how to add dissertation to zotero

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Zotero: A Beginner's Guide

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Four ways to add References to Zotero

Zotero browser connector, add pdfs to your references, standard number (isbn, doi, pmid), add references manually.

• Add Books & Chapters
• Manage your Library
• Create Bibliographies
• Use with Word & Google Docs
• Annotated Bibliographies
• Groups (sharing citations)
• Import Citations
• Export References
• Zotero v. Mendeley v. EndNote This link opens in a new window

There are a four ways to add references to your Zotero Library. Below this box are details explanations for each method.

• Zotero Browser Connector (works best with library database),
• Drag a PDF article into your Zotero library .
• Enter a standard number (ISBN, DOI) via Zotero application ,
• Manually enter a citation in the Zotero application.

The Connector is one of the best features of Zotero because it is the communicator between the Zotero program (must be opened) and your browser. When you are visiting any web page, the connector detects the type of item (article, book, web page) you are viewing. The connector will change from the Z to a different icon to match the type of item you are viewing.

So to add content via the Zotero Connector

• Open Zotero program
• Find an items
• Select the icon (paper, book, webpage or folder**)
• A little window will briefly appear in the lower right of your screen as the information is collected.
• In the Zotero program, a new reference is created with the bibliographic information.
• If a PDF was on the page, it was also collected in the Zotero program
• NOTE : The connector works best for adding articles and books from library databases

**If the icon is a folder, you can select one or multiple items from page and a new reference is created in the Zotero program for each.

How to add a PDF (e.g. article) from your computer to a reference in Zotero

• Open Zotero
• Find the PDF (or any file) on your computer
• Drag PDF to item in Zotero
• Zotero will look for the metadata (e.g. citation) automatically
• It should now appear under the title of reference
• Right-click on reference
• Select Add Attachment
• Find PDF (or any file)

You can quickly add items to your library if you already know items' standard number, which are unique to each item.

• ISBN - book identifier (10 or 13 digits)
• Digital Object Identifier (DOI) - many scholarly articles have this number, and they all start with "10."
• PubMed ID - health/medical-related articles in the PubMed database 

In the Zotero program

• Enter the standard number (or paste in)
• Press the Enter key on keyboard
• If the item is found a new reference is created in Zotero with the bibliographic information

Manually add an item to your Zotero library:

• Open the Zotero program
• Select the desired item type from the drop-down menu (e.g. book, book chapter, article, etc)
• An empty space (place holder) for the item type will now appear
• Enter the bibliographic information in the right panel
• The empty space will change with the new information.

NOTE : Use for adding items (e.g., websites, reports) from the open web

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• Last Updated: Mar 29, 2024 11:36 AM
• URL: https://libguides.unm.edu/Zotero

Advanced Research & Doctoral Dissertation

• Introduction
• Selecting a Topic
• Notion for Researchers
• Refworks Quickstart Guide
• Zotero Quickstart Guide
• Start with Keywords
• Transition to Citations
• Searching by Methodology
• Reading Articles
• Constructing the Lit Review
• Referencing Other Dissertations
• Publishing Your Dissertation
• Introduction to Zotero
• Installing Zotero & Connectors
• Saving References to Zotero
• Zotero & Google Docs

Zotero is an open source application that collects, manages, and cites research sources. It's easy to use, connects with your web browser to download sources, and best of all it's free.

To use Zotero, you'll need to install the Zotero application and connector components.  This enables your browser to save citations to Zotero.  Once you've watched the tutorial below, go ahead and install both pieces on your personal computer. 

Once you have Zotero and the connector installed, you can start importing references to your account. Watch the tutorial below to learn how to save several different types of sources. 

One of Zotero's best features is its ability to write citations and create bibliographies. The Zotero menu will automatically appear in your Google Docs editor after you install Zotero. Watch the tutorial below, to learn how easy it is to use Zotero while you write your thesis. As with any citation software, you will still need to proofread the formatted citations for accuracy and style. 

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• Last Updated: Apr 19, 2023 1:41 PM
• URL: https://libraryguides.lynchburg.edu/ResearchJourney

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• How to Insert Citations and Bibliographies with Zotero
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• Example Workflow with Zotero
• Getting Help

How to use Zotero References in your Paper

Using Zotero with Microsoft Word

The options may look slightly different from the example images depending on your operating system or version of Word.

Make sure Zotero is running, and open your Word document.

Click on Zotero on the main menu bar.

Navigate to the location of your citation in the text  -  the citation will be placed exactly where your cursor is, so be careful!

Click on the "Add/Edit Citation" button - see the pictures on this page for examples on Mac or Windows. Your first citation will launch the options  box for the document, which can be accessed later as well with the "document preferences" button.

Start typing the information for your citation in the red box  -  Zotero  will search for your item in your library while  you type. You can type the author, title, or any other information that is saved in your  Zotero  library. Choose the item you are  citing.

​ Add any other information to your citation  -  by clicking on the citation in the red Zotero box you can add dates, page numbers, or notes to your citation. You can also add multiple citations at once by searching for another item in your Zotero library. Once you have finished, hit enter to add the citation.

Add your bibliography  -  Add a page break to the document and click on the Zotero "Add/Edit Bibliography" option. Zotero will automatically add any citation you have inserted or insert from now on to your bibliography, including keeping it in alphabetical order. You can add your bibliography at any time during your writing process.

Using Zotero with Google Docs

Using Zotero with Google Docs is very similar to using it with Microsoft Word. The necessary Google Docs plugin will be automatically installed when you install the Zotero browser connector. Like Word, a tab will appear for Zotero. The options may look slightly different from these examples depending on your web browser.

Navigate to the location of your citation  -  the citation will be placed exactly where your cursor is, so be careful!

Click on the "Add/Edit Citation" button - see the pictures on this page for examples on Chrome. You can insert a citation via the Zotero dropdown menu or by clicking the small Zotero "Z" found in between your font options and hyperlink insertion option. Your first citation will prompt Zotero to "update your document", which may take a moment. After this is done Zotero will launch the options  box for the document, which can be accessed later as well by choosing "Document preferences" in that same dropdown menu.

Add any other information to your citation  -  by clicking on the citation in the red Zotero box you can add dates, page numbers, or notes to your citation. You can also add multiple citations at once by searching for another item in your Zotero library. Once you have finished, hit enter to add the citation.

