how to say i less in a cover letter

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How to avoid the repetition of "I" while writing a cover letter for an academic job?

I use active voice for cover letter and while doing that I end up with too many "I" and most of the sentences in my letter also begin with "I". This makes my letter quite boring. I would appreciate if you share your suggestion/tips to avoid this while writing a cover letter.

Since cover letter is the first thing that the potential employer notices, I want to write a concise and attractive cover letter. It will be also helpful if you share a link of a well-written cover letter.

• application-cover-letter

• 2 This could be a good question for English language & usage as well. –  Peter Jansson Commented Oct 3, 2013 at 9:22
• @Peter, thanks for the useful suggestion. Is there any way to link my question to that forum? –  rana Commented Oct 3, 2013 at 9:26
• It is up to the moderators if the question should be migrated. I think it is a good question and keen to see the answers. –  Peter Jansson Commented Oct 3, 2013 at 9:28
• 4 @CharlesMorisset to be more accurate, cross-posting is forbidden if you post the exact same question on both sites. But you can post two slightly different questions, one here focussing on the academic issues (”should I avoid it? if so, how to?”), and a more generic one on English. You won't get the same type of answers on both sites! –  F'x Commented Oct 3, 2013 at 10:08
• 1 @F'x: Very good point. I was mostly mentioning it for the benefit of rana, who seems to be quite a new user, in order to avoid the question to cross-posted as such on ELU. But a different question would be of course just fine! –  user102 Commented Oct 3, 2013 at 10:11

2 Answers 2

Because it's a cover letter, I think it's quite natural that you say a lot about you in it. That's actually not to be avoided, because you want to give the addressee a good idea of your background, your motivations, your interests, etc. In short, you want to show them who you are, so they want to work with you. This is a totally different exercise than usual academic writing.

Now, regarding the redundancy of I , it is a matter of writing style. It probably wouldn't bother me much, but if you want to diminish it for some reasons, here are worthy alternatives:

Instead of starting your sentence with I , just push it somewhere down in some sentences. That way, you avoid the pattern of I as the first word of every sentence.

Looking at your group's wide range of research, I must confess a certain attraction for your recent groundbreaking work on the correlation between beer-drinking and publication rate .

Use constructions that, while retaining the first person, shift from the subject pronoun to other cases:

It has been my intention for a few years now to shift my research interests from pure psychology to experimental psychohistory, and I have thus taken in 2009 a post-doc position at the University of Trentor (group of prof. Seldon)

instead of “I decided a few years ago to move to the field of psychohistory…” . Similarly, you could say

The standard techniques of academic writing… introduce the pronoun once, then shift the discuss to avoid being the actor, e.g. using passive voice.

During my thesis, I introduced a new data reduction technique called XXZ. This algorithm, when applied to large datasets, was used to univocally establish whether data was being manipulated. In particular, results obtained on the 2000 election showed systematic bias against a specific candidate, highlighting its power as a diagnostic tool for real-life applications.

Be aware that there are downsides, though: most of these alternatives are longer than a direct sentence starting with I , which means overusing them could make you sound windy.

• thanks for the detailed discussion. I like to avoid passive voice and the introductory phases at the beginning of each sentence as these somehow dilute the importance/purpose of the sentence. So I prefer to use active voice and end up with many "I"! I think I should use a proper balance of active/passive voice and don't overuse any of these! Again, do you have example/link that might be useful? –  rana Commented Oct 3, 2013 at 10:18
• 3 While the link doesn't work for me, +1 for the link to the Grim study. –  StrongBad Commented Oct 3, 2013 at 14:08
• @DanielE.Shub link fixed (DOI changed since the ASAP version I had on my hard drive) –  F'x Commented Oct 3, 2013 at 14:36
• 2 Speak like Yoda, you can. –  Rolf Commented Jul 31, 2019 at 18:55

One possibility is to use "my" now and then: instead of "I am experienced in ...", write "My fields of experience include ...". Another possibility is to use references to previous sentences: instead of writing "I developed the method of ... . I applied it to the problem of ... ." write "I developed ... . Its application to ... resulted in ... .". Also, instead of writing "I'm interested in the position because ...", write "This position will allow me to ... and benefit my ...". The idea is always the same: look at all other words in the sentence and think of whether one of them can be made the subject without changing the meaning or diluting the "importance" of the sentence. If it can, do it. If not, resort to passive voice and other techniques suggested in this thread. If it is still not satisfactory for some reason, just use "I" and go to the next sentence.

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14 common cover letter phrases and what you can use instead

When you’re working on a cover letter, it’s very difficult to keep your writing fresh throughout the whole document.

It’s all too easy to repeat the same word twice across multiple paragraphs without even realizing you’ve done so. And unfortunately, this can be the sort of thing that hiring managers will mark against you — especially in positions that require a strong written ability.

So, we’ve put together this helpful list of words that might appear in your cover letter along with some synonyms to use instead. Let’s transform you from a strong people manager with a strong background in building strong teams into a more well-rounded candidate, eh?

In most situations, there’s likely to be a more suitable way to say ‘eager’. Here are some options for you:

• “I’m eager to hear from you” —> “I look forward to exploring my fit for this role with you”
• “I’m eager to join a company like yours” —> “Joining a company I respect is important to me”
• “I’m a marketing graduate eager to find my first role” —> “I’m a marketing graduate looking to grow as a professional”

On its own there’s nothing wrong with the word ‘excited’, but you shouldn’t be saying it 17 times throughout your document. If that happens, here are some synonyms you can use instead:

• “I’m excited to apply to you” —> “I had to apply as soon as I could”
• “I’m excited to progress my career with you” —> “This would be the next natural step in my career”
• “I’m excited about expanding my skills in the role” —> “This role is an ideal place for me to expand my skills”

3. Experience

It’s very easy to say ‘experience’ too frequently in your cover letter, so try these alternatives to keep things varied:

• “My experience with cloud systems makes me” —> “My expertise in cloud systems makes me”
• “I’m looking to build more experience in marketing” —> “This position would help me become a more complete marketer”
• “I’m experienced with leading teams and setting goals” —> “Working as a team leader at [company name] has made me comfortable managing direct reports and setting goals”
• “I’m a great fit for this role because of my experience in sales” —> “My background as a senior salesperson makes me a natural fit for this role”

4. I am confident

The issue with “I am confident” isn’t that it’s likely to get overused — it’s just not necessary in most cases. Here, we’ll show you:

• “I am confident I have the background needed to succeed in your sales team” —> “I have the background needed to succeed in your sales team”
• “I am confident that my customer service experience will prove vital in the role” —> “My customer service experience will prove vital in the role”

5. I believe

‘I believe’ is the same as ‘I am confident’; you don’t usually need it:

• “I believe I have the background needed to succeed in your sales team” —> “I have the background needed to succeed in your sales team”
• “I believe that my customer service experience will prove vital in the role” —> “My customer service experience will prove vital in the role”

6. I have experience

It’s perfectly fine to start a sentence with ‘I have experience’, just don’t use it in every single one. Use these alternatives instead to avoid sounding like a broken record:

• “I have experience in social media and paid ads” —> “I’m well-versed in social media and paid ads”
• “I have experience in startup companies” —> “I’ve come to thrive in a startup environment”
• “As requested in the job description, I have 2 years of experience in hospitality” —> “I’m a qualified hospitality professional with 2 years of relevant experience”
• “I have experience in similar positions to what you’re hiring for” —> “I’ve previously worked as a [job title] so would pick up the responsibilities quickly”

7. Interest

You might be looking for synonyms of ‘interest’ for a couple of reasons. Either you’re using it too often, or it’s sounding overly formal. We can help with both:

• “I’m writing to express my interest in this position” —> “I’d like to apply to your [job title] position”
• “I’m interested in reading and spending time in nature” —> “I enjoy reading and spending time in nature”
• “My interests include reading and spending time in nature” —> “Outside of work you’ll find me reading or spending time in nature”

According to your cover letter, you love the company you’re applying to, the job itself, and the opportunity to learn. But just how many **things can you love in a job application? Keep your writing fresh with these substitutes:

