Best Online PhD & Doctoral Programs
Obtaining a doctoral degree online may help open doors for you to advance your career. Study.com has compiled a list of the top PhD and doctorate degree programs in the country to help you inform your schooling decisions.
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Best Online Ph.D. and Doctoral Programs
Study.com's online degree rankings are unique in that they emphasize accessibility, affordability, and quality of education, which we considered the most important attributes in our school rankings. Keep reading to find a great doctoral program that meets your needs.
1. Purdue University
Purdue Universitym in West Lafayette, Indiana offers more than 175 online degree options, including programs for students looking to secure their doctoral degree in areas like nursing and education. Online programs include the Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) and Doctor of Technology, while the university also offers the Ph.D. in Higher Education and Ph.D. in Educational Leadership and Policy Studies in hybrid on-campus/online program formats. Students in these programs get plenty of support in their studies through one-on-one educational advising, free tutoring services, and career counseling assistance.
2. A. T. Still University of Health Sciences
A. T. Still University of Health Sciences in Kirksville, Missouri helps students pursue their goal of earning a doctorate in a variety of fields through flexible online degree options. Doctoral degrees include the Doctor of Health Administration, Doctor of Health Education, Doctor of Medical Science, and Doctor of Occupational Therapy. To support its online students, the university offers access to library databases specific to the health professions like ClinicalKey, the LWW Health Library, and Stat!Ref. The university also provides subscriptions to mobile apps like AccessMedicine, EBSCO eBooks, BrowZine, and Merck Manual Professional.
3. George Washington University
At George Washington University in Washington, D.C., students can choose from several fantastic online doctoral programs, including the Clinical Doctorate in Occupational Therapy, Ph.D. in Nursing, and Doctor of Engineering in Engineering Management. Depending on the program students choose, coursework could be completed totally online or require a residency that needs just a couple of campus visits. The university's online programs could include synchronous courses in which students and faculty interact in a live online environment or asynchronous courses in which students learn through a self-paced approach. Online students can feel supported in their studies thanks to a wide range of services, including online writing assistance as well as library resources for off-campus students like web-based journal searches.
4. Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine
At Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine in Erie, Pennsylvania, students have the opportunity to enroll in a comprehensive four-year Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD) online distance learning program. In this program, which is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education (ACPE), students take mostly online courses that focus on basic science in the first year, clinical science training in years two and three and Advanced Pharmacy Practice Experiences (APPE) in community and clinical settings in the fourth year. On-campus visits are required for casework, labs, and presentations. Pharmacy students are able to delve deeper into their field by learning valuable information from the LECOM School of Pharmacy Center for Drug Information and Research.
5. Liberty University
Liberty University in Lynchburg, Virginia offers more than 90 doctoral online programs in areas ranging from business administration and strategic leadership to ministry and worship studies. The Office of Online Student Life helps students stay on track throughout their academic studies with fantastic resources like online tutoring, access to a video library, and an online writing center. Students even get the opportunity to take part in Supplemental Instruction (SI) in which they work with peer tutors to overcome academic challenges that could stand in the way of their ability to excel in their programs.
6. University of Colorado Denver/Anschutz Medical Campus
The University of Colorado Denver/Anschutz Medical Campus offers more than 50 fully online certificates and degrees, including three doctoral degrees: iPharmD, Doctor of Nursing Practice, and Ph.D. in Nursing. Students enrolled in degree programs that use the Canvas online learning system can get acclimated with help from free training and tutorials. Online students can also take advantage of a variety of resources like access to 24/7 librarian support and an online writing center.
7. Utica College
Utica College in Utica, New York provides a phenomenal online doctoral program for students interested in physical therapy. The Post-Professional Doctor of Physical Therapy (pptDPT) is a clinical doctoral degree designed for individuals looking to start careers in school-based physical therapy or geriatric physical therapy. The college offers resources that online students can utilize to excel, including articles that offer information about specific academic programs. To help prepare students for life after graduation, the college offers career services that include an online resume builder and the ability to practice your interviewing skills through a virtual interview prep module.
8. Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center
Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center in Lubbock, Texas is home to more than a dozen distance learning programs, including several doctoral degree options. Students could enroll in the Doctor of Science in Physical Therapy or Doctor of Physical Therapy, Transitional if interested in the field of physical therapy. The university also offers a Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN) to Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) program and a traditional DNP program. Services available to online students include web-based access to the TTUHSC Libraries and TTUHSC Writing Center.
9. MCPHS University
MCPHS University in Boston, Massachusetts prepares students for careers in health professions through a variety of online terminal degrees. Programs include a Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP), Doctor of Acupuncture and Integrative Health (D.A.I.H.), Doctor of Health Sciences (D.H.S.), and Doctor of Science in Physician Assistant Studies. To aid in the pursuit of their career prospects, students can enjoy the support of the Center for Professional Career Development, which offers access to the Career Center Blackboard for interviewing assistance, resume building help and networking opportunities.
10. University of the Cumberlands
The University of the Cumberlands in Williamsburg, Kentucky makes it easy to jumpstart your career in industries like business, education, and information technology with comprehensive online doctoral degrees. Program options include the Doctorate in Business Administration (D.B.A.), Ed.D. in Educational Leadership, and Ph.D. in Counselor Education and Supervision. This university's online learning experience stands out from the pack because of students' ability to take both synchronous and asynchronous classes for top-notch flexibility. The university also offers online tools and resources to help students conduct quality research, communicate regularly with their instructors, and interact effortlessly with their peers.
11. University of New England
The University of New England in Portland, Maine offers a three-year, 51-credit Doctor of Education in Transformative Leadership (Ed.D.) program that is available completely online. This program does not require campus visits and even allows students to present their dissertations online. Students in this and other online programs can enjoy a wide range of resources, including online access to the library and Blackboard learning management system tutorials. The Student Academic Success Center offers online services like help with study skills and academic support via phone conversations, video conferencing, or even synchronous online workshops with other students.
12. University of South Alabama
The College of Nursing at the University of South Alabama in Mobile, Alabama is home to an online Doctor of Nursing Practice program accredited by the Commission on Collegiate Nursing Education that offers a variety of pathways to the doctoral degree. Students have the opportunity to train for careers in nursing informatics, public health administration, executive nurse administration, or one of several nurse practitioner or specialist roles. While enrolled in their online programs, students can benefit from a variety of resources, including access to online nursing job searches and a comprehensive online collection of evidence-based resources for nursing..
13. Saint Louis University
Saint Louis University in Saint Louis, Missouri offers a Ph.D. in Nursing as well as a Doctor of Nursing Practice for students interested in online terminal degrees in the nursing field. The DNP program offers five concentrations in areas that can lead to careers as nurse practitioners for adult and pediatric populations as well as for families and mental health. In both programs, students are able to strengthen their academic journeys with help from an online library and writing center. They can also benefit from a faculty advisor who guides them from the beginning to the end of their programs.
14. Frontier Nursing University
Frontier Nursing University in Hyden, Kentucky offers a Doctor of Nursing Practice program that can be completed in as few as 15 months. While all courses are taken online, the program requires students to take part in a three-day on-campus experience, complete the clinical-based, eight-week DNP Project, and gain clinical experience through a practicum. Program specialties include Nurse-Midwife, Women's Health Care Nurse Practitioner, and Family Nurse Practitioner. Online students are supported by distance education services like the ability to search online journals and full-text databases through the Alice Whitman Memorial Library.
15. The University of Tennessee - Health Science Center
Students interested in securing an online nursing doctoral degree from the University of Tennessee - Health Science Center in Memphis, Tennessee will be happy to learn about the school's fantastic Doctor of Nursing Practice program. This program, which received the first Faculty Practice Award from the National Organization of Nurse Practitioner Faculties, offers concentrations that include Acute Care Nurse Practitioner, Neonatal Nurse Practitioner, and Psychiatric Mental Health Practitioner. Students enrolled in this and other online programs can benefit from great support services like educational coaching, online access to the Health Science Library, and learning resources such as online writing assistance.
16. St John's University - New York
St John's University - New York in Queens offers phenomenal online doctoral programs that stand out from the pack, including the Doctor of Professional Studies in Homeland Security that offers online and hybrid delivery modes and a fully online Ph.D. in Literacy. Students in these programs are prepared for success during their schooling and after graduation with access to career services, mentoring, and networking opportunities. The Office of Online Learning and Services also offers student resources like tutoring and writing help.
17. Brandman University
At Brandman University in Irvine, California, students can enroll in an Ed.D. in Organizational Leadership program available in a hybrid (on-campus/online) or fully online format. The program is designed for completion in three years with the first two years focused on coursework and the final year focused on the dissertation. While enrolled in this program, online students can benefit from a variety of resources, including virtual meetings with academic advisors who help them during the admissions process and throughout their academic journeys. Tutoring services are also available along with tech support from the Center for Instructional Innovation (CII).
18. Lamar University
Individuals studying education who are interested in an online doctorate could enroll in the 100% online Ed.D. in Educational Leadership program at Lamar University in Beaumont, Texas. This program, which begins in the summer, is designed for completion in eight semesters with summers included. While enrolled, students can enjoy online tools designed to support their learning and study processes like library research databases. The university also helps students start or further their careers with online career tools like the Handshake online job database and InterviewStream for interviewing practice.
19. The University of Texas Medical Branch
The University of Texas Medical Branch in Galveston is proud to offer a comprehensive online DNP This program can be completed in 8 semesters and features 16 courses with flexible curriculum and small class sizes that help students get to know their instructors and peers intimately. While in this program, students can access online career resources like interviewing assistance and nursing specialty career guides. School of Nursing students can also enjoy free academic tutoring that helps with assignments, lab work and information about supplemental learning resources.
20. Saybrook University
At Saybrook University in Pasadena, California are doctoral programs that are considered low-residency, hybrid, which means they are completed mostly online but require some in-person instruction. Available programs include the Ph.D. in Mind-Body Medicine, Ph.D. in Organizational Systems, Ph.D. in Transformative Social Change, and Ph.D. in Clinical Psychology. Students enrolled in these online programs can access fantastic online library resources like Ebrary, NetLibrary, Sage Journals Online, and PsychiatryOnline.
21. Arkansas State University
Arkansas State University in Jonesboro, Arkansas is home to Ed.D. in Educational Leadership and Doctor of Nursing Practice programs, both of which are available in an online format. Students in these programs have the opportunity to utilize online tools like the OneSearch database for the Dean B. Ellis Library that searches journals, databases, and catalogs. While enrolled or upon graduation, students can take advantage of career services like resume writing assistance and job search help.
22. Wilkes University
Among the many fantastic online programs available at Wilkes University in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania are the Ed.D. in Educational Leadership, DNP, and Ph.D. in Nursing. To help online doctoral students excel in these programs, the university offers online access to library resources like a resource collection and other distance learning resources like tutorials for using other library tools. The Center for Career Development and Internships prepares students for job placement while in school or upon graduating.
23. Augusta University
Augusta University in Augusta, Georgia is proud to offer several online doctoral programs in nursing, including the Ph.D. in Nursing (a hybrid program) and Doctor of Nursing Practice options that are either hybrid or online. DNP concentrations include the Pediatric Nurse Practitioner, DNP Post-Master's, and Nurse Executive track. As students navigate their educational experience, they can take advantage of resources designed to support online learners like the library online academic databases.
24. Idaho State University
Idaho State University in Pocatello, Idaho offers several online doctoral programs like the Ed.D. in Education Administration, Ed.D. in Educational Leadership, Ph.D in Nursing, and Ph.D in Instructional Design. Online students on track to becoming future educators can benefit from support in their programs from the Kent Center, which offers advice to educator preparation candidates. The Career Center is also available to assist students in job searches, which can be conducted online.
25. Maryland University of Integrative Health
At Maryland University of Integrative Health in Laurel, Maryland, students can enjoy access to a variety of programs available in online and hybrid formats. The university's Doctor of Clinical Nutrition is offered in multiple formats depending on the level of education already attained prior to enrollment. Students who opt for the online experience utilize Canvas, a platform that allows them to learn on their own time in a flexible, asynchronous environment. The Office of Digital Learning helps students who are learning online to meet their academic obligations through technology consultations and training for Canvas.
26. Medical University of South Carolina
Students interested in securing online doctorates in health-related fields could find what they're looking for at the Medical University of South Carolina in Charleston. Program options include the Doctor of Nursing Practice, Ph.D. in Nursing Science, Doctor of Health Administration, and Clinical Doctorate in Nurse Anesthesia. With help from the Office of Enrollment Management (OEM), students can get help with every aspect of their academic experience from enrollment to graduation. Library services available for online students include JoVE Video Collection and online journal and ebook searches.
27. Shenandoah University
Shenandoah University in Winchester, Virginia offers more than half a dozen online doctoral degree programs, including the Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN) to DNP, MSN to DNP, Transitional Doctor of Physical Therapy, and Doctor of Pharmacy/Master of Public Health dual degree program. Students in these and other online programs at the university can enjoy academic assistance that includes email tutoring from the Writing Center and even math help for distance learners.
28. Concordia University - Portland
The Doctor of Education (Ed.D.) program from Concordia University - Portland in Oregon is a fantastic option for students interested in earning their doctoral degree in an online or hybrid format. This program offers a 'virtual residency' feature that allows students to receive the same support they would in face-to-face residencies. Financial opportunities available to Ed.D. students include the $10,000 - $15,500 District Partnership Scholarship and $5,000 Seasonal Scholarship. Students can also benefit from online academic and technical support when taking online courses.
29. University of Nevada - Las Vegas
The UNLV is happy to offer 200 hybrid and online courses each semester, many of which are found in online doctoral programs like the Ph.D. in Nursing: Nursing Education track, Ph.D. in Nursing: Post Doctor of Nursing Practice track, and Doctor of Nursing Practice program. Online students have the ability to create their own schedule so they can learn during times and in locations that are most convenient to them. While enrolled in these programs, nursing doctoral students have the opportunity to take elective courses through NEXus, which provides access to courses offered at other schools.
30. Faulkner University
Faulkner University, a Christian liberal arts school in Montgomery, Alabama, houses two distance-learning doctoral programs: Doctor of Philosophy in Biblical Studies and Doctor of Philosophy in Humanities. These programs are both available completely online and take around four or five years to complete. A variety of resources can support students' journeys in these programs, including an online academic calendar, online student handbook and schedule for online classes.
31. Logan University
Logan University in Chesterfield, Missouri offers a Doctorate of Health Professions Education degree that is available totally online. The program features a three-trimester system that grants students the flexibility to begin their coursework in January, May, and September. To help students excel in their programs, the university offers the Learning Resources Center (LRC), which provides access to online library research guides, streaming media, and the Logan eBook libguide. Students can also enjoy career services and the Online Career Resource Center.
32. St. Catherine University
St. Catherine University in St. Paul, Minnesota offers a comprehensive online Doctor of Occupational Therapy (Post-Professional) (OTD-PP) degree that touts three alumni and university leaders who have been American Occupational Therapy Association (AOTA) presidents. Students engage with their professors and fellow students primarily through video chats; however, two on-campus visits are required at the beginning and end of the program. The university offers online writing assistance for graduate students and distance learners as well as online resources like workshop videos and library research help.
33. University of Memphis
The University of Memphis in Tennessee houses online doctoral programs that include a Ph.D. in Nursing, Doctor of Liberal Studies, and Doctor of Education degrees in Higher and Adult Education and Instructional and Curriculum Leadership. Resources for online students in these and other programs at the university include 24/7 online tutoring, access to online library databases and career services like FOCUS 2, a web-based career guidance system that helps you to assess career interests based on your personality, skills, interests, and values.
34. The Chicago School of Professional Psychology at Los Angeles
The Chicago School of Professional Psychology at Los Angeles in California offers several online and online-residency doctoral programs, including a Ph.D. in Business Psychology, Ed.D. in Educational Psychology and Technology, Ph.D. in Organizational Leadership, and Ph.D. in Applied Behavior Analysis. Most online courses in these programs are taught in a self-paced manner but could require a synchronous component in which students interact in a live online environment. During their time in the program, students will receive a personal Student Advisor who aids in the academic journey from enrollment to graduation.
35. Loma Linda University
Loma Linda University in Loma Linda, California is happy to offer comprehensive online and distant programs in areas like behavioral health, nursing and public health. At the doctoral level, students could enroll in program options like the Doctor of Occupational Therapy (OTD), Doctorate of Marital and Family Therapy (DMFT) and Doctor of Public Health (DrPh) in Health Education. The OTD and DMFT programs are available 100% online, while the DrPH program requires students to visit the campus for specific projects like research for proposal defenses. To help students excel in their programs, the university grants web-based access to the Del E. Webb Memorial Library through which they can research journals, databases and catalogs online.
36. Indiana State University
Indiana State University in Terre Haute, Indiana provides fantastic online learning opportunities for prospective doctoral students. Program options include a Doctor of Nursing Practice, Ph.D. in Technology Management, Doctorate in Athletic Training and Ph.D. in Educational Administration: School Administration. The university's Career Center offers great services for distance learners to plan for job opportunities while enrolled or after graduating through career advising that can take place over the phone or via video conferencing.
37. Mississippi State University
At Mississippi State University, students have access to a variety of online and distance doctoral programs, including a Ph.D. in Community College Leadership and a variety of engineering Ph.D. programs in areas like civil engineering, computational engineering, and mechanical engineering. The university offers student services that can benefit online learners, including online tutoring, online workshops, and tutorials from the Instructional Media Center. Students can also explore an informative YouTube channel from the Mississippi State University Libraries offering software tutorials.
38. Wilmington University
Students attending Wilmington University in New Castle, Delaware can work toward careers in education or nursing through the school's online doctoral programs. Program choices include the Doctor of Education, Doctor of Nursing Practice, accelerated MSN to DNP and Gerontological Nurse Practitioner and Doctor of Nursing Practice combined accelerated option. To help students succeed in their programs, the university offers online tutoring as well as online workshops. Academic tools specific to doctoral students include assistance with figuring out how to interpret statistics results and free statistics lectures.
39. University of Western States
The University of Western States in Portland, Oregon offers an Ed.D. in Clinical Mental Health Counseling with a Sport and Performance specialization. This 100% online program does not require you to make on-campus visits and even allows for flexible, asynchronous learning; however, during a practicum or internship, students will be required to meet at a certain time each week for online supervision in small groups. Online programs are supported through the Student Resource Center, which offers writing assistance via web chat, an online orientation and other services to making learning as convenient as possible.
40. University of Louisiana at Monroe
At the University of Louisiana at Monroe, students have the opportunity to pursue their career goals through the school's online Ed.D. in Curriculum and Instruction program or Ph.D. in Marriage and Family Therapy program. Students enrolled in one of these 60-credit programs can benefit from the school's commitment to support distance learners in their academic journeys through intimate guidance and reliable assistance. While enrolled, students can enjoy great opportunities for academic growth through a variety of services, including library database access and the ability to explore online articles focused on specific careers.
41. Chatham University
With help from Chatham University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, students can work toward careers in the health professions through the Professional Doctor of Occupational Therapy (OTD) or Doctor of Nursing Practice, both offered online with some residency requirements. Both programs aim to save students money on academic costs; in fact, members of the AOTA or other approved occupational therapy associations who pursue the OTD could receive a 20% reduction in their tuition. Online students are granted complete access to the Jennie King Mellon Library as well as career resources through the Programs for Academic Confidence and Excellence (PACE) Center. Online tutoring is also available to help students excel in their programs.
42. The University of Tennessee - Chattanooga
The University of Tennessee - Chattanooga gets students on the right track toward successful careers with an online Doctor of Nursing Practice program and hybrid Doctorate in Learning and Leadership - Executive Delivery. To enhance students' academic progress, the university offers student services like access to library services by phone or asynchronous conferences and assistance with writing development through the UTC Writing & Communication Center.
43. St. Thomas University
Miami Gardens, Florida is home to St. Thomas University, which offers a variety of online graduate programs including the Doctor of Education in Leadership and Innovation. This 60-credit program features an accelerated format that allows students to finish their studies in as few as 36 months. To help students excel in this program, the university offers library services for online learners, including research assistance by phone and email, online book ordering, and the ability to search for hundreds of thousands of ebooks and e-audiobooks online.
44. University of Michigan - Flint
At the University of Michigan - Flint, students can access several online programs as well as mixed-mode programs that require on-campus visits every four to six weeks. Online programs include the Doctor of Nursing Practice and Transitional Doctor of Physical Therapy, and mixed online and in-person programs include the Doctor of Education. Students can enjoy the support of academic advising while enrolled in their doctoral programs. Financial opportunities are available through graduate student research assistantships and the Graduate Student Grant, which does not require repayment.
