works. Report to the Senate on the Activities of the Committee on Environment and Public Works for the 101st Congress. (102 S. Rpt. 55). Text from: Committee Reports . Available from: ProQuest Congressional; Accessed: 4/20/04.

For a joint committee, use U.S. Congress and the joint committee's full name. For a conference committee, use only U.S. House or U.S. Senate and no committee name. For example:

• U.S. Congress. Joint Economic Committee. The 1995 Joint Economic Report (104 S. Rpt. 200). Text from: Committee Reports .bAvailable from: ProQuest Congressional; Accessed: 4/20/04.
• U.S. House. National Defense Authorization Act of 1993, Conference Report (to Accompany H.R. 5006). (102 H. Rpt. 966). Text from: Committee Reports . Available from: ProQuest Congressional; Accessed: 4/20/04.

Committee reports may be issued in multiple parts or volumes. In addition, due to the size of a report, the online version of a report may be split into multiple sections. Be sure to provide complete information about multiple parts or volumes as well as the complete number of online section equivalents. For example:

• U.S. House. Committee on the Budget. Providing for Reconciliation Pursuant to Section 105 of the Concurrent Resolution on the Budget for Fiscal Year 1996 . (104 H. Rpt. 280; Vol. 1, Sections 1-15). Text from: Committee Reports . Available from: ProQuest Congressional; Accessed: 4/20/04.
• U.S. House. Committee on the Budget. Providing for Reconciliation Pursuant to Section 105 of the Concurrent Resolution on the Budget for Fiscal Year 1996 . (104 H. Rpt. 280; Vol. 1, Section 13 of 15). Text from: Committee Reports . Available from: ProQuest Congressional; Accessed: 4/20/04.

It is not uncommon for a copy of the act or other additional materials to be appended to a committee report. On occasion, it may be necessary to cite directly to an appendix. Use the phrase "Included in" to alert your reader that the item being cited is part of a larger document. For example:

"Appendix A: Representative George Miller's Hearing Questions for British Petroleum." Included in: U.S. House. Exports of Alaskan North Slope Oil. (104 H. Rpt. 139, Part 1). Text from: Committee Reports . Available from: ProQuest Congressional; Accessed: 4/30/03.

Citing Committee Reports (Printed or Microfiche)

Congressional committee reports are issued by standing, joint, and conference committees following the consideration of a specific piece of legislation. The report details the progress of the bill in the committee, including how the bill was amended, what amendments were adopted or rejected, the estimated cost of programs proposed in the legislation, opinions of the minority and majority members of the committee, and the "legislative intent" of the piece of legislation. Committee reports are available in libraries in either paper or microfiche.

• "U.S.", congressional Chamber (House or Senate), and the issuing committee. Use only the main committee, not the name of any subcommittee.
• The title of the publication, shortened with an ellipsis (...) if the title is too long. If there is a date as part of the title, include it. When a title includes the bill number or phrases such as "conference report", "to accompany", and "with separate views", this information should be included with the title.
• Report number, including Congress number and date of the report the report number (preceded by H. Rpt. or S. Rpt.), combined with the number of the Congress (for example, 102, 103, 104), creates a unique identifier for the report and should be included in every citation
• Place of publication, publisher, and date of the publication
• If citing a CIS microfiche of the report, include the CIS year and fiche number in a note. If citing a government microfiche, include the word "Microfiche" in a note after the title.

U.S. House. Committee on the Judiciary. Shipping Act of 1983 . (H. Rpt. 98-53, pt. 2). Washington: Government Printing Office, 1983. (Y1.1/8:98-53/pt.2).

U.S. House. Committee on the Judiciary. Alternative Punishments for Young Offenders, Report Together with Dissenting Views (To Accompany H.R. 3351 )... (H. Rpt. 103-321). Washington: Government Printing Office, 1993. (1993 CIS microfiche H523-21).

U.S. Senate. Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation. Fisheries Act of 1993 . (S. Rpt. 104-91). (Microfiche). Washington: Government Printing Office, 1995. (Y1.1/5:104-91).

Citing Congressional Documents  

Citing congressional documents (online).

Committee documents function as a major historical record of each Congress by providing texts of Presidential messages to Congress, veto messages, agency annual or special reports to Congress, reports on committee activities, and the texts of committee-sponsored special studies and background information compilations. Documents are issued by either the House or the Senate as a "committee of the whole".

• "U.S.", congressional Chamber (House or Senate)
• The title, shortened with an ellipsis (...) if the title is too long
• If there is a date as part of the title, include it
• Document number (preceded by H. Doc. or S. Doc.)
• Date of the document, if provided
• Documents may be issued in multiple parts or volumes; include all part or volume numbers in the citation
• Database name (Text from: Congressional Documents )

U.S. Senate. Task Force on Economic Sanctions . (S. Doc. 105-26). Sept. 8, 1998. Text from: Congressional Documents . Available from: ProQuest ® Congressional; Accessed: 4/20/04.

Citing Congressional Documents (Printed or Microfiche)

Committee documents function as a major historical record of each Congress by providing texts of Presidential messages to Congress, veto messages, agency annual or special reports to Congress, reports on committee activities, and the texts of committee-sponsored special studies and background information compilations. Documents are issued by either the House or Senate as a "committee of the whole". Documents are available in libraries in either paper format or in microfiche.

• "U.S." and the Chamber (House or Senate) issuing the document
• The title of the publication; shortened with an ellipsis (...) if the title is too long
• Extremely lengthy documents may be published in multiple volumes or parts. Include all part or volume numbers in the citation.
• House or Senate document numbers, if given
• If citing GPO microfiche, include a statement of format
• If citing a CIS microfiche version of the document, include the CIS year and fiche number in a note. If citing a government microfiche, include the word "Microfiche" after the title.

U.S. Senate. Committee on Appropriations, U.S. Senate, 126th Anniversary, 1867-1993. (S. Doc. 103-17). Washington: Government Printing Office, 1995. (Y1.1/3:103-17).

U.S. House. Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway Bridge Replacement at Great Bridge, Chesapeake, Virginia: Communication from the Acting Assistant Secretary of the Army (H. Doc. 103-308). Washington: Government Printing Office, 1994. (1995 CIS microfiche H640-1).

U.S. House. Disabled American Veterans, 73d National Convention, Communication from the National Adjutant, Disabled American Veterans . (H. Doc. 103-339). (Microfiche). Washington: Government Printing Office, 1994. (Y1.1/7:103-339).

Citing the Congressional Record  

Citing congressional record (daily edition).

This information is related to the daily edition of the Congressional Record , which is accessed from the Advanced Search form. For information on citing the permanent edition of the Congressional Record , available to those users who have access to the Congressional Record Permanent Digital Collection, please see below .

The Daily Congressional Record is issued daily when Congress is in session. Each issue (sometimes printed in more than one part) consists of the sections bulleted below. The page numbers within each section begin with "1" on the first day of the Congress and continue numbering consecutively until the end of that Congress.

• Senate Remarks (pages begin with S) contain the legislative debates, communications from the executive branch, memorials, petitions, and information on legislation introduced or passed, including amendments and cosponsors in the Senate
• House Remarks (pages begin with H) contain the legislative debates, communications from the executive branch, memorials, petitions, and information on legislation introduced or passed, including amendments and cosponsors in the House of Representatives
• Extensions of Remarks (pages begin with E) contain the additional legislative statements not delivered on the floor of the House of Representatives or the Senate, such as speeches delivered outside Congress, letters from and tributes to constituents, and newspaper or magazine articles
• Daily Digest (pages begin with D) contain the daily summaries of actions taken by the House and Senate, committees and subcommittees during the legislative day, as well as a listing of activities scheduled for the next day

A citation to the Daily Congressional Record could be to an entire section, to a quote by a specific speaker, to a bill text, or to a specific roll call vote.

• Speaker, if provided - the title "Representative" (use for speakers in pages beginning with H) or "Senator" (use for speakers with pages beginning with S) should be added to speaker's name only if the speaker's first name is not provided. In addition, identify the home state of the speaker, if it is provided. This can serve to distinguish speakers with the same last name (for example, Representative Smith (RI) and Representative Smith (MA)). The state can be abbreviated or provided in its entirety.
• Title - provided for each entry
• Congressional Record volume, issue, date, and page - all located in the header information for each record. Note that the page numbers can begin with H for House, S for Senate, or E for Extensions of Remarks.
• Representative McCollum (MN). "Megan's Law." Congressional Record 142: 89 (May 7, 1996) p. H4451. Available from: ProQuest ® Congressional; Accessed: 5/18/05.
• Senator Hatch (UT). "Differences in Judicial Philosophy." Congressional Record 142:93 (June 6, 1996) p. S5903. Available from: ProQuest ® Congressional; Accessed: 8/23/04.
• Forbes, Michael P. (NY) "The Long Island Advance's 125th Anniversary Purchased for $500 in 1871." Congressional Record 142:25 (February 28, 1996), p. E235. Available from: ProQuest ® Congressional; Accessed: 8/23/04.

This database provides exact paging in the header at the beginning of each entry and also at the top of each screen. This allows the citation to a specific quote to include the exact page number containing that quote. For example:

Senator Dole (KS). "Health Care Reform." Congressional Record 142:94 (May 10, 1996) p. S5986. Available from: ProQuest ® Congressional; Accessed: 8/23/04.

The text of a bill can frequently be located in the Congressional Record. Try to locate the bill number and include it in the citation. In addition, always use the exact page number where the bill text begins. For example:

"Healthy Meals for Children Act (H.R. 2066)." Congressional Record 142: 90 (May 14, 1996) p. H4911. Available from: ProQuest ® Congressional; Accessed: 8/23/04.

All roll call votes are numbered. The number must be included in the citation to identify the specific vote being cited. For example:

"Unfunded Mandate Reform Act of 1995: Roll Vote No. 25." Congressional Record 141:22 (January 23, 1995) p. H498. Available from: ProQuest ® Congressional; Accessed: 8/23/04.

Citing the Congressional Record (Permanent Edition)

This information is related to the permanent edition of the Congressional Record , which is accessed from the Basic, Advanced, and Search by Number forms. For information on citing the daily edition of the Congressional Record , please see above .

A citation to the Congressional Record (Permanent Edition) can be to an entire section or to various types of content within a section (such as a quote by a specific speaker, a bill text, or a specific roll call vote), but all citations should include:

• Title - Use the section header from the PDF replica of the original (e.g., Statements on Introduced Bills and Joint Resolutions)
• Congressional Record volume number (e.g., 141)
• Publication name ( Congressional Record )
• Page (e.g., 11288)
• Year (e.g., 1995
• Database name (Text from: Congressional Record Permanent Digital Collection )
• Date accessed by the user (e.g., Accessed: date)

To cite content quoted by a specific speaker, cite the name of the speaker first.