• “I love what your company does to support its employees” —> “I respect how your company supports its employees”
• “I love to work in a team” —> “I work best when collaborating with others”
• “I love working in a small company because I can see the results of my work” —> “Seeing the results of my work inspires me to keep improving”

9. Opportunity

How can you apply to a job opportunity without constantly saying ‘opportunity’? With these synonyms, of course:

• “I would excel in this opportunity” —> “I would excel in this position”
• “I had to apply to this opportunity” —> “I had to apply to this vacancy”
• “Thank you for the opportunity to join you” —> “Thank you for your consideration”

10. Passion

People can get a bit too passionate with their use of this word — not to mention it’s a weaker choice than some of the alternatives. Shake it up with these contenders:

• “I’m a passionate marketer who’s ready for a new challenge” —> “I’m a dedicated marketer who’s ready for a new challenge”
• “I have a passion for helping others through my work” —> “Helping others through my work energizes me”
• “I have a passion for deploying quality-of-life improvements” —> “I find deploying quality-of-life improvements to be immensely satisfying”

If you’re skilled in everything, doesn’t that dilute the word’s meaning? Here are some other ways to talk about your skills:

• “I have skills in paid marketing and social media” —> “Paid marketing and social media are my top strengths”
• “I’m skilled in Photoshop” —> “I’m an expert in Photoshop”
• “I’m a skilled people manager” —> “I’m a capable people manager”

The same goes for ‘strong’. If everything is a strength of yours, then the hiring manager is going to question how much weight that word holds with you:

• “I’m a strong marketer” —> “I’m an exceptional marketer”
• “I have strong knowledge of Premiere and other video editing software” —> “I have in-depth knowledge of Premiere and other video editing software”
• “I would be a strong addition to your team” —> “I would be an immediately-contributing member of your team”

13. To whom it may concern

Unless you’re applying in an exceptionally formal industry, then it’s time to ditch ‘To whom it may concern’. If you know the name of the hiring manager, then address your cover letter to them directly. If you don’t know their name, there are still plenty of alternatives:

• Dear hiring manager

14. Yours sincerely

Here’s another cover letter phrase that’s outdated. Unless you’re applying in a formal industry, then end your cover letter with a more modern sign off, like:

• All the best
• Best wishes
• Kind regards

If you’ve found the synonym you were looking for but still need help with your cover letter, we have some other resources to guide you:

💡 Full cover letter guide

🎓 Writing a cover letter for an internship

All that’s left to say is the very best of luck with your application! We’re all rooting for you here.

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Why You Should Avoid Overusing 'I' In Your Cover Letter

Your cover letter is one of the first impressions you make on an employer. How would you like that impression to be you are a self-absorbed know-it-all? And all of this can be determined by your use of the word “I." Most of us have probably heard the “Don't Overuse 'I' Rule," but do you know why you shouldn't. Keep reading to find out...

Rookie Mistake

Team of 'i', check out my stats, pass the ball.

• 5 Crucial Cover Letter Mistakes To Avoid - Work It Daily | Where Careers Go To Grow ›
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11 Ways To Enjoy Summer When You’re Working A Full-Time Job

There you are: sitting on the beach, covered in sunscreen, reading your favorite book, drinking your favorite drink under the cool shade of an umbrella. Life doesn't get any better than this. Suddenly, a door slams, a phone rings, a printer turns on. You jolt back into consciousness. You're at work, sitting in your cubicle, without even a hint of sunshine streaming in from outside.

When you're working a full-time job, finding time to enjoy the warm, bright summer weather can be a challenge. This is especially true for young professionals , as many of them are used to having summers off (or, at the very least, having a flexible summer schedule). But there's no need to feel trapped behind your cubicle walls. Go out and enjoy summer!

Here are a few tips for making the most of your summer while working full time.

1. Grab Some Foldable Chairs

Keep a couple of foldable camping chairs at the office so you and a co-worker can catch some rays during lunch—whether it's in the park or the parking lot.

2. Keep A Beach Bag In Your Car​

Keep a bag full of summer supplies for your favorite summer activities . Having a bag (or, in my case, a backseat) full of towels, sunscreen, and swimwear keeps you prepared for anything. Friends hitting up the pool after work? You're covered. Once the clock strikes five, you can head to your destination of choice immediately.

3. Plan An Office Outing

Plan an office field trip to the beach, the park, or the pool. Just do something fun so your brain can recharge and refresh!

4. Organize Group Walks

Get a bunch of co-workers together and go on regular walks around town during lunch. (Or you could suggest a quick jaunt over to the ice cream shop.) This is a great way to get some fresh air, sunshine, and exercise.

5. Eat Lunch At The Park

When you find yourself eating out, hit up places with a deck, porch, or patio of some sort. Obviously, eating out every day isn't really a feasible option for most of us, so look into alternative ideas as well. Pack a lunch and hit the park for your own little picnic.

6. Organize Office Sports

Whether it's setting up an official office sports team or just hanging out with your colleagues a few times a week, playing sports is a great way to get out and enjoy the weather. Have a field nearby? Try setting up some slow-pitch softball games. Or see if you can get a basketball hoop for the office so you and a few co-workers can shoot some hoops at lunch.

7. Join A Professional Group

During the summer, professional networking groups often have fun events like harbor cruises, pub crawls, and outdoor mixers. Find a professional group in your area and make networking fun this summer.

8. Have An Office BBQ

Get your grill on! Talk to your boss about setting up an office BBQ. Ask everyone to contribute their favorite dish, side, or drink. Fire up the grill and relax! Hey, it's summer after all.

9. Wake Up Early

Yes, yes, I know...waking up early is an incredibly painful and unbearable experience for some of us, but waking up even an hour earlier has its benefits—especially in the summer. Go for a morning run, putter around in the garden, or watch the sunrise with a loved one. Talk about starting the day off right!

10. Strategically Use Your Time Off

Strategically use your vacation days around holidays. This way, you can make a potentially long weekend longer without having to use too much of your precious vacation time . Half days are also pretty awesome. It's amazing how much you can do with four extra hours! If you want an early weekend but don't want to burn up your vacation days too quickly, try taking a half day on a Friday instead of using a full day off.

11. Bike To Work

If you're one of the lucky few who live within walking or biking distance of work, take advantage of it! Not only will you get plenty of fresh air, but you'll also save money on gas, which is always a plus!

There are plenty of easy ways to enjoy summer when you work a full-time job. So this summer, try out a few of these ideas and make the most of the sunshine and warm weather—while they're still around!

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How to write a great cover letter in 2024: tips and structure

A cover letter is a personalized letter that introduces you to a potential employer, highlights your qualifications, and explains why you're a strong fit for a specific job.

Hate or love them, these brief documents allow job seekers to make an impression and stand out from the pile of other applications. Penning a thoughtful cover letter shows the hiring team you care about earning the position.

Here’s everything you need to know about how to write a cover letter — and a great one, at that.

What is a cover letter and why does it matter?

A professional cover letter is a one-page document you submit alongside your CV or resume as part of a job application. Typically, they’re about half a page or around 150–300 words.

An effective cover letter doesn’t just rehash your CV; it’s your chance to highlight your proudest moments, explain why you want the job, and state plainly what you bring to the table.

Show the reviewer you’re likable, talented, and will add to the company’s culture . You can refer to previous jobs and other information from your CV, but only if it helps tell a story about you and your career choices .

What 3 things should you include in a cover letter?

A well-crafted cover letter can help you stand out to potential employers. To make your cover letter shine, here are three key elements to include:

1. Personalization

Address the hiring manager or recruiter by name whenever possible. If the job posting doesn't include a name, research to find out who will be reviewing applications. Personalizing your cover letter shows that you've taken the time to tailor your application to the specific company and role.

2. Highlight relevant achievements and skills

Emphasize your most relevant skills , experiences, and accomplishments that directly relate to the job you're applying for. Provide specific examples of how your skills have benefited previous employers and how they can contribute to the prospective employer's success. Use quantifiable achievements , such as improved efficiency, cost savings, or project success, to demonstrate your impact.

3. Show enthusiasm and fit

Express your enthusiasm for the company and the position you're applying for. Explain why you are interested in this role and believe you are a good fit for the organization. Mention how your values, goals, and skills align with the company's mission and culture. Demonstrating that you've done your research can make a significant impression.