Open your Zotero Library -  go to the options menu and choose the citation style you are using for your paper.

Select a reference - hold down the shift key and drag it into your document at the location you would like to insert a citation. Do this for each item you would like to cite.

Return to your Zotero Library - then highlight all references that you want to include in a bibliography.

Choose the option "Copy to Clipboard" - your bibliography will be ready to copy to your document.

Paste your bibliography -  be sure to review and edit the bibliography for any spacing, readability, and formatting issues. Zotero is great, but not perfect!

Zotero: Citations and Bibliographies

This video was made for an earlier version of Zotero and some things have changed. Please review the following corrections:

• 3:25-4:08 - This section is now completely inaccurate, as Zotero is now integrated with Google Docs to the same degree as it is with Word. The Docs plugin is automatically installed as part of the Zotero browser connector.
• 4:15 - The library no longer operates the Research Assistance Desk (RAD), but contacting librarians via chat, email, or Zoom appointment is still possible and a great idea!

Recommended Reading

• Zotero: Creating Bibliographies A more detailed explanation of how to create bibliographies with Zotero.
• Zotero: Word Processor Plug-In Usage Tips, tricks, and instructions for using Zotero with Word.
• << Previous: How to Get Sources into Zotero
• Next: How to Sync and Share with Zotero >>
• Last Updated: Feb 7, 2024 10:55 AM
• URL: https://subjectguides.library.american.edu/zotero

Formatting your Thesis and Dissertation:Tools,Tips and Troubleshooting

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• Thesis and Dissertation Templates
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• Do I need to embargo my thesis or dissertation?
• I'm ready to submit my electronic copy - now what do I do?
• What is the process for obtaining print copies of my thesis or dissertation?

What Is Zotero?

Zotero is a citation manager or reference manager tool to store, manage, and cite bibliographic references such as books, articles, webpages, videos, and more.

Use Zotero to collect and organize information and sources; download and save full-text PDFs; and generate bibliographies, full citations, and even in-text citations while you write!

This very brief video explains what Zotero is and shows you how it works:

• Zotero Quick Start Guide Basics on installing Zotero; organizing, collecting and citing your resources, and collaborating with others.

• << Previous: Using Citation Managers to organize your research
• Next: Troubleshoot Word formatting issues >>
• Last Updated: Apr 29, 2024 1:32 PM
• URL: https://libguides.lib.fit.edu/formattingyourthesisanddissertationtoolstipstroubleshooting

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• Add Existing Citations
• Attaching files to citations
• Organizing Your Citation Data
• Creating Citations
• Troubleshooting & Help

Add Citation Information Manually

You can always manually add citations to Zotero, if you are not able to add information in any other format. When you use the New Item tool, Zotero will create a new blank citation that you can fill with information for your citation. You must choose an item type, to create a new citation, but the item type can always be changed in the citation information panel on the right.

Click the image to the right for a larger version in a new window.

Step-by-Step Instructions

• Click the Add Item icon (green circle with a white plus icon).
• Choose the item type you'd like to add (ex: Book Section or Journal Article).
• In the right sidebar, click into the boxes for each type of information you want to add (ex: Author, Publication) and type or paste the citation information.
• To change the itme type, click Item Type in the right sidebar to update the citation type.

Questions? Contact your subject librarian.

Add a Citation Manually

Add a citation to zotero manually.

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• Harvard Library
• Research Guides
• Create Citations & Bibliographies
• Add Sources to Zotero

Choose a Word Processor

Create a citation, select a citation style, edit citations, create bibliographies.

• Organize Your Zotero Library
• Annotate & Take Notes
• Share & Collaborate
• Store & Back up Your Files
• Zotero on iPad and iPhone
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Using Zotero with a word processor allows you to make use of Zotero's ability to automatically track and format citations/footnotes/endnotes within your written document according to a chosen citation style. Zotero works with  Microsoft Word, LibreOffice , and Google Docs .

You can follow Zotero documentation to switch from one word processor to another within the same document.

• In your Word/LibreOffice/Google Docs document, place the cursor where you'd like to add a citation.
• Select the Zotero tab. The first time you use Zotero with Google Docs, you will be prompted to give permission to link your Google Docs account with your Zotero library to allow them to communicate with each other. 

• The first time you do this in a document, you will be asked to choose a citation style. Select a style from the list and click OK.
• A small window or bar should appear. Search for or select the item you'd like to cite, enter page numbers if relevant, and click OK. 
• The citation/footnote/endnote should appear in your document, correctly formatted.
• For suggestions of how to cite difficult or unusual documents, see HKS's Ask a Librarian Zotero answers . 
• If you want to cite multiple sources together, click on the Multiple Sources button to select multiple items together. 
• To add text to the beginning or end of your citation, use the Prefix and Suffix boxes. 

Video on Using Zotero with Microsoft Word

The first time you insert a citation in a document you will be required to choose a citation style.

You can change the citation style at anytime via the Document Preferences button in the Zotero menu in Word. 

If you do not see the style you want listed, you can add more citation styles to your library .

To make changes to your citation, place your cursor within the citation (1) and then click the Zotero Edit Citation button (2).

In the pop-up window, make the desired changes (e.g., adding page numbers) and click OK. 

Your citation will automatically refresh and display the edits you made. 

Correct Errors

All metadata errors in a citation should be corrected in Zotero, not in Word/LibreOffice/Google Docs.

Only use the Zotero Edit Citation function in the Zotero toolbar if you are making changes like those depicted above.

After you have gone into Zotero and updated the citation, use the Zotero Refesh button in Word to update your document.

This section will cover several different ways to create bibliographies with Zotero:

• Bibliography from Citations : You can create a bibliography from all the works you have cited in your paper, using Word/LibreOffice/Google Docs. This may be particularly useful for citation styles that use a shortened note or author/date form. 
• Annotated Bibliography : You can create annotations of works and automatically append the annotations to your bibliography entries.
• Standalone Bibliography : You can create a bibliography directly from works in your Zotero library without using Word/LibreOffice/Google Docs.

Create Bibliography from Citations 

After adding citations to your Word/LibreOffice/Google Docs document, click Add/Edit Bibliography.