Note: The title "Representative" or "Senator" should not be added, but the home state of the speaker should be included.

Edward M. Kennedy (MA). "Additional Sponsors - S. 584." Congressional Record 141 (1995) p. 11291. (Text from: Congressional Record Permanent Digital Collection ); Accessed: September 30, 2008.

The text of a bill can frequently be located in the Congressional Record . If possible, locate the bill number and include it in the citation. In addition, always use the exact page number where the bill text begins. For example:

"Common Sense Legal Standards Reform Act (H.R. 946): Roll Vote No. 136." Congressional Record 141 (1995) p. 11287. (Text from: Congressional Record Permanent Digital Collection ); Accessed: September 30, 2008.

Citing CRS Reports  

CRS reports provide excellent background information on areas of public policy. The reports are generated by researchers working within the Library of Congress and are created at the request of Members of Congress or their committees.

• The issuing agency: U.S. Congressional Research Service
• Report number and date
• Name of the personal author, if provided
• Database name (Text from: Congressional Research Digital Collection )

Note: Report number must include date of issuance because CRS reports are frequently issued in multiple iterations

"U.S. Congressional Research Service. Afghanistan: Current Issues and U.S. Policy (RL30588; Oct. 7, 2003), by Kenneth Katzman. Text in: ProQuest ® Congressional Research Digital Collection; Accessed: December 10, 2005.

Citing the Federal Register  

The Federal Register (FR) includes all final and proposed regulations, notices of investigations and meetings, and regulatory investigation notices from federal administrative agencies. Final regulations are added to the next issuance of the Code of Federal Regulations.

A citation to the Federal Register (FR) should allow the reader to find the exact section cited without having to search the entire text of a daily issue. The volume and page number of the FR issue serve as unique identifiers to both the print version and the online version of an FR entry. Page numbering begins with page "1" on the first business day of each year. Each volume number corresponds to a single year.

• Title of the section, including part (if applicable), and type of action (final rule, proposed rule to amend, notice, etc.). This information can be found in the header for each database entry.
• Federal Register volume, issue, date, and page (located in the header). If an entry has been divided into several parts by the online source, be sure to include this information in the citation.

"National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Source Categories: Aerospace Manufacturing and Rework (Proposed Rules and Notice of Public Hearing)." Federal Register 59:146 (August 1, 1994) p. 38949. Available from: ProQuest ® Congressional; Accessed: 9/15/04.

Occasionally, it is necessary for the online text of an entry to be divided into several parts because of its length. The total number of parts should be included following the date in each entry. However, do not confuse the database "part" (Part I of II and Part II of II, for example) with the regulation "part" (Part XIV, as seen in the example below). Since many regulations are exceedingly complex, it is frequently necessary to publish and update each part individually.

"Final National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System and Storm Water Multi-Sector General Permit for Industrial Activities, Part XIV (Notice)." Federal Register 60:189 (Sept. 29, 1995) p. 50804; Parts I-II). Available from: ProQuest ® Congressional; Accessed: 9/15/04.

Citing Hearings  

Citing hearings (online).

Congressional hearings contain the full transcripts of the proceedings, usually arranged chronologically in the order of appearance of witnesses. Hearings include the record of oral and written statements, committee questions, and discussion. Frequently, hearings also contain texts of related reports, statistical analyses, correspondence, exhibits, and articles presented to the committee by witnesses or inserted into the record by committee members and staff. Hearings are available in many libraries in either paper format or in microfiche and can be identified by using ProQuest ® Congressional.

• "U.S.", the Chamber (House or Senate), and the committee or subcommittee name holding the hearing. If the committee is a "joint committee," there will be no Chamber entry.
• Extremely lengthy hearings may be published in multiple volumes or parts, include all part or volume numbers in the citation
• Database name (Text from: Congressional Hearings )

U.S. House. Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. Hazardous Waste Disposal, Part 1 . (HRG-1979-FCH-0059; Date: Mar.-May 1979). Text in: ProQuest ® Congressional Hearings Digital Collection ; Accessed: March 10, 2007.

It is not uncommon for additional materials to be appended to a congressional hearing. If it is necessary to cite directly to an appendix, use the phrase "Included in" to alert your reader that the item being cited is part of a larger document. For example:

"History and Status of Hazardous Waste Management in New Jersey." Included in: U.S. House. Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. Testimony Hazardous Waste Disposal, Part 1 . (HRG-1979-FCH-0059; Date: Mar.-May 1979). Text in: ProQuest ® Congressional Hearings Digital Collection ; Accessed: March 10, 2007.

Citing Hearings (Printed or Microfiche)

Congressional hearings contain the full transcripts of the proceedings, usually arranged chronologically in the order of appearance of witnesses. Hearings include the record of oral and written statements, committee questions, and discussion. Frequently hearings also contain texts of related reports, statistical analyses, correspondence, exhibits, and articles presented to the committee by witnesses or inserted into the record by committee members and staff. Hearings are available in many libraries in either paper format or in microfiche and can be identified by using ProQuest ® Congressional.

• If citing a CIS microfiche version of the hearing, include the CIS year and fiche number in a note. If citing a government microfiche, include the phrase "Microfiche" as a note after the title.

U.S. House. Committee on International Relations. Evaluating U.S. Foreign Policy , Hearing. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1995. (Y4.IN8/16:F76/11).

U.S. House. Committee on the Judiciary. Baseball's Antitrust Exemption, Part 2 , Hearing, Sept. 22, 1994 Washington: Government Printing Office, 1995. (1995 CIS microfiche H521-20).

U.S. Senate. Committee on Energy and Natural Resources. Domestic Petroleum Production and International Supply , Hearing. (Microfiche). Washington: Government Printing Office, 1995. (Y4.EN2:S.HRG.104-50).

Citing Member Financial Information  

ProQuest ® Congressional information includes congressional member financial forms filed by Members of Congress each year. Each form covers a single calendar year. Forms from 1991 to date are included.

• Member name, calendar year, forum (House or Senate), and state (may be abbreviated using standard abbreviations)
• Database name (Text from: U.S. Congress Financial Disclosure Statement )
• "James Louis Oberstar--Calendar Year 1993" (House; MN). Text from: U.S. Congress Financial Disclosure Statement . Available from: ProQuest ® Congressional; Accessed: 9/14/99.
• "Robert J. Dole--Calendar Year 1994" (Senate; KS). Text from: U.S. Congress Financial Disclosure Statement . Available from: ProQuest ® Congressional; Accessed: 9/14/99.

Citing Member Information  

This database provides a biographical summary for each Member of the current Congress, including committee and subcommittee assignments, and names and location of the Member's staff in Washington and in his or her home district.

• Member name and the state he or she represents. Always provide the state the individual represents to distinguish between Members with common surnames; the state can be abbreviated or spelled out in full.
• Database name (Text from: Member Profile Report )
• "Senator John H. Glenn (Ohio)." Text from: Member Profile Report . Available from: ProQuest ® Congressional; Accessed: 12/12/04.
• "Representative Barbara-Rose Collins (MI)." Text from: Member Profile Report . Available from: ProQuest ® Congressional; Accessed: 12/12/04.

Citing Newspapers  

• Author (Byline)
• Title of the article (Headline)
• Publication data title of the newspaper, date, section, and page number

Millbank, Dana. "Final Day of Nomination Hearings: Yawn." Washington Post 26 September 2005, A06. ProQuest ® Congressional; Accessed: 9/16/05.

Citing Member Voting Records  

This database provides information on how each Member of Congress has voted on a particular bill.

• Member name, state (may be abbreviated), bill number and Congress number
• Database name: (Text from: Legislative Profile Report )
• "Senator Lloyd Bentsen (TX); S. 123, 102nd Congress. Text from: Legislative Profile Report . Available from: ProQuest ® Congressional; Accessed: 3/15/04.
• "Representative Lynn M. Martin (IL)"; H.R. 54, 100th Congress. Text from: Legislative Profile Report . Available from: ProQuest ® Congressional; Accessed: 3/15/04.

Citing Public Laws  

This database contains the full text of public laws (P.L.). These laws are also published in the print publication Statutes at Large (Stat.) and most will be codified by topic in the United States Code Service . The volume and page numbers in the Statutes at Large together serve as a unique identifier for a P.L. in both this database and in print; they must be included in every citation and can be found in the header of each document.

• Public law number (P.L.) and title, if provided
• Statutes at Large (Stat.) volume and page, date, and enacted bill number, if known
• Database name (Text from: United States Public Laws )

"Public Law 102-240: Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991." (105 Stat. 1914; Date: 12/18/91). Text from: United States Public Laws. Available from: ProQuest ® Congressional; Accessed: 4/23/04.

Many public laws do not have short or popular name titles (for example, "The Social Security Act") or the title is not part of the header information within the online source. In these cases, the title can be omitted, but the public law number must always be included. For example:

"Public Law 104-19." (109 Stat. 194; Date: 7/27/95). Text from: United States Public Laws. Available from: ProQuest ® Congressional; Accessed: 4/23/04.

The enacted bill number is always useful for confirming the relationship between a bill number and the specific public law being cited. The bill number can frequently be found in the header information for each public law. For example:

"Public Law 102-25: Persian Gulf Conflict Supplemental Authorization and Personnel Benefits Act of 1991." (105 Stat. 75; Date: 4/6/91; enacted S. 725). Text from: United States Public Laws. Available from: ProQuest ® Congressional; Accessed: 4/23/04.

Citing Testimony (Transcribed or Written)  

This database contains transcripts of congressional committee hearings. These transcripts cover both statements of witnesses and the question and answer (Q&A) sessions between witnesses and Members of Congress.