What do hiring managers look for in a cover letter?

Employers look for several key elements in a cover letter. These include:

Employers want to see that your cover letter is specifically tailored to the position you are applying for. It should demonstrate how your skills, experiences, and qualifications align with the job requirements.

Clear and concise writing

A well-written cover letter is concise, easy to read, and error-free. Employers appreciate clear and effective communication skills , so make sure your cover letter showcases your ability to express yourself effectively.

Demonstrated knowledge of the company

Employers want to see that you are genuinely interested in their organization. Mention specific details about the company, such as recent achievements or projects, to show that you are enthusiastic about joining their team.

Achievements and accomplishments

Highlight your relevant achievements and accomplishments that demonstrate your qualifications for the position. Use specific examples to showcase your skills and show how they can benefit the employer.

Enthusiasm and motivation

Employers want to hire candidates who are excited about the opportunity and motivated to contribute to the company's success. Express your enthusiasm and passion for the role and explain why you are interested in working for the company.

Professionalism

A cover letter should be professional in tone and presentation. Use formal language, address the hiring manager appropriately, and follow standard business letter formatting.

How do you structure a cover letter?

A well-structured cover letter follows a specific format that makes it easy for the reader to understand your qualifications and enthusiasm for the position. Here's a typical structure for a cover letter:

Contact information

Include your name, address, phone number, and email address at the top of the letter. Place your contact information at the beginning so that it's easy for the employer to reach you.

Employer's contact information

Opening paragraph, middle paragraph(s), closing paragraph, complimentary close, additional contact information.

Repeat your contact information (name, phone number, and email) at the end of the letter, just in case the employer needs it for quick reference.

Remember to keep your cover letter concise and focused. It should typically be no more than one page in length. Proofread your letter carefully to ensure it is free from spelling and grammatical errors. Tailor each cover letter to the specific job application to make it as relevant and impactful as possible.

How to write a good cover letter (with examples)

The best letters are unique, tailored to the job description, and written in your voice — but that doesn’t mean you can’t use a job cover letter template.

Great cover letters contain the same basic elements and flow a certain way. Take a look at this cover letter structure for ref erence while you construct your own.

1. Add a header and contact information

While reading your cover letter, the recruiter shouldn’t have to look far to find who wrote it. Your document should include a basic heading with the following information:

• Pronouns (optional)
• Location (optional)
• Email address
• Phone number (optional)
• Relevant links, such as your LinkedIn profile , portfolio, or personal website (optional)

You can pull this information directly from your CV. Put it together, and it will look something like this:

Christopher Pike

San Francisco, California

[email protected]

Alternatively, if the posting asks you to submit your cover letter in the body of an email, you can include this information in your signature. For example:

Warm regards,

Catherine Janeway

Bloomington, Indiana

[email protected]

(555) 999 - 2222

2. Include a personal greeting

Always begin your cover letter by addressing the hiring manager — preferably by name. You can use the person’s first and last name. Make sure to include a relevant title, like Dr., Mr., or Ms. For example, “Dear Mr. John Doe.”

Avoid generic openings like “To whom it may concern,” “Dear sir or madam,” or “Dear hiring manager.” These introductions sound impersonal — like you’re copy-pasting cover letters — and can work against you in the hiring process.

Be careful, though. When using someone’s name, you don’t want to use the wrong title or accidentally misgender someone. If in doubt, using only their name is enough. You could also opt for a gender-neutral title, like Mx.

Make sure you’re addressing the right person in your letter — ideally, the person who’s making the final hiring decision. This isn’t always specified in the job posting, so you may have to do some research to learn the name of the hiring manager.

3. Draw them in with an opening story

The opening paragraph of your cover letter should hook the reader. You want it to be memorable, conversational, and extremely relevant to the job you’re pursuing. 

There’s no need for a personal introduction — you’ve already included your name in the heading. But you should make reference to the job you’re applying for. A simple “Thank you for considering my application for the role of [job title] at [company],” will suffice.

Then you can get into the “Why” of your job application. Drive home what makes this specific job and this company so appealing to you. Perhaps you’re a fan of their products, you’re passionate about their mission, or you love their brand voice. Whatever the case, this section is where you share your enthusiasm for the role.

Here’s an example opening paragraph. In this scenario, you’re applying for a digital marketing role at a bicycle company:

“Dear Mr. John Doe,

Thank you for considering my application for the role of Marketing Coordinator at Bits n’ Bikes.

My parents bought my first bike at one of your stores. I’ll never forget the freedom I felt when I learned to ride it. My father removed my training wheels, and my mom sent me barrelling down the street. You provide joy to families across the country — and I want to be part of that.”

4. Emphasize why you’re best for the job

Your next paragraphs should be focused on the role you’re applying to. Highlight your skill set and why you’re a good fit for the needs and expectations associated with the position. Hiring managers want to know what you’ll bring to the job, not just any role.

Start by studying the job description for hints. What problem are they trying to solve with this hire? What skills and qualifications do they mention first or more than once? These are indicators of what’s important to the hiring manager.

Search for details that match your experience and interests. For example, if you’re excited about a fast-paced job in public relations, you might look for these elements in a posting:

• They want someone who can write social media posts and blog content on tight deadlines
• They value collaboration and input from every team member
• They need a planner who can come up with strong PR strategies

Highlight how you fulfill these requirements:

“I’ve always been a strong writer. From blog posts to social media, my content pulls in readers and drives traffic to product pages. For example, when I worked at Bits n’ Bikes, I developed a strategic blog series about bike maintenance that increased our sales of spare parts and tools by 50% — we could see it in our web metrics.

Thanks to the input of all of our team members, including our bike mechanics, my content delivered results.”

5. End with a strong closing paragraph and sign off gracefully

Your closing paragraph is your final chance to hammer home your enthusiasm about the role and your unique ability to fill it. Reiterate the main points you explained in the body paragraphs and remind the reader of what you bring to the table.

You can also use the end of your letter to relay other important details, like whether you’re willing to relocate for the job.

When choosing a sign-off, opt for a phrase that sounds professional and genuine. Reliable options include “Sincerely” and “Kind regards.”

Here’s a strong closing statement for you to consider:

“I believe my enthusiasm, skills, and work experience as a PR professional will serve Bits n’ Bikes very well. I would love to meet to further discuss my value-add as your next Director of Public Relations. Thank you for your consideration. I hope we speak soon.

Tips to write a great cover letter that compliments your resume

When writing your own letter, try not to copy the example excerpts word-for-word. Instead, use this cover letter structure as a baseline to organize your ideas. Then, as you’re writing, use these extra cover letter tips to add your personal touch:

• Keep your cover letter different from your resume : Your cover letter should not duplicate the information on your resume. Instead, it should provide context and explanations for key points in your resume, emphasizing how your qualifications match the specific job you're applying for.
• Customize your cover letter . Tailor your cover letter for each job application. Address the specific needs of the company and the job posting, demonstrating that you've done your homework and understand their requirements.
• Show enthusiasm and fit . Express your enthusiasm for the company and position in the cover letter. Explain why you are interested in working for this company and how your values, goals, and skills align with their mission and culture.
• Use keywords . Incorporate keywords from the job description and industry terms in your cover letter. This can help your application pass through applicant tracking systems (ATS) and demonstrate that you're well-versed in the field.
• Keep it concise . Your cover letter should be succinct and to the point, typically no more than one page. Focus on the most compelling qualifications and experiences that directly support your application.
• Be professional . Maintain a professional tone and structure in your cover letter. Proofread it carefully to ensure there are no errors.
• Address any gaps or concerns . If there are gaps or concerns in your resume, such as employment gaps or a change in career direction, briefly address them in your cover letter. Explain any relevant circumstances and how they have shaped your qualifications and determination.
• Provide a call to action . Conclude your cover letter with a call to action, inviting the employer to contact you for further discussion. Mention that you've attached your resume for their reference.
• Follow the correct format . Use a standard cover letter format like the one above, including your contact information, a formal salutation, introductory and closing paragraphs, and your signature. Ensure that it complements your resume without redundancy.
• Pick the right voice and tone . Try to write like yourself, but adapt to the tone and voice of the company. Look at the job listing, company website, and social media posts. Do they sound fun and quirky, stoic and professional, or somewhere in-between? This guides your writing style.
• Tell your story . You’re an individual with unique expertise, motivators, and years of experience. Tie the pieces together with a great story. Introduce how you arrived at this point in your career, where you hope to go , and how this prospective company fits in your journey. You can also explain any career changes in your resume.
• Show, don’t tell . Anyone can say they’re a problem solver. Why should a recruiter take their word for it if they don’t back it up with examples? Instead of naming your skills, show them in action. Describe situations where you rose to the task, and quantify your success when you can.
• Be honest . Avoid highlighting skills you don’t have. This will backfire if they ask you about them in an interview. Instead, shift focus to the ways in which you stand out.
• Avoid clichés and bullet points . These are signs of lazy writing. Do your best to be original from the first paragraph to the final one. This highlights your individuality and demonstrates the care you put into the letter.
• Proofread . Always spellcheck your cover letter. Look for typos, grammatical errors, and proper flow. We suggest reading it out loud. If it sounds natural rolling off the tongue, it will read naturally as well.