Zotero will insert a fully-formatted and alphabetized bibliography of all references cited in your document, using the citation style you had previously chosen: 

Note that this bibliography will only contain articles, books, etc. that you have cited in your document. If you would like to add items to your bibliography that you have not cited in the document , place the cursor into the bibliography and click Add/Edit Bibliography again.

You will now see a pop-up window similar to the one you see when adding citations. The area on the right (1) contains all items already included in your bibliography; the area in the middle (2) shows all items in the Zotero collection selected in the area on the left (3). From the middle area, select the item(s) you would like to add to your bibliography, then click on the green right arrow between the middle and right areas. 

Click OK. The additional item(s) should now show in your bibliography: 

Annotated Bibliographies

• APA: Download the style "American Psychological Association 6th edition (annotated bibliography with abstract)."
• Chicago: Download the style " Chicago Manual of Style 17th edition (note, annotated bibliography)."
• Open your Zotero Library and select the item that you want to annotate.
• In the "Info" tab on the right-hand pane, w rite the annotation in the "Extra" field.
• Repeat this step for each item that you want to include in the annotated bibliography.
• Open your word processing document and follow the standard process for inserting a citation into your document.
• When prompted to choose your citation style, select the Annotated Chicago or APA style that you just downloaded.

Standalone Bibliographies 

You can quickly create standalone bibliographies with Zotero in three different ways.

• Creating a bibliography from a Zotero Collection .
• Creating a bibliography from select items in your Zotero library .
• Creating a bibliography of select items with drag-and-drop (known as Quick Copy in Zotero parlance) .

Note that bibliographies created with any of these three methods are static. In other words, changes you make to a citation in Zotero will not be reflected in these bibliographies; they will be simple Word/LibreOffice/Google Doc documents. 

Creating a bibliography from a Zotero Collection 

Creating a bibliography from select items in your Zotero library 

• In Zotero, select the items you would like to include in your bibliography (holding down the CTRL [Windows] or Command [Mac] keys while clicking on items with your mouse). (If you would like to select items from different collections, select them from the My Library view.) 
• Right-click (control-click on a Mac) on any of the selected items; then select Create Bibliography from Items . 

Proceed as described under Creating a Bibliography from a Zotero Collection . 

Creating a bibliography of select items with drag-and-drop

• In Zotero, select the items you would like to include in your bibliography (holding down the CTRL [Windows] or Command [Mac] keys while clicking on items with your mouse). If you would like to select items from different collections, select them from the My Library view.
• Drag and drop the selected items into a Word document. The items will be formatted into a bibliography according to the citation style you have selected under the Export section of Zotero Preferences. 
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• Next: Organize Your Zotero Library >>

Except where otherwise noted, this work is subject to a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License , which allows anyone to share and adapt our material as long as proper attribution is given. For details and exceptions, see the Harvard Library Copyright Policy ©2021 Presidents and Fellows of Harvard College.

A Step-By-Step Guide to Using Zotero: Adding References to Zotero

• Zotero for Firefox
• Zotero Standalone
• Adding References to Zotero
• Creating Bibliographies in Word
• Cite While You Write
• Synchronizing Your Zotero Library

Adding References to Your Zotero Library

There are various ways to add references to Zotero.

Manually : : You manually enter bibligraphic information.

By Identifier :

• Type in the ISBN (International Standard Book Number) for books (books published after about 1970 have ISBNs. ISBNs, which uniquely identify a particular edition of a book,can be found in library catalogs, and on the title page of a book
• Type in the DOI (Digital Object Identifier) for digital documents.DOIs provide stable, persistent links to documents. They can be found on a digital version of an article and often in online databases
• Type in the PMID (PubMed Identifiers) , which are unique identifiers assigned by PubMed to the articles and abstracts in the PubMed database

By Icon : If you have installed either Zotero for Firefox or Zotero Standalone along with a browser extension, an icon (a different icon for each type of source) appears in the browser toolbar. All you have to do is click on it and all information is imported.into your Zotero library.

Add Bibliographic Data Manually

To insert an item manually, open either the standalone or Firefox version of Zotero. Click on the New Icon button (circled below), which opens up a dropdown menu listing source types (book, book section, journal article, newspaper article, etc. A window pane opens on the right with slots for you to enter all relevant bibliographic information: the example shown here is for a book.

Add Bibliographic Data by Identifier

Click on the icon circled below. A box will open in which you type in the ISBN, DOI or PMID for the item you want to insert. The item will be added to your Zotero library.

Add Bibliographic Data by Icon

Remember that in order to add items by icon you must have installed either Zotero for Firefox or Zotero Standalone along with a browser extension (Chrome, Safari).

When you find a journal article, a website, a newspaper article, a reference to a book (either on Amazon.com or a library catalog,), an icon (a different one for each format) appears in the righ-hand corner of your browser's address lbar.

The screen below shows a record for a book in Hofstra's Library Catalog. To enter the bibliographic data for this book into Zotero, simply click the icon that is circled in this screen shot. The data will automatically be imported into your Zotero library.

JOURNAL ARTICLE

The screen blow shows a record from a database for a journal article. Notice the icon is not the same as for a book entry. Again, just click on it to get all the bibliographic information into Zotero.

The screen below shows yet a different icon for a website: a free website that anyone can access. Researchers often find it difficult to know how to cite a website. Zotero can help, but you may need to edit it according to the requirements of your professor. The screen below is an article on teen birthrates on the free site, WebMd.com. Again, notice the distinct icon.

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• Last Updated: Oct 13, 2020 2:11 PM
• URL: https://libguides.hofstra.edu/zotero

This site is compliant with the W3C-WAI Web Content Accessibility Guidelines HOFSTRA UNIVERSITY Hempstead, NY 11549-1000 (516) 463-6600 © 2000-2009 Hofstra University

Introduction to Academic Writing for Graduate Students: Zotero

• Interpreting Citations
• Finding Articles
• Recommended Databases
• Library FAQ

On this Page

Downloading and installing zotero, using zotero, organizing citations, sorting and searching citations, citing while you write with zotero, creating bibliographies.

If you need help, contact Melissa or visit LibAnswers to browse frequently asked questions, chat live with a librarian (if available), or send a message to our library staff. We will endeavor to get back to you as quickly as possible.

Library Staff

Zotero is made up of three parts: Zotero Standalone, Zotero Connector, and Zotero Online. Each are freely available. You even get free unlimited storage courtesy of the Caltech Library if you sign up for Zotero Online using your @caltech email address! Please visit our Citation Management guide for details.