• "U.S. Congress" and the committee or subcommittee name use the name of the committee as supplied within the transcript; this will typically include the words "House" or "Senate" and the phrase "Hearing of the " as part of the committee name. These phrases should be included exactly as given. This information is usually contained in the "headline" of the document.
• Headline (or title) provides the subject of the committee hearing; use the headline exactly as provided within the transcript
• Witness name the affiliation or title of a witness can be omitted, particularly if the affiliation or title is not official; witness names can also be entered last name first (for example, Albright, Madeline K.) to maintain an alphabetical arrangement of works by a single author within a bibliography. (This applies only to citations from Federal Document Clearing House Congressional Testimony ).
• Hearing date
• Database name (Text from:) there are several sources included in this database: FDCH Political Transcripts; Federal Information System Corporation Federal News Service; Federal Document Clearing House Congressional Testimony; CQ Transcriptions .
• U.S. Congress. House Ways and Means Committee. "Holds Hearing on the 1993 Gasoline Tax." (Date: 5/8/96). Text from: FDCH Political Transcripts . Available from: ProQuest ® Congressional; Accessed 10/15/98.
• U.S. Congress. Hearing of the Military Personnel Subcommittee of the House National Security Committee. "POW/MIA Issues." (Date: 6/19/96). Text from: Federal Information System Corporation Federal News Service . Available from: ProQuest ® Congressional; Accessed 10/15/98.
• Madeleine K. Albright (U.S. Permanent Representative to the United Nations, Dept. of State). "Testimony on FY97, Commerce/Justice/State Appropriations before the Senate Appropriations Committee, Subcommittee on Commerce, Justice, State, the Judiciary, and Related Agencies." (Date: 5/23/96). Text from: Federal Document Clearing House Congressional Testimony . Available from: ProQuest ® Congressional; Accessed 10/15/98.

Since a hearing transcript may contain the statements and Q&A of committee members and witnesses, it may be necessary to quote a specific statement within the transcript. The database does not provide page or screen numbers. To quote a specific statement or segment within the transcript, provide the name of the person being quoted and the specific hearing transcript.

Include the speaker name (lists containing the complete name of each person are included at the beginning of each transcript). The affiliation or title of a witness can be omitted, particularly if the affiliation or title is not official. Titles of the Members of Congress should be included. The first speaker's name can also be entered last name first (for example, Albright, Madeline K.) to maintain an alphabetical arrangement of works by a single author within a bibliography.

• Rep. Gilman (N.Y.). Quote from: U.S. Congress. Hearing of the House International Relations Committee. "PLO Commitment Compliance and Terrorist Threat to Israel." (Date: 3/12/96). Text from: Federal Information Systems Corporation Federal News Service . Available from: ProQuest ® Congressional; Accessed 10/15/98.
• William Bennett. Quote from: U.S. Congress. Hearing of the Senate Judiciary Committee. "National Drug Control Strategy." (Date: 2/2/90). Text from: Federal Information Systems Corporation Federal News Service . Available on: ProQuest ® Congressional; Accessed 10/15/98.
• Representative Floyd Spence (S.C.). Quote from: U.S. Congress. House National Security Committee. "Holds Hearing on Improving the Management and Operation of Intelligence Activities." (Date: 7/11/96). Text from: FDCH Political Transcripts . Available from: ProQuest ® Congressional; Accessed 10/15/98.

Citing U.S. Code  

This database contains the full text of the United States Code Service (USCS) as published by Matthew Bender. This database is essentially the current public laws of the United States arranged by subject. The USCS is published in 50 subject titles (numbered 1-50); each title contains many sections. Section symbols (for example, @) can be omitted from the citation.

• The title number, USCS section number, and edition date found in the header for each entry are unique identifiers and must be included in every citation; the date (for example, 1996) must also be included in each citation to verify the exact edition/version being cited.
• Section heading (for example, "Misbranded Foods") - can be located in the header for each entry. This is additional useful information for the reader. "Parts" and "Chapters" should be omitted.
• Database name (Text from: United States Code Service , including the statement of currency found at the top of each citation)

"21 USCS 343 (1996): Misbranded Food." Text from: United States Code Service . Current through 5/31/98. Available from: ProQuest ® Congressional; Accessed: 10/15/1998.

The USCS title, section, and edition date provide enough information to locate the exact section being cited. Thus, the section heading can be omitted.

Citing U.S. Serial Set  

Citing u.s. serial set (online).

The U.S. Serial Set is the official compilation of congressional reports and documents. At one time nearly all government publications were issued as congressional documents in the Serial Set and bear a congressional number reflecting the Congress and a unique number for the document itself (e.g., 42nd Congress, H. Doc. 242). Within the Serial Set there are documents, reports, hearings, executive documents, congressional journals, and prints. The bound volumes have been numbered consecutively since 1817.

• "U.S.", congressional Chamber (House or Senate), and the issuing committee, if known
• The title - when a title includes any bill number or phrases such as "conference report", "to accompany", and "with separate views", this information should be included with the title
• Report or document number, preceded by the number of the Congress and then followed by the Serial Set volume number. For Journals include the date of the publication.
• Database name (Text from: Serial Set Digital Collection )
• U.S. House. Select Committee on Small Business. Organization and Operation of the Small Business Administration: A Report … Pursuant to H. Res. 46. (H. Rpt. 87-2564; Serial Set 12440) . Text in: ProQuest ® Serial Set Digital Collection ; Accessed: December 10, 2005.
• U.S. Department of State. Statistical View of the Population of the United States from 1790-1830 Inclusive . (S. Doc.23-505; Serial Set 252). Text in: ProQuest ® Serial Set Digital Collection ; Accessed: December 10, 2005.
• U.S. House. Committee on Military Affairs. Testimony Taken by the Committee on Military Affairs in Relation to the Texas Border Troubles . (H. Misc. Doc. 45-64; Serial Set 1820). Text in: ProQuest ® Serial Set Digital Collection ; Accessed: December 10, 2005.
• U.S. Congress. Journal of the House of Representatives of the United States, 55th Congress, 3rd Session. December 1898. (Serial Set 3742). Text in: ProQuest ® Serial Set Digital Collection ; Accessed: December 10, 2005.

Note: For additional help citing U.S. Serial Set online, see Citing Committee Reports (Online) and Citing Congressional Documents (Online)

Citing U.S. Serial Set (Microfiche)

The U.S. Serial Set is the official compilation of congressional reports and documents. At one time nearly all government publications were issued as congressional documents in the Serial Set and bear a congressional number reflecting the Congress and a unique number for the document itself (e.g., 42nd Congress, H. Doc. 242). Within the Serial Set there are documents, reports, hearings, executive documents, congressional journals, and prints. The bound volumes have been numbered consecutively since 1817. The U.S. Serial Set is available in libraries in microfiche.

• The title—when a title includes any bill number or phrases such as "conference report", "to accompany", and "with separate views", this information should be included with the title
• Report or document number, preceded by the number of the Congress and then followed by the Serial Set volume number. For Journals include the date of the publication

U.S. Department of State. Statistical View of the Population of the United States from 1790-1830 Inclusive . (S. Doc. 23-505; Serial Set 252) Washington; Duff Green, 1835. (CIS Serial Set microfiche 252 S.doc 505).

• << Previous: Acronyms, Abbreviations & Search Equivalents
• Next: Content Coverage Chart >>
• Last Updated: Jul 25, 2023 3:18 PM
• URL: https://proquest.libguides.com/congressionalhelp

Visiting the Library

• Location & Parking
• Main Library Contacts
• Staff Directory

Career Opportunities

• Law Librarianship Education
• Current Openings

Access Materials

• Interlibrary Loan & Document Delivery
• Course Reserves
• Search the Catalog
• Legal Databases
• All Databases
• Bloomberg Law

Library Resources

• Conference Rooms
• Technology Help
• Research Guides
• New Acquisitions
• Stack & Call Number Guide
• Ask a Librarian
• Reference Desk Hours
• Services to the Public

Collections

• Archives & Special Collections
• Digital Collections
• Federal Documents
• Law in Popular Culture

Liaison Services

• Find Your Liaison
• Current Awareness
• Scholarship Support
• Research Instruction

Collection Services

• Borrowing Materials
• Faculty Document Delivery Requests
• Submit a Course Reserve
• Submit a Past Exam
• Access NYT & WSJ

Course Support

• Past Exams Database
• Study Aid Guide

Student Guides

• 1L Calendar
• 1L Tarlton Calendar
• Faculty Research Assistants
• Law Review Students
• Graduating Students

Legal Research

• Bloomberg, Lexis, & Westlaw
• Seminar Papers & Law Review Notes
• Research Refresher
• Course Offerings

Student Services

• How to Print, Copy, and Scan

Bluebook Legal Citation

• Intro signals: E.g., See, See also, Cf., etc.
• Order of authorities
• Pages, Paragraphs, and Pincites
• Short form: Id., Infra, Supra, Hereinafter
• Typeface conventions
• Constitutions

Legislative Materials

• Administrative Materials
• Books, Reports, Treatises
• Law Reviews, Magazines, and Newspapers
• Digital Materials
• The Greenbook
• Other Citation Manuals
• Additional Resources

Bluebook Rule (21st): 13

Citation of legislative material is covered by rule 13. The Bluebook states that when citing United States legislative material (except debates), you should include the title, if relevant, the abbreviated name of the chamber, the number of the Congress, the number assigned to the material, and the year of publication. State materials are typically cited the same way.

Bills and Resolutions Bluebook Rule (21st): 13.2

Rule 13.2 holds that you should include in your citation the name of the bill, if relevant, the abbreviated name of the house, the number of the bill, the number of the Congress, the section, and the publication year. If there are multiple versions of the same bill, you can indicate such in a parenthetical.

Enacted bills are considered "statutes" for Bluebook purposes, and should be cited as such (except when documenting legislative history).

Example : Orphan Works Act of 2008, H.R. 5889, 110th Cong. § 2 (2008).

Hearings Bluebook Rule (21st): 13.3

To cite committee hearings, you should include the entire title as it appears on the cover, the bill number, the subcommittee name, the committee name, the number of the Congress, the page number of the material cited, and the year of publication. State and federal materials follow the same form. Subcommittee and committee names may be abbreviated according to tables T6 , T9 , and T10 .

Example : Promoting the Use of Orphan Works: Balancing the Interests of Copyright Owners and Users: Hearing Before the Subcomm. on Courts, the Internet, and Intellectual Property, 110 Cong. 52 (2008) (Statement of Corinne P. Kevorkian). 

Reports, documents, and committee prints Bluebook Rule (21st): 13.4

Citations to reports should include the name of the house, the number of the Congress with the number of the report, the part or page number, and the year of publication.

Legislative reports, like reports from the Congressional Research Service, are cited as reports with institutional authors according to rule 15.1(c) .

Example : H.R. Rep No. 105-452, at 5 (1998).

State materials generally follow the same rules. However, if it is not clear, provide the name of the state parenthetically.

• << Previous: Statutes
• Next: Administrative Materials >>
• Last Updated: Sep 6, 2023 10:57 AM
• URL: https://tarlton.law.utexas.edu/bluebook-legal-citation

Guide to APA Style 7th Edition

• Library Home
• Search for Articles
• Find Books in the Library This link opens in a new window
• About the Library
• Borrowing Books from other Libraries
• Research a Topic
• Help Videos & Resources
• Example References
• Citing Government Documents
• In-Text Citations
• Formatting Basics
• References Page
• APA Sample Paper

Library Hours

The Library staff can assist you during the following hours.  