45. University of Northern Colorado
The University of Northern Colorado in Greeley, Colorado is proud to help its graduate students pursue their doctorates while enjoying the convenience of online learning. Doctoral degree options include a Post-Bachelor's Doctor of Nursing Practice in Nursing: Adult Gerontology Acute Care Nurse Practitioner, and Post-Master's Nursing Doctor of Nursing Practice as well as doctoral degree options in special education, nursing education, and educational studies. The university's library offers services to help distance learners excel, including access to ILLiad for article or book chapter requests and the ability to receive books, CDs, and DVDs by mail. Students looking for help in their career searches can use Handshake and get other assistance from the Center for Career Readiness.
46. New Mexico State University
New Mexico State University in Las Cruces, New Mexico offers 100% online courses as well as distance learning courses that educate students via Interactive Television, online technologies and off-site classes. Doctoral programs at the university, which include a Doctor of Nursing Practice and Ph.D. in Nursing, are taught in a hybrid format that requires some face-to-face instruction at one of the campuses. Students in these programs can benefit from online tutoring assistance and access to online career services and online job boards.
47. The University of Findlay
Findlay, Ohio is home to the University of Findlay, a school providing several distance-learning degree options, including a Doctor of Education (Ed.D.). This program is offered completely online, except for a three-day Summer Institute experience, and can be finished in just three years. The university supports students in the Ed.D. program through dissertation support, online tutoring through the Academic Support Center, and the ability to work with an academic counselor who helps with test-taking skills, time management, and more.
48. Northern Kentucky University
Students attending Northern Kentucky University in Highland Heights, Kentucky can find a variety of online graduate programs, one of which being the Post-Masters Doctor of Nursing Practice Online program. This 100% online program requires the completion of 10 core courses as well as a DNP Practicum/Project. While in this program, students can benefit from access to opportunities that include the ability to search the library's databases online. The university also offers career services like interviewing assistance and a Career Library that offers industrial outlooks, resume writing insight, and job search strategies.
49. Clarke University
Clarke University in Dubuque, Iowa is proud to offer a hybrid Doctor of Nursing Practice program that requires students to meet on-campus twice a month. The DNP, which can be earned in as few as three years, boasts a 100% pass rate for students taking national certification exams. The university also offers the mostly online Bridge Program for students who already possess a Master of Science in Nursing (M.S.N.) and want to earn their DNP Among the many resources available to Clarke University online students are the Writing Center, which offers graduate writing assistance and job placement assistance.
50. Loyola University New Orleans
Loyola University New Orleans in Louisiana offers several online Doctor of Nursing Practice programs for post-baccalaureate and post-master's students. These degree options provide students with the opportunity to work toward careers as nurse practitioners, family nurse practitioners and executive leaders. The Office of Writing & Learning Services allows distance and graduate students in need of writing assistance to submit drafts online for feedback from tutors. The university also offers career development assistance for online students, including access to the Handshake career services platform.
To get a more in-depth look at our school ranking methodology, please visit Study.com's ranking methodology page.
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Doctor of Philosophy in Education
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The Harvard Ph.D. in Education trains cutting-edge researchers who work across disciplines to generate knowledge and translate discoveries into transformative policy and practice.
Offered jointly by the Harvard Graduate School of Education and the Harvard Kenneth C. Griffin Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, the Ph.D. in Education provides you with full access to the extraordinary resources of Harvard University and prepares you to assume meaningful roles as university faculty, researchers, senior-level education leaders, and policymakers.
As a Ph.D. candidate, you will collaborate with scholars across all Harvard graduate schools on original interdisciplinary research. In the process, you will help forge new fields of inquiry that will impact the way we teach and learn. The program’s required coursework will develop your knowledge of education and your expertise in a range of quantitative and qualitative methods needed to conduct high-quality research. Guided by the goal of making a transformative impact on education research, policy, and practice, you will focus on independent research in various domains, including human development, learning and teaching, policy analysis and evaluation, institutions and society, and instructional practice.
Curriculum Information
The Ph.D. in Education requires five years of full-time study to complete. You will choose your individual coursework and design your original research in close consultation with your HGSE faculty adviser and dissertation committee. The requirements listed below include the three Ph.D. concentrations: Culture, Institutions, and Society; Education Policy and Program Evaluation; and Human Development, Learning and Teaching .
We invite you to review an example course list, which is provided in two formats — one as the full list by course number and one by broad course category . These lists are subject to modification.
Ph.D. Concentrations and Examples
Summary of Ph.D. Program
Doctoral Colloquia In year one and two you are required to attend. The colloquia convenes weekly and features presentations of work-in-progress and completed work by Harvard faculty, faculty and researchers from outside Harvard, and Harvard doctoral students. Ph.D. students present once in the colloquia over the course of their career.
Research Apprenticeship The Research Apprenticeship is designed to provide ongoing training and mentoring to develop your research skills throughout the entire program.
Teaching Fellowships The Teaching Fellowship is an opportunity to enhance students' teaching skills, promote learning consolidation, and provide opportunities to collaborate with faculty on pedagogical development.
Comprehensive Exams The Written Exam (year 2, spring) tests you on both general and concentration-specific knowledge. The Oral Exam (year 3, fall/winter) tests your command of your chosen field of study and your ability to design, develop, and implement an original research project.
Dissertation Based on your original research, the dissertation process consists of three parts: the Dissertation Proposal, the writing, and an oral defense before the members of your dissertation committee.
Culture, Institutions, and Society (CIS) Concentration
In CIS, you will examine the broader cultural, institutional, organizational, and social contexts relevant to education across the lifespan. What is the value and purpose of education? How do cultural, institutional, and social factors shape educational processes and outcomes? How effective are social movements and community action in education reform? How do we measure stratification and institutional inequality? In CIS, your work will be informed by theories and methods from sociology, history, political science, organizational behavior and management, philosophy, and anthropology. You can examine contexts as diverse as classrooms, families, neighborhoods, schools, colleges and universities, religious institutions, nonprofits, government agencies, and more.
Education Policy and Program Evaluation (EPPE) Concentration
In EPPE, you will research the design, implementation, and evaluation of education policy affecting early childhood, K–12, and postsecondary education in the U.S. and internationally. You will evaluate and assess individual programs and policies related to critical issues like access to education, teacher effectiveness, school finance, testing and accountability systems, school choice, financial aid, college enrollment and persistence, and more. Your work will be informed by theories and methods from economics, political science, public policy, and sociology, history, philosophy, and statistics. This concentration shares some themes with CIS, but your work with EPPE will focus on public policy and large-scale reforms.
Human Development, Learning and Teaching (HDLT) Concentration
In HDLT, you will work to advance the role of scientific research in education policy, reform, and practice. New discoveries in the science of learning and development — the integration of biological, cognitive, and social processes; the relationships between technology and learning; or the factors that influence individual variations in learning — are transforming the practice of teaching and learning in both formal and informal settings. Whether studying behavioral, cognitive, or social-emotional development in children or the design of learning technologies to maximize understanding, you will gain a strong background in human development, the science of learning, and sociocultural factors that explain variation in learning and developmental pathways. Your research will be informed by theories and methods from psychology, cognitive science, sociology and linguistics, philosophy, the biological sciences and mathematics, and organizational behavior.
Program Faculty
The most remarkable thing about the Ph.D. in Education is open access to faculty from all Harvard graduate and professional schools, including the Harvard Graduate School of Education, the Faculty of Arts and Sciences, the Harvard Kennedy School, the Harvard Law School, Harvard Medical School, and the Harvard School of Public Health. Learn about the full Ph.D. Faculty.
![phd study com Jarvis Givens](https://www.gse.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/styles/1x1__focal_point_scale_and_crop__md/public/faculty/images/jarvis-givens-112262.jpg?h=81a792d6&itok=rrF7_KO2)
Jarvis R. Givens
Jarvis Givens studies the history of American education, African American history, and the relationship between race and power in schools.
![phd study com Paul Harris](https://www.gse.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/styles/1x1__focal_point_scale_and_crop__md/public/faculty/images/paul-harris-445.jpg?h=2cd3e35e&itok=ngRQTFgF)
Paul L. Harris
Paul Harris is interested in the early development of cognition, emotion, and imagination in children.
![phd study com Meira Levinson](https://www.gse.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/styles/1x1__focal_point_scale_and_crop__md/public/faculty/images/meira-levinson-52261.jpg?h=9ce64a6a&itok=KOMzwQw3)
Meira Levinson
Meira Levinson is a normative political philosopher who works at the intersection of civic education, youth empowerment, racial justice, and educational ethics.
![phd study com Luke Miratrix](https://www.gse.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/styles/1x1__focal_point_scale_and_crop__md/public/2024-05/luke-miratrix-2024.jpg?h=f8a52084&itok=2VvVzL_5)
Luke W. Miratrix
Luke Miratrix is a statistician who explores how to best use modern statistical methods in applied social science contexts.
![phd study com phd study com](https://www.gse.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/styles/1x1__focal_point_scale_and_crop__md/public/faculty/images/eric-taylor-82484.jpg?h=f5652cad&itok=b6AKbmWY)
Eric Taylor
Eric Taylor studies the economics of education, with a particular interest in employer-employee interactions between schools and teachers hiring and firing decisions, job design, training, and performance evaluation.
![phd study com Paola Uccelli](https://www.gse.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/styles/1x1__focal_point_scale_and_crop__md/public/faculty/images/paola-uccelli-73795.jpg?h=fd920bc7&itok=fbUpjuO_)
Paola Uccelli
Paola Ucelli studies socio-cultural and individual differences in the language development of multilingual and monolingual students.
![phd study com HGSE shield on blue background](https://www.gse.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/styles/1x1__focal_point_scale_and_crop__md/public/2024-03/HGSE-shield-seablue-background-16-9.jpg?h=9d967bfd&itok=yelHguRp)
View Ph.D. Faculty
Dissertations.
The following is a complete listing of successful Ph.D. in Education dissertations to-date. Dissertations from November 2014 onward are publicly available in the Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) , the online repository for Harvard scholarship.
- 2022 Graduate Dissertations (265 KB pdf)
- 2021 Graduate Dissertations (177 KB pdf)
- 2020 Graduate Dissertations (121 KB pdf)
- 2019 Graduate Dissertations (68.3 KB pdf)
Student Directory
An opt-in listing of current Ph.D. students with information about their interests, research, personal web pages, and contact information:
Doctor of Philosophy in Education Student Directory
Introduce Yourself
Tell us about yourself so that we can tailor our communication to best fit your interests and provide you with relevant information about our programs, events, and other opportunities to connect with us.
Program Highlights
Explore examples of the Doctor of Philosophy in Education experience and the impact its community is making on the field:
![phd study com Callie Sung](https://www.gse.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/styles/16x9__image_scale_and_crop__sm/public/2024-05/callie-sung-portrait.jpg?itok=sLx1a8dj)
The Human Element of Data and AI
Gahyun Callie Sung's journey to HGSE and the LIT Lab is reflected in her research into data and using AI to improve student outcomes
![phd study com Mary Laski](https://www.gse.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/styles/16x9__image_scale_and_crop__sm/public/2024-05/mary-laski.jpg?itok=cyjSToDN)
Improving the Teacher Workforce
With her research work, doctoral marshal Mary Laski, Ph.D.'24, is trying to make teaching in K–12 schools more sustainable and attractive
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PhD Programs
- Accounting & Management
- Business Economics
- Health Policy (Management)
- Organizational Behavior
- Technology & Operations Management
Students in our PhD programs are encouraged from day one to think of this experience as their first job in business academia—a training ground for a challenging and rewarding career generating rigorous, relevant research that influences practice.
Our doctoral students work with faculty and access resources throughout HBS and Harvard University. The PhD program curriculum requires coursework at HBS and other Harvard discipline departments, and with HBS and Harvard faculty on advisory committees. Faculty throughout Harvard guide the programs through their participation on advisory committees.
How do I know which program is right for me?
There are many paths, but we are one HBS. Our PhD students draw on diverse personal and professional backgrounds to pursue an ever-expanding range of research topics. Explore more here about each program’s requirements & curriculum, read student profiles for each discipline as well as student research , and placement information.
The PhD in Business Administration grounds students in the disciplinary theories and research methods that form the foundation of an academic career. Jointly administered by HBS and GSAS, the program has five areas of study: Accounting and Management , Management , Marketing , Strategy , and Technology and Operations Management . All areas of study involve roughly two years of coursework culminating in a field exam. The remaining years of the program are spent conducting independent research, working on co-authored publications, and writing the dissertation. Students join these programs from a wide range of backgrounds, from consulting to engineering. Many applicants possess liberal arts degrees, as there is not a requirement to possess a business degree before joining the program
The PhD in Business Economics provides students the opportunity to study in both Harvard’s world-class Economics Department and Harvard Business School. Throughout the program, coursework includes exploration of microeconomic theory, macroeconomic theory, probability and statistics, and econometrics. While some students join the Business Economics program directly from undergraduate or masters programs, others have worked in economic consulting firms or as research assistants at universities or intergovernmental organizations.
The PhD program in Health Policy (Management) is rooted in data-driven research on the managerial, operational, and strategic issues facing a wide range of organizations. Coursework includes the study of microeconomic theory, management, research methods, and statistics. The backgrounds of students in this program are quite varied, with some coming from public health or the healthcare industry, while others arrive at the program with a background in disciplinary research
The PhD program in Organizational Behavior offers two tracks: either a micro or macro approach. In the micro track, students focus on the study of interpersonal relationships within organizations and the effects that groups have on individuals. Students in the macro track use sociological methods to examine organizations, groups, and markets as a whole, including topics such as the influence of individuals on organizational change, or the relationship between social missions and financial objectives. Jointly administered by HBS and GSAS, the program includes core disciplinary training in sociology or psychology, as well as additional coursework in organizational behavior.
Accounting & Management
Business economics , health policy (management) , management , marketing , organizational behavior , strategy , technology & operations management .
![phd study com](https://www.hks.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/styles/hero_small_breakpoint/public/medium-hero-image/DPSA_Baum_Zeckhauser4.jpg?itok=jv_7eYJi)
Doctoral Programs
In this section, phd in public policy.
- PhD in Political Economy & Government
PhD in Health Policy
Phd in social policy.
- Job Market Candidates
Health care and politics. Inequality and public policy. Economics and disruption.
You see today's most compelling global issues as complex, interrelated, and urgent. You believe that fresh ideas—and research to carry them through—are critical to building stronger communities and a more just world.
In collaboration with the Harvard Kenneth C. Griffin Graduate School of Arts and Sciences (Harvard Griffin GSAS), Harvard Kennedy School immerses you in rigorous learning that bridges academic disciplines and draws from leading faculties across the university’s graduate schools. When you pursue a doctoral degree at HKS, you are among extraordinarily bright minds, you’ll work with committed faculty members who are leaders in their fields, and you’ll have unparalleled access to resources across Harvard University.
Prepare yourself for a career in academia or policymaking that demands advanced knowledge of economics, political science, and social policy. Translate your ideas into action that can untangle our world’s unprecedented challenges. Join us.
- Interesting for you
- My settings
Everything you need to know about studying a PhD in Medicine & Health
Medicine and Health is a broad field of study that equips students with the necessary knowledge and skills to treat and prevent illnesses and diseases in human beings or animals. Medical professionals take patients through the entire healing journey, from the consultation and diagnosis to the treatment and surgical intervention — if necessary — and all the way through convalescence.
Medicine and Health degrees include subdisciplines such as Biomedicine, Public Health, Human Medicine, Veterinary Medicine, Dentistry, Nursing, Health Management, Nutrition, etc.
Laughter may be the best medicine, but during a Medical degree, you will discover many interesting things like the fact that your left lung is smaller than your right lung to make room for your heart. But, most importantly, medical students will learn how to cure diseases and help people recover. It’s also the doctor’s job to teach patients how to take better care of themselves and prevent diseases from occurring in the first place.
First-year medical students will focus on introductory knowledge about how the human or animal body works. Studies then continue with advanced knowledge about internal medicine, paediatrics, psychiatry, and surgery. Those are followed by a specialisation you’ve decided to pursue. Medicine and Health students will attend supervised medical practice or internship, followed by a residency in a health care facility, where they get hands-on experience and deal with real patients and medical problems.
Medicine and Health graduates enter the following careers: surgeon, medical technician, psychiatrist, nurse, nutritionist, veterinary doctor, and others.
Being a health professional is a difficult but rewarding career. You will need soft skills like empathy, communication, and cooperation to deal with patients efficiently and work well with your peers.
View all PhDs in Medicine & Health . Keep in mind you can also study an online PhDs in Medicine & Health .
Interesting programmes for you
How medicine & health subject ranking lists are created.
Want to know which universities offer the best Master's degrees in Medicine & Health? Check out the university rankings listing the best universities where you can study Medicine & Health according to World University Rankings by Subject from Times Higher Education, and QS World University Rankings by Subject from TopUniversities, Academic Ranking of World Universities in Clinical Medicine and Pharmacy by Shanghai University, and Best Global Universities for Social Sciences and Public Health from U.S. News.
These subject specific-rankings take into account a variety of factors relevant for Medicine & Health. Some of these factors are: published Medical papers, cited Medical research, professors’ performance, the number of international students, the teaching environment, and how employable are graduates from Medical programmes. Data about university, programme and teachers' reputation is usually collected through surveys.
Each ranking gives different weight to these factors to come up with the final subject-ranking in Medicine & Health.
The overall Medicine & Health ranking takes into account study subjects such as Human Medicine, Public Health, Pharmacy, Nursing, Dentistry, etc.
The Medicine & Health degree rankings are helpful tools for selecting the best Master's for your professional and academic development towards a fulfilling Medicine & Health career that matches your skills and interests.