Zotero is like other citation management software. You can use it to collect and organize citations, take notes , create bibliographies , and to insert citations into a document while writing . However, Zotero is a tool that is only as good as the metadata you put into it; if you have incomplete or inaccurate metadata, you will have incomplete or inaccurate citations!

There are several ways to collect citations with Zotero. Some of the most common ways to capture citations include:

• Using Zotero Connector to capture articles, books, and web pages
• Using an identifier (an ISBN or DOI)
• Dragging/dropping PDFs into Zotero importing citation information automatically
• Importing citation files (.bib, .ris, .txt) from databases and article webpages  

Collecting Multiple Citations from Google Scholar, Web of Science, PubMed, or similar indexes and databases

• Open Zotero Standalone
• Enhance your Google Scholar experience by updating your settings to include Library Links. Click on the tribar icon and then on Settings, select Library Links, and add Caltech.
• Refine or narrow your search
• Click on the folder icon in your browser toolbar
• Select the citations you want to add to Zotero
• Click OK and Zotero Connector will add the articles to Zotero Standalone  

Collecting Single Citations from Google Scholar

• Click on and open your desired article
• Click on the article or PDF icon in your browser toolbar and Zotero Connector will add the article to Zotero Standalone  

Collecting Single Citations from Web of Science or PubMed

• Perform a search in Web of Science or PubMed
• If you just want a citation and don’t want full text articles (PDFs), simply click on the article icon from within Web of Science or PubMed and Zotero Connector will add it to Zotero Standalone
• If you want full text articles (PDFs), first navigate away from Web of Science or PubMed to the publisher’s website, and then click on the article icon in your browser toolbar and Zotero Connector will add the article and PDF (if available) to Zotero Standalone

Collections allow you to group items together as you see fit. When you have Zotero Standalone open, collections appear on the left hand side under 'My Library' in the form of folder icons. Any item can be assigned to more than one collection. Just drag and drop an item onto the collection(s) you want that item to be associated with.

Tags (also called “keywords” in other programs) allow you to describe an item in more detail. You can add multiple tags to an item. Tags are also searchable. When you have Zotero Standalone open and a citation selected, the 'Tag' tab appears on the right hand side between 'Notes' and 'Related.'

Please visit our guide on organizing your Zotero library  for detailed information.

You can search Zotero Standalone in two ways. The first, Quick Search, is found in the top-right corner of the middle pane. The second, Advanced Search, is found by clicking on the magnifying glass icon in the top-left corner of the middle pane.

Please visit the following links for detailed information:

• Quick Search
• Advanced Search

Zotero offers plugins for word processing programs including Word and LibreOffice. The plugin adds a Zotero toolbar to your word processor that allows you to add citations to your document while you write.

If you do not see the Zotero toolbar when you open your word processor, in Zotero Standalone go to Edit > Preferences > Cite > Word Processors and install or reinstall the program.

The toolbar will allow you to search for citations in your Zotero library and change citation styles. If you need additional citation styles, you can add them from Zotero Standalone or from within your word processor. From within Zotero Standalone, go to Edit > Preferences > Cite > Styles > Get additional styles. From within Microsoft Word, go to Zotero > Document Preferences > Manage Styles.

See our guide on Citing While You Write with Zotero  for more detailed instructions with images.

To create a bibliography from within Zotero Standalone, select a collection or group of citations, right-click and choose 'Create Bibliography...' A dialog box will pop up and you can choose citation style, output mode, and output method. Please visit our guide on creating a bibliography using Zotero  for detailed instructions.

The most efficient way to create an annotated bibliography is to:

From within Zotero Standalone, go Edit > Preferences > Cite > Styles and click on 'Get additional styles...'

From within the Zotero Style Repository search for "annotated" and select either APA 6th Edition (Annotated Bibliography with Abstract) or Chicago 17th Edition (Note, Annotated Bibliography) and add to Zotero.

When you are creating a bibliography, make sure you have selected APA 6th Edition (Annotated Bibliography with Abstract) or Chicago 17th Edition (Note, Annotated Bibliography) as your citation style (from Edit > Preferences > Cite > Styles > Style Manager).

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• Last Updated: Oct 27, 2023 9:56 AM
• URL: https://library.caltech.edu/academicwritinggrad

How I Use Zotero to Organize My Research

How I use Zotero to Organize My Research

By Marcy, a Writing Coach

When I started graduate school, one of the most common pieces of advice I received was to pick a citation management software and stick to it.

It took me four years before I finally followed this advice.

The truth is, I had tried to use Zotero before, but frankly, I didn’t understand the hype. Now, I’ve been using Zotero for a year and a half, and I wish I had started sooner. What made me do such a big 180 on using Zotero? Mostly, discovering that it does so much more than just generate citations . Specifically, there are three main features in Zotero that turned me into a convert: its ability to store all of my research in a singular location, its tagging feature, and its notetaking and integrated PDF software.

Storing my research in a central repository

Before I started using Zotero, whenever I downloaded a new text, I had to create a new folder, download the relevant PDF, and move the PDF to the correct folder. It also created issues when I used a text for different topics. For example, if I originally read a text for my English 666 class, I would store it in my English 666 folder. Afterwards, if I wanted to use it again, I’d have to remember where I’d originally read the text or move it to the appropriate place.

With Zotero, my system is a lot more streamlined. Today, I started working on the section of my dissertation introduction that discusses archives in Latin America. After searching through the UNC libraries, I found a source that looked useful to me, so I used my Firefox Zotero Plugin to download the article I needed directly to Zotero.

Within Firefox, I can choose which of my Zotero folders I want to save to. Since this article is for my introduction, I selected the “Introduction” option from the dropdown bar.

My newly-downloaded article now appears automatically in my Zotero desktop app, and it also includes all of the bibliographic information I need.

But what happens if I decide to cite the same article later in my fourth dissertation chapter? The good news is, it’s easy to reuse a source and still stay organized.

I haven’t created a folder for my fourth dissertation chapter, so I’ll start there by clicking the “Add collection” button in the top left-hand corner and giving the collection the name “Chapter 4 research.”

Now that I have my new folder, I can either drag and drop my article into my newly-made “Chapter 4 Research” folder, or I can right-click the source, click “Add to Collection,” and then select “Chapter 4 Research.”