Library Hours during sessions

Librarians are available in person, online, or by telephone for help or questions during the following hours:

Monday - Thursday

1:00 pm - 10:00 pm (chat help available), 10:00 am - 1:30 pm, 8:00 am - 3:00 pm (chat help available), the library is not open on sunday..

Call the Library for help:                           972-279-6511 ext. 185

Email your questions to the Library: [email protected]

Common Reference Examples

• Journal Articles
• Financial Documents/Form 990
• Test and Measures
• Codes of Conduct

Gast, L.E. (2012). Mastering approaches to diversity in social work . Jessica Kingsley Publishers.

(Gast, 2012)

Chapter in a Book or Encyclopedia (or textbook)

Kayser, K. & Johnson, J.K. (2008). Divorce. In T. Mizrahi & T.E. Davis (Eds.), The Encyclopedia of Social Work (20th ed., pp. 76-85). National Association of Social Workers; Oxford University Press.

(Kayser & Johnson, 2012)

More explanation on Citing an Article in a Textbook or Edited Book

General Format  

       In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):  

      (Author Surname [of Chapter or Article], Year)

       In-Text Citation (Quotation):

      (Author Surname [of Chapter or Article], Year, page number)

       Reference (Quotation):

      Author Surname [of Chapter or Article], First Initial. Second Initial. (Year). Article

            or chapter title. In Editor First Initial. Second Initial. Surname (Ed.),  Book title:

            Subtitle  (pp. page range of article or chapter) .  Publisher.

         In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):

      (Lawrence & Dodds, 2003)

      (Lawrence & Dodds, 2003, p. 526)

       Reference:

      Lawrence, J. A., &  Dodds, A. E. (2003). Goal-directed activities and life-span

            development. In J. Valsiner & K. Connolly (Eds.),  Handbook of developmental

            psychology  (pp. 517-533). Sage Publications.

Journal Article

Edwards, H.R. & Hoefer, R. (2010). Are social work advocacy groups using web 2.0 effectively? Journal of Policy Practice, 9 (3-4), 220-229. http://doi.org/10.1080/15588742.2010.489037

(Edwards & Hoefer, 2010)

Website with Authors Identified

National Institute of Mental Health. (n.d.). NIMH outreach partnership program. Retrieved January 10, 2020, from https://www.nimh.nih.gov/outreach/partnership-program/index.shtml

(National Institute of Mental Health, n.d.)

Website with No Authors

(Use the title of the page in place of an author or organization)

Races in Waltham, MA. (n.d.). Retrieved March 23, 2020, from http://www.city-data.com/races/races- Waltham-Massachusetts.html

( Races in Waltham , n.d.)

Newspaper article:

Hernández, J.C. (2019, November 1). Professors, beware. A ‘Student Information Officer’ might be watching. New York Times . https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/01/world/asia/china-student-informers.html

(Hernández, 2019)

Non-Profit Tax Return:

Association of Social Work Boards. (2012). Return of organization exempt from income tax [Tax form]. Foundation Center. http://990s.foundationcenter.org/990_pdf_archive/222/222414510/222414510_201212_990.pdf

(Association of Social Work Boards, 2012)

Publicly Available Financial Statements:

James K. Smith & Associates. (2013, January 31). Homeless shelter non-profit: Consolidated financial statement . http://www.somewebsite.org

(James K. Smith Associates, 2013)

(use the Bookmark/Save link for your web address)

United States Census Bureau. (2018). American Community Survey, one year demographic and housing estimates: Massachusetts (Table DP05) [Data file]. https://bit.ly/2N4ZlwU

(United States Census Bureau, 2018)

Test or Instrument from PsycTESTS

McElroy, E., & Shevlin, M. (2014). Cyberchondria Severity Scale [Database record]. PsycTESTS. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/t34245-000

We used the McElroy and Shevlin (2014) Cyberchondra Severity Scale .

Test or Instrument from a Book:

Reference: .

Heiby, E. (2013). Frequency of Self-Reinforcement Questionnaire. In K. Corcoran & J. Fischer (Eds.), Measures for clinical practice and research: A sourcebook (5th ed, Vol. 2, pp. 313-314). Oxford University Press. (Original work published 1983).

We used the Heiby (1983/2013) Frequency of Self-Reinforcement Questionnaire .

Test or Measure Found Online:

RAND Corporation. (2001). Vulnerable Elders Survey . https://www.rand.org/health/projects/acove/survey.html

We used the RAND (2001) Vulnerable Elders Survey .

Published Test or Instrument:

Beck, A.T., Steer, R.A., & Brown, G.K. (1996). Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II): Manual and Questionnaire . The Psychological Corporation.

Beck et al. (1996) Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II)

NASW Code of Ethics

National Association of Social Workers. (2014). Code of ethics of the National Association of Social Workers . https://www.socialworkers.org/About/Ethics/Code-of-Ethics/Code-of-Ethics-English

(National Association of Social Workers, 2014)

APA Code of Conduct

American Psychological Association. (2017). Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct . http://www.apa.org/ethics/code/

(American Psychological Association, 2017)

Example Legal References and Citations in APA

• Unnumbered Federal/Committee Documents
• Symbols and Abbreviations
• Court Rules
• Govtrack.us
• European Union Directives and Proposals
• Congressional Research Service Reports
• Executive Orders, Memos, Letters, Proclamations
• State Legislation and Laws
• Bill Digest or Bill Summary
• CQ Databases
• Codes/Regulations
• Congressional Record
• House and Senate Reports
• Hearings and Testimonies
• Federal Legislation and Laws

Unnumbered Federal/ Committee Documents

Senate Committee on the Judiciary, 104th Cong., Rep. on Violence Against Women Act in action (Comm. Print 1995).

(Senate Committee on the Judiciary, 1995)

Senate Committee on the Judiciary (1995)

Common Symbols and Abbreviations

§ = section, refers to a particular part of a document, usually in legal materials

• To create the § use the Character Map on a PC or go to Edit then Emoji and Symbols and search for "section" on Mac.

ch. = Chapter

Cong. = Congress, usually refers to a specific session of congress, i.e. 101st Cong.

CRS = Congressional Research Service, an arm of the Library Congress that conducts research on policy for the US Congress

Gen. Ct. = General Court, usually refers to a state level congressional session

H.R. or H. = House of Representatives

P.L. = Public Law

Rep. or Rep. No. = Report or report number

S. or Sen. = Senate

Sess. = Session

Stat. = Statute, usually refers to a specific law or section of a larger law

U.S.C. = United States Code

State Court Rule

Mass. Sup. Ct. R. 3:30. (2012). https://www.mass.gov/supreme-judicial-court-rules/supreme-judicial-court-rule-303-legal-assistance-to-the-commonwealth

Mass. Sup. Ct. R. 3:30. (2012)

Govtrack.us Comparing Bill Versions

Reference both bills that are being compared and indicate their stage in parenthesis with the date.

Improving Access to Maternity Care Act, H.R. 315, 115th Cong. (as passed by House, January 9, 2017). Civic Impulse. https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/115/hr315/text/eh#compare=350473:is

Improving Access to Maternity Care Act, S. 783, 115th Cong. (as introduced by Senate, March 30, 2017). Civic Impulse. https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/115/hr315/text/eh#compare=350473:is

(Improving Access to Maternity Care Act, H.R. 315, 2017)

(Improving Access to Maternity Care Act, S. 783, 2017)

Govtrack.us as a Website Tool

Govtrack.us [Web tool]. (n.d.). https://www.govtrack.us/

Govtrack.us (n.d.)

Directive 2013/32 of the European Parliament and the Council of 26 June 2013 on Common Procedures for Granting and Withdrawing International Protection (recast), 2013 O.J. (L 108) 60.  http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=OJ:L:2013:180:TOC

(Directive 2013/32, 2013)

Proposal of the European Parliament and of the Council Establishing a Common Procedure for International Protection in the Unionand Repealing Directive 2013/32/EU , COM (2016) 467 final (July 13, 2016). http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52016PC0467  

(Proposal of the European Parliament, 2016)  

Congressional Research Services Reports

Sacco, L. (2014, March 6). Violence Against Women Act: Overview, legislation, and federal funding (CRS Report No. R42499). Hein Online.

Without author:

Congressional Research Services. (2015, May 26). Violence Against Women Act: Overview, legislation, and federal funding (CRS Report No. R42499). https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R42499

With author:

(Sacco, 2014)

Sacco (2014) stated that ... (p. 18)

(Congressional Research Services, 2014)

Congressional Research Services (2014) stated that... (p. 18)

Executive Order from Whitehouse.gov

Trump, D. (2017, February 9). Presidential executive order on enforcing federal law with respect to transnational criminal organizations and preventing international trafficking. White House Press Office. https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2017/02/09/presidential-executive-order-enforcing-federal-law-respect-transnational

Trump (2017)

(Trump, 2017, section 2(a))

Executive Orders in the Federal Register

Exec. Order. No. 13,515, 74 F.R. 53635 (2009). https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2009/10/19/E9-25268/increasing- participation-of-asian-americans-and-pacific-islanders-in-federal-programs

Exec. Order No. 13,515 (2009)

(Exec. Order No. 13,515, 2009, p. 53,637)

Memorandum From Other Departments or Agencies

Napolitano, J. (2012, June 15). Exercising prosecutorial discretion with respect to individuals who came to the United States as children [Memorandum]. United States Department of Homeland Security Digital Library. https://www.hsdl.org/?abstract&did=712428

Napolitano (2012)

(Napolitano, 2012, para. 5)

Letter From One Department to Another

Letter from Jessica Shahin, Assoc. Admin., Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program, to Elizabeth Berlin, Exec. Deputy Comm., New York State Office of Temporary and Disability Assistance (Aug. 18, 2011). https://www.foodpolitics.com/wp-content/uploads/SNAP-Waiver-Request-Decision.pdf

"Letter from Jessica Shahin" (2011)

("Letter from Jessica Shahin," 2011, para. 5)

Association of Social Work Boards. (2012). Return of organization exempt from income tax [Form 990] . http://990s.foundationcenter.org/990_pdf_archive/222/222414510/222414510_201212_990.pdf

Unenacted State Bill

H. 199, 189 th Gen. Ct., Sess. (Ma. 2015). https://malegislature.gov/Bills/189/House/H199

(H. 199, 2015) or H. 199 (2015)

Enacted State Bill

H. 199, 189 th Gen. Ct., Sess. (Ma. 2015) (enacted). https://malegislature.gov/Bills/189/House/H199

State General Law

Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 106, § 1-101 (2017). https://malegislature.gov/Laws/GeneralLaws/PartI/TitleXV/Chapter106/Article1/Section1-101

Subscription Database

Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 106, § 1-101 (LexisNexis 2013)

(Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 106, § 1-101, 2013)

Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 106, § 1-101 (2013)

Bill summary from a database

Congressional Research Service. (1993, September 10). Violence Against Women Act of 1993: S. 11, 103rd Cong. Proquest Congressional.