Common cover letter writing FAQs

How long should a cover letter be.

A cover letter should generally be concise and to the point. It is recommended to keep it to one page or less, focusing on the most relevant information that highlights your qualifications and fits the job requirements.

Should I include personal information in a cover letter?

While it's important to introduce yourself and provide your contact information, avoid including personal details such as your age, marital status, or unrelated hobbies. Instead, focus on presenting your professional qualifications and aligning them with the job requirements.

Can I use the same cover letter for multiple job applications?

While it may be tempting to reuse a cover letter, it is best to tailor each cover letter to the specific job you are applying for. This allows you to highlight why you are a good fit for that particular role and show genuine interest in the company.

Do I need to address my cover letter to a specific person?

Whenever possible, it is advisable to address your cover letter to a specific person, such as the hiring manager or recruiter. If the job posting does not provide this information, try to research and find the appropriate contact. If all else fails, you can use a generic salutation such as "Dear Hiring Manager."

Should I include references in my cover letter?

It is generally not necessary to include references in your cover letter. Save this information for when the employer explicitly requests it. Instead, focus on showcasing your qualifications and achievements that make you a strong candidate for the position.

It’s time to start writing your stand-out cover letter

The hardest part of writing is getting started. 

Hopefully, our tips gave you some jumping-off points and confidence . But if you’re really stuck, looking at cover letter examples and resume templates will help you decide where to get started. 

There are numerous sample cover letters available online. Just remember that you’re a unique, well-rounded person, and your cover letter should reflect that. Using our structure, you can tell your story while highlighting your passion for the role. 

Doing your research, including strong examples of your skills, and being courteous is how to write a strong cover letter. Take a breath , flex your fingers, and get typing. Before you know it, your job search will lead to a job interview.

If you want more personalized guidance, a specialized career coach can help review, edit, and guide you through creating a great cover letter that sticks.

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Elizabeth Perry, ACC

Elizabeth Perry is a Coach Community Manager at BetterUp. She uses strategic engagement strategies to cultivate a learning community across a global network of Coaches through in-person and virtual experiences, technology-enabled platforms, and strategic coaching industry partnerships. With over 3 years of coaching experience and a certification in transformative leadership and life coaching from Sofia University, Elizabeth leverages transpersonal psychology expertise to help coaches and clients gain awareness of their behavioral and thought patterns, discover their purpose and passions, and elevate their potential. She is a lifelong student of psychology, personal growth, and human potential as well as an ICF-certified ACC transpersonal life and leadership Coach.

3 cover letter examples to help you catch a hiring manager’s attention

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Sample Cover Letter With No Experience in Field (And How to Write Yours)

By Biron Clark

Published: November 10, 2023

Cover Letters | Recent Grads

Biron Clark

Writer & Career Coach

Writing an articulate cover letter is challenging for all job seekers. But if you have little or no work experience in a field, the stakes are higher. It’s more challenging to prove your value when you don’t have a series of professional accomplishments to back up your assertions. On the bright side, you probably have more to offer an employer than you realize. You just have to package your strengths the right way.

In this article, you’re going to learn how to write a cover letter for a job with no experience in that field. And we’ll look at a full sample after going through the steps.

Let’s get started…

How to Write a Cover Letter With No Experience

1. the main purpose of your cover letter with no experience.

The purpose of a cover letter is to complement your resume and convince more employers to interview you. You may refer to your resume when writing a cover letter for a job application, but you must expand upon points made in the resume when writing the cover letter.

The cover letter should breathe life into the points made in the resume, and create a compelling—or even emotional—narrative around your career hopes and aspirations . It’s your chance to tell your story and show that you have the passion and the drive to come into a job and make a difference.

And at the end, it should ASK for the interview. We’ll talk about that coming up. Let’s get started by going through how to write a cover letter with no experience, step-by-step…

2. Cover Letter Contact Information

When beginning a cover letter for a job application, start with your contact details in the top left-hand corner of the page. Include your name, city of residence, phone number, and email address. (To preserve your privacy, do not include your physical address). You should also include your LinkedIn URL. Next, write the name of the company you’re applying to, and its city of residence.

3. Your Salutation

Ideally, you address your reader by name in your salutation. Internet sleuthing may reveal the name of the hiring manager. If you can’t find a name, you have two options: call the organization and ask to learn more about the position, or write “Dear ” or “Dear Hiring Manager.”

This isn’t ideal, though. You should really only be sending a cover letter if you know the hiring manager’s name and have some specific information about the position. So if you know nothing specific about the hiring manager or job, and the company hasn’t asked for a cover letter specifically, then you probably don’t need to send it .

4. Cover Letter Introduction

Use this section of your cover letter to introduce yourself and share your enthusiasm and why you applied for the position .

Start with your name and provide some background on your strengths. Always identify the position you’re seeking and how you learned about it. If someone at the company told you about the job, then mention that person’s name (only after asking their permission, though). Aim for one to two sentences in your Introduction—keep it short, sweet, and precise.

Example Cover Letter Introduction with No Experience in the Field:

“Hello, my name is Grace Addington, and I’m a goal- and detail-oriented civil engineering graduate from Petaluma College. I was excited to learn about the Junior Engineer internship at Bay Area Rapid Transportation through my former classmate Katie Heinz.”

5. Body Paragraphs

Here comes the most critical part of writing a cover letter with no experience. The purpose of your body paragraphs (one to two brief paragraphs, tops) is to prove that you’re the best candidate for the position. Seeing as how you have little or no previous professional work experience to fall back on, you’ll want to place emphasis on soft skills —attributes of a personal nature that say a lot about your work ethic and ability to work in sync with others. Or, if you have job-related skills (AKA hard skills) from another type of role, point out how those skills will help you transition into this next job and succeed quickly.

That’s what hiring managers are looking for! So while it’s great to write about soft skills and put together a cover letter talking about how you’re willing to learn their job… it’s much better to point out any hands-on experience that you have. So if you’re able, always highlight that first and foremost.

For example, if you had an internship, worked in an unrelated field, did a few academic projects while studying, gave a presentation, etc., those are still valuable pieces to put on your resume AND in your cover letter.

Your resume likely already consists of part-time jobs or school activities or memberships in school associations that maybe aren’t 100% related to the job you’re going after.

Look closer, though—you’ve probably garnered skills in these experiences that can carry over to the job you’re applying for. Below are two examples of cover letter body paragraphs that hone in on two key phrases noted in a job advertisement as requirements: “strong interpersonal skills” and “positive work ethic.” You should be able to figure out pretty quickly which example hits the mark.

Let’s look at two sample paragraphs now from cover letters with no experience in a field:

“I am Twig & Twine’s ideal office manager. As my resume states, I served as an RA at my dorm. I know how to manage an array of things.”

“You’re looking for a candidate with strong interpersonal skills and a positive work ethic. While serving as an RA at Porter College’s main dormitory, I planned monthly social events for over 200 students, settled two to five student disputes per week, and mentored a select group of students in Composition. The experience taught me, rather quickly, how to efficiently multi-task, and how to effectively settle conflicts of all types in a calm, level-headed manner. I feel confident stating that I can bring these talents to Twig & Twine’s office manager position.”