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Best Universities for Medicine & Health on PhDPortal
- Ranking (2018)
- Ranking (2017)
Universities | Location | Times Higher Education Ranking (2018) | Shanghai Jiao Tong University Ranking (2017) | TopUniversities Ranking (2018) | U.S. News & World Report Ranking (2018) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Oxford, United Kingdom | 1 | 9 | 2 | 4 | |
Cambridge, United States | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
Cambridge, United Kingdom | 2 | 3 | 3 | 13 | |
London, United Kingdom | 4 | 13 | 12 | 13 | |
Stanford, United States | 4 | 10 | 4 | 9 | |
Baltimore, United States | 6 | 4 | 4 | 2 | |
Berkeley, United States | 7 | 76 | - | 120 | |
New York City, United States | 8 | 12 | 14 | 10 | |
Philadelphia, United States | 10 | 5 | 18 | 8 | |
Durham, United States | 11 | 11 | 17 | 5 | |
London, United Kingdom | 12 | 7 | 9 | 16 | |
Saint Louis, United States | 13 | 41 | 32 | 23 | |
New Haven, United States | 13 | 17 | 8 | 20 | |
Stockholm, Sweden | 15 | 21 | 6 | 18 | |
Los Angeles, United States | 16 | 18 | 7 | 12 | |
London, United Kingdom | 17 | 25 | 16 | 31 | |
Edinburgh, United Kingdom | 17 | 51 | 23 | 42 | |
Pickering, Canada | 19 | 16 | 11 | 6 | |
Seattle, United States | 20 | 6 | 21 | 7 | |
San Diego, United States | 21 | 35 | 20 | 19 | |
Chicago, United States | 22 | 34 | 28 | 33 | |
Hamilton, Canada | 23 | 47 | 35 | 36 | |
Ann Arbor, United States | 24 | 28 | 24 | 13 | |
Beijing, China | 25 | - | 151 | 424 | |
Chapel Hill, United States | 26 | 22 | - | 26 | |
Montréal, Canada | 27 | 51 | 22 | 45 | |
Singapore, Singapore | 28 | 101 | 29 | 84 | |
Evanston, United States | 29 | 49 | 51 | 32 | |
Heidelberg, Germany | 30 | 48 | 42 | 37 | |
Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR) | 31 | 151 | 34 | 95 | |
Tokyo, Japan | 32 | 151 | 26 | 85 | |
Boston, United States | 33 | 51 | 47 | 35 | |
Vancouver, Canada | 34 | 51 | 27 | 38 | |
München, Germany | 35 | 50 | 45 | 42 | |
Atlanta, United States | 36 | 14 | 51 | 22 | |
Sydney, Australia | 37 | 33 | 15 | 29 | |
Providence, United States | 38 | 101 | 51 | 125 | |
New York City, United States | 39 | 76 | 33 | 51 | |
Rotterdam, Netherlands | 40 | 44 | 41 | 27 | |
Kyoto, Japan | 40 | 101 | 51 | 136 | |
Pittsburgh, United States | 42 | 8 | 38 | 17 | |
Brussels, Belgium | 43 | 38 | 51 | 23 | |
Nashville, United States | 44 | 26 | 51 | 27 | |
Manchester, United Kingdom | 45 | 76 | 47 | 61 | |
Clayton, Australia | 46 | 76 | 29 | 77 | |
München, Germany | 46 | 101 | 51 | 117 | |
Amsterdam, Netherlands | 48 | 46 | 36 | 41 | |
Minneapolis, United States | 49 | - | 51 | - | |
Beijing, China | 50 | 201 | 51 | 125 | |
Leiden, Netherlands | 51 | 51 | 51 | 61 | |
Saint Lucia, Australia | 52 | 76 | 42 | 72 | |
Glasgow, United Kingdom | 53 | 76 | 39 | 68 | |
Anyang, South Korea | 54 | 101 | 40 | 72 | |
Berlin, Germany | 55 | 51 | 301 | 48 | |
Utrecht, Netherlands | 56 | 51 | 51 | 60 | |
Seoul, South Korea | 57 | 201 | 101 | 147 | |
Los Angeles, United States | 58 | 51 | 51 | 49 | |
Montréal, Canada | 59 | 51 | 51 | 66 | |
Madison, United States | 60 | 101 | 51 | 95 | |
Copenhagen, Denmark | 61 | 38 | 37 | 30 | |
Shanghai, China | 62 | 151 | 101 | 131 | |
Shatin, Hong Kong (SAR) | 63 | 151 | 47 | 117 | |
Uppsala, Sweden | 64 | 76 | 51 | 76 | |
Upper Arlington, United States | 65 | 51 | 101 | 53 | |
Hanover, United States | 66 | 151 | 101 | 159 | |
Bristol, United Kingdom | 67 | 101 | 51 | 90 | |
Medford, United States | 68 | 101 | 101 | 103 | |
Maastricht, Netherlands | 69 | 101 | 51 | 61 | |
Cape Town, South Africa | 70 | 101 | 101 | 91 | |
Davis, United States | 71 | 101 | 101 | 139 | |
Liverpool, United Kingdom | 72 | 101 | 51 | 122 | |
Canberra, Australia | 73 | 201 | 51 | 246 | |
London, United Kingdom | 74 | 76 | 51 | 57 | |
Austin, United States | 75 | 301 | - | 312 | |
Basel, Switzerland | 76 | 76 | 51 | 101 | |
Edmonton, Canada | 77 | 76 | 51 | 83 | |
Barcelona, Spain | 78 | 151 | 151 | 154 | |
Tübingen, Germany | 78 | 101 | 101 | 128 | |
Leicester, United Kingdom | 80 | 37 | 101 | 166 | |
Taipei, Taiwan | 81 | 151 | 46 | 127 | |
Auckland, New Zealand | 82 | 151 | 51 | 155 | |
Sydney, Australia | 82 | 101 | 50 | 116 | |
Wageningen, Netherlands | 84 | 151 | - | 177 | |
Bern, Switzerland | 85 | 101 | 101 | 99 | |
Dundee, United Kingdom | 86 | 151 | 101 | 213 | |
Gainesville, United States | 86 | 101 | 101 | 91 | |
Zürich, Switzerland | 86 | 30 | 51 | 57 | |
Lund, Sweden | 89 | 76 | 51 | 59 | |
Groningen, Netherlands | 89 | 51 | 101 | 77 | |
Nottingham, United Kingdom | 91 | 36 | 51 | 149 | |
Osaka-shi, Japan | 92 | 301 | 51 | 187 | |
Freiburg, Germany | 93 | 101 | 101 | 139 | |
Southampton, United Kingdom | 94 | 101 | 51 | 89 | |
Cardiff, United Kingdom | 95 | 51 | 51 | 162 | |
Ledeberg, Belgium | 95 | 101 | 101 | 113 | |
University of Paris Sud | Orsay, France | 95 | 76 | 201 | 64 |
University of Calgary | Calgary, Canada | 95 | 76 | 101 | 87 |
Sheffield, United Kingdom | 95 | 151 | 101 | 134 | |
Kiel, Germany | 100 | 101 | 201 | 123 | |
Aarhus, Denmark | 101 | 29 | 51 | 77 | |
Auckland, New Zealand | 101 | 301 | - | 346 | |
Cleveland, United States | 101 | 76 | 151 | 87 | |
Vienna, Austria | 101 | 76 | 51 | 56 | |
Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom | 101 | 101 | 101 | 137 | |
Portland, United States | 101 | 27 | - | 54 | |
Barcelona, Spain | 101 | 201 | 301 | 318 | |
Nijmegen, Netherlands | 101 | 76 | 101 | - | |
Earlsfield, United Kingdom | 101 | 101 | 151 | - | |
Dublin, Ireland | 101 | 201 | 151 | 227 | |
Birmingham, United States | 101 | 51 | 151 | 39 | |
Birmingham, United Kingdom | 101 | 76 | 51 | 55 | |
Cincinnati, United States | 101 | 101 | - | 109 | |
Köln, Germany | 101 | 151 | 151 | 184 | |
Genève, Switzerland | 101 | 101 | 51 | 139 | |
Göteborg, Sweden | 101 | 45 | 101 | 93 | |
Helsinki, Finland | 101 | 76 | 51 | 74 | |
Urbana, United States | 101 | 101 | 201 | 296 | |
Iowa City, United States | 101 | 101 | 201 | 117 | |
Coral Gables, United States | 101 | 76 | 101 | 68 | |
Dunedin, New Zealand | 101 | 151 | 51 | 167 | |
Johannesburg, South Africa | 101 | 101 | 151 | 144 | |
Charlottesville, United States | 101 | 32 | 201 | 123 | |
Perth, Australia | 101 | 42 | 51 | 97 | |
York, United Kingdom | 101 | 201 | 201 | 236 | |
University of Western Ontario | London, Canada | 101 | 101 | 101 | - |
Washington, D. C., United States | 126 | 151 | 101 | 167 | |
Jeddah, Saudi Arabia | 126 | 301 | 301 | 307 | |
East Lansing, United States | 126 | 201 | - | 209 | |
Singapore, Singapore | 126 | 401 | - | 427 | |
Paris, France | 126 | 31 | 51 | 40 | |
Shanghai, China | 126 | 151 | 51 | 157 | |
Copenhagen, Denmark | 126 | 301 | 301 | 415 | |
Dresden, Germany | 126 | 101 | 151 | 191 | |
Ulm, Germany | 126 | 101 | 251 | 149 | |
Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium | 126 | 101 | 51 | 110 | |
Aberdeen, United Kingdom | 126 | 201 | 151 | 198 | |
Adelaide, Australia | 126 | 151 | 51 | 173 | |
Barcelona, Spain | 126 | 43 | 51 | 33 | |
Bologna, Italy | 126 | 151 | - | 107 | |
Bonn, Germany | 126 | 151 | 101 | 181 | |
Irvine, United States | 126 | 151 | - | 155 | |
Hamburg, Germany | 126 | 101 | 101 | 94 | |
Leeds, United Kingdom | 126 | 101 | 101 | 113 | |
Oslo, Norway | 126 | 76 | 101 | 68 | |
Rochester, United States | 126 | 51 | - | 103 | |
São Paulo, Brazil | 126 | 101 | 51 | 120 | |
Salt Lake City, United States | 126 | 24 | 201 | 86 | |
Würzburg, Germany | 126 | 151 | 151 | 163 | |
Hangzhou, China | 126 | 301 | 201 | 336 | |
Cambridge, United Kingdom | 151 | 301 | - | - | |
Darwin, Australia | 151 | - | - | - | |
Washington, D. C., United States | 151 | 151 | 101 | 183 | |
Washington, D. C., United States | 151 | 301 | 401 | 440 | |
Bloomington, United States | 151 | 301 | 201 | 398 | |
Québec, Canada | 151 | 151 | 151 | 177 | |
Boston, United States | 151 | 301 | - | 307 | |
Kingston, Canada | 151 | 201 | 151 | 231 | |
Belfast, United Kingdom | 151 | 151 | 151 | 201 | |
Dublin, Ireland | 151 | 301 | 251 | 411 | |
Umeå, Sweden | 151 | 201 | 251 | 186 | |
Brussels, Belgium | 151 | 151 | 101 | 151 | |
Bergen, Norway | 151 | 151 | 151 | 163 | |
Bordeaux, France | 151 | 201 | 251 | 264 | |
Christchurch, New Zealand | 151 | - | - | - | |
Denver, United States | 151 | 101 | 101 | 103 | |
Gazi, Greece | 151 | 301 | 301 | 343 | |
Essen, Germany | 151 | 101 | 201 | 100 | |
Nuremberg, Germany | 151 | 151 | 151 | 167 | |
Chicago, United States | 151 | 151 | - | 159 | |
Lausanne, Switzerland | 151 | 151 | 101 | 151 | |
Ottawa, Canada | 151 | 76 | 101 | 97 | |
Coventry, United Kingdom | 151 | 201 | 151 | 284 | |
Milano, Italy | 151 | 101 | 201 | 106 | |
Amsterdam, Netherlands | 151 | 76 | 151 | 65 | |
Seoul, South Korea | 151 | 201 | 51 | 146 | |
Halifax, Canada | 176 | 151 | 151 | 201 | |
Adelaide, Australia | 176 | 201 | 201 | 233 | |
Fairfax, United States | 176 | 301 | - | 331 | |
Frankfurt am Main, Germany | 176 | 101 | - | 101 | |
Grenoble, France | 176 | 51 | - | 318 | |
Jerusalem, Israel | 176 | 151 | 151 | 173 | |
Jordan University of Science and Technology | Irbid, Jordan | 176 | 401 | 451 | - |
Kampala, Uganda | 176 | 201 | 351 | 222 | |
Galway, Ireland | 176 | 201 | 151 | 424 | |
Raleigh, United States | 176 | 401 | - | 418 | |
Paris Diderot University | Paris, France | 176 | 51 | 151 | 82 |
Aachen, Germany | 176 | 201 | 101 | 214 | |
Shinagawa-ku, Japan | 176 | 301 | 101 | 196 | |
Buffalo, United States | 176 | 201 | 201 | 229 | |
Antwerpen, Belgium | 176 | 201 | 151 | 212 | |
Norwich, United Kingdom | 176 | 201 | 251 | 477 | |
Exeter, United Kingdom | 176 | 201 | 251 | 236 | |
Göttingen, Germany | 176 | 201 | 151 | 230 | |
Reykjavik, Iceland | 176 | 201 | - | 374 | |
Maxéville, France | 176 | 151 | - | 139 | |
Sesto San Giovanni, Italy | 176 | 101 | 51 | 77 | |
St Andrews, United Kingdom | 176 | 201 | 301 | - | |
Richardson, United States | 176 | 301 | - | 409 | |
Winston-Salem, United States | 176 | 101 | 251 | 110 | |
Marseille, France | 201 | 151 | 201 | 180 | |
Alcobendas, Spain | 201 | 301 | 151 | 269 | |
Brighton, United Kingdom | 201 | - | - | - | |
Fort Collins, United States | 201 | - | - | 493 | |
Burwood, Australia | 201 | 201 | 201 | 236 | |
Toulouse, France | 201 | - | - | - | |
Nathan, Australia | 201 | 301 | 251 | 284 | |
Townsville, Australia | 201 | 401 | 301 | 374 | |
Mainz, Germany | 201 | 201 | 201 | 211 | |
Minato, Japan | 201 | 301 | 101 | 214 | |
Seoul, South Korea | 201 | 301 | 101 | 233 | |
Moscow, Russia | 201 | - | 301 | - | |
Palmerston North, New Zealand | 201 | 301 | - | 510 | |
Milwaukee, United States | 201 | 101 | 251 | 159 | |
Montpellier, France | 201 | 201 | 201 | 218 | |
Trondheim, Norway | 201 | 51 | 251 | 250 | |
Jamundí, Colombia | 201 | - | 351 | - | |
Brisbane, Australia | 201 | 301 | - | 255 | |
New Brunswick, United States | 201 | 201 | - | 224 | |
Pisa, Italy | 201 | - | - | - | |
Chengdu, China | 201 | 301 | 301 | 370 | |
Stellenbosch, South Africa | 201 | 301 | 301 | 292 | |
Guangzhou, China | 201 | 201 | 201 | 184 | |
Swansea, United Kingdom | 201 | 301 | 401 | 377 | |
Tel Aviv Yaffo, Israel | 201 | 151 | 151 | 167 | |
College Station, United States | 201 | - | 251 | 382 | |
Sendai-shi, Japan | 201 | 301 | 101 | 198 | |
Tokyo Metropolitan University | Tokyo, Japan | 201 | - | - | - |
New Orleans, United States | 201 | 201 | 151 | 207 | |
Al Ain, United Arab Emirates | 201 | 401 | 401 | 546 | |
Dublin, Ireland | 201 | 201 | 151 | 257 | |
Tuscaloosa, United States | 201 | - | - | - | |
The University of Arizona | Tucson, United States | 201 | 151 | 201 | 163 |
Riverside, United States | 201 | - | - | - | |
Canberra, Australia | 201 | - | - | - | |
Fribourg, Switzerland | 201 | - | 451 | - | |
Liège, Belgium | 201 | 201 | 251 | 233 | |
Lille, France | 201 | - | - | - | |
Marburg, Germany | 201 | 201 | 201 | 295 | |
Münster, Germany | 201 | 151 | 201 | 147 | |
Pamplona, Spain | 201 | 201 | 201 | 216 | |
Newcastle, Australia | 201 | 151 | 101 | 243 | |
Padua, Italy | 201 | 151 | 101 | 137 | |
Pavia, Italy | 201 | 201 | 151 | 188 | |
Adelaide, Australia | 201 | - | - | 440 | |
Tampa, United States | 201 | 151 | 201 | 182 | |
Neder Holluf, Denmark | 201 | 201 | 201 | 220 | |
University of Tampere | Tampere, Finland | 201 | 201 | 251 | 264 |
Tartu, Estonia | 201 | 301 | 301 | 414 | |
Bagong Pagasa, Philippines | 201 | - | 351 | - | |
Burlington, United States | 201 | 151 | 351 | 192 | |
Brussels, Belgium | 201 | 201 | 201 | 224 | |
Detroit, United States | 201 | 151 | 301 | 196 | |
Aalborg, Denmark | 251 | 201 | 301 | 236 | |
Beirut, Lebanon | 251 | 301 | 251 | 346 | |
Newton, United States | 251 | - | - | - | |
Perth, Australia | 251 | 401 | - | 364 | |
Hempstead, United States | 251 | 201 | - | 548 | |
Sapporo, Japan | 251 | 401 | 201 | 256 | |
Gießen, Germany | 251 | 201 | 351 | 272 | |
Fukuoka, Japan | 251 | 301 | 151 | 226 | |
Lancaster, United Kingdom | 251 | - | 401 | - | |
Linköping, Sweden | 251 | 201 | 251 | 254 | |
Sydney, Australia | 251 | 401 | 301 | 503 | |
Sam Phran, Thailand | 251 | 201 | 101 | 203 | |
Graz, Austria | 251 | 201 | 201 | 173 | |
St. John's, Canada | 251 | 201 | 401 | 488 | |
Murdoch, Australia | 251 | - | - | - | |
Stillwater, United States | 251 | 401 | - | - | |
Bochum, Germany | 251 | 201 | 251 | 343 | |
Chicago, United States | 251 | 151 | - | 209 | |
Saint Louis, United States | 251 | 151 | 451 | 264 | |
La Mesa, United States | 251 | - | - | 574 | |
Roma, Italy | 251 | 151 | 101 | 144 | |
Stony Brook, United States | 251 | 101 | - | 334 | |
Haifa, Israel | 251 | 301 | 201 | 288 | |
Philadelphia, United States | 251 | 201 | 201 | 243 | |
Besançon, France | 251 | - | - | - | |
Cork, Ireland | 251 | 301 | 201 | 518 | |
Bath, United Kingdom | 251 | 201 | 301 | 358 | |
Nice, France | 251 | - | - | - | |
Kuopio, Finland | 251 | 201 | 251 | 241 | |
Greifswald, Germany | 251 | 301 | - | 411 | |
Honolulu, United States | 251 | - | 351 | - | |
Houston, United States | 251 | 401 | - | 440 | |
Durban, South Africa | 251 | 301 | 301 | 301 | |
Winnipeg, Canada | 251 | 151 | 251 | 288 | |
Boston, United States | 251 | 401 | - | 449 | |
Sesto San Giovanni, Italy | 251 | 201 | 201 | 203 | |
Columbia, United States | 251 | 301 | 351 | 277 | |
Missoula, United States | 251 | - | - | - | |
Oulu, Finland | 251 | 201 | 201 | 292 | |
Pisa, Italy | 251 | 201 | 151 | 198 | |
Porto, Portugal | 251 | 301 | 251 | 250 | |
Fisciano, Italy | 251 | 201 | - | 488 | |
Guildford, United Kingdom | 251 | 301 | - | 391 | |
Sydney, Australia | 251 | - | - | 467 | |
Naka, Japan | 251 | - | 251 | 359 | |
Turin, Italy | 251 | 151 | 151 | 113 | |
Turku, Finland | 251 | 201 | 201 | 217 | |
Verona, Italy | 251 | 201 | 201 | 236 | |
Pullman, United States | 251 | 401 | - | 387 | |
Riyadh, Saudi Arabia | 301 | - | - | - | |
Thessaloníki, Greece | 301 | 301 | 201 | 301 | |
Birmingham, United Kingdom | 301 | - | - | 582 | |
Sydney, Australia | 301 | - | - | 541 | |
Bangor, United Kingdom | 301 | - | 451 | - | |
Waco, United States | 301 | 201 | - | 220 | |
Johnson City, United States | 301 | - | - | - | |
Gold Coast, Australia | 301 | 401 | 351 | 579 | |
Uxbridge, United Kingdom | 301 | - | - | 590 | |
Cairo, Egypt | 301 | 401 | 251 | 325 | |
Milano, Italy | 301 | 201 | 101 | 206 | |
Prague, Czech Republic | 301 | 151 | 151 | 158 | |
Taichung, Taiwan | 301 | 301 | 151 | 305 | |
London, United Kingdom | 301 | - | - | 579 | |
Villeurbanne, France | 301 | 201 | 151 | 203 | |
Madrid, Spain | 301 | 401 | 201 | 320 | |
Philadelphia, United States | 301 | 401 | 401 | 418 | |
Dublin, Ireland | 301 | 401 | - | - | |
Joondalup, Australia | 301 | 301 | - | 497 | |
Pelotas, Brazil | 301 | 401 | - | 472 | |
Miami, United States | 301 | - | - | 503 | |
Tallahassee, United States | 301 | - | 351 | - | |
Atlanta, United States | 301 | - | - | - | |
Glasgow, United Kingdom | 301 | 401 | - | - | |
Seoul, South Korea | 301 | - | 251 | 424 | |
Hasselt, Belgium | 301 | 301 | - | - | |
Kowloon, Hong Kong (SAR) | 301 | - | - | - | |
Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR) | 301 | - | - | 486 | |
Wuhan, China | 301 | 301 | 301 | 272 | |
Ames, United States | 301 | - | - | - | |
Keele, United Kingdom | 301 | 401 | 351 | 398 | |
Riyadh, Saudi Arabia | 301 | 401 | 251 | 309 | |
Melbourne, Australia | 301 | 401 | - | 454 | |
Ancona, Italy | 301 | 301 | - | 359 | |
Brno, Czech Republic | 301 | 401 | 401 | 355 | |
Tlalpan, Mexico | 301 | - | - | - | |
Bozeman, United States | 301 | - | - | - | |
Nagoya, Japan | 301 | 401 | 151 | 248 | |
Athens, Greece | 301 | 201 | 201 | 179 | |
Coyoacán, Mexico | 301 | - | 151 | 434 | |
Tainan, Taiwan | 301 | 401 | 151 | 472 | |
Hsinchu, Taiwan | 301 | - | 301 | - | |
Taipei, Taiwan | 301 | 201 | 151 | 259 | |
Oxford, United Kingdom | 301 | - | - | - | |
Chandigarh, India | 301 | - | - | - | |
Plymouth, United Kingdom | 301 | 201 | 451 | 497 | |
Villa Presidente Frei, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile, Chile | 301 | 301 | 101 | 297 | |
Budapest, Hungary | 301 | 201 | 151 | 228 | |
Jinan, China | 301 | 301 | 351 | 336 | |
Nanjing, China | 301 | - | 451 | 524 | |
Campinas, Brazil | 301 | - | 201 | 313 | |
Taipei, Taiwan | 301 | 401 | 151 | 333 | |
Milton Keynes, United Kingdom | 301 | - | - | - | |
Tromsø, Norway | 301 | 301 | 301 | 370 | |
Coleraine, United Kingdom | 301 | 401 | - | 480 | |
Sherbrooke, Canada | 301 | 301 | 301 | 486 | |
Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France | 301 | 301 | 401 | - | |
Québec, Canada | 301 | - | - | - | |
Bari, Italy | 301 | 201 | 301 | 444 | |
Brescia, Italy | 301 | 201 | 351 | 277 | |
Coimbra, Portugal | 301 | 401 | 351 | 364 | |
Storrs, United States | 301 | 201 | 251 | 260 | |
Colchester, United Kingdom | 301 | - | - | - | |
Florence, Italy | 301 | 201 | 151 | 190 | |
Genoa, Italy | 301 | 201 | 251 | 248 | |
Anatolí, Greece | 301 | 301 | - | 482 | |
Lawrence, United States | 301 | 201 | 301 | 253 | |
Limerick, Ireland | 301 | - | 401 | - | |
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia | 301 | 401 | 101 | 320 | |
Braga, Portugal | 301 | - | 451 | 560 | |
Modena, Italy | 301 | 201 | 301 | 341 | |
Nantes, France | 301 | 301 | 351 | 369 | |
Omaha, United States | 301 | - | - | - | |
Norman, United States | 301 | - | 351 | 562 | |
Oviedo, Spain | 301 | 401 | - | - | |
Parma, Italy | 301 | 301 | 301 | 396 | |
Pécs, Hungary | 301 | - | 251 | 497 | |
Tarragona, Spain | 301 | - | - | 493 | |
Salamanca, Spain | 301 | 401 | 301 | 353 | |
Siena, Italy | 301 | 301 | 301 | 320 | |
Columbia, United States | 301 | 301 | 301 | 316 | |
Split, Croatia | 301 | - | - | - | |
Stirling, United Kingdom | 301 | - | 451 | - | |
Strasbourg, France | 301 | 101 | 201 | 291 | |
Glasgow, United Kingdom | 301 | - | - | - | |
Hobart, Australia | 301 | 301 | 251 | 393 | |
Knoxville, United States | 301 | - | - | 433 | |
Bogotá, Colombia | 301 | - | 401 | - | |
Trieste, Italy | 301 | 401 | 351 | 512 | |
Ulsan, South Korea | 301 | 201 | 201 | 167 | |
Waterloo, Canada | 301 | - | - | 497 | |
Wollongong, Australia | 301 | - | 301 | - | |
Paramatta, Australia | 301 | 401 | 301 | 465 | |
Wuhan, China | 301 | - | 301 | 570 | |
Xiamen, China | 301 | - | 401 | - | |
Cairo, Egypt | 401 | - | 351 | 562 | |
Ettimadai, India | 401 | - | - | - | |
Zhongxing New Village, Taiwan | 401 | - | - | - | |
Auburn, United States | 401 | - | - | - | |
Beersheba, Israel | 401 | 401 | 301 | 405 | |
Rockhampton, Australia | 401 | - | - | - | |
Changsha, China | 401 | 301 | 351 | 272 | |
Banqiao, Taiwan | 401 | 301 | 151 | 268 | |
Chiang Mai, Thailand | 401 | - | 251 | 417 | |
Chiba, Japan | 401 | - | 351 | 387 | |
Bangkok, Thailand | 401 | 401 | 151 | 339 | |
Seoul, South Korea | 401 | - | 351 | 529 | |
Omaha, United States | 401 | 301 | - | 454 | |
Seoul, South Korea | 401 | - | 301 | 418 | |
Belo Horizonte, Brazil | 401 | 401 | 251 | 328 | |
Porto Alegre, Brazil | 401 | 401 | 251 | 331 | |
Ankara, Turkey | 401 | 401 | 251 | 208 | |
Hiroshima, Japan | 401 | 401 | 251 | 342 | |
Kraków, Poland | 401 | 301 | 301 | 264 | |
Juntendo University | Tokyo, Japan | 401 | - | - | 351 |
Nonoichi, Japan | 401 | 401 | 251 | 393 | |
Kaohsiung City, Taiwan | 401 | - | 401 | 444 | |
London Borough of Sutton, United Kingdom | 401 | - | - | - | |
Kobe, Japan | 401 | - | 251 | 382 | |
Istanbul, Turkey | 401 | - | - | - | |
Kumamoto, Japan | 401 | 401 | 251 | 460 | |
Ash Shamiyah, Kuwait | 401 | - | - | - | |
Liverpool, United Kingdom | 401 | - | - | 457 | |
Manchester, United Kingdom | 401 | - | - | - | |
Al Mansurah, Egypt | 401 | - | - | 453 | |
Obita, Japan | 401 | - | 301 | 402 | |
Niigata, Japan | 401 | - | 401 | 385 | |
Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom | 401 | - | - | - | |
Lisbon, Portugal | 401 | - | 351 | - | |
Okayama, Japan | 401 | - | 301 | 299 | |
Norfolk, United States | 401 | - | - | - | |
Sakai, Japan | 401 | - | 301 | 507 | |
Magdeburg, Germany | 401 | 301 | - | 460 | |
Olomouc, Czech Republic | 401 | - | 451 | - | |
Melbourne, Australia | 401 | - | 351 | - | |
Saint Petersburg, Russia | 401 | - | - | - | |
Taipei, Taiwan | 401 | - | 401 | 402 | |
Bilinga, Australia | 401 | - | - | - | |
Tehran, Iran | 401 | 301 | 251 | 279 | |
Tilburg, Netherlands | 401 | - | - | - | |
Shinagawa-ku, Japan | 401 | 401 | 401 | 355 | |
Nerima, Japan | 401 | - | - | - | |
Alcalá de Henares, Spain | 401 | - | 401 | 582 | |
Faro, Portugal | 401 | - | - | - | |
Covilha, Portugal | 401 | - | - | - | |
Bradford, United Kingdom | 401 | - | 451 | - | |
Brighton, United Kingdom | 401 | 301 | - | 434 | |
Cagliari, Italy | 401 | 401 | - | 507 | |
Rende, Italy | 401 | - | - | - | |
Catania, Italy | 401 | 401 | 351 | 520 | |
Preston, United Kingdom | 401 | - | - | - | |
Lo Prado, Chile | 401 | 301 | 151 | 368 | |
Debrecen, Hungary | 401 | - | 201 | 497 | |
Ferrara, Italy | 401 | 301 | 401 | 389 | |
Granada, Spain | 401 | - | 301 | 384 | |
Blackheath, United Kingdom | 401 | - | - | - | |
Haifa, Israel | 401 | - | - | - | |
Hatfield, United Kingdom | 401 | - | - | - | |
Hull, United Kingdom | 401 | 301 | 351 | 457 | |
Depok, Indonesia | 401 | 401 | 301 | 551 | |
Johannesburg, South Africa | 401 | - | - | - | |
Jyväskylä, Finland | 401 | - | - | - | |
San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain | 401 | - | - | - | |
Lisbon, Portugal | 401 | 301 | 251 | 323 | |
Ljubljana, Slovenia | 401 | 401 | 451 | 377 | |
Maribor, Slovenia | 401 | - | - | - | |
Greensboro, United States | 401 | - | - | - | |
Palermo, Italy | 401 | 301 | 401 | 353 | |
Portsmouth, United Kingdom | 401 | - | - | - | |
Pretoria, South Africa | 401 | 401 | 301 | 529 | |
Roma, Italy | 401 | 201 | 201 | 263 | |
Santiago de Compostela, Spain | 401 | - | 401 | 475 | |
Saskatoon, Canada | 401 | 301 | 351 | 557 | |
Sevilla, Spain | 401 | - | 451 | 544 | |
Vermillion, United States | 401 | - | - | - | |
Szeged, Hungary | 401 | - | 301 | 532 | |
El Paso, United States | 401 | - | - | - | |
Lejona, Spain | 401 | 401 | - | 488 | |
Sippy Downs, Australia | 401 | - | - | - | |
Cape Town, South Africa | 401 | - | - | - | |
Toledo, United States | 401 | - | - | - | |
Valencia, Spain | 401 | 201 | 301 | 250 | |
Victoria, Canada | 401 | - | 351 | - | |
Milwaukee, United States | 401 | - | - | - | |
Delicias, Spain | 401 | - | 401 | 553 | |
Melbourne, Australia | 401 | - | - | - | |
Vilnius, Lithuania | 401 | - | - | - | |
Zushi, Japan | 401 | - | 351 | 405 | |
San Francisco, United States | - | 2 | 10 | 3 | |
Cambridge, United States | - | 15 | 12 | 11 | |
Dallas, United States | - | 19 | 101 | 50 | |
Melbourne, Australia | - | 20 | 19 | 44 | |
New York City, United States | - | 23 | 51 | 130 | |
London, United Kingdom | - | 40 | 25 | 21 | |
Hannover, Germany | - | 101 | 51 | 110 | |
Charleston, United States | - | 101 | - | 131 | |
Princeton, United States | - | 101 | - | - | |
Brooklyn, United States | - | 101 | - | - | |
Leon Valley, United States | - | 101 | - | 587 | |
Philadelphia, United States | - | 101 | - | 128 | |
Baltimore, United States | - | 101 | - | 108 | |
New York City, United States | - | 101 | - | 139 | |
Düsseldorf, Germany | - | 151 | 151 | 195 | |
Leipzig, Germany | - | 151 | 201 | 176 | |
Richmond, United States | - | 151 | 301 | 193 | |
Karachi, Pakistan | - | 201 | 251 | 281 | |
Augusta, United States | - | 201 | - | 283 | |
Beijing, China | - | 201 | - | 231 | |
Shinagawa-ku, Japan | - | 201 | 451 | 589 | |
Baton Rouge, United States | - | 201 | - | 218 | |
Evanston, United States | - | 201 | 251 | 272 | |
Innsbruck, Austria | - | 201 | - | 189 | |
Örebro, Sweden | - | 201 | - | 427 | |
Toulouse, France | - | 201 | 251 | - | |
State College, United States | - | 201 | 151 | 193 | |
Saarbrücken, Germany | - | 201 | 401 | 298 | |
Albuquerque, United States | - | 201 | 351 | 276 | |
Galveston, United States | - | 201 | - | 316 | |
Boulder, United States | - | 201 | - | 269 | |
Jena, Germany | - | 201 | 301 | 262 | |
Lexington, United States | - | 201 | 201 | 299 | |
Louisville, United States | - | 201 | - | 301 | |
Lübeck, Germany | - | 201 | - | 398 | |
Oxford, United States | - | 201 | 401 | 349 | |
Kansas City, United States | - | 201 | - | 309 | |
Naples, Italy | - | 201 | 201 | 172 | |
Oklahoma City, United States | - | 201 | - | 391 | |
Perugia, Italy | - | 201 | 251 | 245 | |
Regensburg, Germany | - | 201 | 251 | 281 | |
Rennes, France | - | 201 | 401 | 427 | |
Brighton, United Kingdom | - | 201 | 301 | 323 | |
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia | - | 301 | - | - | |
Tempe, United States | - | 301 | - | 449 | |
Durham, United Kingdom | - | 301 | 201 | - | |
Nanjing, China | - | 301 | - | 288 | |
Gdansk, Poland | - | 301 | - | 292 | |
Lódz, Poland | - | 301 | - | 477 | |
Nanjing, China | - | 301 | - | 279 | |
Davie, United States | - | 301 | - | 379 | |
Créteil, France | - | 301 | 301 | 359 | |
Paris, France | - | 301 | 401 | 349 | |
San Nicola la Strada, Italy | - | 301 | - | 516 | |
Burnaby, Canada | - | 301 | - | 471 | |
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne | Lausanne, Switzerland | - | 301 | - | - |
Zürich, Switzerland | - | 301 | - | 287 | |
Helotes, United States | - | 301 | 351 | 222 | |
Bethesda, United States | - | 301 | - | 579 | |
Albany, United States | - | 301 | - | 534 | |
Angers, France | - | 301 | - | 436 | |
Buenos Aires, Argentina | - | 301 | 151 | 306 | |
University of Eastern Piedmont | Vercelli, Italy | - | 301 | - | 484 |
Girona, Spain | - | 301 | - | - | |
Halle, Germany | - | 301 | 351 | 477 | |
Varese, Italy | - | 301 | - | 526 | |
Zomba, Malawi | - | 301 | - | 520 | |
College Park, United States | - | 301 | - | 351 | |
Nairobi, Kenya | - | 301 | - | - | |
Rouen, France | - | 301 | - | 524 | |
Montevideo, Uruguay | - | 301 | 451 | - | |
Vienna, Austria | - | 301 | - | 359 | |
Zagreb, Croatia | - | 301 | 351 | 260 | |
Albany, United States | - | 401 | - | 548 | |
Bielefeld, Germany | - | 401 | 401 | - | |
Provo, United States | - | 401 | - | 364 | |
Pittsburgh, United States | - | 401 | - | 284 | |
Bucharest, Romania | - | 401 | - | 415 | |
Seoul, South Korea | - | 401 | 301 | 257 | |
Gwangju, South Korea | - | 401 | 351 | 427 | |
Istanbul, Turkey | - | 401 | 251 | 246 | |
Saint-Étienne, France | - | 401 | - | - | |
Kagoshima, Japan | - | 401 | 401 | 364 | |
Seoul, South Korea | - | 401 | - | - | |
Katowice, Poland | - | 401 | - | - | |
Warsaw, Poland | - | 401 | - | 370 | |
Nanjing, China | - | 401 | 251 | 418 | |
The Norwegian School of Sport Sciences | Oslo, Norway | - | 401 | - | 467 |
Oslo, Norway | - | 401 | - | 582 | |
Hat Yai, Thailand | - | 401 | 401 | 506 | |
West Lafayette, United States | - | 401 | 251 | 418 | |
Stockholm, Sweden | - | 401 | - | 427 | |
Syracuse, United States | - | 401 | - | - | |
Hino, Japan | - | 401 | - | 325 | |
Texas A&M University | Temple, United States | - | 401 | - | - |
Athens, United States | - | 401 | - | 437 | |
Reading, United Kingdom | - | 401 | - | - | |
Nerima, Japan | - | 401 | - | 346 | |
Shanghai, China | - | 401 | 301 | 385 | |
Clermont-Ferrand, France | - | 401 | - | - | |
Belgrade, Serbia | - | 401 | 451 | 313 | |
Saint-Apollinaire, France | - | 401 | - | - | |
Santa Barbara, United States | - | 401 | - | - | |
Chieti, Italy | - | 401 | - | 590 | |
Badajoz, Spain | - | 401 | - | - | |
Graz, Austria | - | 401 | - | - | |
Canterbury, United Kingdom | - | 401 | 451 | 598 | |
Limoges, France | - | 401 | - | - | |
Amherst, United States | - | 401 | - | 438 | |
Université Nice Sophia Antipolis | Nice, France | - | 401 | 351 | 393 |
Denton, United States | - | 401 | - | - | |
Rostock, Germany | - | 401 | 401 | 449 | |
Bristol, United Kingdom | - | 401 | - | - | |
Tours, France | - | 401 | - | - | |
Udine, Italy | - | 401 | 451 | 526 | |
Vienna, Austria | - | 401 | - | - | |
Rehovot, Israel | - | 401 | - | 357 | |
Houston, United States | - | 51 | 42 | 46 | |
Ithaca, United States | - | 51 | 31 | 23 | |
Berlin Steglitz, Germany | - | 51 | - | 77 | |
Berlin, Germany | - | 51 | - | 74 | |
Manhattan, United States | - | 51 | 51 | 47 | |
Houston, United States | - | 51 | 201 | - | |
Worcester, United States | - | 51 | 51 | 374 | |
Minneapolis, United States | - | 51 | - | 52 | |
Indianapolis, United States | - | 76 | - | 133 | |
New York City, United States | - | 76 | - | 328 | |
Paris, France | - | 76 | 101 | 66 | |
Frankfurt am Main, Germany | - | - | 101 | - | |
University of California, Irvine Extension | Irvine, United States | - | - | 151 | - |
Semenyih, Malaysia | - | - | 201 | 553 | |
George Town, Malaysia | - | - | 201 | - | |
Seoul, South Korea | - | - | 251 | 301 | |
Malmö, Sweden | - | - | 251 | 551 | |
Hefei, China | - | - | 251 | - | |
Kampong Baharu Balakong, Malaysia | - | - | 251 | - | |
Mexico City, Mexico | - | - | 301 | - | |
Daegu, South Korea | - | - | 301 | 381 | |
Yangsan, South Korea | - | - | 301 | 363 | |
Bauru, Brazil | - | - | 301 | 418 | |
Suwon, South Korea | - | - | 351 | 493 | |
Chungnam National University | Seoul, South Korea | - | - | 351 | 548 |
Kowloon, Hong Kong (SAR) | - | - | 351 | - | |
Banqiao, Taiwan | - | - | 351 | - | |
Tianjin, China | - | - | 351 | - | |
Taichung, Taiwan | - | - | 351 | - | |
Porto Alegre, Brazil | - | - | 351 | - | |
Universidad de Antioquia | Medellín, Colombia | - | - | 351 | - |
Bogotá, Colombia | - | - | 351 | - | |
Seremban, Malaysia | - | - | 351 | - | |
Brasília, Brazil | - | - | 351 | 538 | |
Ríon, Greece | - | - | 351 | 482 | |
Blacksburg, United States | - | - | 351 | - | |
Shinjuku, Japan | - | - | 351 | - | |
Alexandria, Egypt | - | - | 401 | 480 | |
Ankara, Turkey | - | - | 401 | 330 | |
Chungbuk National University | Wanju, South Korea | - | - | 401 | 542 |
Araranguá, Brazil | - | - | 401 | 484 | |
Curitiba, Brazil | - | - | 401 | 575 | |
Maebashi, Japan | - | - | 401 | - | |
Gimhae, South Korea | - | - | 401 | 475 | |
Khon Kaen, Thailand | - | - | 401 | 534 | |
Kinki University | Osaka-shi, Japan | - | - | 401 | 313 |
Mashhad, Iran | - | - | 401 | - | |
Tsu, Japan | - | - | 401 | - | |
Rio de Janeiro State University | Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | - | - | 401 | 586 |
Shiraz, Iran | - | - | 401 | - | |
Showa University | Tokyo, Japan | - | - | 401 | 488 |
Tabriz, Iran | - | - | 401 | - | |
Salvador, Brazil | - | - | 401 | - | |
Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, Indonesia | - | - | 401 | - | |
Guadalajara, Mexico | - | - | 401 | - | |
Morgantown, United States | - | - | 401 | 560 | |
Xi'an, China | - | - | 401 | 570 | |
Puerto Montt, Chile | - | - | 451 | - | |
Ramat Gan, Israel | - | - | 451 | - | |
Chungju, South Korea | - | - | 451 | 532 | |
Bratislava, Slovakia | - | - | 451 | 593 | |
Ege University | Izmir, Turkey | - | - | 451 | 389 |
Federal University of Pernambuco | Freguesia do Ribeirao da Ilha, Brazil | - | - | 451 | - |
Jinju, South Korea | - | - | 451 | 566 | |
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia | - | - | 451 | - | |
Guangzhou, China | - | - | 451 | - | |
Udupi, India | - | - | 451 | - | |
Shinagawa-ku, Japan | - | - | 451 | 448 | |
Athens, United States | - | - | 451 | - | |
Moscow, Russia | - | - | 451 | - | |
Tehran, Iran | - | - | 451 | - | |
Matsumoto, Japan | - | - | 451 | 465 | |
Monterrey, Mexico | - | - | 451 | - | |
Tokushima, Japan | - | - | 451 | 510 | |
Bogotá, Colombia | - | - | 451 | - | |
Rosario, Argentina | - | - | 451 | - | |
Universidade Federal de Goiás | Goianápolis, Brazil | - | - | 451 | - |
Orlando East Mobile Home Park, United States | - | - | 451 | - | |
Newark, United States | - | - | 451 | 570 | |
University of Ibadan | Ibadan, Nigeria | - | - | 451 | - |
Armidale, Australia | - | - | 451 | - | |
South Bend, United States | - | - | 451 | - | |
Cartagena, Chile | - | - | 451 | - | |
Kish, Iran | - | - | 451 | - | |
Zhengzhou, China | - | - | 451 | - | |
Bologna, Italy | - | - | 51 | - | |
Pasadena, United States | - | - | 51 | - | |
Rochester, United States | - | - | 51 | - | |
Houston, United States | - | - | 51 | - | |
Nijmegen, Netherlands | - | - | - | 71 | |
Township of Langley, Canada | - | - | - | 153 | |
Lille, France | - | - | - | 309 | |
Lausanne, Switzerland | - | - | - | 335 | |
Lafayette, United States | - | - | - | 336 | |
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | - | - | - | 339 | |
Changchun, China | - | - | - | 405 | |
Atlanta, United States | - | - | - | 409 | |
Daejeon, South Korea | - | - | - | 427 | |
Loma Linda, United States | - | - | - | 438 | |
Istanbul, Turkey | - | - | - | 444 | |
Yangcun, China | - | - | - | 454 | |
Nagoya City University | Nagoya, Japan | - | - | - | 460 |
Chongqing Medical University | Chongqing, China | - | - | - | 467 |
Loughborough, United Kingdom | - | - | - | 467 | |
Ankara, Turkey | - | - | - | 507 | |
Antalya, Turkey | - | - | - | 520 | |
Poznan, Poland | - | - | - | 529 | |
Kaunas, Lithuania | - | - | - | 534 | |
Harbin, China | - | - | - | 539 | |
Corvallis, United States | - | - | - | 547 | |
Cluj-Napoca, Romania | - | - | - | 553 | |
Izmir, Turkey | - | - | - | 562 | |
Kuri, South Korea | - | - | - | 565 | |
Eindhoven, Netherlands | - | - | - | 568 | |
Medical University of Lublin | Lublin, Poland | - | - | - | 575 |
Incheon, South Korea | - | - | - | 577 | |
Yamagata-shi, Japan | - | - | - | 577 | |
Talas, Turkey | - | - | - | 582 | |
Fukuoka, Japan | - | - | - | 590 | |
Gemlik, Turkey | - | - | - | 593 | |
Enschede, Netherlands | - | - | - | 595 | |
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Planning your PhD research: A 3-year PhD timeline example
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Planning out a PhD trajectory can be overwhelming. Example PhD timelines can make the task easier and inspire. The following PhD timeline example describes the process and milestones of completing a PhD within 3 years.