(Congressional Research Service [CRS], 1993), successive citations as (CRS, 1993)

Congressional Research Service (1993)

Bill summary from Congress.gov

Congressional Research Service. (1993, September 10). Summary: S.11 - Violence Against Women Act of 1993. https://www.congress.gov/bill/103rd-congress/senate-bill/11

Landmark education bill signed. (2002). CQ almanac 2001 (57th ed.). Congressional Quarterly.

"Landmark Education Bill" (2002)

("Landmark Education Bill," 2002, Highlights section)

Greenbook (Print/PDF)

Committee on Ways and Means, U.S. House of Representatives. (2004). 2004 green book: Background material and data on the programs within the jurisdiction of the Committee on Ways and Means (18th ed.). U.S. Government Printing Office.

Committee on Ways and Means (2004) reported that enrollment in the AFDC soared in 1994, covering more than a fifth of children in the country (p. 7-2).

(Committee on Ways and Means, 2004, p. 7-2)

Greenbook (Web Version)

Committee on Ways and Means, U.S. House of Representatives. (2014). 2014 green book: Background material and data on the programs within the jurisdiction of the Committee on Ways and Means (22nd ed.). http://greenbook.waysandmeans.house.gov/2014-green-book

According to the Committee on Ways and Means (2014) 50% of the Employee Benefits program is covered federally and the other half is covered by the state (chapter 4, Introduction section, para. 3).

(Committee on Ways and Means, 2014, chapter 4, Introduction section, para. 3)

Code of Federal Regulations

8 C.F.R. § 101.1 (2018). https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/CFR-2018-title8-vol1/CFR-2018-title8-vol1-sec101-1

Presumption of Lawful Admission, 8 C.F.R. § 101.1 (2018). https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/CFR-2018-title8-vol1/CFR-2018-title8-vol1-sec101-1

8 C.F.R. § 101.1 (2018).

Presumption of Lawful Admission, 8 C.F.R. § 101.1 (2018).

Federal Register

Presumption of Lawful Admission, 68 Fed. Reg. 9832 (Feb. 28, 2003) (to be codified at 8 C.F.R. pt. 101). https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2003/02/28/03-4935/aliens-and-nationality-homeland-security-reorganization-of-regulations

Presumption of Lawful Admission, 68 Fed. Reg. 9832 (2003)

State Codes

603 C.M.R. § 28.00 (2018). http://www.doe.mass.edu/lawsregs/603cmr28.html

Special Education, 603 C.M.R. § 28.00 (2018). http://www.doe.mass.edu/lawsregs/603cmr28.html

Massachuesetts

603 C.M.R. § 28.00 (2018)

Special Education, 603 C.M.R. § 28.00 (2018)

Congressional Record Daily

140 Cong. Rec. E1449 (daily ed. July 13, 1994) (statement of Rep. Schroeder).

(140 Cong. Rec. E1449, 1994)

In her statements to Congress, Rep. Schroeder stated that, "VAWA would send an unequivocal message that police, prosecutors, and judges, the public can no longer cast aside domestic violence and stalking as personal problems" (140 Cong. Rec. E1449, 1994).

Permanent Bound Edition of Congressional Record

140 Cong. Rec. 16496 (1994) (statement of Rep. Schroeder).

(140 Cong. Rec. 16496, 1994)

Senate Report

S. Rep. No. 103-138 (1993).

Senate Report No. 103-138 (1993)

(S. Rep. No. 103-138, 1993)

House Report

H. Rep. No. 103-395 (1993).

House Report No. 103-395 (1993)

(H. Rep. No. 103-395, 1993)

Entire Hearing

Violence against women: Victims of the system: Hearings before the Committee on the Judiciary, Senate , 102nd Cong. 1 (1991).

( Violence Against Women , 1991)

Testimony during the Hearing:

Violence against women: Victims of the system: Hearings before the Committee on the Judiciary, Senate , 102nd Cong. 131 (1991) (testimony of Amy Kaylor).

( Violence Against Women , 1991, p. 131)

Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act, P.L. 103-322, 108 Stat. 1796. (1994).

Violence Against Women Act of 1994, P.L. 103-322, 108 Stat. 1902.

Violence Against Women Act, 42 U.S.C. § 13701 (1994).

(Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act [VCCLEA], 1994), successive citations as (VCCLEA, 1994)

Unenacted Bill

Violence Against Women Act, H.R. 1502, 102nd Cong. (1991).

H.R. 1502, 102nd Cong. (1991).

(Violence Against Women Act [VAWA], 1991), successive citations as (VAWA, 1991)

(H.R 1502, 1991)

Enacted Bill

Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act, H.R. 3355, 103rd Cong. (1994) (enacted).

(Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act, 1994)

• << Previous: Guide to APA 7
• Next: Citing Government Documents >>
• Last Updated: Feb 21, 2024 11:29 AM
• URL: https://library.amberton.edu/apastyle

How do I cite a congressional document in print and online?

Note: This post relates to content in the eighth edition of the MLA Handbook . For up-to-date guidance, see the ninth edition of the MLA Handbook .

Cite a congressional document by following the MLA format template . Begin by listing the government entity as the author, followed by the title of the source. Then list the name of the publisher and the date:

United States, Congress, House, Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence. Al-Qaeda: The Many Faces of an Islamist Extremist Threat. Government Printing Office, 2006.

Following 2.1.3 of the MLA Handbook , you might include information about the congressional session from which the document emerged or specify the document’s type and number in the optional-element slot at the end of the entry:

United States, Congress, House, Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence. Al-Qaeda: The Many Faces of an Islamist Extremist Threat. Government Printing Office, 2006. 109th Congress, 2nd session, House Report 615.

To cite a congressional document found online, provide the information for the document in one container. Then provide the name of the website on which the document appears, along with the URL or DOI:

United States, Congress. Public Law 111-122.  United States Statutes at Large , vol. 123, 2009, pp. 3480-82.  U.S. Government Publishing Office , www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-123/pdf/STATUTE-123.pdf.

See more examples of citations for government and legal works .

• Hirsh Health Sciences
• Webster Veterinary

Government Publications: United States: Citation Guides

• Finding Aids
• Federal Government
• CRS Reports
• Historic Government Documents
• Popular Documents

Citation Guides

• Congressional Research Service Reports

Helpful Hints

If you need citation help beyond what you find in The Chicago Manual of Style , Turabian or APA , check these guides out.

Additional Resources

• Chicago Manual of Style Quick Online Guide
• Turabian Quick Guide From the Publisher's website.
• APA Citation Style, 7th edition: Government Publication Citing Government Sources in APA, 7th edition. From the Douglas College Library
• The Bluebook: a Uniform System of Citation The authoritative guide for citing legal materials. Available at Ginn Library
• The Complete Guide to Citing Government Information Resources: a Manual for Social Science & Business Research Print: by Debora Cheney. 3rd Revised edition. Bethesda, MD: LexisNexis : Congressional Information Service, 2002. Ref J 9.5 .G37 2002.
• Guide: Citing U.S. Government Publications Indiana University guide for citing U.S. Government publications. Based on Garner and Cheney's The Complete Guide to Citing Government Documents: A Manual for Writers & Librarians (1993).
• Introduction to Basic Legal Citation (LII 2010 ed.) by Peter W. Martin
• User's Guide to the Bluebook Print: Rev. for the 19th ed. Tisch Ref KF 245 .D853 2010
• << Previous: Popular Documents
• Last Updated: Dec 18, 2023 9:51 AM
• URL: https://researchguides.library.tufts.edu/GovernmentPublications

Congressional Information

• Legislative Process
• Legislation
• News Resources
• Government Information
• Think Tanks
• Congressional Research Service
• Congressional Budget Office
• Government Accountability Office
• Citing Gov Info

Citing Sources

Citation manuals, citation managers, citation guides.

The primary reasons for citing sources in a research paper are to give credit to the authors whose work you have drawn upon and to allow readers to track down your sources , should they wish to do so.

There are many style guides for formatting citations and creating bibliographies.  Turabian (a simplified version of Chicago) is frequently used, but you may be called upon to use others.

See the box at the right for tools to help you format citations and bibliographies.

• Bluebook: a Uniform System of Citation by Harvard Law Review Association Call Number: KF246 .U5 ISBN: 1062-9971 The authoritative guide for citing legal materials.
• RefWorks This link opens in a new window RefWorks is an online research management, writing, and collaboration tool designed to help researchers gather, manage, store, and share information and generate citations and bibliographies.
• Zotero Zotero is a free tool designed to help you gather, manage and share information about books, articles, web pages and other digital objects that you are using in your research, and to generate citations and bibliographies. Zotero is a Mozilla browser plugin. You can choose to gather your data on your hard drive (if you are working mainly from one computer), or on a flash drive or a network (if you frequently access your data at multiple workstations).
• Mendeley Mendeley is a free reference manager and academic social network that can help you organize your research, collaborate with others online, and discover the latest research. You can automatically generate bibliographies, collaborate with other researchers online, import papers from other research software, find relevant papers based on what you’re reading, and access your papers from anywhere online.