The second example takes the duties that likely appeared in the RA position on the resume and then digs deep, illustrating how the tackling of those duties turned into accomplishments, and led the applicant to grow the crucial skills needed for the office manager position.

One last thing about body paragraphs—remember to frame your message around the employer’s needs, and not yours. Focus on what you can bring to the job, and how your talents will translate into success for the company. That’s important in any cover letter, and becomes even more crucial in a cover letter with no previous work experience.

6. Concluding Your Cover Letter

End your cover letter by reiterating why you’re the best candidate and express your interest once again in the position. And ask them for the interview! It’s surprising but most job seekers don’t do this, and it’s been shown to improve your chances of getting a call to come in for an interview!

So conclude your cover letter by thanking the reader for the time they took to review your application, and tell them you’d like to find a time to meet for an interview to see if it might be a good fit to work together. To close, sign off formally. Try “Respectfully yours” or “Sincerely.”

7. Proofread Everything

Before sending out your new cover letter, read it out loud to catch errors quickly. Ask a trustworthy person to read it as well. Nothing stops you from getting interviews faster than an obvious typo or error in your cover letter or resume, and you only have to check once, but make sure you’re checking it thoroughly!

8. Save it as a PDF

Once the content is finalized, save it as a PDF and title it “ Cover Letter” to prevent confusion. Voila! You’re done. If you follow the tips above, you’ll have a great cover letter with no experience so you can get interviews and job offers in this new field!

Sample Cover Letter With No Experience in Field:

Next, let’s look at a full sample of a cover letter that explains why you’d fit well in a role ( and why you chose to apply for this type of role ):

Dear Name, I’m writing to you regarding the Sales Associate job posting, which I believe reports to you. I can offer 5+ years of experience working directly with customers over the phone and in person, primarily in customer support. Although I haven’t worked directly in sales, my customer support experience has helped me build skills in communication, persuasion, and problem-solving, which I believe will translate well into selling software subscriptions for your firm. I’m motivated to transition into sales to continue challenging myself and growing in my career, and I’ve always enjoyed a challenge, which I think working in sales will provide me. I’ve attached my resume for your review. If any of the above sounds interesting, I’d welcome the chance to talk on the phone this week. Thanks for considering my note today. Best regards, Your Name

This cover letter is upfront and clear that you have no experience in the field of sales, but shows that you’re willing to learn and excited to learn this new job. That’s essential!

You don’t JUST want to say you’re willing to learn, though. You want to PROVE that you’ll be able to learn. That’s why this letter also mentions the experience you have that is most similar. In the case of the example above, it’s the customer service experience and communication skills.

While this person may not have sold anything to customers, they still interacted with customers directly, which will be seen as a plus.

One other thing you should always point out if possible: Experience working in the same industry. So if you’ve never done sales, but you did customer support in the exact same industry as the employer, that’s a huge plus… because it means you’ll have less learning needed on the job!

Other Articles That May Help You:

• 3 more tips for writing a cover letter that stands out.
• General tips for how to get a job with no experience.
• How to write the perfect resume “Summary” section with no experience.

About the Author

Read more articles by Biron Clark

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This really helped me

Thanks for this! Really helpful for me as a new graduate and non native English speaker. I’ve started using the steps here and am planning on sending a lot of applications this week to see how it works.

Thank you for the examples. I hav ea little bit of experience so I’m not writing the cover letter with absolutely no work experience but this still is helpful and seems to work for me.

One hiring manager told me that the reason they chose to call me was my cover letter.

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Why Are You Interested in a Lower-Level Position?

What the Interviewer Wants to Know

• How to Answer the Question
• Examples of the Best Answers
• Tips for Giving the Best Answer
• What Not to Say
• Possible Follow-Up Questions

It’s not uncommon for workers who are older, unemployed, overstressed, balancing family commitments, or simply tired of working too hard to seek a lower-level position. The problem is that when you interview for a job, the hiring manager is going to try to determine if you are willing to downgrade your career. 

If you will be taking a step—or several—down the career ladder, you can expect the  hiring manager  to ask you why you’re interested in a job that’s at a lower-level than your  qualifications . You'll need to convince the employer that you’ll be fully invested in your work, and you’re not just looking to take it easy. Hiring managers and companies want to avoid hiring a slacker or someone who’s going to leave in a short time.

Get tips for how to answer the question, “Why are you interested in a lower-level position?” along with what not to say in your response. 

Interviewers are interested in uncovering if you view a lower-level position as a temporary situation, or if you are looking to work at this level long-term. They may also want to confirm that you're aware that the salary will be lower at this level, and that the responsibilities will not be as high-level as in previous roles. 

By asking this question, interviewers want a reasonable explanation for why you're willing to give up status, pay, and responsibility for a job at a lower-level. 

Interviewers will be concerned that after a few months at the role, you'll find it boring or realize the salary is too low, and will want to move on. From a recruiter's viewpoint, that's a bad outcome, since hiring and training employees is time-consuming and costly. 

In your response, you'll need to share why a lower-level position is the right fit for you. 

How to Answer "Why Are You Interested in a Lower-Level Job?" 

The best approach is to frame your answer positively with a focus on the attractive elements of your target job. For example, you should explain why you’re moving towards the lower level job as opposed to moving away from your current higher-level position.

It’s a good idea to think about why you want to take on the new job and prepare yourself to answer questions in a manner that will convince the interviewer that the position is right for you. First, make a list of the most appealing activities associated with your target job. Then think of examples of when you carried out similar tasks and applied similar skills in the past, noting what you enjoyed about these aspects of the job.

Be ready to reference the success you achieved in those situations and the level of satisfaction which you derived. Also, come equipped with any positive feedback or outcomes of your previous work. 

It can also sometimes be helpful to share more personal reasons why you are interested in a lower-level position. For instance, maybe you're looking for a more manageable schedule or lower stress levels. 

Examples of the Best Answers 

Example answer.

In my current role, directing the content strategy for ABC company, I spend most of my time managing my team and setting the big-picture strategy for content. That's all work that I enjoy and find gratifying, but I find that I overwhelmingly miss writing and editing copy. When it comes to content, creating it is my true strength, and I'm eager to have execution (rather than strategy) be the main focus of my days. 

Why It Works: This answer demonstrates that moving to the lower-level position will allow the person to do more of the work they enjoy and see it as their true area of expertise. 

I'm guessing you're concerned that I'm accepting this role only out of necessity and won't stay in it for awhile. But actually, I'm eager to move to this role: I'll be able to use the same skills I'm using in my current role in a less high-pressure environment. I like to work hard, and am eager to put in the hours, but would like to step-back from some of the high-stakes stresses of my current role. 

Why It Works: This response is direct about the reason the interviewer may be asking the question and shows that the candidate is motivated by wanting less stress. 

As you know, this role represents a bit of a career shift for me. So in many ways, starting out at this level makes a lot of sense—I've had more responsibilities at other positions, but not within this industry. I'm excited to grow my knowledge, while using some of the skills I've gained in previous roles. This is such a good moment for me to make the transition on a personal level, since my kids are all about to graduate college, and financially, having a lower salary is doable. 

Why It Works: This answer shows that the candidate is accepting a lower-level role because of a career transition, while still making it clear that they have plenty of relevant skills. Plus, this answer also touches on the salary question, making it clear the candidate is aware of the lower salary and comfortable with it. 

Tips for Giving the Best Answer 

• Connect your previous roles to the new, lower-level position.  Look for any connections between the attractive aspects of your  current or most recent job and the target job . For example, as an engineering director, the most energizing aspect of your current work might be troubleshooting design problems confronting your team of engineers. Such a reference would support your intention to get back “on the front lines” doing engineering work as opposed to pursuing management tasks. Be sure to explain, in detail, why you enjoy being on those front lines.
• Get a bit personal — but not too personal.  Often this kind of move occurs due to personal considerations. You can discuss some of these reasons, but be sure to avoid oversharing. For instance, maybe you don't need as much income now as you did when you were younger, and perhaps you originally took on your current higher-level job primarily for the income. If you're applying for an  hourly job vs. a salaried  or management position, you could also mention that you were working a significant number of hours each week, and you're now looking for less responsibility and a somewhat lighter workload.