Elements to include in a 3-year PhD timeline
Every successful PhD project begins with a proper plan. Even if there is a high chance that not everything will work out as planned. Having a well-established timeline will keep your work on track.
What to include in a 3-year PhD timeline depends on the unique characteristics of a PhD project, specific university requirements, agreements with the supervisor/s and the PhD student’s career ambitions.
For instance, some PhD students write a monograph while others complete a PhD based on several journal publications. Both monographs and cumulative dissertations have advantages and disadvantages , and not all universities allow both formats. The thesis type influences the PhD timeline.
Furthermore, PhD students ideally engage in several different activities throughout a PhD trajectory, which link to their career objectives. Regardless of whether they want to pursue a career within or outside of academia. PhD students should create an all-round profile to increase their future chances in the labour market. Think, for example, of activities such as organising a seminar, engaging in public outreach or showcasing leadership in a small grant application.
The example scenario: Completing a PhD in 3 years
Many (starting) PhD students look for examples of how to plan a PhD in 3 years. Therefore, let’s look at an example scenario of a fictional PhD student. Let’s call her Maria.
Maria likes the idea of doing a postdoc after her graduation. However, she is aware that the academic job market is tough and therefore wants to keep her options open. She could, for instance, imagine to work for a community or non-profit organisation. Therefore, she wants to place emphasis on collaborating with a community organisation during her PhD.
You may also like: Creating awesome Gantt charts for your PhD timeline
Example: planning year 1 of a 3-year PhD
Example: planning year 2 of a 3-year phd, example: planning year 3 of a 3-year phd.
Time flies, and Maria finds herself in the last year of her PhD. There is still a lot of work to be done, but she sticks to the plan and does her best to complete her PhD.
Example of a 3 year PhD Gantt chart timeline
Final reflection.
In fact, in real life, many PhD students spend four years full-time to complete a PhD based on four papers, instead of three. Some extend their studies even longer.
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PhD study tips
From admission to dissertation. Tips on making the PhD journey happy, productive and successful
How to Succeed in PhD
These are the few tips to know how to succeed in PhD . Every doctoral student should work out on these tips to get success in PhD. Though sometimes success looks very far but you can easily succeed in PhD with dedication and committment in your endeavours as a PhD student.
- Search for a good PhD Supervisor.
- Choose the best university that suits you.
- Be more alert in meeting deadlines.
- Makeup with Primary & Secondary resources.
- Learn to be an Introvert.
- Work smartly using the latest technology.
- Publish in highly reputed journals.
- Report to your supervisor each and every update.
- Try to impress people around you.
If you want to succeed your PhD the first thing that you must do is to choose a right supervisor. If you cannot choose the right supervisor which means you are not in a position to successfully complete your PhD course. PhD may become long. Your success most it depends on how you successfully choose your PhD supervisor from any university that you opt for. Sometimes if your PhD supervisor is too much arrogant, then it becomes a problem for you in the future to proceed successfully with your PhD course. so when you join in any university in the first thing is to inquire about the supervisor and his qualities and his past behavior well. this will allow you to make sure that everything goes on there in your boy three years of PhD course. It is very easy to choose your PhD supervisor.
Opt for a good University
University plays a great role and it gives all the support while doing your PhD course. If the university is not good enough to support you in all directions while doing your PhD course, then it becomes great trouble to you to complete PhD successfully.
It is always better to keep ready and handy your research proposal. This helps to contact university with a well developed proposal. If you are unsure about writing your research proposal, approach confidently this PhD Research Proposal Writing Service – That Is Fast, Proficient and Safe.
The best way to choose the right University is to ask all the past students about finding IIS University behaved in the past. usually, students give the right information to you about the university with the experience that they already had in the past while studying their own courses. So opt for a good University to study your PhD course
Choose a new area of Study
Never take those topics which are old enough and those topics which are already taken for consideration why many PhD scholars in the past. My advice is to choose a new area of the topic which is trending now during this year. If you can pick up a new area of study then you will feel more comfortable in finishing your PhD successfully. The one reason is that the reviewers of the journal may not be known as much as that you know because it is a new topic so it is very easy to accept your research paper or your thesis. The other reasons are that you are able to impress all the people around because you have taken a very new topic to research upon and there are very fewer possibilities to do anything negative.
Read more books
Read as much as possible while doing your PhD course. if you do not read more books, you cannot gain knowledge. After reading books, try practising speaking out what you have read. This way you will know how to defend your viva later. Here are some topics for practice to improve. if you don’t have knowledge how about you are going to finish writing your thesis on publishing any research paper. so think once reading pays you more than what you think. Reading will enable you to remember some important points while writing your thesis . Because it brings all the efforts that you have put into reading into practice. This will really bring you to the fruit of success. So read more and more books as the days go by so that you can really bring up successfully on PhD course.
Collect all resources systematically
One of the problems that I have been noticing with PhD scholars is that they do not make all the records of what they have been searching for or what they have been collecting for. Get online dissertation help from a PhD expert. If they do not collect systematically and store it point by point and chapter by chapter then it will be very difficult at the end to really take all those resources and recollect back. If you can store all the resources systematically in some folders, then you can revert them back and make it a source to write a thesis or publish a paper. I have seen many PhD candidates who are not able to check the back all the information from the folders that they have saved because they are confused at the end to really search back. do all the information is available with you but the problem is with the way you saved them in the folder is very confusing.
Co-operate with all around you
While doing your PhD course, remember that you must cooperate with all the people around you. If you do not cooperate with those people around you, maybe your PhD supervisor or your classmates or anybody around you, then it will be very difficult for succeeding PhD. MyCustomEssay.com – professional writers will handle with your thesis. Because they do not co-operate you in any manner if you are in some trouble at a later stage. So try to corporate with everyone whether he is your supervisor or he is an attendee or any other people working in the university, your cooperation is very very important. In this way, they may not misunderstand you and any case of your action.
Publish Papers in time
The one mandatory things while doing your PhD course is to publish your paper. If you do not publish your papers in a year of time, you will be in a problem. Many universities want you to publish papers regularly without missing. If you are not serious with your publishing papers then there is no point to succeed your PhD course. Think about all these terms and conditions of the University. Publish your paper and report the publishing of your papers to your supervisor. There is no one who can stop you if you can publish your paper successfully while doing your Ph.D. I recommend you to publish at least three to four papers in a well reputed journal especially in Scopus indexed journals on any of SCI journals.
Write a thesis beforehand
If you start writing your PhD thesis at the end of your 3rd year then there is no way that you will complete your PhD course. Always try to write your PhD thesis beforehand from your first year itself. If you do this way, you can finish your Ph.D. thesis slowly and successfully. When you come into your 3rd year you will be almost with a great source of your thesis in front of you that will really give you so much satisfaction and so much courage to finish your Ph.D. course. Writing thesis from your first year does not mean you’re right you are there not on but what I mean is there that some points and keep it to write for your PhD thesis from the first year.
Be a good teaching assistant
Teaching assistant means when you join your Ph.D. course at any university, your administration will allow you some teaching assistant duties in order to receive Stipend. These duties will include like teaching undergraduate students any of the subjects related to your area of interest, and also help your colleagues or faculty members. You need also to go for an invigilation duty according to the timetable given to you. You are also requested to make some arrangements for meetings and give enough help when and where it is required. Whenever you have any Celebration or any conference or any meetings, you need to help them out there by giving your strong hand.
Attend conferences
In order to succeed your PhD course, you need to attend some conferences whether they are International conferences or National conferences, you need to attend them perfectly in time. If you want to attend them nationally in your local area, you can go there and attend by paying some fees. But it is mandatory to attend conferences in many of the universities while doing your PhD course. You need to collect some materials and publish a paper in the conference This means you need to start writing something regarding the theme of the conference and present it over there. You can bring these results to your PhD University and submit there so that you can get some kind of reputation for doing that work and doing one conference at least is the part of your PhD course.
Write a book in free time
If you want to succeed in your PhD course you need to write at least one book in your 3 years of duration. This is not at all a mandatory thing to do in your PhD. But if you can do this and show to your supervisor and publish a book and distribute that book around your University, you will get a lot of reputation and there will be no hurdles in the future regarding your thesis submission. The reason why I tell this is that you can get name and fame around your University which ultimately leads you to finish your PhD without any negative effects. Try to publish at least one book and mentioned you being as the author of that book.
Buy one laptop for Ph.D. studies
Do you know that most of your PhD study is something to do with your laptop? If you do not buy any laptop and just depend on the systems that are available in your university, then it is becoming very difficult at a later stage when you want to write your thesis. When you want to do something creative, you will be feeling very difficult to complete any kind of tasks just if you depend on the system of the University. So make sure that you buy one laptop completely. It may not be a very costly laptop but what I mean by buying a laptop is that you can buy a laptop at a very low configuration. And use it throughout your 3 years of PhD life. If you depend on your system or computers in your university, sometimes they are used by others and you need to keep silent and remain alone without doing anything because others will be using them most of the time.
Watch more videos
Nowadays the trend of doing PhD has been changed when we compare to the old days. Nowadays most of the videos are available online regarding your subject topic or your area of interest. You can go to the YouTube channel and open them and just read or study or watch videos directly or see all the experiments regarding your subject area and get all the knowledge just by watching the videos. This is the latest trend on how you can be very much is successful in your PhD Studies. While watching some videos, make sure that you watch them with interest about any topic and simultaneously also read the books available in the library but don’t forget to watch videos because they give you that direct knowledge because you can see it with your own eyes and learn it.
Take help of Google voice typing
When you write publish research paper it is very important that you need to type and do the things on your laptop. But it is not the same work for every PhD student. So many PhD candidates may not know how to type and it takes a lot of time to type and do the things on the laptop. Google has done a great work by introducing to all of us the greatest solution for this.
Google voice typing is one more best option to just speak out and Google will type all your research paper and it saves you automatically all the time you wish. So what is important here is if you don’t know to type just depend on Google voice typing. If you know typing even then sometimes it may be difficult to put your fingers on the keyboard and just go on typing them. It is difficult so what I suggest you is to use to speak over Google voice type and it will do the whole work. Initially, it may be difficult to get accustomed to the Google voice typing but as the typing goes on automatically you will be improving on that.
Use modern Technology fully
Previously in the old days, it was very difficult to write a thesis or publish your research paper because you need to go to the library and spend hours and hours there and do things up. But nowadays it is not so difficult to browse any topic. You can do it on your own mobile sitting at your home and spending your time on the bed. So it is very easy to use modern technology and get all the knowledge regarding your subject area of interest. Just get your mobile with Google browser Chrome and speak to it or use Google Assistant if you want to get help on how to browse any topic and you will get fast spoken results. So try to use all the modern technology and get through your PhD difficulty levels. There are some online websites like Reddit, Pinterest, and LinkedIn which play a better role the online community forums. You can get help from them too about your PhD topic.
Take help from your Ph.D. colleagues
While doing your PhD it is very important that you need some relationships with your colleagues. If you have good relationships with your friends and colleagues around you, they can much co-operate you very well while doing your PhD course. You can get all the help from them like getting some books or gathering some information regarding your topic or getting proofread of what you have written. So take all the help whatever you can from your PhD friends, students, and candidates. Also, you can approach any professor and faculty staff members who are there available and who can help you out. They are the people who can really help you out genuinely and just believe them and trust them what they are doing to you.
Be aware of the betrayal
There are many cases where we can see some Ph.D. students’ writing work has been copied and published somewhere. So whenever you meet someone do not show them anything the work what you have done there out in your system. Always maintain password to your computer and do not show any of your works unless and until they have been published. If you need any help just ask them directly about the topic but do not show the work that you have been doing till then and you need some help to complete it. There are lots of temptations that can go the way of your friends. Do not even trust your supervisor who wants it to publish for their own selfish growth.
Do not plagiarize
If you think copying some content online and pasting it into your research paper is something very wrong and it is considered to be very rude. So what I can say is that you have to make sure not to copy and paste any information from the internet. The best way to write your research paper is to gather all the ideas from the internet and store them in your pen drive and recreate them with some values and some extra information from your own mind and make it a unique article or research paper. This is how you need to use online resources and not just taking them and using them directly somehow.
Show evidence to all your experiments
When you do any experiments, the very important thing is to show how you prove that with evidence. Without giving sufficient evidence to the experiment that you have done, is not at all a thing of acceptance. So when you develop some experiment in your research paper, make sure that it contains lots of pieces of evidence and follows all the rules of experimenting. To know how to give shreds of evidence you need to do some pre-course work or you just read some research papers which have been published online. Their experiments will show you clearly how they have shown the shreds of evidence for all the work that have done on the table. By looking at them you will get complete Idea on how to give evidence to your experiment.
Never chill out wasting time
There is a good chance of wasting time when you do your PhD course. So be careful not to waste your time here and there roaming and wandering and chatting with your friends. You have to do seriously your PhD course by utilizing all the time which has been given to you by the University. The best way to use your time has just put a timetable for yourself regarding all your commitments and research papers. Sometimes it happens so that in the beginning you are very serious but when you go to the second year level, you will be very lazy enough to do the work or to study. So as you become senior in your PhD course you have to be more seriously involved in whatever you do and especially preparing for your thesis and submitting it in time.
Learn to live a solitary life
When you do your PhD course, it is very common that you feel lonely and being alone. This is the very common thing which happens mostly with PhD candidates. The reason is that you have no 1 along with you to go with. That is you the only reason you feel lonely because you are doing your own research in your area and there is none other than you who can do this so you feel very lonely life. But you need to get accustomed to this way of life and sort it out your loneliness. If you are an extrovert then it becomes too difficult for you to cope up with such kind of personality.
Finish your Pre-Course work
In order to succeed your PhD course, it is very important that you to your pre-course work carefully. This we call sometimes pre PhD course. You do it sincerely by understanding all the concepts and methods of approach to research studies. If you do your pre-course work with lots of interest, you can easily prepare anything in your PhD course. If you pass in the exams of your PhD course, it is not enough but you have to learn them really for your life. We know pre-course work is just mandatory to start PhD. If you do it for the sake of getting through, then it is not in any way becomes useful. So do it with all sincerity.
Set one hour apart every day to write content
Time management is a very crucial thing when you want to get awarded as a PhD scholar. If you do not set an hour a day completely dedicating your time to do some research work, then how can you get it through your Ph.D. after 3 years. So make sure to prepare one set of the timetable which can help you for one hour in a day to write something and especially to prepare for your research paper or to prepare your conference papers or to write for your thesis and viva. In this way, you can simply manage your time and easily get through your Ph.D. course levels.
Accept when your paper gets rejected
I have seen some PhD Scholars getting very much depressed and sad and disappointed when their paper gets rejected by any journal. It is very common that your research paper gets rejected any number of times. But do not worry about what has happened but take the suggestions of the journal and get ready to submit again and again. This is the very common thing that happens with anyone doing PhD.
Think in the mind of the supervisor
When you do your PhD, it is not that you are doing but remember that your supervisor is one of the persons who is also doing your PhD course along with you. Which means if you are not cooperating supervisor with your work, then it becomes very difficult for you to finish your PhD and get through. You must think in the mind of your supervisor to write and present anything related to your Ph.D. Never take easily the suggestions from your supervisor. Work on whatever your supervisor tells you to the hundred percent. Give all your efforts to satisfy your supervisor in every detail of your PhD course.
Take care of your health
If you have good health in mind and body, you are in a position to do your PhD security and actively. If you do not have good health, how can you finish your PhD in 3 years of time
Waste money to buy books
You can easily waste your money to buy books for your PhD course. Never save your money for not buying books and spend on unnecessary things. The everything you spend on buying books related to your Ph.D. course is always a good quality character and is good behavior.
Visit places abroad in real time
This is the very extraordinary things that you can do in your PhD to be really awkward product into a quality PhD competition. If at all you have any chance from the university to sponsor to move abroad and do some Investigation on research in real time, you are very lucky enough to do so.
Grab this opportunity and go abroad and visit places in real time and justify your PhD course with real research. Meet some of the famous people around your research topic and ask them to help you out by showing some good experiments which can be done in the future from your side. I also strongly recommend meeting some famous scientists who are very popular in the world.
You can take their appointment and try to visit them abroad and be with them for at least two or three days so that you can clear all the doubts with him and it will be one of your memories which can be shared throughout your life. So while you visit abroad for your research, you have to find some famous people around you. I probably recommend to prepare everything beforehand, all the plan and just meet them, take their appointment.
This way you can reach the most successful part of your PhD course. Also, do not forget to carry one voice recorder along with you when you meet some famous people.
The reason I changed this is that when you listen to those famous people there are chances that you may forget some important points or it is very difficult to scribble down in your notebook. So if you have a gadget of voice recorder, you can just put it on and simultaneously you can also scribble it down in your notebook all the information which you can get from those famous people.
So do not take it easy and be more confident that you can do something very special on by being alone. Use the technology and use some Gadgets and use a camera to capture some information when you are on special occasions visiting abroad to do some greater things for the sake of your research.
Use Library well
Nowadays it is a very great addition to get all the resources from the internet. We tend to forget that the library can be one of the strongest areas of knowledge if you use it perfectly. So try to use the library as well along with your mobile and the other technology which is at your hand. The library can be one of the best resources to gather and collect information. You can take many books that are printed some years back which are really not available in today Google’s network. So using your library books purposefully and fruitfully is one of the criteria in succeeding Ph.D. There is no other way than this to check some information from the books available in the library. If there is any possibility ask also the librarian to check for the books that you are not able to find by yourself. Your librarian will do as much help that he can give you the sufficient sources of knowledge and books.
Join in full-time PhD
Lastly, if you want to succeed in your PhD course, you have to do your PhD in a full-time mode with any university. If you do this way you can be successful in just 3 years of time irrespective of whether you do quality research or not. If you join a part-time course there are many negative sides and you have to face them.