Many libraries and other institutions have compiled guides of best practices for citing government information in various styles. Although the "official" manuals of style remain the authoritative source, you might find the guides below have helpful examples:

• Purdue's OWL Purdue's OWL (Online Writing Lab) provides guides to MLA, APA, and Chicago styles, as well as advice on research, writing and citation.
• How to Cite US Government Documents in MLA, APA Citation Style This guide from Cornell University Library covers a variety of government documents for both MLA and APA styles.
• APA Style - Government Report PDF from Trinity College on citing government reports in APA format.
• Citing Government Information Sources Using MLA Style This style sheet from the University of Nevado Reno Library details how to cite government information using the Modern Language Association.
• Uncle Sam: Brief Guide to Citing Government Publications Citation examples for laws, agency reports, and other types of government publications. In Chicago/Turabian format. From the University of Memphis.
• Chicago Quick Guide to Government Documents A 9-page PDF on citing government publications according to the Chicago Manual of Style (15th). From Bowdoin College.
• Citing Records in the National Archives of the United States In response to frequent requests from researchers, the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) offers the following guidelines for citing unpublished records it holds. The guidelines cover citations to textual records, microform records, nontextual archives (i.e., photographic records, posters, motion pictures, tape recordings, cartographic records, and architectural drawings), electronic records, and online references.
• << Previous: Citations & Bibliography
• Last Updated: Nov 29, 2023 3:53 PM
• URL: https://guides.library.georgetown.edu/Congress

Turabian Citation Style Guide: Government Agency Reports and Technical Reports

• Bills or Resolutions (Federal unenacted)
• Book Chapters (in edited books)
• Books (electronic)
• Books (print)
• Congressional Hearings
• Congressional Research Service (CRS) Reports
• Court Cases – U.S. Supreme Court
• Executive Orders

Government Agency Reports and Technical Reports

• Journal Articles (in electronic databases)
• Journal Articles (print)
• Personal Communications and Interviews
• Public Laws: U.S. Statutes at Large/U.S. Code
• Secondary Sources
• Websites and Web Documents
• Turabin Citation Quick Guide
• Color Coded Citation Examples
• Citing Government Documents

N:  1. Cathleen A. Berrick, Homeland Security, 7. *Cross –referencing between author and department may be appropriate in both the bibliography and reference list. B:  Berrick, Cathleen A. See U.S. Government Accountability Office. B:  U.S. Government Accountability Office. Homeland Security: DHS’s Progress and Challenges in Key Areas of Maritime, Aviation, and Cybersecurity, by Cathleen A. Berrick. GAO-10-106. 2009 . http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d10106.pdf (accessed March 1, 2010). P:  (Berrick 2009, 7) R:  Berrick, Cathleen A. See U.S. Government Accountability Office. R:  U.S. Government Accountability Office. 2009. Homeland Security: DHS’s Progress and Challenges in Key Areas of Maritime, Aviation, and Cybersecurity, by Cathleen A. Berrick. GAO-10-106. http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d10106.pdf (accessed March 1, 2010). N:  1. Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (CJCS), Joint Vision 2020, 36. B:  Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (CJCS). Joint Vision 2020. Washington, DC: GPO, June 2000. http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/LPS5598/jv2020.pdf (accessed March 1, 2010). P:  (Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (CJCS) 2000, 36) R:  Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (CJCS). June 2000. Joint Vision 2020. Washington, DC: GPO. http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/LPS5598/jv2020.pdf (accessed March 1, 2010).

B: = Biblography

P: =  In-text citations which are enclosed in parentheses.

R: = Reference List

• << Previous: Executive Orders
• Next: Journal Articles (in electronic databases) >>
• Last Updated: Dec 20, 2021 10:54 AM
• URL: https://libguides.oakwood.edu/Turabian

DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln

Home > CRS > CRS Reports

Congress of the United States

Congressional research service reports.

Gray Wolves Under the Endangered Species Act (ESA): Distinct Population Segments and Experimental Populations , Kristina Alexander

Energy and Water Development: FY2011 Appropriations , Carl E. Behrens

Ballast Water Management to Combat Invasive Species , Eugene H. Buck

Asian Carp and the Great Lakes Region , Eugene H. Buck, Harold F. Upton, Charles V. Stern, and James E. Nicols

Animal Waste and Water Quality: EPA’s Response to the Waterkeeper Alliance Court Decision on Regulation of CAFOs , Claudia Copeland

Water Quality Issues in the 111th Congress: Oversight and Implementation , Claudia Copeland

Wetlands: An Overview of Issues , Claudia Copeland

Agricultural Biotechnology: Background and Recent Issues , Tadlock Cowan

Carbon Capture: A Technology Assessment , Peter Folger

Forestry in the Next Farm Bill , Ross W. Gorte

Agricultural Biotechnology: The U.S.-EU Dispute , Charles E. Hanrahan

Chuck Hagel- U.S. SENATOR FROM NEBRASKA , Joint Committee on Printing

FY2010 Supplemental Appropriations for Agriculture , Jim Monke

Capturing CO2 from Coal-Fired Power Plants: Challenges for a Comprehensive Strategy , Larry Parker and Peter Folger

Nanotechnology and Environmental, Health, and Safety: Issues for Consideration , John F. Sargent Jr.

Agriculture-Based Biofuels: Overview and Emerging Issues , Randy Schnepf

Agriculture in the WTO: Limits on Domestic Support , Randy Schnepf

Previewing Dairy Policy Options for the Next Farm Bill , Dennis A. Shields

Agricultural Disaster Assistance , Dennis A. Shields and Ralph M. Chite

Agricultural Conservation: A Guide to Programs , Megan Stubbs

Biomass Crop Assistance Program (BCAP): Status and Issues , Megan Stubbs

Renewable Energy Programs in the 2008 Farm Bill , Megan Stubbs

Biofuels Incentives: A Summary of Federal Programs , Brent D. Yacobucci

Whales and Sonar: Environmental Exemptions for the Navy's Mid-Frequency Active Sonar Training , Kristina Alexander

Biotechnology in Animal Agriculture: Status and Current Issues , Geoffrey S. Becker and Tadlock Cowan

The Sport Fish Restoration and Boating Trust Fund , Eugene H. Buck

Desalination: Status and Federal Issues , Nicole T. Carter

Water Infrastructure Funding in the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 , Claudia Copeland and Nicole T. Carter

Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS) , Peter Folger

Drought in the United States: Causes and Issues for Congress , Peter Folger, Betsy A. Cody, and Nicole T. Carter

Pipeline Safety and Security: Federal Programs , Paul W. Parfomak

Federal Research and Development Funding: FY2009 , John F. Sargent Jr.

The National Bio- and Agro-Defense Facility: Issues for Congress , Dana A. Shea, Jim Monke, and Frank Gottron

Advanced Research Projects Agency- Energy (ARPA-E): Background, Status, and Selected Issues for Congress , Deborah D. Stine

Science, Technology, and American Diplomacy: Background and Issues for Congress , Deborah D. Stine

The President's Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP): Issues for Congress , Deborah D. Stine

The U.S. Science and Technology Workforce , Deborah D. Stine and Christine M. Matthews

Energy and Water Development: FY2009 Appropriations , Carl E. Behrens

The Wild and Scenic Rivers Act and Federal Water Rights , Cynthia Brougher

Active Military Sonar and Marine Mammals: Events and References , Eugene H. Buck and Kori Clavert

Soil and Water Conservation: An Overview , Tadlock Cowan and Renée Johnson

Wilderness: Overview and Statistics , Ross W. Gorte

Comparison of the 2008 Farm Bill Conference Agreement with the House and Senate Farm Bills , Renée Johnson, Geoffrey S. Becker, Tom Capehart, Ralph M. Chite, Tadlock Cowan, Ross W. Gorte, Charles E. Hanrahan, Remy Jurenas, Jim Monke, Jean M. Rawson, Randy Schnepf, Joe Richardson, Donald J. Marples, and Mark Jickling

Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Education: Background, Federal Policy, and Legislative Action , Jeffrey J. Kuenzi

Wind Power in the United States: Technology, Economic, and Policy Issues , Jeffery Logan and Stan Mark Kaplan

Engineered Nanoscale Materials and Derivative Products: Regulatory Challenges , Linda-Jo Schierow

Science and Technology Policymaking: A Primer , Deborah D. Stine

Grazing Fees: An Overview and Current Issues , Carol Hardy Vincent

Alternative Fuels and Advanced Technology Vehicles: Issues in Congress , Brent D. Yacobucci

Pesticide Use and Water Quality: Are the Laws Complementary or in Conflict? , Claudia Copeland

Stem Cell Research: Federal Research Funding and Oversight , Judith A. Johnson and Erin D. Williams

Climate Change: Science and Policy Implications , Jane A. Leggett

National Science Foundation: Major Research Equipment and Facility Construction , Christine M. Matthews

Science, Engineering, and Mathematics Education: Status and Issues , Christine M. Matthews

The Advanced Technology Program , Wendy H. Schacht

The National Institute of Standards and Technology: An Overview , Wendy H. Schacht

Background and Legal Issues Related to Stem Cell Research , Jon O. Shimabukuro

Land Exchanges: Bureau of Land Management Process and Issues , Carol Hardy Vincent

Fuel Ethanol: Background and Public Policy Issues , Brent D. Yacobucci

Western Water Resource Issues , Betsy A. Cody and Pervaze A. Sheikh

Water Quality: Implementing the Clean Water Act , Claudia Copeland

Manipulating Molecules: Federal Support for Nanotechnology Research , Michael E. Davey

U.S. Military Space Programs: An Overview of Appropriations and Current Issues , Patricia Moloney Figliola

Science and Technology Policy: Issues for the 109th Congress , Frank Gottron

Human Cloning , Judith A. Johnson and Erin D. Williams

Stem Cell Research: State Initiatives , Judith A. Johnson and Erin D. Williams

MTBE in Gasoline: Clean Air and Drinking Water Issues , James E. McCarthy and Mary Tiemann

Hubble Space Telescope: Should NASA Proceed with a Servicing Mission? , Daniel Morgan

Federal R&D, Drug Discovery, and Pricing: Insights from the NIH-University-Industry Relationship , Wendy H. Schacht

The Bayh-Dole Act: Selected Issues in Patent Policy and the Commercialization of Technology , Wendy H. Schacht

Oversight of Dual-Use Biological Research: The National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity , Dana A. Shea

Space Exploration: Issues Concerning the “Vision for Space Exploration” , Marcia S. Smith

U.S. Space Programs: Civilian, Military, and Commercial , Marcia S. Smith

Impacts of Technology on U.S. Cropland and Rangeland Productivity , Office of Technology Assessment

Advanced Search

Search Help

• Notify me via email or RSS
• Administrator Resources
• How to Cite Items From This Repository
• Copyright Information
• Collections
• Disciplines

Author Corner

• Guide to Submitting
• CRS Website

Home | About | FAQ | My Account | Accessibility Statement

Privacy Copyright

Congressional Research Service Reports

About This Collection

As of 2018, the Congressional Research Service (CRS) provides public access to its reports, no longer requiring citizens to request them from their Members of Congress. This site is not affiliated with the Congressional Research Service, but aims to provide integrated, searchable access to many of the full-text CRS reports that have been available at a variety of different web sites since 1990 as well as converted print material.

The information on this site is compiled and made available as a public service by the Government Documents Department at the UNT Libraries. UNT does not make any warranty as to the accuracy, reliability, or completeness of the information and is not responsible for any errors or omissions or for results obtained from the use of the information. Distribution of the information does not constitute such a warranty. Use of the information is the sole responsibility of the user.