Whatever your supporting reasons might be, the key will be to pair these statements with the main reason that explains your passion for your target position. You need to build your case and the more reasons you have for wanting a lower-level job, the better your chances are for actually getting hired.

• Clarify that you're in it for the long haul.  Employers may justifiably be concerned that you're interviewing for this role out of desperation for a paycheck. In your response, make sure it's clear that you want this role in particular, and aren't planning to accept only to immediately request a promotion or hunt for other, higher-level roles. 
• Point out your added value.  You can also use your response to this question to show that you have the skills and qualifications necessary for the role and will pick things up faster than a more junior hire might. That is, paint your expertise and qualifications as a plus, not a drawback. 
• Make a well-considered, well-rounded case for your career trajectory.  To strengthen your case, consider ending the interview with the question, "Are there any concerns you have about my employment that I have not yet answered?" Deliver this query in a confident and enthusiastic tone, and you'll be sure to quell any worries your potential new employer will have.

What Not to Say 

• Don't be negative about your current role.  While you're leaving your current role for a reason, you don't want to be very negative about it, since that may make you appear disgruntled or like a complainer. 
• Avoid the appearance of wanting to coast.  Employers may be concerned that you're looking for a lower-level role because you're not interested in working hard. Even though the lower-level position may involve less complex responsibilities and fewer hours, it's important to demonstrate that you're still engaged with the work and eager to work hard. 

Possible Follow-Up Questions 

• Where do you see yourself in five years? -  Best Answers
• How do you get along with younger co-workers? 
• What are your goals for the future? -  Best Answers

Key Takeaways

BE PREPARED If you're applying for a lower-level position, you can count on employers wondering why you're opting to make this move. Have a sense of how you'll respond in advance. 

SHARE WHAT'S APPEALING Frame your answer in terms of what's appealing about taking on a lower-level position. 

COUNTERACT HIRING MANAGERS’ RESERVATIONS Interviewers and companies may feel concerned that you won't stay at the position or that you'll be unhappy with the salary or responsibilities (or both). Make sure your response reassures them that you are intentionally seeking out the lower-level role. 

The Honest Cover Letter No One Will Ever Actually Send

It’s that magical time of year when you’re filled with hope and optimism.

Anything is possible! From landing your dream job, to making more money, to refraining from creepily saying, “I saw you did that on Instagram!” when your co-worker tells you about her vacation.

You set out with all the ambition in the world. But then, you find yourself three weeks in—and by three weeks, I obviously mean three days—and starting to lose steam.

And when it comes to the job search, that’s exactly when you begin to worry that if you write one more “tailored” cover letter, it’ll sound like this:

To Whom it May Concern,

Yeah, I started that way. Because I can’t spend five more minutes on LinkedIn trying to track down the hiring manager for this role. Also, because, if I can be honest with you, it’s the only time I know I’m using whom correctly.

I’m interested in this job because I hate my current boss. I’m sorry, I mean because I’m not going to hit my goals this year and need to get out before I’m shown the door. Scratch that, what I meant to say is that I’m interested in this job because it pays money—twice a month, right into the ole bank account.

But I know, I know, you want to know why you should hire me , applicant 542 out of 1,043. The convenient news is that I’ve attached my resume to this application so you can see everything laid out in nice little bullet points. Oh also, I linked to my LinkedIn profile…as requested.

Oh also, I’m passionate about what your company does. Like so passionate. 13/10 passionate. You saw a problem and you solved it. I’m guessing. And man oh man, does that make me pumped! Also, #innovative, #problemsolver, and hmm, let’s throw in #teamplayer.

Anyways, at this point, I’m probably talking to the inside of a trash can because no one reads these things, so it’s probably time to sign off. But, if you’re worried that I’m about to go MIA, fear not Mr. Whom it May Concern! You’re going to get at least one to two emails from me in this next week “just casually checkin’ in” and “just followin’ up when you have a sec.”

Looking forward to the black hole of never hearing from you, Applicant #542

Feel like that was ripped from the insides of your head? If so, sorry, that sounds unnecessarily painful. (Also double sorry for making such a Dad joke.)

But also, I know the feeling. And that’s why I want you to read these three articles before you apply to more jobs. While none of them are going to say what you want to hear— you don’t need to tailor your cover letter —they are going to (hopefully) make writing your next one a little less painful.

• The Perfect Cover Letter to Show Off Your Skills
• The Cover Letter Formula That Skyrocketed My Interviews from 0 to 55
• 3 Quick Tricks to Make Writing a Conversational Cover Letter Easy

Let me know on Twitter how it goes!

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White House lawyers who advised Reagan, Bush endorse Harris over Trump in 2024 showdown

Trump 'remains unfit, dangerous and detached from reality,' say the former gop white house lawyers.

Kamala Harris promises to be a president for all Americans

Vice President Kamala Harris delivers remarks at the 2024 Democratic National Convention after formally accepting the nomination for president. 

FIRST ON FOX: A dozen Republican White House lawyers who served in the administrations of then-Presidents Ronald Reagan, George H.W. Bush and George W. Bush are endorsing Vice President Kamala Harris in her race against GOP nominee former President Donald Trump.

"We endorse Kamala Harris and support her election as President because we believe that returning former President Trump to office would threaten American democracy and undermine the rule of law in our country," the lawyers wrote in a letter that the signatories shared first with Fox News Digital.

The letter was released on Friday, the day after Harris delivered her nomination acceptance speech in the culminating moment of the Democratic National Convention, which was held in Chicago.

HARRIS TAKES AIM AT TRUMP AS SHE VOWS ‘TO BE A PRESIDENT FOR ALL AMERICANS’

Democratic presidential nominee and Vice President Kamala Harris takes the stage on Day 4 of the Democratic National Convention at the United Center in Chicago, Illinois, on August 22, 2024.  (REUTERS/Mike Segar)

The signatories added that "we urge all patriotic Republicans, former Republicans, conservative and center-right citizens, and independent voters to place love of country above party and ideology and join us in supporting Kamala Harris."

The list includes Michael Luttig, the prominent right-of-center legal scholar and retired federal appeals court judge who previously served as assistant counsel to the president in the Reagan White House. Luttig made headlines at the start of the week by endorsing Harris as the Democrats' convention kicked off.

WATCH: TRUMP JOINS FOX NEWS FOLLOWING HARRIS ADDRESS 

The letter notes, "Donald Trump’s own Vice President and multiple members of his Administration and White House Staff at the most senior levels – as well as former Republican nominees for President and Vice President – have already declined to endorse his reelection."

Those signing the letter pointed to what they called "the profound risks presented by his [Trump's] potential return to public office. Indeed, Trump’s own Attorney General and National Security Adviser have said unequivocally that Donald Trump is unfit for office, dangerous, and detached from reality."

Former President and Republican presidential nominee Donald Trump points after speaking about national security during a campaign rally in Asheboro, North Carolina, August 21, 2024. (Photo by PETER ZAY/AFP via Getty Images)

And pointing to the then-president's attempts to reverse the results of his 2020 election loss to President Biden, the Republican lawyers argued that "Trump’s attempt to prevent the peaceful transfer of power after losing the election proved beyond any reasonable doubt his willingness to place his personal interests above the law and values of our constitutional democracy."

"We cannot go along with other former Republican officials who have condemned Trump with these devastating judgments but are still not willing to vote for Harris," they added. "We believe this election presents a binary choice, and Trump is utterly disqualified."

And they charged that Trump "was guilty of grave wrongdoing to our Constitution, democracy, and rule of law, and who remains unfit, dangerous, and detached from reality."

Trump's numerous indictments in four different legal cases dating back to the spring fueled support for him among Republicans as he fended off over a dozen challengers for the 2024 GOP presidential nomination.

His fundraising skyrocketed this spring after he was found guilty of all 34 felony counts in the first criminal trial of a former or current president in the nation's history.

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While Trump easily captured the Republican nomination as he cruised through the GOP's primaries and caucuses, his final rival – former ambassador and former South Carolina Gov. Nikki Haley – continued to win up to 20% of the vote in Republican contests long after she dropped out of the race.