Now, this source appears in both folders (with the PDF), so I can easily access the same source from two different locations.

Now that I have all of my sources in the same place, I use Zotero to help me wade through my research. I’m currently writing the introduction to my dissertation, and I already have over 50 sources in Zotero!

To help me stay organized, I like to give each source I download a tag that tells me what subsection of my research it relates to. For example, I know that one of the major sections of my dissertation introduction is about archives, so I tag all of those sources as “archive.”

To create a tag, I click on my source and then click the “tags” tab in the right-hand side of the page. Then, I click “add” and I write whatever word or phrase I want–in this case, archive.

Once I tag my articles, I can easily filter my sources by typing in the tag in the bottom-left corner and selecting the relevant term. Now, instead of having to wade through 50+ sources, I have around 10 sources.

I also use tags to help me remember which articles I need to include in my Works Cited. While I’ve downloaded every article that might be of interest to me, I won’t end up using all of them in my Introduction. So, whenever I use a source for the first time in my writing, I go back to Zotero and add the tag “include in works cited.” I’ll even use tags to help me filter through which articles I’ve already read and which articles I still need to read!

Note-taking

Once I’ve tagged my sources, I’m ready to start reading and taking notes on my source. To read my source, all I need to do is double click on the source and the PDF appears in a new window in Zotero.

Within Zotero’s PDF editor, I take notes by highlighting and adding sticky notes in the PDF. To highlight or add a sticky note, I just use the bar at the top of the PDF.

While I can take notes within the PDF by adding a sticky note, I can also add notes that appear in the main window. When writing my Introduction, I’ve mostly relied on my PDF annotations and I haven’t taken as many notes. However, for my second chapter, I used the notes feature extensively, typically writing brief summaries and to record my reaction to a source.

What I like about keeping notes this way is that it shows up in the main interface of Zotero. So I can quickly click on different sources to read my notes and jog my memory. This comes in handy when I’m writing and I remember an argument that I’ve read, but I can’t remember which source made the argument. Rather than opening 50 PDFs manually, I use the tags to narrow my search down to a subset of articles. Once I’ve narrowed it down, I can quickly browse through my notes without ever having to leave Zotero’s main screen.

Zotero has been a lifesaver by helping me work more efficiently and strategically. Now, all that’s left for me to do is actually write my introduction…

How To Use Zotero For Reference Management (An Illustrative Guide)

As a PhD student, you will be required to read hundreds and hundreds of scholarly papers and other literature in order to produce a quality dissertation.

Effective management of literature will not only save you time but also your sanity. Luckily there are many reference management softwares available, some free, while others at a cost. Zotero is one such free software.

This article teaches you how to use Zotero for reference management in step-by-step instructions. The article covers the following topics:

What is Zotero?

How to install zotero, creating folders in zotero, saving references in zotero folders, drag and drop method, saving directly from the web browser, using zotero for in-text citations and creating bibliographies, final thoughts on using zotero for reference management, related articles.

Zotero is a free and open-source software that is used to store, organize, and cite references, as well as publish and share research works with others. It is one of the best reference management softwares available for free.

Step 1: Go to https://www.zotero.org/ and then downloads:

Step 2: Download the Zotero application for your computer’s operating system:

Step 3: Install the application on your computer. Once completed, you will get the following confirmation message “Success! You installed Zotero” as shown below:

Step 4: Install the Zotero Connector for your browser (depending on the browser you use). The Connector for browser enables one to save documents directly from the browser to Zotero.

Step 5: Register for a free account. Once you enable sync, your Zotero library on your computer will link with your Zotero’s online account, thereby enabling you to access your work anywhere.

Step 6: Go through the documentation provided on the Zotero website.

Step 7: Link Zotero with Word processor. This enables you to use Zotero for citation and creation of reference list directly into Word.

Go to Zotero icon on the top bar then from the drop-down menu, select Preferences > Cite > Word processors and install the add-in for the word processor you use.

Once the word processor is installed, you need to specify the referencing style that you will use. In this case, the APA 7th edition has been selected:

Once you’ve completed the 7 steps, you are now ready to start using Zotero for research.

The first thing you want to do after installing Zotero is to create folders in which your documents will be stored.

Organizing your references in folders is a good and effective way of managing your references. It saves you time spent on looking for specific papers and also helps you compartmentalize your writing.

Depending on your dissertation topic, you can create different folders for the different chapters of your dissertation, for instance, introduction, literature review, research methodology, discussion of findings etc.

You can also create folders for your coursework (if your PhD programme has a coursework component) and a different folder for the dissertation work.

To create a new folder in Zotero:

• Open Zotero.
• On the left-hand pane, there is a folder-like icon which if you hover on you’ll see it named “new collection.”

• Click on it. A new collection dialog box will open prompting you to give a name to the new folder, as shown below.

• Give the new folder the name you want to. In this case, I have named it “Data analysis.” The new folder will appear as the first item under the “My Library” folder, as shown below:

There are two ways of saving references in your Zotero folders:

This method is used if the references/documents are already saved in your computer. All you need to do is:

• Open Zotero
• Click on the document of interest that’s already saved in your computer.
• Drag the document and drop it in the relevant Zotero folder.

With Zotero, one does not need to save the references/documents to the computer first in order to save to the Zotero folders. You can save directly from your web browsers as you are searching for and reading documents of interest.

This method requires one to have downloaded the Zotero web browser connector.

To save directly from the web browser:

• Open the document in the web browser you use (e.g. Chrome). As an example I have opened a document called “The economics of ehealth” in Google Chrome.
• With the document open, go to the Chrome extensions on the far hand-right side and click on it. A drop-down menu will open with all the Chrome extensions that you have installed, one of which should be the Zotero connector, as shown below:

• Click on the Zotero connector. A dialog box will open prompting you to save the document to a folder of your choice.

• Click done on the bottom right-hand side of the dialog box. The document will be saved to the folder selected. In this case it was saved in the PhD dissertation folder, as shown below:

Documents saved using the Zotero connector need not be pdf files. Even web pages can be saved directly into Zotero without converting them into pdf first.

The following is an example of a web page saved directly into Zotero using the Zotero connector for Chrome:

To open documents saved in Zotero, you can either double-click on their title (in the centre pane), or right click then select open.