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How to write a PhD thesis: a step-by-step guide
A draft isn’t a perfect, finished product; it is your opportunity to start getting words down on paper, writes Kelly Louise Preece
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Congratulations; you’ve finished your research! Time to write your PhD thesis. This resource will take you through an eight-step plan for drafting your chapters and your thesis as a whole.
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Organise your material
Before you start, it’s important to get organised. Take a step back and look at the data you have, then reorganise your research. Which parts of it are central to your thesis and which bits need putting to one side? Label and organise everything using logical folders – make it easy for yourself! Academic and blogger Pat Thomson calls this “Clean up to get clearer” . Thomson suggests these questions to ask yourself before you start writing:
- What data do you have? You might find it useful to write out a list of types of data (your supervisor will find this list useful too.) This list is also an audit document that can go in your thesis. Do you have any for the “cutting room floor”? Take a deep breath and put it in a separate non-thesis file. You can easily retrieve it if it turns out you need it.
- What do you have already written? What chunks of material have you written so far that could form the basis of pieces of the thesis text? They will most likely need to be revised but they are useful starting points. Do you have any holding text? That is material you already know has to be rewritten but contains information that will be the basis of a new piece of text.
- What have you read and what do you still need to read? Are there new texts that you need to consult now after your analysis? What readings can you now put to one side, knowing that they aren’t useful for this thesis – although they might be useful at another time?
- What goes with what? Can you create chunks or themes of materials that are going to form the basis of some chunks of your text, perhaps even chapters?
Once you have assessed and sorted what you have collected and generated you will be in much better shape to approach the big task of composing the dissertation.
Decide on a key message
A key message is a summary of new information communicated in your thesis. You should have started to map this out already in the section on argument and contribution – an overarching argument with building blocks that you will flesh out in individual chapters.
You have already mapped your argument visually, now you need to begin writing it in prose. Following another of Pat Thomson’s exercises, write a “tiny text” thesis abstract. This doesn’t have to be elegant, or indeed the finished product, but it will help you articulate the argument you want your thesis to make. You create a tiny text using a five-paragraph structure:
- The first sentence addresses the broad context. This locates the study in a policy, practice or research field.
- The second sentence establishes a problem related to the broad context you have set out. It often starts with “But”, “Yet” or “However”.
- The third sentence says what specific research has been done. This often starts with “This research” or “I report…”
- The fourth sentence reports the results. Don’t try to be too tricky here, just start with something like: “This study shows,” or “Analysis of the data suggests that…”
- The fifth and final sentence addresses the “So What?” question and makes clear the claim to contribution.
Here’s an example that Thomson provides:
Secondary school arts are in trouble, as the fall in enrolments in arts subjects dramatically attests. However, there is patchy evidence about the benefits of studying arts subjects at school and this makes it hard to argue why the drop in arts enrolments matters. This thesis reports on research which attempts to provide some answers to this problem – a longitudinal study which followed two groups of senior secondary students, one group enrolled in arts subjects and the other not, for three years. The results of the study demonstrate the benefits of young people’s engagement in arts activities, both in and out of school, as well as the connections between the two. The study not only adds to what is known about the benefits of both formal and informal arts education but also provides robust evidence for policymakers and practitioners arguing for the benefits of the arts. You can find out more about tiny texts and thesis abstracts on Thomson’s blog.
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Write a plan
You might not be a planner when it comes to writing. You might prefer to sit, type and think through ideas as you go. That’s OK. Everybody works differently. But one of the benefits of planning your writing is that your plan can help you when you get stuck. It can help with writer’s block (more on this shortly!) but also maintain clarity of intention and purpose in your writing.
You can do this by creating a thesis skeleton or storyboard , planning the order of your chapters, thinking of potential titles (which may change at a later stage), noting down what each chapter/section will cover and considering how many words you will dedicate to each chapter (make sure the total doesn’t exceed the maximum word limit allowed).
Use your plan to help prompt your writing when you get stuck and to develop clarity in your writing.
Some starting points include:
- This chapter will argue that…
- This section illustrates that…
- This paragraph provides evidence that…
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- Introduction
- Conclusions
- Article Information
Crosses indicate monthly homicide rates; blue solid lines, smoothed trends for observed rates; orange dotted lines, smoothed seasonality for observed rates; red dotted lines represent the enactment of SYG laws; and blue dotted lines, the smoothed trend for the counterfactual (ie, the expected trend in the absence of an SYG law).
IRR indicates incidence rate ratio, given as rate per 100 000 population.
Note each plot is grouped by US region (Midwest, Northeast, South, West) and ordered by estimated effect size. FE indicates fixed-effects.
eMethods. Stand Your Ground and Self-Defense Laws by State
eAppendix. Evidence of Nonlinear Trends, Nonpenalized Approach, and Restricted Linear Analyses
eFigure 1. Visualization of the Multiple Baselines Using Staggering of the Enactment of SYG Laws and Multiple Locations Using 23 SYG States During the Study Period, 1999 to 2017
eFigure 2. Data Visualization Showing the Suspected Coding Error in the Data for Race in Texas From September 2007 to February 2009
eFigure 3. Plots Showing Imputed Data by Bounded Random Sampling to Correct for the Suspected Coding Error in the Data for Race in Texas From September 2007 to February 2009
eFigure 4. Plots of Partial Autocorrelation Functions for GLMM With Linear Trends and GAMs for Homicide and Firearm Homicide
eFigure 5. Estimated Associations of SYG Laws With Monthly Homicide Rates Across the US
eFigure 6. Estimated Associations of SYG Laws With Monthly Firearm Homicide Rates Across the US
eFigure 7. Estimated Associations of SYG Laws With Monthly Suicide Rates Across the US
eFigure 8. Estimated Associations of SYG Laws With Monthly Firearm Suicide Rates Across the US
eFigure 9. Estimated Associations of SYG Laws With Monthly Homicide and Firearm Homicide Rates in SYG States by Restricted ITS Models With Linear Trends
eFigure 10. Forest Plot of Fixed-Effects Meta-analysis Pooling Restricted ITS Models With Linear Trends for the Association of SYG Laws With Homicide and Firearm Homicide Rates in SYG States
eFigure 11. State-Specific Associations of SYG Laws With Monthly Homicide Rates Estimated by Separate ITS Models With Nonlinear Trends for Each SYG State
eTable 1. Self-defense Laws Across All 50 US States (Excluding District of Columbia)
eTable 2. Intervention SYG States, Comparison Non-SYG States, and Excluded States
eTable 3. Outcomes and Their Corresponding Selected Cause of Death Group and ICD-10 Details
eTable 4. Data Outliers Caused by 1-Off Events
eTable 5. AIC Values for Different Combinations of Polynomials for Modelling State and National Trends in GLMMs for Homicides
eTable 6. Monthly Counts of Homicide, Firearm Homicide, Suicide, and Firearm Suicide in the Absence and Presence of SYG Laws
eTable 7. Estimated Associations of SYG Laws With Homicide and Firearm Homicide Rates Across the US Using Nonpenalized GLMMs With Polynomials
eTable 8. Estimated Association of SYG Laws With Homicide and Firearm Homicide Rates by Race Across the US Using Data With Suspected Errors
eReferences
- Error in Figure 3 JAMA Network Open Correction April 6, 2022
- State-Specific Heterogeneity in the Association of Stand Your Ground Laws With Firearm Violence JAMA Network Open Invited Commentary February 21, 2022 Michael Siegel, MD, MPH
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Degli Esposti M , Wiebe DJ , Gasparrini A , Humphreys DK. Analysis of “Stand Your Ground” Self-defense Laws and Statewide Rates of Homicides and Firearm Homicides. JAMA Netw Open. 2022;5(2):e220077. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.0077
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Analysis of “Stand Your Ground” Self-defense Laws and Statewide Rates of Homicides and Firearm Homicides
- 1 Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- 2 Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- 3 Department of Public Health, Environments and Society, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- 4 Centre for Statistical Methodology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Invited Commentary State-Specific Heterogeneity in the Association of Stand Your Ground Laws With Firearm Violence Michael Siegel, MD, MPH JAMA Network Open
- Correction Error in Figure 3 JAMA Network Open
Question Are “stand your ground” (SYG) laws associated with increases in violent deaths, and does this vary by US state?
Findings In this cohort study assessing 41 US states, SYG laws were associated with an 8% to 11% national increase in monthly rates of homicide and firearm homicide. State-level increases in homicide and firearm homicide rates reached 10% or higher for many Southern states, including Alabama, Florida, Georgia, and Louisiana.
Meaning These findings suggest that SYG laws were associated with increased homicides each year and that the laws should be reconsidered to prevent unnecessary violent deaths.
Importance Most US states have amended self-defense laws to enhance legal immunities for individuals using deadly force in public. Despite concerns that “stand your ground” (SYG) laws unnecessarily encourage the use of deadly violence, their impact on violent deaths and how this varies across states and demographic groups remains unclear.
Objective To evaluate the association of SYG laws with homicide and firearm homicide, nationally and by state, while considering variation by the race, age, and sex of individuals who died by homicide.
Design, Setting, and Participants This cohort study used a controlled, multiple-baseline and -location interrupted time series design, using natural variation in the timings and locations of SYG laws to assess associations. Changes in homicide and firearm homicide were modeled using Poisson regression analyses within a generalized additive model framework. Analyses included all US states that enacted SYG laws between 2000 and 2016 and states that did not have SYG laws enacted during the full study period, 1999 to 2017. Data were analyzed from November 2019 to December 2020.
Exposures SYG self-defense laws enacted by statute between January 1, 2000, to December 31, 2016.
Main Outcomes and Measures The main outcomes were statewide monthly rates of homicide and firearm-related homicide (per 100 000 persons) from January 1, 1999, to December 31, 2017, grouped by characteristics (ie, race, age, sex) of individuals who died by homicide.
Results Forty-one states were analyzed, including 23 states that enacted SYG laws during the study period and 18 states that did not have SYG laws, with 248 358 homicides (43.7% individuals aged 20-34 years; 77.9% men and 22.1% women), including 170 659 firearm homicides. SYG laws were associated with a mean national increase of 7.8% in monthly homicide rates (incidence rate ratio [IRR],1.08; 95% CI, 1.04-1.12; P < .001) and 8.0% in monthly firearm homicide rates (IRR, 1.08; 95% CI, 1.03-1.13; P = .002). SYG laws were not associated with changes in the negative controls of suicide (IRR, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.98-1.01) or firearm suicide (IRR, 1.00; 95% CI, 0.98-1.02). Increases in violent deaths varied across states, with the largest increases (16.2% to 33.5%) clustering in the South (eg, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana). There were no differential associations of SYG laws by demographic group.
Conclusions and Relevance These findings suggest that adoption of SYG laws across the US was associated with increases in violent deaths, deaths that could potentially have been avoided.
Every year, more than 19 000 people in the United States die from homicide, and most of these violent deaths are attributable to injuries sustained from firearms. Rates of homicide and firearm homicide are markedly higher in the US than any other high-income county. 1 - 3 In 2020, the US saw a further upsurge, with homicide rates increasing by approximately 30%. 4 These deaths are preventable; yet there is limited evidence on how current legislation and policy may not only be failing to prevent harm but may also be contributing to it. 5
“Stand your ground” (SYG) laws, also known as shoot first laws, overwrite the common law principle of a “duty to retreat,” creating the possibility for individuals to use deadly force in self-defense in public as a first, rather than last, resort (eMethods in the Supplement ). 6 Florida was the first state to enact an SYG law by statute in 2005, and then 23 states enacted SYG laws soon after, between 2006 and 2008. Although the uptake was initially concentrated in the South, by 2021, thirty states had enacted SYG laws, and this number continues to increase as a raft of ongoing bills make their way through state legislatures. 7
Advocates claim that SYG laws enhance public safety by deterring predatory crime through an increased threat of retaliatory violence. 8 Critics, on the other hand, argue that the laws are unnecessary, and may threaten public safety by emboldening the use of deadly violence in public encounters in which violence and injury that could have safely been avoided. 9 There are also concerns that the laws exacerbate social inequalities in experiencing violent crime, since implicit and explicit biases of threat perception discriminate against and cause disproportionate harms among minority groups, such as Black people. 10 - 12 Anecdotally, critics’ concerns have been realized in an increasing number of shootings of young Black men (eg, Trayvon Martin, Jordan Davis, and Markeis McGlockton) where self-defense has been claimed. 12 These high-profile incidents underline the controversy surrounding SYG laws and have served to galvanize the Black Lives Matter movement. 13
Although previous studies have associated SYG laws with increases in homicide, 14 - 17 a 2021 systematic review highlighted key weaknesses of the current evidence. 18 First, the national impacts of SYG laws are undetermined because there is a lack of studies with robust study designs. 18 Second, very few studies examine the differential impacts of SYG laws on demographic groups, including racial or ethnic minority groups. Third, there is a marked discrepancy between US-wide analyses and single-state analyses. US-wide analyses report either no associations or small increases in homicide associated with enacting SYG laws 15 , 18 - 20 ; whereas single-state analyses, which almost exclusively evaluated Florida’s SYG law, identify substantial increases in homicide (24% to 27%). 14 , 21 , 22 The generalizability of the evidence beyond Florida remains unclear.
Since the laws continue to be adopted across the US, with 2 states passing SYG bills in early 2021 and 14 states currently having SYG bills under active consideration, 7 it is crucial to advance the evidence on SYG laws across the US and whether the laws show differential associations by state and demographic group. Our study aims to fill this gap. We obtained restricted access mortality data by special request to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) that includes all medical records on causes of death from January 1, 1999, to December 31, 2017. We used an interrupted time-series (ITS) design that exploited temporal and state variation in the enactment of the laws to strengthen the evidence on the outcomes associated with enacting SYG laws across the US.
Ethical approval was waived by Departmental Research Ethics Committee (DREC), University of Oxford, because the study uses fully anonymized administrative data previously collected by government bodies and official sources. The data cannot be traced back to an individual. We followed relevant recommendations set out in the Guidelines for Reporting Evaluations based on Observational Methodology ( GREOM ) and Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology ( STROBE ) reporting guideline. The study protocol and statistical analysis plan ( https://osf.io/s6xp4/ ) and analytical code ( https://osf.io/vmx2y/ ) have been made freely available at the Open Science Framework.
We used a multiple-baseline and -location ITS design to estimate the association of SYG laws with changes in homicide and firearm homicide rates across the US, both at the national and state levels. The staggered adoption of SYG laws across states offers a unique opportunity to reduce confounding in ITS (pre-post) evaluations by including states that did not enact SYG laws in the control group. 23 , 24 Observed and unobserved state- and time-varying confounding is therefore minimized, as the same confounding would have to present at all 23 different timings in each of the 23 states that enacted SYG laws while not occurring in any of the 18 states that did not have SYG laws enacted during the study period.
We defined an SYG law as a legislative statute that extended the legal right to use lethal force in self-defense to anywhere the individual has the right to be (ie, public places) (eMethods in the Supplement ). We systematically investigated self-defense laws in all 50 US states and classified each state by their variant of self-defense law (eMethods, eTable 1, and eFigure 1 in the Supplement ). States were included in the analysis if they were classified as an SYG state, enacting SYG laws between January 1, 2000, and December 31, 2016. A reduced period of 2000 to 2016 was used to ensure that at least 12 months in the preintervention and postintervention period for modeling purposes. States were also included if they could serve as a comparison non-SYG state by not having an SYG law enacted by statute or upholding SYG law principles through case law, throughout the study period. We included 41 states in the analyses: 23 SYG states and 18 non-SYG states (eTable 2 in the Supplement ). We excluded the remaining 9 states from the analyses because 2 states (Utah and Iowa) lacked sufficient data during the study period to model trends and 7 states upheld principles of SYG law by case law even if not encoded in a statute. Including these states in the analysis would dilute the contrast between SYG and non-SYG states and bias estimates owing to intervention contamination effects. 25
We modeled time series data for state-level monthly counts of homicide (primary outcome) and firearm homicide (secondary outcome) between January 1999 to December 2017 (eMethods, eFigure 2, eFigure 3, and eTable 3 in the Supplement ). Outcome data were obtained by special request from the CDC’s Restricted Use Vital Statistics, which provided microdata on Multiple Cause of Death based on coroner determinations of cause of death for more than 99% of all deaths in the US. We further stratified outcomes by race (White vs Black and other races), age group (0-19, 20-34, and ≥35 years), and sex (male and female). Race was determined by medical death certificates in accordance with standards set forth by the Office of Management and Budget. Other races includes all races other than White or Black under the main categories of American Indian, Asian, and Pacific Islander. We stratified outcomes by race to determine whether the SYG laws had differential assoications by population subgroup, including by race. We identified and excluded any outliers from 1-event mass death events (eg, the September 11, 2001, terrorist attack) from the analyses (eMethods and eTable 4 in the Supplement ).
We used negative control outcomes of suicide and firearm suicide to check for time-varying confounding. 26 We selected these outcomes because we hypothesized that they would be similarly affected by changes over time that might confound the association between SYG law enactment and changes in homicide and firearm homicide but would not be affected by the intervention itself. Such time-varying confounders included economic shifts (eg, an economic recession), changes in recording practices, and changes in firearm regulation and availability.
We ran Poisson regression analyses within a generalized additive model (GAM) framework to estimate the association of SYG laws with homicide and firearm homicide. Outcomes were modeled as a quasi-Poisson distribution owing to evidence of overdispersion. State population sizes by state and year, disaggregated by race, age group, and sex as relevant, were used as an offset variable to model rates per 100 000 persons directly. Our main exposure was a dummy variable indicating the presence of SYG law across groups (SYG vs non-SYG states) and over time (before and after SYG laws were enacted in SYG states). The dummy variable thus reflects a group-by-time interaction: 0 for non-SYG states and for the pre-enactment period in SYG laws and 1 for the postenactment period in SYG states. GAMs, as opposed to generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs), were used because there was significant evidence that long-term trends violated assumptions of linearity (eAppendix, eFigure 4, and eTable 5 in the Supplement ). GAMs can more flexibly smooth nonlinear trends while penalizing overfitting through generalized cross-validation. 27 To check the robustness of this penalization approach, we present estimates from nonpenalized GLMMs in the eAppendix in the Supplement .
Informed by a previous systematic review, 18 we hypothesized that the outcomes associated with SYG laws would follow a step-change pattern (ie, abrupt sustained change in level). The adoption of SYG laws was therefore estimated as a fixed effect, comparing differences in rates before and after SYG laws were enacted in the 23 SYG states, as well as with the 18 non-SYG states, while adjusting for seasonality and state-specific long-term trends. Both seasonality and long-term trends were modeled independently for each outcome. Seasonality was modeled using harmonics (Fourier series of pairs of sine and cosine functions) to smooth smaller repeating patterns in a year (ie, seasons). 24 , 28 State-specific trends were independently smoothed by specifying a factor-by-curve interaction to allow for differences in long-term trends between states. 29 The smoothness of trends was constrained to be equal across states to prioritize model parsimony and because there was no theoretical reason to assume that states should be smoothed to a differential degree. The equation for the base model is outlined in the eMethods in the Supplement . Results can be interpreted as the relative risk of monthly homicides or firearm homicides in the presence vs absence of SYG laws (ie, incidence rate ratio [IRR]). Model fit was checked through an analysis of the residuals, including data visualizations and inspection of the distribution of autocorrelations.
Stratified analyses were conducted to investigate whether associations of SYG laws with violent deaths differed by race, age group, and sex. Formal tests assessed whether the estimates varied across demographic groups. Specifically, approximate Wald tests (also known as Z -tests ) were used to compare stratified model estimates and test for differences within each demographic group (eg, White vs Black and other races). 30 These model comparisons were used to assess whether SYG laws were differentially associated with violent deaths by subgroup.
We also investigated state-by-state differences in estimates of the enactment of SYG laws by fitting separate quasi-Poisson regression models as interrupted times series analyses for each SYG state. Here, the main exposure is a dummy variable coding the absence (0) and presence (1) of SYG laws within SYG states alone, and thus implements a segmented regression analysis. 24 , 31 In these ITS models, we smoothed nonlinearity in long-term trends in 2 ways: fitted cubic terms for long-term trends and restricted the period to 3 years (ie, 36 months) before and after SYG laws were enacted, and we assumed fitted linear long-term trends (eAppendix in the Supplement ). State-level ITS models estimates were then pooled in fixed-effects meta-analyses. All analyses were conducted in R statistical software version 3.6.3 (R Project for Statistical Computing); the multiple location and baseline ITS GAMs were fitted using the R package mgcv while the simple ITS models were pooled using metafor . 32 , 33 P values were 2-sided, and statistical significance was set at P < .05. Data were analyzed from November 2019 to December 2020.