President Biden's campaign – which transformed into the Harris campaign after the president's blockbuster announcement last month that he was ending his re-election bid – has made efforts for months to court Republican voters disaffected with Trump.

The Harris campaign during the four-day convention in Chicago this week showcased Republicans who are supporting the vice president.

Among them were former Georgia Lt. Gov. Geoff Duncan and former Rep. Adam Kinzinger of Illinois.

Former Republican Rep. Adam Kinzinger of Illinois speaks at the Democratic National Convention, on Aug. 22, 2024, in Chicago, Illinois.  (Paul Steinhauser - Fox News )

Trump has dramatically transformed the Republican Party since he first won the GOP nomination and the White House in 2016, turning it from a conservative-dominated party to one where the populist wing of MAGA (Make America Great Again) supporters and followers dominate. 

The list of signatories to the letter, besides Luttig, includes (in alphabetical order) John B. Bellinger III, Senior Associate Counsel to the President and Legal Adviser to the NSC under George W. Bush, Phillip D. Brady, Deputy Counsel to the President under Reagan, Benedict S. Cohen, Associate Counsel to the President under Reagan, Peter D. Keisler, Associate Counsel to the President under Reagan, and Robert M. Kruger, Associate Counsel to the President under Reagan.

Also included are John M. Mitnick, Associate Counsel to the President and Deputy Counsel, White House Homeland Security Council under George W. Bush, Alan Charles Raul, Associate Counsel to the President under Reagan and General Counsel, OMB under Reagan and George H.W. Bush, Nicholas Rostow, Special Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs and Legal Adviser to the NSC under Reagan and George H.W. Bush, Peter J. Rusthoven, Associate Counsel to the President under Reagan, David B. Waller, Senior Associate Counsel to the President under Reagan, and Wendell L. Willkie II, Associate Counsel to the President under Reagan.

Get the latest updates from the 2024 campaign trail, exclusive interviews and more at our Fox News Digital election hub.

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Letters to the Editor: What does Kamala Harris owe the press? Readers on how journalists should cover her

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To the editor: I am not a supporter of former President Trump. I am an independent-leading Democrat, but I believe Vice President Kamala Harris is Teflon. She will say anything you want to hear. (“ Harris shouldn’t talk to the press. That’s our fault ,” column, Aug. 15)

Yes, Harris is running on “vibes” and some very broad policy measures, but her mandate is not clear. Will she continue with President Biden’s foreign policy measures? Does she even have any real policies going ahead?

If the media were honest — and they were not in leading us into thinking Biden was still mentally agile — they would be emphasizing the truth: Harris was not nominated for this job by the people. She did not earn the right to be the Democratic candidate for president.

The nomination should have happened at the Democratic National Convention with numerous candidates participating. Instead of courting conflict, the Democrats chose someone who was safe, whose values fluctuate depending on the weather.

As a voter, I will have to be convinced that Harris deserves this job. Anita Chabria’s commentary pushes the same story several others are trying to sell us: that Harris is seasoned to be president. She is not, and we deserve better.

Isabel Margolin, Amherst, Mass.

To the editor: I was all set to give my opinion that Harris doesn’t need to sit down with the press. If you don’t know her and her policies by now, that’s on you.

And then I read the second half of Chabria’s column, about journalists being info-plumbers. Chabria is dead right here.

We need a good plumber to clean out the crap politicians spew. But, to continue the metaphor, journalists for the past nine years have been crappy at their jobs.

We need them to call out politicians (and I am thinking of one politician in particular here) to their face when they lie. Don’t let them walk all over you. Don’t fact check and whine about it afterward.

We need you to roll up your sleeves, get down in the muck and step up to your job.

Janet Dooley, Fawnskin, Calif.

To the editor: I’m no Trumper, but at least the orange man has press conferences and takes on the challenges of the campaign with interviews.

As we enter a probable war in the Middle East along with nuclear threats, shouldn’t we know more about where she stands on the likes of the Gaza Strip and Ukraine? You know, the issues, not just coconut jokes and TikTok takes?

It’s only months before an election in which the Democrats say they’re “saving democracy.” What’s up?

Andrew Liberman, Santa Monica

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Evictions for making too many 911 calls happen. The Justice Department wants it to stop.

Landlords and local governments across the country could soon face legal consequences for kicking out renters who for decades have faced housing discrimination: People who dial 911 or are the subject of calls to police.

In American cities big and small, experts say many renters have for decades faced possible housing discrimination stemming from so-called 'crime-free' and 'anti-nuisance' property ordinances − rules that rely heavily on 911 call records . If a renter − or someone in their household − violates an ordinance by racking up 911 calls, the rules say they must leave their apartment, or be evicted .

Civil rights groups have long argued the ordinances − which at their peak numbered around 2,000 nationwide − unfairly affect people of color, particularly Black families.

"I don't think we can overstate how damaging and harmful crime-free rental ordinances are, especially for communities of color, domestic violence survivors and low-income populations," said Emily Benfer, a law professor at George Washington University and researcher with the Eviction Lab at Princeton University.

Meanwhile, landlord associations say crime-free ordinances can be valuable tools to screen potential residents, as a way to avoid risk to their business, said Nicole Upano, assistant vice president for housing policy and regulatory affairs at the National Apartment Association. However, many landlords may also feel as if they've been "stuck between a rock and a hard place" when it comes to enforcing nuisance ordinances tied specifically to 911 calls, Upano said.

"Worst case scenario, these ordinances require cities and counties to hold housing providers responsible for nuisance abatement, and sometimes that means having to evict or remove problematic residents," said Upano, whose association represents around 97,000 property owners and managers in the U.S. and abroad.

After years of advocating against the laws, fair housing advocates are now celebrating, saying the ordinances could finally face the nationwide crackdown they deserve, after the U.S. Department of Justice recently condemned them in a letter addressed to local governments across the country.

In its Aug. 15 letter , the department said flatly that the rental ordinances are discriminatory, and argued they disrupt lives and force families into homelessness. Because the ordinances disproportionately affected low-income people of color, they could violate federal law, the department said.

Specifically, many ordinances across the U.S. may violate the Fair Housing Act, Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) and the Violence Against Women Act, the department said.

"What's so significant about the Justice Department letter is they are urging states and localities across the country to take a hard look at these ordinances and determine if they comply with civil rights laws," Benfer said. "And if they are taking that evaluation seriously, the vast majority of these laws need to be repealed."

What are crime-free and anti-nuisance ordinances?

Many municipalities began passing crime-free rental ordinances in the 1990s, as a way to deter criminal activity by signaling to tenants that being involved with the police could jeopardize their housing, Benfer said.

In cases where a landlord violates the ordinance by not cracking down on tenants tied to 911 calls, city officials can unleash fines and license revocations on the owner, said Timothy Zehring, a former Arizona police officer whose crime-free property models became a template for many rental programs.

But Zehring told USA TODAY be believes crime-free and nuisance ordinances passed by municipalities are ineffective and harmful, because they place too much pressure on landlords − the people with final say over whether to kick someone out.

"Government should not be like the camel sticking their nose under the tent telling people how to run their business," said Zehring, who launched the International Crime Free Association in 1992.

These days, many ordinances function to penalize renters who show up in three or more 911 call records in a 6-month period, said Kate Walz, associate director of litigation at the National Housing Law Project. Too often, Walz said, a tenant won't even know they're racking up strikes until it's too late.

"People will be living their lives, raising their children and all of a sudden they get a call from their landlord saying, 'You've got to go,'" Walz said. "That's typically the first time they are getting wind of a problem."

The ordinances also target renters with an arrest record. But in many cases, simply being arrested is not evidence that a crime was committed, said Ryan Moser, vice president of the Corporation for Supportive Housing, a nationwide affordable housing advocacy group.

“Because housing is so scarce, when you create barriers based on people’s involvement in the criminal legal system, you are defacto cutting off a whole subset of people from having housing," Moser said.

Over the past three decades, many public officials have passed the property ordinances to look tough on crime and please constituents, said Zehring. Because the ordinances put too much pressure on landlords to crack down on 911 calls and prior interactions with police, they can have a discriminatory effect, he said.

"We absolutely, positively, strongly advise agencies do not have ordinances," Zehring said.

Zehring said despite warnings listed on the International Crime Free Association's website , crime-free ordinances have proliferated because they helped politicians win elections.