Reference management is one of the hardest and time-consuming tasks for any doctoral student or researcher.

Luckily, reference management tools and softwares such as Zotero make the task much easier and manageable.

To successfully create in-text citations and bibliographies/reference lists, one must first specify the reference style that is allowed by their institution.

Second, the Zotero word processor add-in must be installed in their word processor.

To add an in-text citation using Zotero:

• Open the word document in which the citation will be added.
• Click the Zotero icon on the word document.
• On the left-hand side, you will see two icons. Select the first one named “add/edit citation.”
• A search bar with the Zotero icon will appear. Search the name of the author or the title of the document you want to cite from your Zotero library and select it.

• This action will bring the name of the authors of the document and the citation will be automatically added to the document where the cursor is placed.

To add a bibliography at the end of the document:

• On the left-hand side, select the second icon named “add/edit bibliography.”
• Zotero will automatically add the corresponding bibliographies for all the in-text citations.

It is important to note that while Zotero will do a pretty good job at automatically adding in-text citations and bibliographies, it is the responsibility of the student to identify and correct any errors made in the citations and bibliographies. For instance, errors in the placement of brackets, italicising the references, placement of commas etc.

Hence making reference to the reference style guides should be done each time the student is editing his/her work.

In conclusion, Zotero is a powerful tool for research because it enables one to add documents, add in-text citations and create bibliographies automatically. In the process, it saves the user much time and effort that could be spent if the tasks were to be done manually. Zotero is therefore worth learning by every student and researcher.

How To Use Mendeley For Reference Management (An Illustrative Guide)

How to Use RefWorks for Reference Management (A Detailed Guide)

How to Use Citavi for Reference Management (A Detailed Guide)

How to Use EndNote for Reference Management (A Comprehensive Guide)

How to Write a Concept Paper

How to Choose a Research Topic for Your PhD Thesis

Grace Njeri-Otieno

Grace Njeri-Otieno is a Kenyan, a wife, a mom, and currently a PhD student, among many other balls she juggles. She holds a Bachelors' and Masters' degrees in Economics and has more than 7 years' experience with an INGO. She was inspired to start this site so as to share the lessons learned throughout her PhD journey with other PhD students. Her vision for this site is "to become a go-to resource center for PhD students in all their spheres of learning."

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Citation Guide

• Zotero Examples
• Examples & Rules
• Examples & Rules
• BibTeX Code
• BibTeX Code ≤ v2.6
• Other Styles
• Generative AI

  APA: Zotero Examples

   For NPS theses, papers, and publications: to cite properly, follow these examples and apply the essential rules .

Select  American Psychological Association (APA) 7th edition  for the citation style in Zotero and in Word.

If a source type does not appear in the Zotero examples, consult the examples page.

Always check your output against the Citation Guide example .

For each source, ensure that your document has at least one in-text citation that has not been manually edited (i.e., put in signal-phrase format) to maintain the connection between Word and Zotero.

Book > Audiobook

Book Chapter in Edited Book > One author, two editors

Book section > three authors, one editor > from the introduction, forward, preface, etc., electronic book > chapter with doi or url.

Edit the in-text citations: remove the [ p. ] if you use a locator other than a page number.

In-text Citations

(Bonds, 2014, p. Chapter 3, para. 1)

Electronic Book > From a book provider (Kindle)

Edit the reference entry: remove the [ . ] after the title.

Reference Entry

Krishnan, A. (2008).  War as business: Technological change and military service contracting .  [Kindle DX version]. https://www.amazon.com

Electronic Book > From a library database

Book > print > one author, book > print > two authors, with edition number, book > print > three authors, class notes > published, lecture > published (online), presentation or workshop, computer program / software > hard copy, computer program / software > online, conference proceedings (online), conference proceedings (print), conference proceedings > paper presented at conference > unpublished, data set > published, data set > unpublished and retrievable, encyclopedia.

Edit the first in-text citation: add the full name of the organization and place the acronym in brackets. Edit the reference entry: replace the acronym with the full organization name.

First In-text Citation

( Department of Labor [ DOL ] , 2008)

DOL Department of Labor . (2008).  The construction industry under the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA)  [Fact sheet]. https://www.dol.gov/agencies/whd/fact-sheets/1-flsa-construction

Edit the first in-text citation: add the full name of the organization and place the acronym in brackets. Edit the reference entry: replace the acronym with the full organization name and add the full date.

( Department of Defense [ DOD ] , 2005)

DOD Department of Defense . (2005 , December 19 ).  Information assurance training, certification, and workforce management  (DOD Directive 8570.01-M). https://www.esd.whs.mil/Portals/54/Documents/DD/issuances/ dodm/857001m.pdf

( Joint Chiefs of Staff [ JCS ] , 2017)

JCS Joint Chiefs of Staff . (2017).  Countering air and missile threats  (JP 3-01). https://www.jcs.mil/Portals/36/Documents/Doctrine/pubs/jp3_01_pa.pdf

Field Manual / Military Regulation

( Department of the Army [ DA ] , 1994)

DA Department of the Army . (1994).  Sniper training  (FM 23-10). https://www.bits.de/NRANEU/others/amd-us-archive/fm_23-10%2894%29.pdf

Government Report > CRS Report

Government report > gao report, government report > strategy document / other government report.

Instruction

( Office of the Chief of Naval Operations [ OPNAV ] , 2019)

OPNAV Office of the Chief of Naval Operations . (2019 , May 5 ).  Navy Safety and Occupational Health program for forces afloat (OPNAVINST 5100.19F). Department of the Navy. https://www.secnav.navy.mil/doni/Directives/05000%20General%20Management%20Security%20and%20Safety%20Services/05-100%20Safety%20and%20Occupational%20Health%20Services/5100.19F.pdf

Edit the reference entry: add the full date.

Takai, T. M. (2013 , March 28 ).   Adoption of the national information exchange model within the Department of Defense  [Memorandum]. Department of Defense. https://dodcio.defense.gov/Portals/0/Documents/2013-03-28%20Adoption%20of%20the%20NIEM%20within%20the%20DoD.pdf

Handbook > Online

Handbook > print, journal article > online > with doi or url, journal article > online > from a library database, journal article > print, legal > bill / resolution > federal enacted, published in congressional record.

Edit the reference entry: remove the [ , ] after the date.