The analysis included 41 states with 248 358 homicides (43.7% individuals aged 20-34 years; 77.9% men and 22.1% women), including 184 495 homicides in 23 SYG states and 63 863 homicides in 18 non-SYG states, and 170 659 firearm homicides, including 129 831 firearm homicides in 23 SYG states and 40 828 firearm homicides in 18 non-SYG states). The Table and eTable 6 in the Supplement present monthly rates and counts during the study period. Between 1999 and 2017, trends in monthly homicide and firearm homicide rates varied between states and did not follow simple linear trends. While there were gradual declines between 1999 and 2014, approximately half of all states experienced an uptick in homicide rates in recent years, irrespective of whether states had or had not enacted SYG laws ( Figure 1 ; eFigure 5 and eFigure 6 in the Supplement ). The negative control outcomes of suicide and firearm suicides rates mostly showed increasing trends from 1999 to 2017 (eFigure 7 and eFigure 8 in the Supplement ). Between 1999 and 2017, homicide and suicide rates were higher in states with SYG laws (mean [SD]: 0.55 [0.25] homicides per 100 000 persons and 1.24 [0.38] suicides per 100 000 persons) compared with non-SYG states (mean [SD]: 0.31 [0.22] homicides per 100 000 persons and 1.03 [0.45] suicides per 100 000 persons) ( Table ). Within SYG states and compared with the period before SYG laws were enacted, after SYG laws were enacted there were higher rates of homicide (mean [SD], 0.54 [0.26] vs 0.55 [0.25] homicides per 100 000 population) and suicide (mean [SD], 1.13 [0.35] vs 1.32 [0.38] suicides per 100 000 population).
The enactment of SYG laws was associated with a mean national increase of 7.8% in monthly homicide rates (IRR, 1.08; 95% CI, 1.04-1.12; P < .001) and 8.0% in monthly firearm homicide rates (IRR, 1.08; 95% CI, 1.03-1.13; P = .002) ( Table and Figure 1 ; eFigure 6 in the Supplement ). SYG laws were not associated with changes in the 2 negative control outcomes: suicide (IRR, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.98-1.01; P = .58) or firearm suicide rates (IRR, 1.00; 95% CI, 0.98-1.02; P = .94) (eFigure 7 and eFigure 8 in the Supplement ). Separate ITS analyses for SYG states only, pooled via meta-analyses, estimated higher increases of 9.9% for homicide (IRR, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.07-1.13; P < .001) and 10.8% for firearm homicide (IRR, 1.11; 95% CI, 1.07-1.15; P < .001). No changes were observed for the negative control suicide outcomes.
The penalization approach was tested by fitting a series of nonpenalized GLMMs using polynomials to model nonlinear trends at the national and state level (eAppendix in the Supplement ). Results from the GLMMs replicated our main findings, with associated increases of 9.5% for homicide (IRR, 1.09; 95% CI, 1.07-1.12; P < .001) and 9.1% for firearm homicide (IRR = 1.09; 95% CI, 1.06-1.12; P < .001) (eTable 7 in the Supplement ). Nonlinear models were further supplemented by restricting the study period to a smaller temporal window (ie, 36 months before and after the enactment of SYG laws) and fitting state-specific ITS models with linear trends (eAppendix in the Supplement ). Consistently, these linear models identified an 8.9% increase for homicide (IRR, 1.09; 95% CI, 1.05-1.13; P < .001) and a 9.2% increase for firearm homicide (IRR, 1.09; 95% CI, 1.04-1.14; P < .001) following the enactment of SYG laws (eFigure 9 and eFigure 10 in the Supplement ). There continued to be no association between SYG laws and suicide (IRR, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.97-1.02; P = .46) or firearm suicide (IRR, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.96-1.02; P = .47).
No statistically significant differences by race, age group, or sex of individuals who died by homicide were identified ( Table ; eTable 8 in the Supplement ). However, stratified models showed more pronounced increases in some demographic groups ( Figure 2 ). The largest increases were seen for White individuals (IRR, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.05-1.15; P < .001) and for males (IRR, 1.08; 95% CI, 1.04-1.13; P < .001). There was inconsistent evidence that the enactment of SYG laws was associated with increases for persons aged 0 to 19 years or females. The main models (GAMs) identified no significant associations, whereas supplementary models (GLMMs) estimated significant associations (eTable 7 in the Supplement ). This is likely because the subgroups of individuals aged 0 to 19 years and females had the smallest number of individuals who died by homicide, thus model estimation suffered from low counts and increased uncertainty (eTable 6 in the Supplement ).
Associations of SYG laws with violent deaths differed by state ( Figure 3 ). Large increases for homicide and firearm homicide rates were associated with the enactment of SYG laws in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, and Missouri. These increases ranged from 16.2% to 33.5%, with firearm homicides typically showing larger increases than total homicides. SYG laws were not significantly associated with changes in homicides or firearm homicides rates in a handful of states, including Arizona, Indiana, Michigan, Nevada, Oklahoma, Texas, and West Virginia. We explored between-state heterogeneity by visualizing state-specific associations across the US, which showed that larger associations clustered in Southern states ( Figure 3 ; eFigure 11 in the Supplement ).
This cohort study found that the enactment of SYG laws was associated with an abrupt and sustained 8% to 11% national increase in monthly homicide and firearm homicide rates, contributing an extra 58 to 72 homicides each month. This monthly increase alone exceeds total rates of homicides in most Northern and Western European countries today. 34 Estimates are consistent with previous studies 15 , 17 ; but this study advances the evidence by examining SYG laws over an extended timeframe and using enhanced mortality data to investigate differential associations by state and demographic group.
Although the enactment of SYG laws was not associated with significant change in violent deaths in all states, there was no evidence that SYG laws were associated with decreases in homicide or firearm homicide. Our analyses show that increases in homicide associated with SYG laws were not restricted to Florida. 14 , 21 , 22 Comparable changes were observed in at least 8 other states at different times across the US, although the largest increases clustered in the South and in states that were early adopters of SYG laws (2005-2007). The association between SYG laws and increases in violent deaths cannot be attributed to distortion by a single state outlier (eg, Florida), 18 but may be attributed to time-varying confounders specific to the South and/or the early enactment of SYG laws. The between-state heterogeneity suggests that SYG laws alone may not be sufficient in explaining increases in homicide. Understanding the factors shaping these differential associations between states, such as regions endorsing the use of self-protective violence, 35 existing state firearm legislation, and firearm availability, is key to understanding how and why legally expanding the right to use deadly violence in public is associated with increases in homicides in some states but not others.
Despite concerns that SYG laws exacerbate social inequalities in experiencing violent crime, 13 we did not find differential associations by demographic group. SYG laws were associated with mean increases in homicide and firearm homicide rates irrespective of race, age group, or sex of individuals who died by homicide . 18 At least in terms of homicide, these findings do not lend support for the claim that SYG laws widen racial disparities. However, our analyses are based on causes of death and thus can only examine homicide. We do not examine nonfatal injury, patterns of racial concordance between the deceased and the defendant, or patterns in legal outcomes (eg, conviction or acquittal rates) following enactment of SYG laws. Owing to the ongoing context of racism in the US 10 - 12 and previous studies showing multiple pathways through which SYG laws may exacerbate social injustice (eg, via racialized threat perceptions), 36 , 37 future research should aim to assess the disproportional impacts and implications of SYG laws for disadvantaged groups, such as Black individuals.
This study has some limitations. Our study period was limited to ending in December 2017 because this was the most recent available data at the time of conducting the research. Five additional states have since enacted SYG laws, which we were unable to evaluate as they fell outside our study period. Iowa was also excluded from the analyses because its SYG law was enacted in July 2017, so it had insufficient time points to model the postintervention period. Most SYG states included in this study were early adopters of SYG law, with 74% adopting the law between October 2005 and September 2007. This limited variation in the enactment timing reduces the generalizability of our findings to more recent adoptions of SYG laws. Low homicide counts among demographic groups, especially for persons aged 0 to 19 years and females, restricted modeling power and certainty for estimating associations for these subgroups. Nevertheless, these findings echoed the limited number of analyses that have previously investigated distributional outcomes associated with SYG laws. 18 Although the design and advanced statistical modeling used here minimize confounding, it is still possible that the unobserved heterogeneity across states and changes that occurred around the same time of each SYG enactment mean our estimates reflect the outcomes associated with SYG laws plus a spurious effect from confounding. The most likely source of confounding is that the as-if-random assumption of the timings of SYG law enactment across states was violated owing to another factor (eg, high-profile self-defense cases, changes in societal attitudes, coordinated campaigns by lobbyists), 38 causing both the enactment of SYG law and increases in violent deaths in the state. 39 However, in the absence of a feasible randomized clinical trial, we present strong alternative evidence by controlling for observed and unobserved confounding by design and including a series of robustness checks.
This cohort study found that the staggered adoption of SYG laws in US states was associated with increases in homicide and firearm homicide rates across the US. These increases reach 10% and higher in several Southern states, while no states had significant reductions in violent deaths, as advocates often argue when justifying these laws. The accumulation of evidence established in this and other studies point to harmful outcomes associated with SYG laws. Despite this, SYG laws have now been enacted in most states, and the uptake of new SYG bills continues to be popular, unnecessarily risking lives.
Accepted for Publication: December 11, 2021.
Published: February 21, 2022. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.0077
Correction: This article was corrected on April 6, 2022, to delete an extraneous box in Figure 3 .
Open Access: This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the CC-BY License . © 2022 Degli Esposti M et al. JAMA Network Open .
Corresponding Author: Michelle Degli Esposti, PhD, Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Barnett House, 32 Wellington Sq, Oxford OX1 2ER, United Kingdom ( [email protected] ).
Author Contributions: Drs Degli Esposti and Humphreys had full access to all of the data in the study and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.
Concept and design: Degli Esposti, Gasparrini, Humphreys.
Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data: All authors.
Drafting of the manuscript: Degli Esposti, Humphreys.
Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: All authors.
Statistical analysis: Degli Esposti, Gasparrini, Humphreys.
Obtained funding: Gasparrini, Humphreys.
Administrative, technical, or material support: Degli Esposti, Gasparrini, Humphreys.
Supervision: Wiebe, Humphreys.
Conflict of Interest Disclosures: None reported.
Funding/Support: This work was funded by grant No. 18-38016 from the Joyce Foundation.
Role of the Funder/Sponsor: The Joyce Foundation had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication.
Disclaimer: The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the Joyce Foundation.
Additional Contributions: Jason Gravel, PhD (Temple University), provided technical assistance in data processing, and David Kirk, PhD (University of Oxford), assisted with data troubleshooting and providing insightful comments on the manuscript. Neither Drs Gravel nor Kirk received compensation for their contributions.
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- International PhD Funding for 2023
Written by Mark Bennett
There are lots of scholarships available for a PhD in UK for international students. Many funded projects are available to students of all nationalities. Government bodies, charities and universities also offer separate international PhD scholarships and grants.
Our guide explains the best ways to fund a PhD in the UK for international students, with information on all the main options available to you.
PhD projects with international funding
Many UK PhDs are advertised as specific projects with funding already attached. This is very common in STEM subjects (Science, Technology, Engineering and Medicine) but some Arts, Humanities and Social Science doctorates also work this way.
Applying for one of these PhDs is a lot like applying for a job : if you are accepted to do the 'work' (the research) you will also get the 'salary' (the funding) which normally covers fees, research expenses and a grant for living costs.
You can use FindAPhD to browse all of our current PhD projects with international funding , or start a different PhD search and filter the results yourself.
International students are eligible for PhD funding through Research Council studentships , a generous form of financial support from an organisation called UK Research and Innovation.
These scholarships provide PhD students with a monthly stipend for living costs, as well as a tuition fee waiver at the domestic rate. You can find out more in our guides to the different Research Councils:
- Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC)
- Biotechnology and Bioscience Research Council (BBSRC)
- Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC)
- Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC)
- Medical Research Council (MRC)
- Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)
- Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC)
New projects are being added to FindAPhD all the time, so keep checking back. Or just sign up for our free newsletter and we'll send you the latest projects in your subject, each week.
Finding PhDs with international funding
You can use FindAPhD to search for advertised PhDs with international funding. The simple walkthrough on our blog explains how.
UK PhD scholarships for international students
Separate international PhD scholarships for interntational students are available if you're proposing your own PhD, or applying for a project that doesn't have funding available to you.
Lots of different organisations offer these. This section covers general international PhD scholarships from the UK Government as well as large independent charities and trusts . There's information on funding for specific nationalities or for specific universities, further down this page.
Commonwealth PhD scholarships
Commonwealth scholarships are provided by the UK Department for International Development (DFID) to citizens of the Commonwealth of Nations.
There are three main Commonwealth PhD scholarships. Which one you apply for depends on where you are from and where you wish to study your PhD.
Commonwealth scholarships (least developed countries)
These scholarships are for citizens of economically underdeveloped or politically unstable Commonwealth countries to benefit from international PhD study in the UK.
- Value – Full PhD fees, plus return airfare, monthly living stipend and funding other approved expenses.
- Eligibility – Citizens of Bangladesh, Cameroon, Kenya, Kiribati, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Nigeria, Pakistan, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, Tanzania, The Gambia, Tuvalu, Uganda, Vanuatu, Zambia.
- Other criteria – You must be a resident in your home country (not already living in the UK) beginning a new full-time PhD in the UK without other means of funding it. Applicants should also hold an undergraduate degree of 2.1 standard (or above) or 2.2. standard plus a relevant Masters.
- Application deadline – Applications normally close in October for PhD study beginning the following academic year.
- Find out more – Visit the Commonwealth Scholarships website.
Commonwealth Scholarships (high income countries)
These scholarships are for citizens of wealthier Commonwealth countries to benefit from international PhD study in the UK.
- Eligibility – Citizens of Anguilla, Australia, Bahamas, Barbados, Bermuda, British Virgin Islands, Brunei Darussalam, Canada, Cayman Islands, Cyprus, Falkland Islands, Gibraltar, Malta, New Zealand, Seychelles, St Kitts and Nevis, Trinidad and Tobago, Turks and Caicos Islands.
- Application deadline – Applications normally close in September for PhD study beginning the following academic year.
Commonwealth Split-site Scholarships (low and middle income countries)
These scholarships are for international PhD students from specific Commonwealth countries to spend up to 12 months of their doctorate based at a UK university. They don't offer full funding for a PhD in the UK, but can be a way of accessing specific equipment and expertise for your research, as well as gaining new networking opportunities in your field.
- Value – Full PhD fees at the UK host, plus return airfare, monthly living stipend and funding other approved expenses during your 12 month placement.
- Eligibility – Citizens of Antigua and Barbuda, Bangladesh, Belize, Botswana, Cameroon, Dominica, Eswatini, Fiji, Ghana, Grenada, Guyana, India , Jamaica, Kenya, Kiribati, Lesotho, Malawi, Malaysia, Mauritius, Montserrat, Mozambique, Namibia, Nauru, Nigeria, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Rwanda, St Helena, St Lucia, St Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Tanzania, The Gambia, Tonga, Tuvalu, Uganda, Vanuatu, Zambia.
- Other criteria – You must be currently registered for a PhD in an eligible country at a university with links to a UK partner.
- Application deadline – Applications normally close in November for PhD placements during the following academic year.
- Find out more – Visit the Commonwealth Scholarships website or read our guide to Commonwealth PhD Scholarships for Indian students .
Other UK PhD scholarships
There are a number of general funding schemes for PhD study in the UK. Some are specific to international students; others are available to all nationalities.
Newton PhD Scholarships
The Newton Fund is a UK Government scheme to help develop research expertise and infrastructure in 18 partner countries. It is managed by the UK Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS), with PhD funding supported by Universities UK (UUK).
Newton Fund PhD scholarships operate as separate national schemes, with their own application processes.
- Value – Usually full funding, including tuition, living costs, visa fees and other expenses.
- Eligibility – Citizens of Brazil, Chile, China, Colombia, Egypt, India, Indonesia, Jordan, Kenya, Malaysia, Mexico, Peru, Philippines, South Africa, Thailand, Turkey and Vietnam.
- Other criteria – Funding is primarily available for STEM subjects. Candidates should be accepted for an appropriate project at a UK university.
- Application deadline – Depends on national scheme and university.
- Find out more – Visit the Newton PhD scholarships website.
Wellcome Trust Doctoral Studentships in Science
The Wellcome Trust is a charity that funds Social Science or Humanities research related to health (including public health and social or cultural responses to disease).
- Value – Awards cover PhD fees at the domestic rate. Studentships also include an annual stipend (rising each year) plus money for additional research expenses and training during your PhD.
- Eligibility – All nationalities may apply.
- Other criteria – Applicants must be accepted onto an eligible Wellcome-affiliated PhD programme and have a degree in a relevant subject.
- Application deadline – Deadlines vary by programnme, but applications open in autumn each year.
- Find out more – Visit the Wellcome Trust website.
Gen Foundation grants
The Gen Foundation is a charity set up to promote cross-cultural exchange between Japan and the rest of the world. It funds PhD research in Food Science and Technology, as well as related areas of the Natural Sciences.
- Value – The value of each grant is decided per application, but is usually between £500 and £5,000.
- Eligibility – All nationalities may apply (Gen Foundation grants are not restricted to Japanese or UK students).
- Other criteria – Applicants must be accepted to study for a PhD in the Natural Sciences, particularly Food Science and Technology.
- Application deadline – Applications usually take place between November and February.
- Find out more – Visit the Gen Foundation website.
The Gen Foundation is reviewing its charitable activities and so the 2022 application period is currently suspended.
In most cases you can only apply for one of these PhD scholarships after your main PhD application is successful (funding won't usually be available to someone who hasn't been offered a PhD place yet).
Country-specific funding
A large number of international PhD scholarships are designed for students of certain nationalities.
Often these are exchange schemes, established to send PhD students from a partner country to the UK (and sometimes vice versa). Some are charitable initiatives intended to expand education in specific countries. Others are set up by national governments or education ministries to help their citizens receive international research and training opportunities.
Either way, often the best way to look for international PhD funding is to explore scholarships for your specific nationality.
Here are some PhD funding courses for international students from different countries:
PhD scholarships for Australian students
Australia day foundation uk trust.
The Australia Day Foundation promotes strong links between Australia and the UK. It offers grants to young Australians studying at UK universities.
- Value – The maximum value for each grant is £10,000, to be used for fees and course materials, but not living expenses.
- Other criteria – Applicants must be young Australian citizens, studying in the UK.
- Application deadline – Applications are usually open between November and April.
- Find out more – Visit the Australia Day Foundation website.
PhD scholarships for Bangladeshi students
Cwbt doctoral bursaries.
The Charles Wallace Bangladesh Trust (CWBT) is part of the wider Charles Wallace Trust, a charity funded by the legacy of a nineteenth-century Anglo-Indian businessman. Its doctoral bursaries are available to Bangldeshi students in the final year of a UK doctorate.
- Value – Up to £1,000
- Other criteria – Applicants must be Bangladeshi citizens in the final year of a UK doctoral degree.
- Application deadline – Applications must normally be made by mid-November each year.
- Find out more – Visit the Charles Wallace Trust website.
PhD scholarships for Burmese students
Cwbt academic grants.
The Charles Wallace Burma Trust (CWBT) is part of the wider Charles Wallace Trust, a charity funded by the legacy of a nineteenth-century Anglo-Indian businessman. Its academic grants provide funding for students from Burma / Myanmar during a PhD in the UK.
- Other criteria – Applicants must be Burmese citizens enrolled on a postgraduate course (including PhD study) at a UK university.
- Application deadline – Varies.
PhD scholarships for Canadian students
Canadian centennial scholarship fund.
The Canadian Centennial Scholarship Fund (CCSF) supports Canadian students to study postgraduate courses in the UK.
- Value – £2,000-5,000
- Other criteria – Applicants must be Canadian citizens enrolled for at least two years of postgraduate study at a UK university (including PhD research).
- Application deadline – Applications usually close in March for awards in the following academic year.
- Find out more – Visit the CCSF website.