Instead of ordinances, landlords should focus on following civil rights and fair housing guidelines set by the federal government, Zehring said. Beyond that, trimming weeds, hauling rusted vehicles and investing in high quality lighting and proper locks will do much more to deter and prevent criminal activity than an anti-crime property ordinance targeting renters, he said.

"A person could put one foot against the door and they can get in, do a home invasion, do a sexual assault, a kidnapping," Zehring told USA TODAY. "We tell landlords, if you want to be a part of our program, open your pocketbook, buddy. You are not in this business to take all the money from your residents and not reinvest that back into the safety of the property."

Each year, Zehring's organization teaches workshops to about 1,000 police officers across the country, who then train tens of thousands of landlords annually, Zehring told USA TODAY.

Ordinances cause more housing problems, not less, experts say

As the U.S. homeless population in recent years has reached staggering new heights , and rental prices remain unaffordable , housing advocates are again pointing to crime-free ordinances as part of the problem.

Being kicked out of an apartment is extremely destabilizing for low-income people, who may lose a job as a result of having to live farther away from work. If a landlord forces an eviction − which can involve a court notice − that could scar someone's housing record for life, Benfer said.

"Once that eviction is filed, it not only removes the roof over a family's head, it also starts that downward spiral of severe and long-lasting threats to wellbeing and stability that can be impossible to climb back up from," Benfer said.

There is no data showing the property ordinances reduce crime, Benfer said, and "they result in a spike in eviction filings."

Domestic violence victims hurt by 911 rules

Matthew Desmond, author of the Pulitzer Prize-winning non-fiction book Evicted , found in 2012 that in nuisance citations where domestic violence was present, 50% of cases resulted in a landlord formally or informally evicting the tenants.

Housing advocates told USA TODAY the most upsetting part about anti-nuisance rental ordinances is they end up hurting people who call the police for help when they're at their most vulnerable.

"One of the things that's most damaging about these crime-free rental ordinances, is that they're truly depriving whole communities from the safety and protection of law enforcement, and instead forcing them to take matters into their own hands just to keep a roof over their head," Benfer said.

Anti-crime property ordinances are likely in violation of the Violence Against Women Act, which congress reauthorized in 2022, Walz said.

"Local governments have to actually look at their laws, and they have to remove laws that don't comply with a person's right to report crime and seek emergency assistance under the act," Walz said.

How will the Justice Department enforce the letter?

Going forward, elected officials across the country considering passing crime-free and anti-nuisance rental ordinances may reconsider to avoid litigation from the Justice Department, Walz said.

In its letter, the justice department highlighted lawsuits from across the country where former tenants won settlements after a court ruled they were kicked out of housing unfairly.

Earlier this year, the Minnesota city of Anoka agreed to pay a total of $175,000 to people with disabilities and their families, who were found to be harmed by the local nuisance ordinance . According to the Justice Department, Anoka tenants with disabilities who called 911 were threatened with eviction, including after requesting help during suicide attempts in some cases.

The situation in Anoka is likely not isolated to that city, said Cecil Smith, president of the Minnesota Multi Housing Association, who said he thinks landlords get "caught in the middle" by ordinances.

"You have small communities with limited resources putting pressure on property managers when there’s public resources involved," Smith said.

In 2022, the city of Hesperia, California, repealed its no-crime ordinance and nearly $1 million remains up for grabs by tenants and fair housing groups as a result of a lawsuit brought by the Department of Justice , which found the ordinance was not enforced equally across racial groups.

JD Vance accused Tim Walz of lying about his IVF experience. Fertility doctors say confusion is common.

After he talked about his family's fertility struggles on the campaign trail, Democratic vice presidential nominee Tim Walz is facing criticism from his opponent for not accurately having identified the treatment his wife, Gwen, received.

The Republican vice presidential nominee, Sen. JD Vance, of Ohio, accused Walz on Tuesday of lying about having conceived his children via in vitro fertilization. Vance seemed to be responding to an article in Glamour magazine , in which Gwen Walz said she had undergone a fertility treatment called intrauterine insemination.

“It’s just such a bizarre thing to lie about, right? There’s nothing wrong with having a baby through IVF or not having a baby through IVF. Like, why lie about it? I just don’t understand that,” Vance told reporters in Milwaukee.

“Anybody who’s had a friend or themselves on fertility treatment, you know the difference,” he added.

Both IVF and IUI are forms of assisted reproductive technology. IVF involves retrieving eggs from the ovaries and fertilizing them with sperm in a laboratory, then transferring one or more embryos into the uterus. IUI involves putting sperm directly into the uterus. Either way, a doctor inserts a small, flexible tube into the vagina to place the sperm or an embryo into the uterus.

Some staunch abortion opponents are against the practice of discarding embryos, a common part of the IVF process. Like most Republicans, Vance has voted against Democratic legislation to protect IVF.

Tim Walz has never directly said he and his wife had their children via IVF, but some of his past statements have implied that was the case.

In February, after the Alabama Supreme Court ruled that embryos created through IVF were considered children (meaning people theoretically could be sued for destroying them), Walz wrote on Facebook that he and his wife “have two beautiful children because of reproductive health care like IVF.”

And last month, he said on the “Pod Save America” podcast  that, if it were up to Vance, “I wouldn’t have a family because of IVF and the things that we need to do reproductive. My kids were born through that direct — you know, that way.” 

Mia Ehrenberg, a spokesperson for the Harris-Walz campaign, said in a statement Tuesday that Walz “was using commonly understood shorthand for fertility treatments” in his previous comments.

“The Trump campaign’s attacks on Mrs. Walz are just another example of how cruel and out of touch Donald Trump and JD Vance are when it comes to women’s healthcare,” Ehrenberg said.

Several fertility doctors said it's common to conflate IUI and IVF.

“Whenever someone thinks they’re doing fertility treatments, they think automatically they’re doing IVF,” said Dr. Brian Levine, founding partner of CCRM Fertility New York.

In reality, he added, "there’s gradations of treatment, and IUI is one of the tools that’s in my toolbox.”

Dr. Eli Reshef, an infertility specialist at the Advanced Fertility Center of Chicago and an advisory board member at WINFertility, said “the majority of my patients, not all, know the difference” between IUI and IVF.

There can be overlap between the two processes. For instance, Gwen Walz said in a statement Tuesday that her treatment involved injections, which are typically the shots IVF patients use.

“The only person who knew in detail what we were going through was our next door neighbor. She was a nurse and helped me with the shots I needed as part of the IUI process,” she said. “I’d rush home from school and she would give me the shots to ensure we stayed on track.” 

In most cases, patients undergoing IUI take pills to stimulate the production of eggs, but a minority use injectable hormones. In that sense, medications most commonly associated with IVF have played a role in some couples' success with IUI.

Injections may be used in the IUI process for a few reasons, said Dr. Shaun Williams, a partner in reproductive endocrinology at Illume Fertility in Connecticut.

“If we haven’t been successful with getting two or three eggs each month, then we’ll sometimes move to the more potent medication to try to have a higher likelihood of success,” Williams said.

He added that some people also opt for injections because they “are limited by the number of attempts that they can do, based on either insurance coverage limitations or cost."

IUI has a lower success rate per cycle than IVF, but it’s less expensive and invasive. People undergoing IVF must give themselves shots daily for one to two weeks and get frequent ultrasounds and blood draws. The egg retrieval procedure requires anesthesia and involves inserting a needle into the ovaries to remove the eggs.

Many fertility specialists suggest trying IUI first. Some patients also aren’t candidates for IVF.

“I tell my patients: ‘Let’s do three IUIs. If that’s not successful, let’s talk about the more involved and expensive cousin: in vitro,’” Reshef said.

Both IVF and IUI are often highly stressful and emotional for couples hoping to conceive.

“When my wife and I decided to have children, we spent years going through infertility treatments,” Walz said this month at a rally in Philadelphia. “And I remember praying every night for a call for good news, the pit in my stomach when the phone rang and the agony when we heard that the treatments hadn’t worked. So it wasn’t by chance that when we welcomed our daughter into the world, we named her Hope.”

Aria Bendix is the breaking health reporter for NBC News Digital.