S. Res. 438, 114th Cong., 162 Cong. Rec. 2394 (2016) , (enacted).

Legal > Bill / Resolution > Federal unenacted

Legal > code of federal regulations, legal > congressional hearing > full hearing, legal > congressional hearing > testimony within a hearing, legal > court case decision > lower court.

Edit the reference entry: add the pages or paragraphs cited.

Lessard v. Schmidt, 349 F. Supp. 1078 , 1092–1104 (E.D. Wis. 1972). https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=16374362071956566586

Legal > Court Case Decision > Supreme Court

Legal > executive order > basic format, legal > executive order > extended format, legal > federal acquisition regulation (far), legal > public law > u.s. code.

Edit the first in-text citation: add the full name of the statute and place the acronym in brackets. Edit the reference entry: replace the acronym with the full statute name.

( National Environmental Policy Act [ NEPA ] ,1969)

NEPA  National Environmental Policy Act , 42 U.S.C. § 4331 (1969).

Legal > Public Law > U.S. Statutes at Large

Magazine article > online > doi or url > no author, magazine article > online > from a library database.

Edit the reference entry: after the year, add the month(s) (and day if applicable).

Katz, F. (2020 , January–March ). You're grounded for life.  Parenting Highlights Quarterly ,  112 (1), 22–27. ProQuest

Magazine Article > Print

Map > google map, multimedia > film, multimedia > podcast.

Edit the reference entry: add [ (Host). ] after the host's name.

McBracket, D. (Host).  (2020, January 7). Taking the sigh out of citation (No. 846) [Audio podcast episode]. In  Team Citation presents.  Komodo Studios. https://www.komodo-studios.com/podcasts/10486/firstnamelastlastnamefirst.html

Multimedia > Video

Newspaper article > online > doi or url > author given, newspaper article > online > doi or url > no author, newspaper article > online > from a library database, report > research report / think tank report / white paper.

Edit the reference entry: list the first six authors followed by [ … ] and then the last author.

Dixon, L., Clancy, N., Miller, B. M., Hoegberg, S., Lewis, M. M., Bender, B. , Ebi nger, S., Hodges, M., Syck, G. M., Nagy, C., &  . . . Choquette, S. R. (2017).  The cost and affordability of flood insurance in New York City  (Report No. RR1776-NYCEDC). RAND. https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR1776.html

Report > Technical Report > Author given (online)

Report > technical report > organization as author (online).

( National Toxicology Program [ NTP ] , 2012)

NTP National Toxicology Program . (2012).  Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of trimethylolpropane triacrylate (technical grade) in F344/N rats and B6C3F1/N mice (dermal studies)  (Report No. TR-576). National Institutes of Health. https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/go/tr576abs

Report > Technical Report > Author given (print)

Secondary / indirect source.

Cite in your text or format the in-text citation as shown in the Citation Guide example.

Social Media

Edit the in-text citations: delete the handle.

(Babygiraffe [@babygiraffehaslastlaugh] , 2020)

Thesis / Dissertation > From a commercial database > Dissertation

Thesis / dissertation > from an institutional archive > dissertation, thesis / dissertation > from an institutional archive > thesis, unpublished work > accepted for publication (online), unpublished work > not submitted for publication (print), unpublished work > submitted for publication (online), website / webpage > author given, website / webpage > organization as author.

( Federal Bureau of Investigation [ FBI ] , 2017)

FBI Federal Bureau of Investigation . (2017, April 6).  Forging papers to sell fake art.  https://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/forging-papers-to-sell-fake-art

Website > No date given

Website > janes example.

Working Paper / Occasional Paper

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• Next: Chicago Author-Date >>
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Zotero [zoh-TAIR-oh] is a free, easy-to-use tool to help you collect, organize, cite, and share your research sources.

Read on for an overview of Zotero's features and capabilities.

• How do I install Zotero?

See the installation instructions .

• How do I open Zotero?

Zotero can be opened from your operating system's dock or file manager like any other program.

• What does Zotero do?

Zotero is, at the most basic level, a reference manager. It is designed to store, manage, and cite bibliographic references, such as books and articles. In Zotero, each of these references constitutes an item. More broadly, Zotero is a powerful tool for collecting and organizing research information and sources.

• What kind of items are there?

Every item contains different metadata, depending on what type it is. Items can be everything from books, articles, and reports to web pages, artwork, films, letters, manuscripts, sound recordings, bills, cases, or statutes, among many others.

• What can I do with items?

Items appear in Zotero's center pane. The metadata for that item is shown in the right pane. This includes titles, creators, publishers, dates, page numbers, and any other data needed to cite the item.

• Collections

Items can be assigned tags . Tags are named by the user. An item can be assigned as many tags as is needed. Tags are added or removed with the tag selector at the bottom of the left pane or through the Tags tab of any item in the right-hand pane. Up to 6 tags can be assigned colors . Colored tags are readily visible in the item list and can be quickly added or removed using the number keys on your keyboard.

Quick searches show items whose metadata, tags, or fulltext content match the search terms and are performed from the Zotero toolbar. Clicking the spyglass icon to the left of the search box opens the Advanced Search window, allowing for more complex or narrow searches.

• Saved Searches

Advanced searches can be saved in the left pane They are similar to collections, but will update with new matching items automatically.

• Attachments

Items can have notes, files, and links attached to them. These attachments appear in the middle pane underneath their parent item. Attachments can be shown or hidden by clicking the arrow next to their parent item.

Any type of file can be attached to an item. Attach files with the Add Attachment (paperclip) button in the Zotero toolbar, by right-clicking on an existing item, or by drag-and-dropping. Files do not need to be attached to existing items. They can simply be added to your library. Files can also be downloaded automatically when you import items using the Zotero Connector in your browser .

• Links & Snapshots

Web pages can be attached to any item as a link or a snapshot. A link simply opens the website online. Zotero can also save a snapshot of a web page. A snapshot is a locally stored copy of a web page in the same state as it was when it was saved. Snapshots are available without an internet connection.

• Capturing Items

With the Zotero Connector for Chrome, Firefox, or Safari, it's simple to create new items from information available on the internet. With the click of a button, Zotero can automatically create an item of the appropriate type and populate the metadata fields, download a full-text PDF if available, and attach useful links (e.g., to the PubMed entry) or Supplemental Data files.