About the Congressional Research Service

CRS is the public policy research arm of Congress. This legislative branch agency works exclusively for Members of Congress, their committees and their staffs. For more information, visit the CRS website at http://www.loc.gov/crsinfo/ . Access CRS content hosted by the Library of Congress by visiting https://crsreports.congress.gov/ .

About This Project

The NewsBank/Readex/GODORT/ALA Catharine J. Reynolds award was given to Cathy Nelson Hartman and Valerie D. Glenn in the summer of 2002, to begin the process of capturing Congressional Research Service reports available via the Internet and provide permanent public access to them.

Reports were downloaded from a variety of web sites that host CRS reports, either currently or in the past. Many CRS reports are updated on a regular basis, and this site includes all versions of the reports that could be located. When HTML files were captured, a note was inserted at the top of the report indicating from where the files were downloaded. To prevent the need for constant maintenance of files, most external links have been removed.

Metadata has been created for each report, including subject terms from the Legislative Indexing Vocabulary, supplemented with Library of Congress Subject Headings. Users have the ability to search by keyword, title, author, subject, and report number.

As of January 2019, we have ceased updating this collection with downloaded content. Ongoing updates to the collection will be limited to converting older print reports discovered or donated to the UNT Libraries.

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank the following individuals and institutions for contributing reports to this project:

• W. Frank Steely Library, Northern Kentucky University
• Oklahoma State University Library
• University of Texas Libraries

Browse By Subject

Abortion | Aged | Agriculture | Air pollution | Animals

Budgets | Business

Children | Civil liberties | Civil rights | Commemorations | Communications | Congress | Constitution | Consumers | Criminal justice

Defense economics | Defense policy | Disabled | Drug abuse

Economic policy | Elections | Elementary and secondary education | Emergency management | Energy | Environmental protection | Executive departments

Familes | Finance | Food | Foreign aid | Foreign policy

Government information

Hazardous substances | Health policy | Higher education | History | Housing | Humanities

Immigration | Infrastructure | Intellectual property | Intelligence activities | International affairs | International finance

Job training

Labor | Law

Marine resources | Medicine | Minorities

Natural resource

Pensions | Politics and government | Presidents | Public contracts | Public lands

Religion | Rural affairs

Science policy | Social security | Social services | Solid wastes | Space activities | Sports | State and local government

Taxation | Technology | Telecommunication | Trade | Transportation

Water pollution | Water resources | Weapons systems | Welfare | Women

• Guided Search
• Advanced Search
• Proximity Search
• Searching Help
• Apply your Search Terms to:
• The Full Text of the Item
• Metadata (Catalog Record)

At a Glance

Latest additions rss feed.

Cite This Collection

Here is our suggested citation. Consult an appropriate style guide for conformance to specific guidelines.

Congressional Research Service Reports in UNT Digital Library. University of North Texas Libraries. https://digital.library.unt.edu/explore/collections/CRSR/ accessed May 14, 2024. Copy Citation

Explore Holdings

Start browsing through the holdings of this collection in one of the following ways:

Resource Types

Decades a-z count, countries (expand list) a-z count, states (expand list) a-z count, counties a-z count, titles (expand list) a-z count.

Next available on Wednesday 9 a.m.–5 p.m.

Additional Options

• smartphone Call / Text
• voice_chat Consultation Appointment
• place Visit
• email Email

Chat with a Specific library

• Business Library Offline
• College Library (Undergraduate) Offline
• Ebling Library (Health Sciences) Offline
• Gender and Women's Studies Librarian Offline
• Information School Library (Information Studies) Offline
• Law Library (Law) Offline
• Memorial Library (Humanities & Social Sciences) Offline
• MERIT Library (Education) Offline
• Steenbock Library (Agricultural & Life Sciences, Engineering) Offline
• Ask a Librarian Hours & Policy
• Library Research Tutorials

Search the for Website expand_more Articles Find articles in journals, magazines, newspapers, and more Catalog Explore books, music, movies, and more Databases Locate databases by title and description Journals Find journal titles UWDC Discover digital collections, images, sound recordings, and more Website Find information on spaces, staff, services, and more

Language website search.

Find information on spaces, staff, and services.

• ASK a Librarian
• Library by Appointment
• Locations & Hours
• Resources by Subject

book Catalog Search

Search the physical and online collections at UW-Madison, UW System libraries, and the Wisconsin Historical Society.

• Available Online
• Print/Physical Items
• Limit to UW-Madison
• Advanced Search
• Browse by...

collections_bookmark Database Search

Find databases subscribed to by UW-Madison Libraries, searchable by title and description.

• Browse by Subject/Type
• Introductory Databases
• Top 10 Databases

article Journal Search

Find journal titles available online and in print.

• Browse by Subject / Title
• Citation Search

description Article Search

Find articles in journals, magazines, newspapers, and more.

• Scholarly (peer-reviewed)
• Open Access
• Library Databases

collections UW Digital Collections Search

Discover digital objects and collections curated by the UW Digital Collections Center .

• Browse Collections
• Browse UWDC Items
• University of Wisconsin–Madison
• Email/Calendar
• Google Apps
• Loans & Requests
• Poster Printing
• Account Details
• Archives and Special Collections Requests
• Library Room Reservations

Search the UW-Madison Libraries

Citation data.

warning Note: These citations are software generated and may contain errors. To verify accuracy, check the appropriate style guide. Close close

Export to Citation Manager (RIS)

Back to item

Keyboard Shortcuts

Available anywhere, available in search results.

FAS | Secrecy | CRS Reports ||| Join FAS

Congressional research service reports on secrecy and information policy.