Canada-UK Foundation UK Doctoral Studentships
The Canada-UK Foundation supports research on topics of Canadian interest at UK universities. Students of all nationalities may apply, but the awards may be particularly relevant to Canadian PhD researchers.
- Value – £2,000 per year towards full-time tuition fees (pro rata equivalent available for part-time students)
- Other criteria – Nominated students must be researching topics with a substantial Canadian element. Topics are typically in Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences areas, but relevant STEM research may also be supported.
- Application deadline – Your university must nominate you for an award and apply to the Canada-UK Foundation for support with your PhD.
- Find out more – Visit the Canada-UK Foundation website.
SSHRC Doctoral Fellowships
Canada's Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council (SSHRC) provides funding for PhD research at universities around the world.
- Value – Up to CAD $20,000 per year, for up to four years.
- Other criteria – Students must be Canadian citizens or permanent residents, without other PhD funding from the Canadian Government.
- Application deadline – Applications made directly to SSHRC must normally be completed by mid-October.
- Find out more – Visit the SSHRC website.
PhD scholarships for Chinese students
Gbcet chinese students awards.
The Great Britain-China Educational Trust (GBCET) is a charity set up to support Chinese students studying in Britain and British students studying in China. They offer Chinese Student Awards for the final year of PhD study in the UK.
- Value – £1,500-3,000.
- Other criteria – Students must be Chinese citizens in the third year of a PhD at a UK university.
- Application deadline – Applications must be made in time for one of the GBCET's two annual meetings in May and November.
- Find out more – Visit the GBCET website.
China Scholarship Council
The China Scholarship Council (CBC) is the main source of government funding for Chinese citizens to study a PhD abroad. Awards are usually offered jointly with universities and targeted at specific research areas.
- Value – Varies, but will normally cover tuition fees, living costs and return travel.
- Other criteria – Students must be accepted for PhD study at a parter university and intending to return to China once their degree is complete.
- Application deadline – Universities must nominate students for CSC awards, applications for funding must then be made to the CSC in April.
- Find out more – Visit the CSC website.
PhD scholarships for Indian students
Cwit long-term grants.
The Charles Wallace India Trust (CWIT) is part of the wider Charles Wallace Trust, a charity funded by the legacy of a nineteenth-century Anglo-Indian businessman. Its long-term grants provide funding to Indian students for up to a year of study in the UK, usually in Arts and Heritage Conservation fields.
- Value – Funding covers accommodation and living costs, as well as contributing towards international tuition fees.
- Other criteria – Students must be Indian citizens, aged between 35 and 38 and living in India. Your PhD must relate to Arts Heritage and Conservation.
- Application deadline – Applications must usually be made by the end of December, with interviews taking place in the following February.
- Find out more – Information on CWIT funding is managed on the British Council website.
CWIT Final Year Doctoral Grants
The Charles Wallace India Trust (CWIT) is part of the wider Charles Wallace Trust, a charity funded by the legacy of a nineteenth-century Anglo-Indian businessman. Its final year doctoral grants provide support for Indian students completing a UK PhD.
- Value – Roughly £500-600
- Other criteria – Students must be Indian citizens, aged between 25-38, in the final year of a UK PhD related to Arts, Heritage Conservation and general Humanities (particularly History and Literature). You must also be normally resident in India and planning to return there after your PhD.
- Application deadline – You should apply by email with an explanation of your situation and need for the grant.
Inlaks Scholarships
The Inlaks Shivdasani Foundation is a philanthropic body that funds educational opportunities for young Indians. Its scholarships are available for PhD study in selected fields at selected institutions.
- Value – Full tuition fees, plus travel, health and living expenses.
- Other criteria – Students must be Indian citizens, aged under 30, who have been continuously resident in India for six months prior to their scholarship application, and who will be studying their PhD at an eligible university.
- Application deadline – Applications are open between January and March.
- Find out more – Visit the Inlaks Foundation website.
PhD scholarships for Israeli students
Kenneth lindsay scholarship trust.
The Kenneth Lindsay Scholarships are offered by the Anglo-Israel association to support students from Israel for one year of academic study in the UK.
- Value – £500-2,000.
- Other criteria – Students must be Israeli citizens, studying full-time in the UK.
- Application deadline – Applications must be made by the end of April each year.
- Find out more – Visit the Anglo Israel Association website.
Jewish Widows' and Students' Aid Trust
The JWSAT provides funding for Jewish students to study a Masters or PhD in the UK.
- Value – Support for one year of study per award, but students may reapply later in their degree.
- Other criteria – Applicants must be Jewish Israeli students, aged under 30.
- Application deadline – NA.
- Find out more – Information on JWSAT funding is available on the Anglo-Jewish Association website.
PhD scholarships for Japanese students
Japan imf scholarship program for advanced studies.
The Japan IMF Scholarship Program for Advanced Studies (JISP) is provided by the International Monetary Fund (IMF). It supports Japanese citizens for up to two years of PhD study in Macroeconomics.
- Value – The JISP covers tuition fees, health insurance, living costs and other expenses (including travel) for up to two years.
- Other criteria – Applicants must be Japanese citizens who will be 34 or younger on completion of their PhD. Your research must be in Microeconomics and you must apply to work at the IMF once your doctorate is completed.
- Application deadline – Applications must be made by the end of December in the year prior to your PhD beginning.
- Find out more – Visit the IMF website.
JSPS Overseas Challenge Program for Young Researchers
The Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) is supported by the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT). It provides some funding for Japanese researchers to spend time abroad during a PhD.
- Value – The JISP covers travel and maintenance support for 3-12 months of PhD study in the UK (or elsewhere abroad).
- Other criteria – Applicants must be Japanese citizens, working towards a PhD at a Japanese university.
- Application deadline – There are calls for applications in September and April.
- Find out more – Visit the JSPS website.
PhD scholarships for Mexican students
Postgraduate scholarships abroad.
The Mexican Government provides some scholarship funding for citizens to complete a postgraduate degree abroad.
- Value – Funding for tuition fees up to ₱300,000 (roughly £11,000) per year, along with support for living costs and medical insurance.
- Other criteria – Applicants must be Mexican citizens studying a PhD abroad for up to 48 months at a recognised university.
- Find out more – Visit the Conacyt website.
PhD scholarships for Pakistani students
Hec overseas scholarships.
Pakistan's Higher Education Commission provides funding for citizens to study abroad in the UK and elsewhere.
- Value – Varies.
- Other criteria – Applicants must be Pakistani citizens, accepted for either a PhD or an MPhil leading to PhD in the UK (or other host country). Your research should normally be in a subject related to Engineering or Technology.
- Find out more – Visit the HEC Pakistan website.
Punjab CMMS PhD Foreign Scholarships
The Punjab Educational Endownment Fund (PEEF) administers scholarships on behalf of the Government of the Punjab, 10% of which are reserved for Pakistani citizens.
- Value – Full funding, covering tuition fees, living costs, healthcare and travel.
- Other criteria – Applicants must be accepted for a PhD at one of the top 50 world universities according to the latest QS rankings. You must also be aged under 35 with grades exceeding 60% in your undergraduate programme.
- Application deadline – Applications should normally be made by mid-May.
- Find out more – Visit the PEEF website.
CWPT Doctoral Bursaries
The Charles Wallace Pakistan Trust (CWPT) is part of the wider Charles Wallace Trust, a charity funded by the legacy of a nineteenth-century Anglo-Indian businessman. Its doctoral bursaries provide additional support to Pakistani students completing a PhD in the UK.
- Other criteria – Students must be Pakistani citizens, currently completing a UK PhD in Humanities, Arts, Creative Industries, Social Sciences, Life Sciences or Medicine.
- Application deadline – There are two annual deadlines in May and November. You must be within 15 months of the completion date for your PhD.
PhD scholarships for Palestinian students
Higher education scholarship palestine.
The Higher Education Scholarship Palestine (HESPAL) supports Palestinian citizens to gain postgraduate Masters or PhD qualifications in a range of subjects.
- Value – Funding for tuition fees and living costs, as well as expenses whilst studying in the UK. Scholarships do not cover visa and language test fees, or air travel to and from the UK.
- Other criteria – Applicants must be resident citizens of the Palestinian Occupied Territories, employed and nominated by a Palestinian university to which they intend to return to work following their PhD.
- Find out more – Information on HESPAL funding is available on the British Council website.
PhD scholarships for Russian students
Global education program.
The Global Education Program (GEP) is a Russian Government initiative to support international educational opportunities for Russian citizens.
- Value – ₽2,76m (approximately £30,000) per year.
- Other criteria – Applicants must be Russian citizens studying at an approved university.
- Application deadline – Several per year.
- Find out more – Information on GEP funding is available on the Russian Global Education website.
PhD scholarships for Sudanese students
Gordon memorial college trust fund.
The Gordon Memorial College Trust Fund awards grants for Sudanese and South Sudanese citizens to study postgraduate courses in the UK.
- Other criteria – Applicants must be Sudanese or South Sudanese citizens, who have recieved an offer of a place on a UK postgraduate programme and intend to return home after their studies.
- Application deadline – Applications must be submitted online between December and February.
- Find out more – Visit the Gordon Memorial College Trust Fund website.
PhD scholarships for Thai students
Oea scholarships.
The Thai Office of Educational Affairs (OEA) provides some funding for Thai citizens to study postgraduate courses in the UK.
- Other criteria – Applicants must be suitably qualified Thai citizens, willing to work for the Thai Government for at least two years following their PhD.
- Find out more – Information on OEA funding is available on the Thai Royal Embassy website.
PhD scholarships for American students
Marshall scholarships.
The Marshall Scholarships were established by the British Foreign Office to recognise aid received from the USA following the Second World War. They offer a flagship scholarship scheme that provides funding for American students to study any postgraduate subject in the UK.
- Value – Scholarships cover tuition fees, living costs and other routine study expenses for either one or two years (awards may be extended).
- Other criteria – Applicants must be citizens of the United States of America and have graduated from their first degree after April 2018 with a minimum GPA of 3.7.
- Application deadline – Applications, including endoresements from your UK university, must normally be submitted by early October.
- Find out more – Visit the Marshall Commission website.
Fulbright Postgraduate Student All Disciplines Award
The US-UK Fulbright Commission encourages and supports cultural exchange between the USA and UK. Its postgraduate funding assists American students to study Masters or PhD qualifications at British universities.
- Value – Awards provide a full tuition fee waiver, plus living cost stipends and funds for other expenses.
- Other criteria – Applicants must be citizens of the United States of America (including those with dual citizenship) who do not currently live in the UK and hold a relevant Bachelors degree.
- Application deadline – Applications for Fulbright funding must be made by October. You will need to have been accepted for PhD study at a UK university in order to apply.
- Find out more – Visit the Fulbright Commission website.
Can't see a scholarship for your country in the list above? That doesn't necessarily mean support isn't available. It might be a good idea to contact your own Ministry of Education and see if they offer funding for you to study a PhD abroad.
University-specific scholarships
Individual UK universities often provide their own postgraduate grants and scholarships.
These may be provided by the universities themselves, in which case you should check out our guide to PhD funding from UK universities . Other funding is offerd by external charities for study at specific universities. Some of the biggest are listed below.
Saïd Foundation PhD Scholarships
The Saïd Foundation is an independent charity supporting educational opportunities for young people.
- Universities – University of Cambridge, University of Oxford
- Value – Scholarships cover full fees, plus maintenance grant and travel expenses.
- Eligibility – Citizens of Syria, Jordan, Lebanon or Palestine.
- Other criteria – Applicants must hold a teaching post at a university in their home country and have applied for a PhD or DPhil at the University of Cambridge or University of Oxford.
- Application deadline – Applications open between August and November.
- Find out more – Visit the Saïd Foundation website.
Gates Cambridge Scholarships
The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation funds an international PhD scholarship at the University of Cambridge.
- Universities – University of Cambridge
- Value – Covers the composition (tuition) fee and provides a maintenance allowance of £17,500 per year for up to four years. Awards also cover travel to and from the UK as well as visa and healthcare expenses.
- Eligibility – Citizens of any country outside the UK.
- Other criteria – Applicants must be applying to study a full-time PhD (or other eligible postgraduate degree) at the University of Cambridge.
- Application deadline – Applications open annually in September.
- Find out more – Visit the Gates Cambridge website.
Wolfson Postgraduate Scholarships in the Humanities
The Wolfson Foundation is a UK charity that supports research in History, Literature, Languages and related subjects.
- Universities – University of Birmingham, University of Cambridge, University College London, Durham University, University of Oxford, University of Southampton, University of St Andrews, University of Warwick, University of York
- Value – Funding for full fees and living costs, plus an additional travel allowance.
- Eligibility – Citizens of any country.
- Other criteria – Students should apply to participating universities and follow their selection process.
- Application deadline – March.
- Find out more – Visit the Wolfson Foundation website.
Other options
All of the funding covered on this page is specifically for international students, but you may also be able to apply for other sources of support. Examples include:
- Funding from charities and trusts – many independent funders support PhD students from all countries
- Funding from universities – we've covered some of the 'big' university scholarships, above, but there are lots of others available at specific universities
Finally, PhD funding options change a lot more regularly than you probably realise. Follow our blog and newsletter for the latest updates.
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30. Faulkner University. Faulkner University, a Christian liberal arts school in Montgomery, Alabama, houses two distance-learning doctoral programs: Doctor of Philosophy in Biblical Studies and ...
A doctor of philosophy, or Ph.D., is a specific type of doctorate focused primarily on academic research. Ph.D. students are expected to conduct original research and add to their field's discourse. Most Ph.D. programs also require you to write and defend a dissertation. All Ph.D.s are doctorates, but not all doctorates are Ph.D.s.
PhD stands for Doctor of Philosophy. This is one of the highest level academic degrees that can be awarded. PhD is an abbreviation of the Latin term (Ph)ilosophiae (D)octor. Traditionally the term 'philosophy' does not refer to the subject but its original Greek meaning which roughly translates to 'lover of wisdom'.
A PhD typically involves between three and four years of full-time study, culminating in a thesis which makes an original contribution to your field. The process of getting a PhD is made up of quite a few components and milestones, from the literature review and writing up your dissertation right through to the viva examination at the end.
Apr 8, 2023. Oct 9, 2023. Browse thousands of PhD programs from around the world. Finding the right PhD program should be elementary. PHDSTUDIES connects prospective doctoral students with exciting PhD programs around the world. As a part of the Keystone Education Group family of student-centered websites, PHDSTUDIES makes it easy for ...
If you would like to receive the latest information on postgraduate studentships and PhD opportunities direct to your inbox, please click the button below to sign up, and also find out more about our £5,000 postgraduate scholarship. Find out more. Find a PhD is a comprehensive guide to PhD studentships and postgraduate research degrees.
Definition of a PhD - A Doctor of Philosophy (commonly abbreviated to PhD, Ph.D or a DPhil) is a university research degree awarded from across a broad range of academic disciplines; in most countries, it is a terminal degree, i.e. the highest academic degree possible. PhDs differ from undergraduate and master's degrees in that PhDs are ...
About DiscoverPhDs. Our mission is simple - to help you find the right STEM PhD programme, supervisor and university for you. Our database allows you to effortlessly search through the latest PhDs, research projects and studentships in a matter of minutes. In addition to this, we provide comprehensive guidance via our PhD Advice page.
A PhD is a globally recognized postgraduate academic degree awarded by universities and higher education institutions to a candidate who has submitted a thesis or dissertation, based on extensive and original research in their chosen field. The specificities of PhD degrees vary depending on where you are and what subject you're studying.
A Doctor of Philosophy, often known as a PhD, is a terminal degree —or the highest possible academic degree you can earn in a subject. While PhD programs (or doctorate programs) are often structured to take between four and five years, some graduate students may take longer as they balance the responsibilities of coursework, original research ...
Method of Study. The main difference between a PhD in the US and a PhD in Europe lies in the program structure. Whereas a European PhD essentially consists of a single phase lasting three to four years, an American PhD consists of three different phases, each with its own time frame.. Phase One - The first phase lasts approximately two years and focuses on building a basic foundation for the ...
Many PhD graduates pursue a career in academia, while others will work in industry. Some might take time out, if they can afford to, to recover from the efforts of PhD study. Whatever you choose to do, undertaking a PhD is a huge task that can open up a range of doors professionally. Just remember to take some time out to celebrate your ...
PhD students are required to study on campus under close supervision, but there are universities that accept students enrolled into a part-time distance education PhD degree. Studying on campus can also be full-time as well as part-time, in which case the part-time variant is normally twice as long as the full-time study. ...
PhD students are required to study on campus under close supervision, but there are universities that accept students enrolled into a part-time distance education PhD degree. Studying on campus can also be full-time as well as part-time, in which case the part-time variant is normally twice as long as the full-time study. ...
The Harvard Ph.D. in Education trains cutting-edge researchers who work across disciplines to generate knowledge and translate discoveries into transformative policy and practice. Offered jointly by the Harvard Graduate School of Education and the Harvard Kenneth C. Griffin Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, the Ph.D. in Education provides ...
A doctoral degree is a graduate-level credential typically granted after multiple years of graduate school, with the time-to-degree varying depending on the type of doctoral program, experts say ...
The PhD in Business Administration grounds students in the disciplinary theories and research methods that form the foundation of an academic career. Jointly administered by HBS and GSAS, the program has five areas of study: Accounting and Management , Management , Marketing , Strategy , and Technology and Operations Management .
Doctoral Programs. Health care and politics. Inequality and public policy. Economics and disruption. You see today's most compelling global issues as complex, interrelated, and urgent. You believe that fresh ideas—and research to carry them through—are critical to building stronger communities and a more just world.
Everything you need to know about studying a PhD in Medicine & Health. Medicine and Health is a broad field of study that equips students with the necessary knowledge and skills to treat and prevent illnesses and diseases in human beings or animals. Medical professionals take patients through the entire healing journey, from the consultation ...
Example: Planning year 2 of a 3-year PhD. Maria completed her first round of data collection according to plan, and starts the second year of her PhD with a lot of material. In her second year, she will focus on turning this data into two journal articles. Months 1-2: Maria works on her data analysis.
Attend conferences. In order to succeed your PhD course, you need to attend some conferences whether they are International conferences or National conferences, you need to attend them perfectly in time. If you want to attend them nationally in your local area, you can go there and attend by paying some fees.
The first sentence addresses the broad context. This locates the study in a policy, practice or research field. The second sentence establishes a problem related to the broad context you have set out. It often starts with "But", "Yet" or "However". The third sentence says what specific research has been done.
PhD Study in the USA - 2024. Over one million international students choose the USA as their study abroad destination, making it the most popular international study destination in the world! America is known for its comprehensive approach to postgraduate education, combining enhanced subject knowledge and research opportunities with the ...
A Global, Case Study-Based Assessment of Current Experience, Cross-sectorial Effects, and Socioeconomic Transformations. Book • 2019. Accelerator Health Physics. Book • 1973. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy. The Clinician's Guide for Supporting Parents. Book • 2019. Access All Areas.
The good news: There are a lot of ways to save money on streaming by taking advantage of special deals, bundles and packages in the marketplace. The bad news: Keeping track of the growing menu of ...
Programmatic Accreditation: Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Colleges Cost per Credit: In-State | $129 Out-of-State | $553 Credits to Graduate: 120 The University of Florida's online psychology degree approaches psychology as a natural and social science. The curriculum includes statistics, mathematics, biology, and core psychology courses and electives.
The Nature study examined the effects of 8 weeks of endurance training on various biological systems, including gene expression (the transcriptome), proteins (the proteome), fats (the lipidome ...
Key Points. Question Are "stand your ground" (SYG) laws associated with increases in violent deaths, and does this vary by US state?. Findings In this cohort study assessing 41 US states, SYG laws were associated with an 8% to 11% national increase in monthly rates of homicide and firearm homicide. State-level increases in homicide and firearm homicide rates reached 10% or higher for many ...
Non-Clinical PhD studentships for informatics and data science researchers. Join a research community making a difference in society with a London Met PhD. Exceptional research and doctoral training. 5-year funding available. Discover Research at the School of Science, Engineering and Environment.
These scholarships are for citizens of wealthier Commonwealth countries to benefit from international PhD study in the UK. Value - Full PhD fees, plus return airfare, monthly living stipend and funding other approved expenses.; Eligibility - Citizens of Anguilla, Australia, Bahamas, Barbados, Bermuda, British Virgin Islands, Brunei Darussalam, Canada, Cayman Islands, Cyprus, Falkland ...