• Single or Multiple Captures

If the save icon is a book, article, image, or other single item, clicking on it will add the item to the current collection in Zotero. If the save icon is a folder, the webpage contains multiple items. Clicking it will open a dialog box from which items can be selected and saved to Zotero.

• Translators

Zotero uses bits of code called translators to recognize information on webpages. There are generic translators which work with many sites and translators written for individual sites. If a site you're using does not have a translator, feel free to request one on the Zotero Forums .

• Saving a Web Page

If the Zotero Connector does not recognize data on the page, you can still click the save button in the browser toolbar to save the page as a Web Page item with an attached snapshot. While this will save basic metadata (title, URL, access date), you may need to fill in additional metadata from the page by hand.

• Add Item by Identifier

Subscribe to RSS feeds from your favorite journals or websites to keep up to date with the latest research. Go to the article web page or save items to your library with the click of a button.

• Manually Adding Items

• Citing Items

Zotero uses Citation Style Language (CSL) to properly format citations in many different bibliographic styles . Zotero supports all the major styles (Chicago, MLA, APA, Vancouver, etc.) as well as the specific styles for over 8,000 journals and publishers.

• Word Processor Integration

Zotero's Word, LibreOffice, and Google Docs plugins allow users to insert citations directly from their word processing software. This makes citing multiple pages or sources or otherwise customizing citations a breeze. In-text citations, footnotes and endnotes are all supported. With community-developed plugins , Zotero can also be used with LaTeX, Scrivener, and numerous other writing programs.

• Automatic Bibliographies

Using the word processor plugins makes it possible to automatically generate a bibliography from the items cited and to switch citation styles for the entire document with the click of a button.

• Manual Bibliographies

Zotero can also insert citations and bibliographies into any text field or program. Simply drag-and-drop items, use Quick Copy to send citations to the clipboard, or export them directly to a file.

Collaborate

Use Zotero on multiple computers with Zotero syncing . Library items and notes are synced through the Zotero servers (unlimited storage), while attachment syncing can use the Zotero servers or your own WebDAV service to sync files such as PDFs, images, or audio/video.

• Zotero Servers

Items synced to the Zotero servers can be accessed online through your zotero.org account. Share your library with others or create a custom C.V. from selected items.

Make copies of your research readily available on zotero.org for readers, the public, and other researchers using My Publications .

Zotero users can create collaborative or interest groups . Shared group libraries make it possible to collaboratively manage research sources and materials, both online and through the Zotero client. Zotero.org can be the hub of all your project group's research, communication and organization.

Table of Contents

• Old revisions

Citation Management: Zotero: Zotero & Proquest

• Installing Zotero
• Account basics
• Adding as you browse
• Adding manually
• Adding from a file
• Adding by ISBN, DOI, or PMID
• Organizing references
• Zotero & Proquest
• From a reference or collection
• Using the Zotero plug-in
• Adding citation styles
• Using RTF Scan
• Mobile Zotero

Introduction

The best way to export citations from a Proquest database (e.g. Sociological Abstracts, PsycINFo) to Zotero in order to capture all the citation information, including the Abstract, is to use the SAVE function in Proquest.  Below are step-by-step instructions on how to do this. 

Important note for MAC users:  many citation managers, including Zotero, don't work well with the Safari browser.  Please use Firefox or Chrome.

Instructions

1.  Before you begin exporting citations, open Zotero and select the folder in which you want your citations to be stored. Create a folder for your assignment if you haven't already.

2. In the Proquest database, select the items you wish to send to Zotero.  Click on SAVE. 'Select RIS (works with Endnote, CITAVI, etc.)

 3. You'll be presented with Export/Save options.  Usually the default is fine.

4. You'll then be asked if you would like to open up your saved file in Zotero (this is because you already have it open).

5.  Zotero will now ask you where you want to place your saved citations.  The default is to I mport into New Collection based on the file name Zotero has created.  However, you have already created a folder for these citations ( Research Assignment in the example below) so deselect this option.

6.  Your article citations are now in Zotero where you can view the article information and create bibliographies.  For more information on how to create bibliographies, see the instructions under the tab in this guide, Creating a Bibliography.

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• Next: Creating a Bibliography >>
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[Text] MainNote 主笔记模板 通用笔记模版 简约清晰风格 Main note template, common note template, simple and clear style #772

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Financial Burden of Health Care in the Privately Insured US Population

• 1 Section of Health Policy and Equity, Richard A. and Susan F. Smith Center for Outcomes Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
• 2 Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
• 3 Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
• 4 Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
• 5 Center for Advancing Health Services, Policy & Economics Research, Washington University, St Louis, Missouri
• 6 Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
• Editor's Note Health Care Expenses and Household Resources for Families With Low Income Mitchell H. Katz, MD; Raegan W. Durant, MD, MPH; Deborah Grady, MD, MPH JAMA Internal Medicine

Improving health care affordability is a national priority, including for the nearly 180 million individuals with private insurance coverage who have experienced increased premiums and decreased benefits (eg, increasing copayments and deductibles). However, little is known about how changes in privately insured families’ contributions to insurance premiums and out-of-pocket spending have affected the financial burden of health care over the past 2 decades. 1 This issue is particularly salient for those with low incomes, who are more susceptible to debt, bankruptcy, and worse health outcomes due to poverty. 1 , 2 Understanding changes in the financial burden of health care has important implications for patients and policymakers, who have made addressing care affordability a priority.

• Editor's Note Health Care Expenses and Household Resources for Families With Low Income JAMA Internal Medicine

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Shashikumar SA , Zheng Z , Joynt Maddox KE , Wadhera RK. Financial Burden of Health Care in the Privately Insured US Population. JAMA Intern Med. Published online May 28, 2024. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2024.1464

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How to combine two separate zotero accounts

• dstillman today at 4:14am edited today at 4:14am You shouldn't have two separate Zotero accounts. If you have multiple email addresses, you can add them both to your one account from your account settings. Items in separate libraries are totally unrelated, so as far as Zotero is concerned those are different publications that need to be disambiguated. You should export all data (as Zotero RDF + files) from the account you've used less (let's call that Account B) and import it into the account you've used more (Account A). You'll then need to replace any existing citations from Account B in your documents with citations from Account A. Once that's working properly, you should delete Account B and add its email address to Account A.

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