• The Federal Advisory Committee Act (FACA): Overview and Considerations for Congress , March 26, 2024
• The Accessibility of Federal Information and Data: A Brief Overview of Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act , CRS In Focus, updated March 20, 2024
• Archival Records of Congress: Frequently Asked Questions , updated March 11, 2024
• Military Service Records, Awards, and Unit Histories: A Guide to Locating Sources , updated January 2, 2024
• The Freedom of Information Act: An Introduction , CRS In Focus, updated December 22, 2023
• Access to Government Information: An Overview , updated December 18, 2023
• The Presidential Records Act: An Overview , updated December 18, 2023
• The Privacy Act of 1974: Overview and Issues for Congress , December 7, 2023
• Congressional Displacement of the State Secrets Privilege and Article II , CRS Legal Sidebar, December 5, 2023
• Federal Advisory Committee Act (FACA): Committee Establishment and Termination , CRS In Focus, updated October 19, 2023
• Federal Advisory Committee Act (FACA): Meeting Requirements , CRS In Focus, updated October 19, 2023
• Federal Advisory Committee Act (FACA): Membership , CRS In Focus, October 18, 2023
• Security Clearance Process: Answers to Frequently Asked Questions , updated October 5, 2023
• Taylor v. McDonough : Veterans Disability Benefits and Secret Military Programs , CRS Legal Sidebar, August 31, 2023
• Procedures for Declassifying Intelligence of Public Interest , CRS In Focus, updated August 10, 2023
• Managing Electronic Messages from High-Level Officials Through Capstone , CRS In Focus, June 15, 2023
• Criminal Prohibitions on Leaks and Other Disclosures of Classified Defense Information , updated May 11, 2023
• First Amendment Limitations on Disclosure Requirements , CRS In Focus, April 26, 2023
• Rules and Statutes Relevant to Safeguarding Classified Materials , CRS In Focus, February 3, 2023
• The Protection of Classified Information: The Legal Framework , updated February 2, 2023
• An Introduction to Trade Secrets Law in the United States , CRS In Focus, January 27, 2023
• Free Speech: When and Why Content-Based Laws Are Presumptively Unconstitutional , CRS In Focus, January 10, 2023
• Congress and the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) , CRS In Focus, January 9, 2023
• The OPEN Government Data Act: A Primer , CRS In Focus, updated December 29, 2022
• FBI v. Fazaga: Supreme Court Unanimously Holds That FISA Does Not Displace the State Secrets Privilege , CRS Legal Sidebar, September 1, 2022
• Presidential Records Management: Preservation and Disposal , CRS In Focus, updated August 9, 2022
• Modernizing Access to Military Service Records: Frequently Asked Questions , August 8, 2022
• Beyond January 6th: White House Confidentiality and Congressional Investigations , CRS Legal Sidebar, August 5, 2002
• False Speech and the First Amendment: Constitutional Limits on Regulating Misinformation , CRS In Focus, August 1, 2022
• Information Access for Congressional Advisory Commissions , July 7, 2022
• Freedom of Information Act Fees for Government Information , CRS In Focus, updated June 29, 2022
• Abu Zubaydah and the State Secrets Doctrine , CRS Legal Sidebar, June 16, 2022
• Free Speech Challenges to Florida and Texas Social Media Laws , CRS Legal Sidebar, updated June 1, 2022
• Online Content Moderation and Government Coercion , CRS Legal Sidebar, May 13, 2022
• Executive Privilege and Presidential Communications: Judicial Principles , May 12, 2022
• Is Unauthorized Dissemination of a Draft Supreme Court Opinion a Federal Crime? , CRS Legal Sidebar, May 10, 2022
• The State Secrets Privilege: National Security Information in Civil Litigation , April 28, 2022
• Legislative and Judicial Developments Affecting Public Access to Court Electronic Records (PACER) , CRS Legal Sidebar, February 1, 2022
• FBI v. Fazaga: Supreme Court Examines Interplay of State Secrets Privilege and the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act , CRS Legal Sidebar, January 12, 2022
• Freedom of Information Act Requests in FY2020: By the Numbers , CRS In Focus, October 26, 2021
• COVID-19 Impact on Access to Military Service Records , CRS In Focus, October 20, 2021
• Executive Privilege and the January 6 Investigations: The Presidential Records Act and Relevant Judicial Considerations , CRS Legal Sidebar, September 20, 2021
• Executive Privilege and Former Presidents: Constitutional Principles and Current Application , CRS Legal Sidebar, September 20, 2021
• Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) Processing Changes Due to COVID-19: In Brief , March 27, 2020
• Grand Jury Secrecy and Impeachment: Implications of D.C. Circuit Ruling on the Special Counsel's Report , CRS Legal Sidebar, March 20, 2020
• The Freedom of Information Act (FOIA): A Legal Overview , February 24, 2020
• Executive Privilege and Individuals outside the Executive Branch , CRS Insight, October 9, 2019
• Congressional Access to the President's Federal Tax Returns , CRS Legal Sidebar, updated July 2, 2019
• Executive Order to Reduce the Number of Federal Advisory Committees , CRS Insight, June 27, 2019
• When Does the Government Have to Disclose Private Business Information in its Possession? , CRS Legal Sidebar, updated June 25, 2019
• Frequently Asked Questions about the Julian Assange Charges , CRS Legal Sidebar, updated June 7, 2019
• Electronic Messaging Recordkeeping Requirements , CRS In Focus, May 21, 2019
• Do Courts Have Inherent Authority to Release Secret Grand Jury Materials? , CRS Legal Sidebar, updated April 9, 2019
• Federal Records: Types and Treatments , CRS In Focus, February 26, 2019
• Federal Grand Jury Secrecy: Legal Principles and Implications for Congressional Oversight , January 10, 2019
• Executive Branch Ethics and Financial Conflicts of Interest: Disclosure , CRS Legal Sidebar, January 2, 2019
• Records, Papers, Decisions: Kavanaugh Records and the Presidential Records Act , CRS Insight, August 27, 2018
• Does Executive Privilege Apply to the Communications of a President-elect? , CRS Legal Sidebar, March 8, 2018
• Resolutions of Inquiry: An Analysis of Their Use in the House, 1947-2017 , November 9, 2017
• President John F. Kennedy Assassination Records Collection: Toward Final Disclosure of Withheld Records in October 2017 , CRS Insight, May 26, 2017
• Presidential Authority to Permit Access to National Security Information , CRS Legal Sidebar, May 17, 2017
• Lobbying Registration and Disclosure: The Role of the Clerk of the House and the Secretary of the Senate , April 19, 2017
• The Law and Leaks to the Press , CRS Legal Sidebar, February 22, 2017
• Federal Advisory Committees: An Introduction and Overview , October 27, 2016
• Stealing Trade Secrets and Economic Espionage: An Overview of the Economic Espionage Act , August 19, 2016
• The Freedom of Information Act Turns Fifty & Is Revised , CRS Legal Sidebar, July 1, 2016
• Protection of Trade Secrets: Overview of Current Law and Legislation , April 22, 2016
• Freedom of Information Act Legislation in the 114th Congress: Issue Summary and Side-by-Side Analysis , April 21, 2016
• Access to Government Information In the United States: A Primer , March 18, 2016
• The Federal Advisory Committee Act: Analysis of Operations and Costs , October 27, 2015
• The Freedom of Information Act (FOIA): Background, Legislation, and Policy Issues , updated August 14, 2015
• The Presidential Libraries Act and the Establishment of Presidential Libraries , February 6, 2015
• Common Questions About Federal Records and Related Agency Requirements , February 2, 2015
• The Presidential Records Act: Background and Recent Issues for Congress , December 31, 2014
• Secret Sessions of the House and Senate: Authority, Confidentiality, and Frequency , December 30, 2014
• Presidential Claims of Executive Privilege: History, Law, Practice, and Recent Developments , December 15, 2014
• Stealing Trade Secrets and Economic Espionage: An Abridged Overview of 18 U.S.C. 1831 and 1832 , July 25, 2014
• Disclosure of FISA Opinions--Select Legal Issues , February 24, 2014
• The Role of Trade Secrets in Innovation Policy , January 15, 2014
• Publishing Scientific Papers with Potential Security Risks: Issues for Congress , March 18, 2013
• Public Access to Data from Federally Funded Research: Provisions in OMB Circular A-110 , March 1, 2013
• Government Transparency and Secrecy: An Examination of Meaning and Its Use in the Executive Branch , November 14, 2012
• U.S. Public Diplomacy: Legislative Proposals to Amend Prohibitions on Disseminating Materials to Domestic Audiences , September 21, 2012
• Protecting Classified Information and the Rights of Criminal Defendants: The Classified Information Procedures Act , April 2, 2012
• Congressional Lawmaking: A Perspective On Secrecy and Transparency , November 30, 2011
• Protection of Classified Information by Congress: Practices and Proposals , August 31, 2011
• The State Secrets Privilege: Preventing the Disclosure of Sensitive National Security Information During Civil Litigation , August 16, 2011
• The Obama Administration's Open Government Initiative: Issues for Congress , January 28, 2011
• Journalists' Privilege: Overview of the Law and Legislation in the 110th and 111th Congresses , January 19, 2011
• Classified Information Policy and Executive Order 13526 , December 10, 2010
• The Freedom of Information Act and Nondisclosure Provisions in Other Federal Laws , September 24, 2010
• Freedom of Information Act (FOIA): Issues for the 111th Congress , March 11, 2010
• Federal Information Security and Data Breach Notification Laws , January 28, 2010
• Security Classification Policy and Procedure: E.O. 12958, as Amended , December 31, 2009
• The Unified Agenda: Implications for Rulemaking Transparency and Participation , July 20, 2009
• The Export Administration Act: Evolution, Provisions, and Debate , updated July 15, 2009
• House Resolutions of Inquiry , June 17, 2009
• The State Secrets Privilege and Other Limits on Litigation Involving Classified Information , May 28, 2009
• Classified Information Procedures Act (CIPA): An Overview , March 2, 1989
• Presidential Libraries: The Federal System and Related Legislation , updated November 26, 2008
• Reporting Requirements in the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 , updated November 13, 2008
• The Federal Funding Accountability and Transparency Act: Implementation and Proposed Amendments , October 22, 2008
• Freedom of Information Act Amendments: 110th Congress , updated July 21, 2008
• Reauthorization of the E-Government Act: A Brief Overview , May 14, 2008
• Federal Enterprise Architecture and E-Government: Issues for Information Technology Management , updated April 10, 2008
• Secret Sessions of Congress: A Brief Historical Overview , March 27, 2008
• Secret Sessions of the House and Senate , March 27, 2008
• Security Classified and Controlled Information: History, Status, and Emerging Management Issues , updated February 11, 2008
• Congress and the Internet: Highlights , August 29, 2007
• Does Price Transparency Improve Market Efficiency? Implications of Empirical Evidence in Other Markets for the Health Sector , July 24, 2007
• State E-Government Strategies: Identifying Best Practices and Applications , July 23, 2007
• Journalists' Privilege to Withhold Information in Judicial and Other Proceedings: State Shield Statutes , updated June 27, 2007
• Restructuring EPA's Libraries: Background and Issues for Congress , updated June 15, 2007
• Paperwork Reduction Act Reauthorization and Government Information Management Issues , updated January 4, 2007
• "Sensitive But Unclassified" Information and Other Controls: Policy and Options for Scientific and Technical Information , updated December 29, 2006
• Protection of National Security Information , updated December 26, 2006
• Open Access Publishing and Citation Archives: Background and Controversy , updated December 12, 2006
• Televising Supreme Court and Other Federal Court Proceedings: Legislation and Issues , updated November 8, 2006
• The Federal Funding Accountability and Transparency Act: Background, Overview, and Implementation Issues , October 6, 2006
• Journalists' Privilege: Overview of the Law and 109th Congress Legislation , updated October 3, 2006
• Protection of Security-Related Information , September 27, 2006
• Disclosure of Security Classified Information , memorandum for Rep. Waxman, March 10, 2006
• Balancing Scientific Publication and National Security Concerns: Issues for Congress , updated February 2, 2006
• Tracking Current Federal Legislation and Regulations: A Guide to Basic Sources , updated January 13, 2005
• Interstate Travel: Constitutional Challenges to the Identification Requirement and Other Transportation Security Regulations , updated December 21, 2004
• Secrecy Versus Openness: New Proposed Arrangements for Balancing Competing Needs , updated October 12, 2004
• The Information Quality Act: OMB's Guidance and Initial Implementation , August 19, 2004
• Sensitive Security Information and Transportation Security: Issues and Congressional Options , June 9, 2004
• Legal Consequences of Efforts to Induce White House Staff to Waive "Newsman's Source" Protection in Connection with an Investigation of the Disclosure of an Individual's CIA Affiliation , CRS memo to the House Government Reform Committee, April 30, 2004, transmitted to the White House August 30, 2004
• On Whether an Agency May Prohibit a Federal Officer from Providing Accurate Cost Information to the U.S. Congress , memorandum for Rep. Charles Rangel, April 26, 2004
• "Sensitive But Unclassified" and Other Federal Security Controls on Scientific and Technical Information: History and Current Controversy , udpated February 20, 2004
• Sensitive Security Information , February 5, 2004
• High Performance Computers and Export Control Policy: Issues for Congress , updated February 10, 2003
• The Export Administration Act: Evolution, Provisions, and Debate , April 1, 2003
• A Primer on E-Government: Sectors, Stages, Opportunities, and Challenges of Online Governance , updated January 28, 2003
• Congressional Access to Executive Branch Information: Legislative Tools , May 17, 2001
• Government Secrecy and News Management by the Government, 1961-71: a Selected Bibliography , August 5, 1971

Continuity of Government

• National Continuity Policy: A Brief Overview , June 8, 2007
• Congressional Continuity of Operations (COOP): An Overview of Concepts and Challenges , updated September 9, 2005
• Emergency Preparedness and Continuity of Operations (COOP) Planning in the Federal Judiciary , updated September 8, 2005
• Legislative Initiatives to Temporarily Relocate Federal Courts Interrupted by Natural or Man-Made Disasters, 109th Congress , September 8, 2005
• Continuity of Government: Current Federal Arrangements and the Future , updated August 5, 2005
• Continuity of Operations (COOP) in the Executive Branch: Issues in the 109th Congress , January 31, 2005
• Martial Law and National Emergency , updated January 7, 2005
• Continuity of Operations (COOP) in the Executive Branch: Background and Issues for Congress , updated November 8, 2004

• Week In Trade
• Insider Interviews
• Special Reports
• The U.S.-EU Trade and Technology Council
• Commerce Department
• The White House
• Treasury Department
• State Department
• Africa and The Middle East
• Australia and New Zealand
• Latin America and The Caribbean
• China Trade & Tech
• General News
• Dispute Settlement
• Negotiations
• Plurilaterals
• Inside U.S. Trade
• About World Trade Online
• Terms And Conditions
• Privacy Policy
• E-mail alerts and mobile devices

May 2024 Congressional Research Service reports on Section 301, tariffs applied to goods from China

Not a subscriber you can request 30 days free access to exclusive, behind-the-scenes reporting on trade policy in the biden era., log in to access this content..

• This Week In Trade
• Terms and Conditions
• About Inside Washington Publishers
• Africa and the Middle East
• Latin America and Caribbean

Inside U.S. Trade is a subscription-fee-based daily online news service from Inside Washington Publishers.

Economical site license packages are available to fit any size organization, from a few people at one location to company-wide access. For more information on how you can get greater access for your office, contact Online Customer Service at 703-416-8505 or [email protected] .

703-416-8505 or [email protected]

[email protected]

© 1996-2024. Inside Washington Publishers